Petra authorities 1 scheme. Administrative reforms of Peter I

With the strengthening of autocratic power, the Boyar Duma lost its significance. Peter I stopped awarding Duma ranks, and the Duma began to "die out." During the reign of Peter I, Zemsky Sobors were forgotten.

Establishment of the Senate

Colleges and orders

In 1717, Peter I determined the name of the central bodies of state administration and their tasks. The decree issued by the king read: "... Colleges were instituted, that is, an assembly of many persons instead of orders." Boards are bodies of the central executive power. Their number was much less than orders.

At the same time, the apparatus of orders was not completely destroyed. Some of them became offices run by appointed chiefs. Local government institutions were closely connected with colleges.

Under Peter I, there was the Preobrazhensky Prikaz - it was an organ of political investigation. He obeyed only the king. It was headed by F. Yu. Ro-modanovsky. This order dealt with crimes against the king, the church and the state.

Holy Synod

The formation of a complex system of state institutions with a whole army of bureaucratic officials took place in Europe during the period of the formation of the states of the New Age - absolute, that is, not accountable to anyone, monarchies.

France under Louis XIV (1643-1715) and Russia from the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich to Peter I (1645-1721) became a model of absolutism. It is no coincidence that Alexei Mikhailovich was declared the “king of the sun” a couple of years earlier than Louis XIV! Both states were characterized by the omnipotence of the ruler, relying on a powerful bureaucratic apparatus, the army and the all-powerful police.

Military reform was a continuation of the changes initiated by Alexei Mikhailovich. But, while under Alexei Mikhailovich such changes were adjusted to Russian conditions, Peter's reforms drove the Russian army into Western forms, without taking into account their acceptability for Russians. Rogues from all over the world flocked to serve in the Russian army.

civil reform was to create a completely new system of government. Instead of a Duma, a “Senate” was set up; instead of orders - "collegia"; The country was divided into 8 "provinces". Everything became similar to the Western system.

Estate reform radically changed the whole old device. Since Peter fought a lot, military service or work in the production of weapons began to play a dominant role. A soldier who distinguished himself in the war became an officer. Peter also sent Russians to study abroad.

Peasant reform led to the complete enslavement of the Russian peasants. Peter did this for the convenience of governing the country: instead of dealing with millions of citizens, he had to deal with a limited number of landowners who received complete power over the peasants. With the weakening of the influence of the church, the treatment of the peasants worsened and frequent peasant uprisings soon began.

financial reform was needed to increase fees for military needs and in order to force the Russian people to quickly accept Western customs. Under Peter, many taxes were introduced: on baths (in the west at that time they didn’t wash at all!), beards (in the west they shaved), mills, cellars, bees, schismatics, cabbies, etc. Tax collection was carried out strictly and the treasury under Peter was constantly replenished .

Sign of payment of duty for a beard

The purpose of education began to give students as much scientific and military knowledge as possible. that is, education departs from traditional Russian spirituality and a passion for materialistic humanism begins. All higher schools settled down in the Western way, where there is no longer any talk of God. Under Peter, a new, simplified civil type was also introduced for printing all books, except for church ones. This further accelerates the “separation of church and state” fashionable in the West.

The letters of the new civil font were chosen by Peter I, the strikethrough letters were not accepted.

As a kind of education, Peter forced people to arrange evening dance meetings (“assemblies”), where guests, violating church rules, had to come with their wives and daughters. This was also done to make Russian society look more like Western society.

In addition to these major reforms, Peter made many other smaller changes.

Under Peter, all Russian life changed and began to look like a European one. Even the name "Muscovite State" did not like Peter and Russia began to be called "empire", and Peter began to call himself "emperor". This change in name, like many other Peter's innovations, was not well thought out: the term empire implies the forcible seizure of people and lands under the rule of the emperor - that is, exactly what Russia has never done.

All these changes, especially the abolition of the patriarch, the weakening of the church, the demands to abandon their native way of life and the enslavement of the peasants were alien to the Russian people.

Peter the Great (1672 - 1725) - Russian Tsar, ruled independently from 1689 to 1725. He carried out a large-scale reform of all areas of life in Russia. The artist Valentin Serov, who dedicated a number of works to Peter, described him as follows: “He was terrible: long, on weak, thin legs and with such a small head, in relation to the whole body, that he should have looked more like some kind of stuffed animal with a poorly set head than a living person. There was a constant tic in his face, and he was always "cutting faces": blinking, twitching his mouth, moving his nose and clapping his chin. At the same time, he walked with huge steps, and all his companions were forced to follow him at a run. .

Prerequisites for the reforms of Peter the Great

Peter accepted Russia as a backward country, located on the outskirts of Europe. Muscovy had no access to the sea, with the exception of the White, regular army, navy, developed industry, trade, the state administration system was antediluvian and inefficient, there were no higher educational institutions (the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was opened in Moscow only in 1687), book printing , theater, painting, libraries, not only the people, but many members of the elite: boyars, nobles, did not know the letter. Science did not develop. Serfdom ruled.

Public Administration Reform

- Peter replaced the orders, which did not have clear responsibilities, with collegiums, the prototype of future ministries

College of Foreign Affairs
Collegium military
Maritime College
College for commercial affairs
College of Justice...

The boards consisted of several officials, the eldest was called the chairman or president. All of them were subordinate to the Governor-General, who was a member of the Senate. There were 12 boards in total.
- In March 1711, Peter created the Governing Senate. At first its function was to govern the country in the absence of the king, then it became a permanent institution. The Senate consisted of presidents of colleges and senators - people appointed by the king.
- In January 1722, Peter issued a "table of ranks" with 14 class ranks from State Chancellor (first rank) to collegiate registrar (fourteenth)
- Peter reorganized the secret police system. Since 1718, the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, which was in charge of political crimes, was transformed into the Secret Investigative Office

Church reform of Peter

Peter abolished the patriarchate, a church organization practically independent of the state, and instead created the Holy Synod, all members of which were appointed by the tsar, thereby eliminating the autonomy of the clergy. Peter pursued a policy of religious tolerance, facilitating the existence of the Old Believers and allowing foreigners to freely profess their faith.

Administrative reform of Peter

Russia was divided into provinces, provinces were divided into provinces, provinces into counties.
Provinces:

Moscow
Ingrian
Kievskaya
Smolensk
Azov
Kazanskaya
Arkhangelsk
Siberian
Riga
Astrakhan
Nizhny Novgorod

Military reform of Peter

Peter replaced the irregular and noble militia with a standing regular army, manned by recruits, recruited one from each of the 20 peasant or petty-bourgeois households in the Great Russian provinces. He built a powerful navy, he wrote the military charter himself, taking the Swedish one as a basis.

Peter turned Russia into one of the strongest maritime powers in the world, with 48 linear and 788 galley and other ships

Economic reform of Peter

The modern army could not exist without a state supply system. To supply the army and navy with weapons, uniforms, food, consumables, it was necessary to create a powerful industrial production. By the end of Peter's reign, about 230 factories and plants operated in Russia. Factories focused on the production of glass products, gunpowder, paper, canvas, linen, cloth, paints, ropes, even hats were created, the metallurgical, sawmilling, and leather industries were organized. In order for the products of Russian craftsmen to be competitive in the market, high customs duties were introduced on European goods. Encouraging entrepreneurial activity, Peter widely used the issuance of loans to create new manufactories and trading companies. The largest enterprises that arose in the era of Peter's reforms were those created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, Tula, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Samara

Admiralty shipyard
Arsenal
Gunpowder factories
Metallurgical plants
Linen production
Production of potash, sulfur, saltpeter

By the end of the reign of Peter I, Russia had 233 factories, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. During the first quarter of the 18th century, 386 different ships were built at the shipyards of St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, at the beginning of the century, about 150 thousand pounds of pig iron were smelted in Russia, in 1725 - more than 800 thousand pounds, Russia caught up with England in iron smelting

Peter's reform in education

The army and navy needed qualified specialists. Therefore, Peter paid great attention to their preparation. During his reign were organized in Moscow and St. Petersburg

School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
artillery school
engineering school
medical school
Marine Academy
mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories
Digital schools for "children of every rank"
Garrison schools for children of soldiers
spiritual schools
Academy of Sciences (opened a few months after the death of the emperor)

Reforms of Peter in the field of culture

Publication of the first Russian newspaper "Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti"
Ban on boyars wearing beards
Establishment of the first Russian museum - Kunskamera
Requirement for nobility to wear European dress
Creation of assemblies where the nobles were to appear together with their wives
Creation of new printing houses and translation into Russian of many European books

Reforms of Peter the Great. Chronology

1690 - The first guards regiments Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky were created
1693 - Creation of a shipyard in Arkhangelsk
1696 - Creation of a shipyard in Voronezh
1696 - Decree on the establishment of an arms factory in Tobolsk
1698 - Decree banning the wearing of beards and ordering the nobles to wear European clothes
1699 - Dissolution of the archery army
1699 - creation of commercial and industrial enterprises enjoying a monopoly
1699, December 15 - Decree on the reform of the calendar. New Year starts on January 1st
1700 - Creation of the Government Senate
1701 - Decree forbidding kneeling at the sight of the sovereign and taking off his hat in winter, passing by his palace
1701 - Opening of the school of mathematical and navigational sciences in Moscow
1703, January - the first Russian newspaper is published in Moscow

1704 - Replacement of the Boyar Duma with a council of ministers - the Council of Chiefs of Orders
1705 - First recruitment decree
1708 November - Administrative Reform
1710, January 18 - decree on the official introduction of the Russian civil alphabet instead of Church Slavonic
1710 - Foundation of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg
1711 - instead of the Boyar Duma, a Senate of 9 members and a chief secretary was created. Monetary reform: minting gold, silver and copper coins
1712 - Transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
1712 - Decree on the creation of horse breeding farms in the Kazan, Azov and Kiev provinces
1714, February - Decree on the opening of digital schools for the children of clerks and priests
1714, March 23 - Decree on majorate (single inheritance)
1714 - Foundation of the State Library in St. Petersburg
1715 - Creation of shelters for the poor in all cities of Russia
1715 - Order of the merchant college to organize the training of Russian merchants abroad
1715 - Decree to encourage the cultivation of flax, hemp, tobacco, mulberries for silkworms
1716 - Census of all dissenters for double taxation
1716, March 30 - Adoption of military regulations
1717 - The introduction of free trade in grain, the annulment of some privileges for foreign merchants
1718 - Replacement of Orders by Colleges
1718 - Judicial reform. tax reform
1718 - Beginning of the census (lasted until 1721)
1719, November 26 - Decree on the establishment of assemblies - free meetings for fun and business
1719 - Creation of an engineering school, the establishment of the Berg College to manage the mining industry
1720 - Adopted the Charter of the Sea
1721, January 14 - Decree on the creation of the Theological College (future Holy Synod)

Lesson Objectives:

Tutorials:

describe the state reforms of Peter I,
determine the purpose and results of reforming public administration.

Developing:

develop the ability to draw conclusions,
summarize historical material
work with a map and a historical source.

Educational:

development of a sense of patriotism and tolerance.

Tasks:

to master the concepts: absolutism, Synod, Senate, colleges.

Equipment:

multimedia projector,
screen,
textbook Danilov "History of Russia for students in grade 7",
tests.

During the classes

I Class organization.

Today in the lesson we will continue to study the era of Peter I. We have already got acquainted with his transformations in the army. But even during the Northern War, Peter did not stop working on reforming the state. She will be talked about.

II Work on the topic.

1. Actualization of knowledge.

Remember, what was the system of state administration under Alexei Mikhailovich and in the early years of the reign of Peter I? (scheme of the state system) on the board

What is the disadvantage of this system?

(Could hundreds of orders, between which there was no clear delimitation of powers, become a significant help to Peter in his transformations?)

Peter needed such a control apparatus that could quickly and efficiently carry out his will, especially in the conditions of the Northern War.

2. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the transformations of Peter I in the field of public administration (topic recording) slide 1

During the study of the material, we must answer the question

Was the new system more efficient? slide 2

3. Work with documents and scheme.

A. Emperor.

So, back to the diagram. Name the change already known to you in this scheme (emperor since 1721) slide 3

What events led to this change?

B. Senate.

Gradually, the Boyar Duma lost its significance

Why did the Boyar Duma lose its significance? Why did Peter cease to reckon with her?

Peter decided to get rid of it and introduced a new governing body.

Read an excerpt from the work of the historian S.M. Solovyov and answer the questions.

1) What is the purpose of the Senate?

2) How were things decided in the Senate?

3) What role did the Senate play in the system of public administration?

The Prosecutor General exercised control over the activities of the Senate. The first prosecutor general was P.I. Yaguzhinsky. slide 5

Make changes to our schema. slide 6

B. Boards

The system of orders did not suit Peter either. Let's follow his actions.

Read an excerpt from the complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, answer the questions.

Who is the author of this decree?
What is the date of establishment of colleges in Russia?
What facts are in the document? What conclusions can be drawn from them?
Who was on the boards?
Explain what is included in the concept of "General Regulations"?

Each board has specific responsibilities.

Appendix 3 Slide 8

In 1721, the Estates Board was established - it was in charge of the lands of the nobility.

The order of secret affairs was renamed first into the Preobrazhensky order, and then into the Secret Office, which was engaged in political investigation.

In 1720, the Chief Magistrate was introduced, to whom the local magistrates were subordinate. They controlled the city population.

Make changes to the schema. Slide 9

D. Church reform.

In 1721 Another special board was created. Slide 10

You will learn about it by reading the paragraph of the textbook "Church Reform" p.118.

Answer the questions.

1) What was the name of this board?

2) Who was in it?

3) What is the role of the emperor in this college?

4) Who led the Synod?

5) What did Peter I achieve by carrying out this reform?

Make changes to the schema. slide 11

D. Regional reform.

In the conditions of the Northern War, unfortunately, the system of local government was the first to fail. The counties of that time covered huge spaces equal to several modern regions. Peter I decides to form provinces. Read about it in the textbook p. 117.

Complete the Local Control Chart. slide 12

In essence, Peter carried out the decentralization of management. The new leaders of the provinces, they were the closest associates of the king, concentrated in their hands enormous power over some of the old counties.

E. Table of ranks.

Remember the principle by which officials were appointed to the service in pre-Petrine times.

What is the disadvantage of this system?

The implementation of reforms required many talented people. Peter tried to attract such people to public service. To strengthen their position in society and the state, they were adopted in 1714. Decree on single inheritance and 1722. Table of ranks.

Let's study these documents and find out what opportunities opened up for the service man.

On page 121, read an excerpt from the decree on single inheritance.

What was the purpose of this decree?

What would be the consequences of keeping family estates in the hands of one heir?

What provision did the rest of the children receive?

In whose interests was the decree adopted? Who could be unhappy?

Consider the Table of Ranks.

Appendix 5 Slide 14-15

What is this document about?

Imagine yourself as a service person. You are a soldier, private of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. You are smart, diligent in service, show ingenuity and initiative. The commander has noticed you. What career advancement opportunities are open to you?

Now the old and the new aristocracy were equal in official position. According to the new law, anyone who received the rank of 8th class became a hereditary nobleman. Ranks from 9 to 14 gave personal nobility without the right to be inherited. For their service, officials received land and peasants, as well as a monetary allowance.

The historical significance of the Table of Ranks was the systematization of the administrative service. All strata of society, including the highest, were placed at the service of the state. The report card fixed the separation of military service from civilian.

G. Analysis

In general, these are all the main changes in the system of public administration.

Prove that this system of public administration will work more efficiently than the previous one. slide 16

Determine the form of government.

Autocracy - page 55 of the textbook.

Absolutism is a state system in which the power of the monarch is not limited by any institutions.

What is the significance of Peter the Great's reforms of state administration?

IV Consolidation of the studied.

Read the text and fill in the missing words.

1. Instead of the Boyar Duma, ............. was formed, which became the highest government institution. He had not only legislative, but also administrative powers.

2. Instead of several cumbersome orders, .............. were created, the work of which was more efficient.

3. Instead of the patriarch, he was in charge of the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church ............... .

4. The country was divided into 8 .................., which, in turn, were divided into provinces.

5. With the adoption in 1722............................., all strata of society, including the highest, were put at the service the state. She secured the separation of military service from civilian.

Mutual verification. Answers on slide 17

1. Governing Senate

2. Boards

3. emperor (king)

4. Table of ranks.

V Reflection

What was difficult?

What is easy?

Overall assessment of the work of the class in the lesson.

The wise man avoids all extremes.
Lao Tzu

The reforms of Peter 1 are his main and key activities, which were aimed at changing not only the political, but also the social life of Russian society. According to Peter Alekseevich, Russia lagged far behind the Western countries in its development. This confidence of the king was further strengthened after he conducted a great embassy. Trying to transform the country, Peter 1 changed almost all aspects of the life of the Russian state, which took shape over the centuries.

What was the reform of the central government

The reform of the central government was one of the first transformations of Peter. It should be noted that this reformation continued for a long time, since it was based on the need to completely restructure the work of the Russian authorities.

The reforms of Peter 1 in the field of central administration began in 1699. At the initial stage, this change affected only the Boyar Duma, which was renamed the Near Chancellery. With this step, the Russian tsar removed the boyars from power, allowed him to concentrate power in a more pliable and loyal office. This was an important step that required priority implementation, since it allowed the centralization of the country's administration.

The Senate and its functions

At the next stage, the king organized the Senate as the main body of government in the country. It happened in 1711. The Senate became one of the key bodies in governing the country, with the broadest powers, which were as follows:

Legislative activity
Administrative activity
Judicial functions in the country
Control functions for other bodies

The Senate consisted of 9 people. These were representatives of noble families, or people who were exalted by Peter himself. In this form, the Senate existed until 1722, when the emperor approved the post of prosecutor general, who controlled the legality of the activities of the Senate. Prior to this, this body was independent and did not carry any report.

Creation of boards

The reform of the central government continued in 1718. For three whole years (1718-1720) it took the reformer tsar to get rid of the last legacy of his predecessors - orders. All orders in the country were abolished and boards came in their place. There was no actual difference between the colleges and orders, but in order to radically change the administrative apparatus, Peter went for this transformation. In total, the following bodies were created:

College of Foreign Affairs. She was in charge of the foreign policy of the state.
Military board. Engaged in ground forces.
Admiralty Board. Controlled the Russian Navy.
Office of Justice. Handled litigation, including civil and criminal cases.
Berg College. Under her command was the country's mining industry, as well as factories for this industry.
Manufactory College. Engaged in the entire manufacturing industry in Russia.

In fact, only one difference between collegiums and orders can be singled out. If in the latter the decision was always made by one person, then after the reform all decisions were made collectively. Of course, not many people decided, but the leader always had several advisers. They helped me make the right decision. After the introduction of the new system, a special system was developed to control the activities of the collegiums. For these purposes, the General Regulations were created. It was not general, but was published for each collegium in accordance with its specific work.

secret office

Peter created a secret office in the country, which dealt with cases of state crimes. This office replaced the Preobrazhensky order, which dealt with the same issues. It was a specific state body that was not subordinate to anyone except Peter the Great. In fact, with the help of the secret office, the emperor maintained order in the country.

Decree on unity. Table of ranks.

The decree on single inheritance was signed by the Russian tsar in 1714. Its essence boiled down, in addition to everything else, to the fact that the courts, which belonged to the boyar and noble estates, were completely equated. Thus, Peter pursued one single goal - to equalize the knowledge of all levels that were represented in the country. This ruler is known for the fact that he could bring a person without a family closer to him. After signing this law, he could give each of them what they deserved.

This reform continued in 1722. Peter introduced the Table of Ranks. In fact, this document equalized the rights in the public service for aristocrats of any origin. This Table divided the entire public service into two large categories: civil and military. Regardless of the type of service, all state ranks were divided into 14 ranks (classes). They included all key positions, ranging from simple performers to managers.

All ranks were divided into the following categories:

14-9 levels. An official who was in these ranks received the nobility and peasants in his possession. The only restriction was that such a nobleman could use the property, but not dispose of it as property. In addition, the estate could not be inherited.
8 - 1 level. This is the highest administration, which not only became the nobility and received full control of the possessions, as well as serfs, but also got the opportunity to transfer their property by inheritance.

Regional reform

The reforms of Peter 1 affected many areas of the life of the state, including the work of local governments. The regional reform of Russia was planned for a long time, but was carried out by Peter in 1708. It completely changed the work of the local government apparatus. The whole country was divided into separate provinces, of which there were 8 in total:

Moscow
Ingermanlandskaya (later renamed Petersburg)
Smolensk
Kievskaya
Azov
Kazanskaya
Arkhangelsk
Simbirskaya

Each province was governed by a governor. He was personally appointed by the king. The entire administrative, judicial and military power was concentrated in the hands of the governor. Since the provinces were quite large in size, they were divided into counties. The counties were later renamed provinces.

The total number of provinces in Russia in 1719 was 50. The provinces were ruled by voivodes, who led the military power. As a result, the governor's power was somewhat curtailed, as the new regional reform took away all military power from them.

City government reform

Changes at the level of local government prompted the king to reorganize the system of government in the cities. This was an important issue, since the urban population increased every year. For example, by the end of Peter's life, there were already 350,000 people living in the cities, who belonged to different classes and estates. This required the creation of bodies that would work with every estate in the city. As a result, the city administration was reformed.

Special attention in this reform was paid to the townspeople. Previously, their affairs were handled by governors. The new reform transferred power over this estate into the hands of the Chamber of Burmese. It was an elected body of power, which was located in Moscow, and in the field this chamber was represented by individual burmisters. It was only in 1720 that the Chief Magistrate was created, who was in charge of control functions in relation to the activities of the burmisters.

It should be noted that the reforms of Peter the Great in the field of city government introduced clear distinctions between ordinary citizens, who were divided into "regular" and "mean". The first belonged to the highest inhabitants of the city, and the second - to the lower classes. These categories were not unambiguous. For example, "regular citizens" were divided into: wealthy merchants (doctors, pharmacists and others), as well as simple artisans and merchants. All "regular" enjoyed great support from the state, which endowed them with various benefits.

The urban reform was quite effective, but it had a clear bias towards wealthy citizens who received the maximum support from the state. Thus, the tsar created a situation in which it became somewhat easier for cities to live, and in response, the most influential and wealthy citizens supported power.

Church reform

The reforms of Peter 1 did not bypass the church. In fact, new transformations finally subordinated the church to the state. This reform actually began in 1700, with the death of Patriarch Adrian. Peter forbade the election of a new patriarch. The reason was quite convincing - Russia entered the Northern War, which means that electoral and church affairs can wait for better times. Stefan Yavorsky was appointed to temporarily perform the duties of the Patriarch of Moscow.

The most significant transformations in the life of the church began after the end of the war with Sweden in 1721. The reform of the church was reduced to the following main steps:

The institution of the patriarchate was completely eliminated, from now on there should not have been such a position in the church
The church was losing its independence. From now on, all its affairs were managed by the Spiritual College, created specifically for these purposes.

The spiritual college lasted less than a year. It was replaced by a new body of state power - the Holy Governing Synod. It consisted of clerics who were personally appointed by the Emperor of Russia. In fact, from that time on, the church was finally subordinated to the state, and the emperor himself, through the Synod, was actually involved in its management. To exercise control functions over the activities of the synod, the position of chief prosecutor was introduced. This was an official whom the emperor also appointed himself.

Peter saw the role of the church in the life of the state in that it had to teach the peasants to respect and honor the tsar (emperor). As a result, laws were even developed that obliged the priests to conduct special conversations with the peasants, convincing them to obey their ruler in everything.

The significance of Peter's reforms

The reforms of Peter 1 actually completely changed the order of life in Russia. Some of the reforms really brought a positive effect, some created negative prerequisites. For example, the reform of local government led to a sharp increase in the number of officials, as a result of which corruption and embezzlement in the country literally rolled over.

In general, the reforms of Peter 1 had the following meaning:

The power of the state was strengthened.
The upper classes of society were actually equated in opportunities and rights. Thus, the boundaries between classes were erased.
Complete subordination of the church to state power.

The results of the reforms cannot be singled out unambiguously, since they had many negative aspects, but you can learn about this from our special material.