3.2. Social groups A social group is an objectively existing stable community, a set of individuals interacting in a certain way on the basis of several signs, shared expectations of each member of the group regarding others. T. Hobbes first

Features of the social status of youth:
- transitivity of the position;
- high level of mobility;
- development of new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status;
- active search for one's place in life;
- Favorable professional and career prospects;
- instability of the psyche, susceptibility to influence, internal inconsistency;
- low level of tolerance;
- the desire to show their individuality, which contributes to the emergence of a youth subculture and informal groups.
ethnic groups- these are large groups of people with a common culture, language, awareness of a common historical destiny. The stages of development of ethnic communities are clan, tribe, nationality and nation.
Nation- this is the historically highest stage of development or form of an ethnos, characterized by compactness of residence, unity of economic life, historical path, language, culture, national identity.

Interethnic conflict- this is a complication of relations between nations and peoples up to direct hostilities.
Depending on the causes and nature of origin, interethnic conflicts are:
. socio-economic (unemployment, delays and non-payment of wages, social benefits, the monopoly of representatives of one of the ethnic groups in the spheres or sectors of the economy);
. cultural and linguistic (associated with the protection, revival and development of the native language, national culture and the rights of national minorities);
. ethno-demographic (increase in the share of the newcomer population due to migration);
. ethnoterritorial-status (non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples, the demand of small peoples to expand or acquire a new status);
. historical (relationships in the past - wars, deportations and related negative aspects of historical memory, etc.);
. interreligious and interfaith;
. separatist (requirement to create their own independent statehood or reunite with a neighboring state related from a cultural and historical point of view).
Any rash or deliberately provocative statements by politicians, national leaders, representatives of the clergy, the media, and domestic incidents can also become the cause of interethnic conflicts.

Principles for resolving interethnic conflicts in modern conditions:

1. rejection of violence and coercion;
2. search for consent based on the agreement of all participants;
3. recognition of human rights and freedoms as the most important value;
4. willingness to peacefully resolve disputes.

Types of interethnic relations:

The main directions of national policy in the Russian Federation:

Basic principles of national policy in Russia

• Equality of rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, regardless of his gender, race, nationality, language, attitude to religion, membership in social groups and public associations.
• Prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation.
• Preservation of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation.
• Equal rights for all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal government bodies.
• Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.
• The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion.
• Assistance in the development of national cultures and languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.
• Timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts.
• Prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial, national and religious discord, hatred or enmity.
• Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders, support for compatriots living in foreign countries in the preservation and development of their native language, culture and national traditions, in strengthening their ties with their homeland in accordance with international law.

social conflict- this is a clash of opposing goals, positions, opinions and views of people participating in social interaction.
The participants in the conflict are called the subjects of the conflict:
— witnesses- these are people watching the conflict from the sidelines;
— instigators- these are those who push other participants to the conflict;
— collaborators- these are people who contribute to the development of the conflict with advice, technical assistance or in other ways;
— intermediaries These are people who, by their actions, are trying to prevent, stop or resolve conflict.
The question or good that ignites the conflict is the the subject of the conflict.
Cause of conflict- the objective circumstances that predetermine the emergence of a conflict are related to the needs of the conflicting parties.
Occasion for a conflict - an insignificant incident that contributes to the emergence of a conflict, but the conflict itself may not develop, it can be both accidental and specially created.
Contradiction- this is a fundamental incompatibility, inconsistency of important political, economic, social, ethnic interests.

Types of contradictions:

1) internal contradictions originate in the clash of intra-group, intra-organizational and other interests of members of small social groups;
2) external contradictions arise between two or more social systems;
3) antagonistic- irreconcilably hostile contradictions - underlie the conflict in which its subjects pursue opposing interests. It is possible to reconcile the subjects of such a conflict only for a while, postponing the conflict, but not resolving it;
4) non-antagonistic contradictions take place between the subjects of the conflict, whose interests can be agreed upon, i.e. this type of contradiction implies the possibility of compromises through mutual concessions;
5) main contradictions determine the emergence and dynamics of the conflict, characterize the interaction between its main subjects;
6) minor contradictions accompany the conflict; as a rule, they are associated with minor subjects of the conflict;
7) objective contradictions are caused by phenomena and processes that do not depend on the will and consciousness of people, therefore it is impossible to eliminate these contradictions without eliminating their very cause;
8) subjective contradictions are determined by the will and consciousness of people: they are associated with the specifics of characters, differences in behavior, worldview, value orientations.
Contradiction necessarily lies at the heart of any conflict and manifests itself in social tension- a sense of dissatisfaction with the state of affairs and a willingness to change it. But the contradiction may not develop into a conflict.
social conflict- this is the highest stage in the development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups, social institutions, society as a whole, which is characterized by open opposition and clash of opposing interests of communities and individuals.

Basic approaches to understanding the essence of social conflicts

1. Conflict is a clash between the constantly updated content of life and obsolete, obsolete forms of culture.
2. Social conflict is determined by the struggle for existence, which, in turn, is determined by the limited amount of vital resources.
3. There is a constant conflict between the productive forces and production relations, which, as technology and the productive forces develop, becomes more and more acute until it leads to a change in the mode of production. Class struggle, class conflict are the driving force of history, generating social revolutions, as a result of which society moves to a higher level of development.
4. The conflict has a value character. The struggle between social structures, their upholding of their social statuses, their lifestyles and values ​​stabilizes society.

Causes of social conflicts:

The main stages of the conflict

Types of social conflicts:

Ways to resolve social conflicts:

Ways out of conflicts:

Topic: "Social structure, social relations".

Part 1 . Level A assignments.

A 1. An element of the social structure of society is

1) estate

2) party

3) enterprise

4) army

A 2. The small social group is

1) believers in Russia

2) people of liberal views

3) women of Moscow

4) a team of workers

A 3. A social group whose members have hereditary rights and duties

1) nation

2) estate

3) class

4) nomenclature

A 4. Children, youth, men are social communities distinguished by

1) territorial basis

2) ethnicity

3) demographic

4) professional sign

A 5. The attitude to property, the amount of income, the factor in the use of power are signs

1) ethnic group

2) nations

3) race

4) class

A 6. The social groups allocated according to the settlement (territorial) basis include (-s)

1) nationality

2) nation

3) townspeople

4th grade

A 7. social status is

1) the behavior expected from the individual

2) the position of a person in society

3) a form of encouragement for individuals

4) the form of implementation of social functions

A 8. Which of the following is a prescribed status?

1) nationality

2) level of education

3) income level

4) occupation

A 9. What status of a person is characterized by nationality, social origin?

1) the legal status of the individual

2) the political status of the individual

3) the prescribed social status of the individual

4) achievable social status of the individual

A 10. Economic differentiation manifests itself in

1) fusion of political power and big capital

2) singling out the rich, poor and middle strata of society

3) the emergence of new sources of income for certain groups.

4) creation of new productions

A 11. The fact that members of different social strata receive different incomes reflects the differentiation

1) economic

2) political

3) professional

4) demographic

A 12. The social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called

1) social mobility

2) social status

3) social inequality

4) social relations

A 13. One of the manifestations of social inequality is the difference in

1) income

2) abilities

3) temperament

4) spiritual requests

A 14. Ascending vertical social mobility refers to

1) promotion

2) doing business

3) demotion

4) retirement

A 15. Among the rich people of Ancient Rome (II-I centuries BC), former slaves were often found. This is an example of manifestation

3) social stratification

4) social adaptation

A 16. The teacher becomes a senior lecturer, a senior lecturer becomes an associate professor, an associate professor becomes a professor. This is an example

1) social stratification

2) social adaptation

3) social mobility

4) socialization

A 17. Nearly a third of US presidents come from poor or average families. This

example - manifestation

1) horizontal social mobility

2) vertical social mobility

3) social stratification

4) social adaptation

A 18. Social norms that reflect people's ideas about good and evil are called -

1) customs

2) moral standards

3) aesthetic standards

4) traditions

A 19. How do moral standards differ from legal ones?

1) moral norms arose later than legal norms

2) legal norms do not exist in written form

3) moral standards reflect ideas of good and evil

4) moral standards are established and supported by the state

A 20. Customs and traditions

1) reinforce habitual patterns of behavior

3) are formal

4) reinforce the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe beautiful and ugly behavior of people

A 21. The rules established in society, patterns of expected behavior of people are called

1) social status

2) social mobility

3) social norm

4) social order

A 22. Aesthetic standards

1) are fixed in the state legislation

2) are provided by the power of state coercion

3) based on belief in supernatural powers

4) reinforce the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bbeautiful and ugly

A 23. The power of the state ensures the norms

1) moral

2) legal

3) aesthetic

4) religious

A 24. Belief in supernatural powers is the foundation

1) ethical standards

2) religious norms

3) moral standards

4) aesthetic standards

A 25. Are the following statements correct?

A. In social norms, people see standards, models, standards of proper behavior.

B. Aesthetic norms are reflected in laws, international treaties,

political principles and moral standards.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both A and B are true

4) both judgments are wrong

A 26. Deviant behavior always violates

1) legal regulations

2) moral standards

3) social norms

4) customs and traditions

A 27. Which of the following can be considered a manifestation of deviant behavior?

1) following fashion

2) conformism

3) crime

4) stamp collecting

A 28. Deviant behavior is always

1) damages society

2) harms the person

3) violates the law

4) does not meet social norms

A 29. Are the following judgments about the essence of social control correct?

A. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order.

B. Norms and Sanctions Are Elements of Social Control

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both A and B are true

4) both judgments are wrong

A 30. Are the following statements about self-control correct?

A. External control methods used too often can inhibit the development of self-control.

B. Conscience is one of the mechanisms of self-control.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both A and B are true

4) both judgments are wrong

A 31. A small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are bound by common life and mutual responsibility, is

1) gender

2) estate

3) family

4) elite

A 32. The family, unlike other small groups, is characterized by

1) high political activity

2) common life

3) common hobbies

4) professional growth

A 33. Choose the correct statement

1) in the history of society there were different types of families

2) family relations are not regulated by law

3) the modern family includes all relatives

4) family relations are not regulated by moral norms

A 34. What characterizes the traditional (patriarchal) family?

1) the dominant position of the father of the family

2) the increasing role of women in the family

3) mutual respect between spouses

4) active participation of women in social production

A 35. The democratic (partner) family, in contrast to the patriarchal (traditional) family, is characterized by

1) cohabitation of at least three generations

2) a fair division of household duties

3) the economic dependence of women on men

4) the dominant role of men in the family

A 36. The son provides material assistance to the mother living with him, who receives a disability pension. This is the function of the family.

1) economic

2) leisure

3) emotional and psychological

4) social status

A 37. The functions of the family are

1) socialization of the individual

2) determination of the minimum wage

3) establishment of a school education system

4) determination of the amount of utility payments

A 38. One of the hallmarks of a nation

1) the presence of a constitution

2) common historical path

3) single citizenship

4) common ideology

A 39. One of the conditions for the emergence of a nation is

1) development of economic and cultural ties between close peoples

2) an increase in the level of education of the population

3) increase in the birth rate

4) formation of the rule of law

A 40. Contributes to overcoming national contradictions

1) redistribution of powers from national entities in favor of the center

2) government support for small businesses

3) ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual, regardless of nationality

4) transition to market methods of farming

A 41. A civilized approach to solving national problems provides for

1) rejection of national violence in all its forms

2) providing military assistance to the separatists

3) a course towards the weakening of multinational states

4) support for all forms of peoples' struggle for self-determination

A 42. Are the following statements correct? International cooperation promotes

A. Development of national culture

B. Overcoming national narrowness

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both A and B are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Part 2. Level B tasks.

IN 1 Write down the missing word in the diagram:

Social criteria. . .

cultural values

income level

activities

the level of education

Answer: ______________________________

IN 2. Write down the missing word in the diagram.

Answer: _____________________________

IN 3. Write the missing word in the diagram

Answer: ________________________

AT 4. Write down the word missing in the diagram

AT 5. Write down the phrase missing in the diagram

Answer: _________________________

AT 6. Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "ethnic community". Find and indicate the term "falling out" from this series and referring to another concept.

Clan, tribe, caste, nationality, nation.

AT 7. Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "social norm". Find and indicate the term that “falls out” of this series and refers to another concept.

Social control, sanction, deviant behavior, social structure, self-control.

Answer _____________________________

AT 8. Below is a list of social groups. All of them, with the exception of one, are religiously educated. Find and indicate the social group that "falls out" of this series and is formed on a different basis.

Orthodox, Muslims, Protestants, conservatives, Catholics.

Answer _____________________________

AT 9. Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "social institution". Find and indicate the term that “falls out” of this series and refers to another concept.

Religion, state, education, applicants, family. production.

Answer ______________________________

AT 10 O'CLOCK. Set the correspondence (social groups - criterion), for this, for each element of the left column, select all the corresponding positions of the right column.

SOCIAL GROUPS: CRITERIA:

1) men A) demographic

2) tribes B) ethnic

3) nationalities

4) children

AT 11. Establish a correspondence between the criterion of social status and its type: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

STATUS CRITERIA TYPES OF STATUS

1) nationality A) attainable

2) profession B) prescribed

3) floor

4) education

5) social background

Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

AT 12. Establish a correspondence between the type of status and a particular social status: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

SEPARATE SOCIAL SPECIES

STATUS PERSONALITY STATUS

1) marginal A) acquired

2) Belarusian B) prescribed

3) chairman of the trade union committee

4) man

5) 16 year old man

6) brother

Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

At 13. Establish a correspondence between social facts and cultural forms: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column

SOCIAL FORMS

FACTS OF CULTURE

1) the premiere of the television series A) mass

2) competition of folklore groups B) folk

3) celebration of Ivan Kupala Day

4) scandal involving a pop star

5) reissue of the best-selling detective

Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

At 14. Establish a correspondence between the subsystems of society and social situations: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

SOCIAL SUBSYSTEMS

SITUATIONS OF SOCIETY

A) organization of pre-holiday trade 1) economic

B) holding a referendum 2) political

C) the adoption of a law on public 3) spiritual

organizations

D) writing an adventure novel

D) production of consumer goods

E) conducting scientific research

At 15 Establish a correspondence between the main social institutions and spheres of society: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

MAIN SOCIAL SPHERES OF LIFE

SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS

A) state 1) economy

B) religion 2) politics

C) education 3) spiritual culture

D) production 4) social relations

D) family

Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

At 16 Find the signs of social status in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) profession

2) floor

3) eye color

4) following the requirements of fashion

5) respect for parents

6) marital status

Answer _____________

At 17 Find in the list below the manifestations of the economic function of the family and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) teaching children labor skills

2) material support of loved ones

3) distribution of domestic labor

4) granting hereditary status

5) organization of leisure

6) family business

Write the circled numbers in ascending order, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

Answer _____________

At 18 Find in the list below what refers to the phenomenon of "subculture" and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) belonging to a certain social group

2) a set of norms and values ​​of the criminal stratum of society

3) the invariance of the value orientations of its carrier throughout life

4) connection with traditional national culture

5) addressing the most diverse segments of the population

Write the circled numbers in ascending order, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

Answer _____________

At 19 Find the social regulations in the list below and circle the numbers under which they appear.

1) economic

2) legal

3) religious

4) moral

5) biological

Write the circled numbers in ascending order, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).

Answer _____________

IN 20. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) 2,000 housewives under 45 took part in the sociological survey. (2) They were asked various questions about marriage, divorce, and raising children. (H) Every third respondent believed that early marriages often end in divorce. (4) In our opinion, such marriages exacerbate the crisis of family values.

A) actual character

B) the nature of value judgments

AT 21. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) The study involved 1503 boys and girls over 18 years of age. (2) They were asked various questions about marriage, divorce, and raising children. (3) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (4) In our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and exacerbate the crisis of family values.

Determine which provisions of the text are worn

actual character

nature of value judgments

Write under the position number the letter that indicates its nature.

At 22 . Read the text below with a number of words missing.

“The presence of significant psychological _______ (1) between men and women in itself is beyond doubt by anyone. However, empirical data on this subject, despite the huge number of _______ (2), are insufficient and often contradictory. Perceptions of gender are significantly influenced by common ________(3). Women, in the minds of men, and often women themselves, must first of all successfully fulfill the traditionally attributed to them _______ (4) “housewife”, “keeper of the hearth”, etc. Men should be engaged in professional work, which guarantees them a high social _________(5) and ensures the level and quality of life of their families. In fact, the gender-role division of ________ (6) has lost its former rigidity, the relationship between men and women in the family and at work has become, in principle, equal.

Choose from the list below the words to fill in the gaps. The words in the list are given in the nominative singular. Keep in mind that there are more words in the list than you need to select.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words.

A) research D) communication G) role

B) difference E) teaching 3) status

C) labor E) stereotypes) group

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.

At 23. Read the text below with a number of words missing,

“Norms perform a number of important functions in society. First, they contribute to social _______ (1) (ie maintaining social cohesion). Secondly, they serve as a kind of ________ (2) behavior, a kind of instruction for individuals performing certain roles and social ________ (3). Third, contribute to _______ (4)

for deviant behavior. Fourth, provide _________ (5) society. According to the nature of the regulation of social behavior, norms are distinguished - expectations and norms -_______ (6) ... The norms belonging to the second group are more strict. Violation of such norms entails the application of serious _______ (7), for example, criminal or administrative.

Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of spaces. The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Remembering that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps Choose one word after another, mentally filling each gap with words.

A) sanction D) ideal G) rule J) development

B) groups E) control H) management

C) integration E) standard I) stability

Please note that the gaps are numbered. The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.

Part 3. Level C tasks.

From 1

Read the text and do the tasks

Family structures are falling apart all over the world. Divorce rates are rising in both the developed and underdeveloped world, as is the number of female-headed households.

Family values ​​are not threatened by government programs that interfere with the formation of families (although there are such programs), and not by media broadcasts that belittle the family (although there are such broadcasts); they are threatened by the economic system itself. This system simply does not allow families to exist in the old way, with the father providing most of the earnings and the mother doing most of the work of raising children. There is no longer a middle-class family with one breadwinner.

Social relations are not determined by economics - there can be many possibilities at the same time - but whatever these relations may be, they must be compatible with economic reality. Traditional family relationships are not like that. As a consequence, the family as an institution is in the process of change and pressure. It is not a matter of "character building" but of stubborn economic selfishness, or more precisely, an unwillingness to subordinate one's own interest to that of the family. The economic reality forced us to reconsider the basic questions of family organization.

L. Thurow

2. Interaction of what spheres of social life is revealed by the author on the example of a family? What, in the author's opinion, is the nature of this interaction?

3. Why is the traditional patriarchal family becoming a thing of the past? Based on the source text and using social science knowledge, indicate three reasons.

4. What type of family is more in line with the realities of a post-industrial society? Drawing on knowledge from the social science course, indicate two of its features.

C2 . List any three features that characterize education as a social institution.

C3. Illustrate with three examples the differences in the government system of the parliamentary and presidential republics.

C4. At a meeting of the Russian government with representatives of trade unions and entrepreneurs, opposing views were expressed on economic policy. Trade unions insisted on increasing the share of profits of firms directed to social needs. Entrepreneurs proposed to increase investment in real production. Offer two arguments to support the position of each group of participants.

From 5. Read the text and do the tasks for it

It is customary to call science a systematized idea of ​​the world that reproduces its essential aspects in an abstract-logical form and is based on scientific research data.

Science, being a part of culture, is a system of knowledge and a kind of spiritual production.

As a kind of spiritual production, science includes the specific activity of a person to increment the existing and obtain new knowledge. The result of this activity is a system of scientific knowledge, which together form a scientific picture of the world.

The scientific picture of the world is formed under the influence of two models of the development of scientific knowledge. According to the first model - evolutionary - science is a special kind of "humanity's social memory". According to the second model - revolutionary science periodically experiences a radical change in the ideas that dominate it.

The term "science" is also used to refer to certain branches of scientific knowledge. Initially, branches of science were formed in accordance with those aspects of reality that were involved in the process of cognition. In modern science, new areas of knowledge arise in connection with the advancement of certain theoretical or practical problems. The problematic nature of the development of modern science has led to the emergence of interdisciplinary and complex research carried out by means of several different disciplines by a special scientific community.

In modern society, science is the most important social institution, deeply penetrating into all spheres of public life. Science turns into a direct productive force of society, becomes a mass activity.

(I.V. Bezborodova, M.B. Bulanova and others)

1. Indicate any three of the definitions of science given in the text.

3 Based on the knowledge of the course, indicate any three social problems that are the subject of interdisciplinary research, and the sciences that study these problems.

Choice task

Choose one of the statements below and state your thoughts (your point of view, attitude; about the problem raised.

When completing the task, you should use the relevant concepts of the social science course and, based on the knowledge gained in the course of social science, as well as the facts of social life and your own life experience, give the necessary arguments to justify your position.

1 “Man is a creature that rushes towards the future and is aware that it projects itself into the future” (J.P. Sartre).

2 “It is easy to preach morality, it is difficult to justify it” (A. Schopenhauer).

3 "The lack of a sense of national dignity is just as disgusting as the other extreme - nationalism." (I.N. Shevelev)

4 "People exist for each other" (Marcus Aurelius)

5 “They are born an individual, they become a person, they uphold individuality” (A.G. Asmolov)

6. "The formation of the achieved status is carried out through the own talent, choice or activity of each individual." (M. Young).

7. “Marginality is the result of a conflict with social norms” (A. Farzho).

8. “Everyone wants to be an exception to the rule, and there is no exception to this rule” (M. Forbes)

9 "A mass is a multitude of people without any special merit." (J. Ortega y Gaset).

10. Man does what he is and becomes what he does.” (R. Musil)

Answers

Part 1 Level A.

№ tasks

answer

A 1

A 2

A 3

A 4

A 5

A 6

A 7

A 8

A 9

A 10

A 11

A 12

A 13

A 14

A 15

A 16

A 17

A 18

A 19

A 20

A 21

A 22

A 23

A 24

A 25

A 26

A 27

A 28

A 29

A 30

A 31

A 32

A 33

A 34

A 35

A 36

A 37

A 38

A 39

A 40

A 41

A 42

Part 2. Level B.

№ tasks

answer

stratification

economic

nationality

families

social statuses

caste

social structure

conservatives

applicants

AT 10 O'CLOCK

ABBA

AT 11

BABAB

AT 12

ABABBA

B13

ABBAA

B14

122313

B15

23314

B16

B17

B18

B19

IN 20

AAAB

AT 21

AAAB

B22

BAEZHZV

B23

WEBDIJA

Part 3. Level C.

C1 Text

1). What, according to the author, is the crisis of family relations expressed in modern society? List two manifestations. Answer:

The response indicates such manifestations of the crisis of family relations:

An increase in the number of divorces;

An increase in the number of incomplete families.

2). In the answer, the spheres of society are called:

social relations;

Economy.

The nature of their connection is shown: social relations are not determined by the economy, but must be compatible with it.

3). Answer:

The following reasons for this phenomenon can be named in the answer:

The current economic system in many cases makes it insufficient

to maintain the standard of living of the family earnings of one father;

The values ​​of personal achievement are being strengthened at the expense of family solidarity,

Women strive to expand the range of their social roles, to go beyond

roles of mother, wife, housewife

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning,)

4) Answer:

In the answer, the type of family is called: partner (democratic).

The following signs can be named:

Joint decision-making affecting the interests of family members;

A more even distribution of family responsibilities.

C2. Answer:

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

Features such as the presence of

Role system (student, teacher);

Sets of institutions (institute, school);

Regulatory rules (law on education, charter of the university);

Important public functions (socialization of youth).

C3. Answer:

The answer may include examples:

In a presidential republic, the president receives powers directly from

voters, in a parliamentary republic the president is usually elected by the legislature;

In a presidential republic, members of the government are appointed by the president; in a parliamentary republic, by the leader of the parliamentary majority party;

In presidential republics, the president is free to choose candidates for government posts; in parliamentary republics, only deputies of the party that has the majority of seats in the legislative assembly receive appointment to the government

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

C4. Answer:

In response, the following arguments can be given in support of the opinion of trade unions:

1) it is necessary to increase the level of income of the population to solve the problems of combating poverty;

2) the growth of consumer demand will contribute to the growth of production volumes;

3) social assistance to low-income segments of the population is the most important function

states in a market economy.

In response, the following arguments can be given in support of the opinion of entrepreneurs:

1) the possibility of updating equipment and introducing new technologies;

2) the possibility of improving the structure of production;

3) support for a domestic manufacturer;

4) raising the living standards of the population is possible only on the basis of economic growth.

Other valid arguments can also be made.

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

From 5. Text: Science is called...

1) The following definitions of science can be given:

1) "a theoretical systematized view of the world ..."

2) "a system of knowledge and a type of spiritual production";

3) "a specific activity of a person to increase the existing and obtain new knowledge."

4) "separate branches of scientific knowledge"

2). The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) a statement of the essence of changes in the system of sciences: from a clear sectoral structure to a complex, interdisciplinary one;

2) indication of the reason: the transition to a problematic approach in choosing the subject of research

3) Issues such as:

The problem of the social essence of a person (studies psychology, sociology, social anthropology, philosophy, pedagogy, etc.)

The process of socialization of the individual (studies pedagogy, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, political science, jurisprudence, etc.)

Ecological problems (they study biology, geography, social anthropology, economics, political science, etc.).

Other problems may also be indicated.

4) The following examples could be given, for example:

1) a dynamically developing science requires an influx of qualified personnel, i.e. the sphere of education is actively developing;

2) changes in social realities in connection with the achievements of science, incl. application of cybernetic models;

3) there is a change in the economic structure of society, incl. employment structures.

Other examples may be given.

Social relations are relations between social groups or their members.

Social relations are divided into unilateral and mutual. Unilateral social relations are characterized by the fact that their participants put different meanings into them.

For example, love on the part of an individual may stumble upon contempt or hatred on the part of the object of his love.

Types of social relations: industrial, economic, legal, moral, religious, political, aesthetic, interpersonal

Industrial relations are concentrated in a variety of professional and labor roles-functions of a person (for example, an engineer or a worker, a manager or a performer, etc.).

Economic relations are implemented in the sphere of production, ownership and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here a person acts in two interrelated roles - a seller and a buyer. Economic relations are planned-distributive and market.

Legal relations in society are fixed by legislation. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of industrial, economic, political and other social relations.

Moral relations are fixed in the corresponding rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of ethno-cultural organization of people's lives. In these forms is the moral norm of behavior

Religious relations reflect the interaction of people, which is formed under the influence of ideas about the place of a person in the universal processes of life and death, etc. These relationships grow out of a person's need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the higher meaning of being.

Political relations are centered around the problem of power. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it and the subordination of those who lack it.

Aesthetic relations arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people for each other and the aesthetic reflection of the material objects of the external world. These relationships are highly subjective.

Among interpersonal relationships, acquaintances, friendly, comradely, friendships and relationships that turn into intimate-personal relationships stand out: love, marital, family.

18. Social group

Social a group, according to Merton, is a collection of people who interact with each other in a certain way, are aware of their belonging to this group and are considered members of this group from the point of view of others.

Signs of a social group:

Membership Awareness

Ways of interaction

Unity awareness

Cooley divided social groups into primary and secondary:

Family, peer group, because they give the individual the earliest and most complete experience of social unity

Formed from people between whom there are almost no emotional ties (due to the achievement of certain goals)

Social groups are divided into real and quasi-groups, large and small, conditional, experimental and referential.

Real groups- a community of people limited in size, united by real relationships or activities

Quasigroups are characterized by randomness and spontaneity of formation, instability of relationships, short duration of interaction. As a rule, they exist for a short time, after which they either disintegrate or turn into a stable social group - a crowd (for example, fans) - a common interest, an object of attention

Malaya group - a relatively small number of individuals directly interacting with each other and united by common goals, interests, value orientations. Small groups can be formal or informal

Formal groups - the positions of the group members are clearly reflected, the interactions between the members of the group are defined vertically - the department at the university.

informal the group arises and develops spontaneously, it has neither positions, nor statuses, nor roles. There is no structure of power relations. Family, group of friends, peers

Big a group is a real, significant in size and complexly organized community of people involved in social activities and a system of relevant relationships and interactions. The staff of the university, enterprises, schools, firms. Group norms of behavior, etc.

Reference group - a group in which individuals are not really included, but with which they relate themselves as with a standard and are guided in their behavior by the norms and values ​​of this group.

Conditional group - a group united according to certain characteristics (sex, age, level of education, profession) - they are created by sociologists to conduct sociological analysis (Altai students).

Variety conditional group is experimental, which is created to conduct socio-psychological experiments.