Birth and death of Imam Shamil. The meaning of the name Shamil, origin, nature and fate of the name Shamil

Shamil - the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, the murid, recognized as the imam in 1834, united the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya into a theocratic state and, before being captured during the assault of Gunib in 1859, by Prince Baryatinsky, he energetically waged a struggle. Transported to Kaluga, then to Kiev, he received permission to make a pilgrimage to Medina, where he died.

Shamil (1797, aul of Gimry, Dagestan - March 1871, Medina, now Saudi Arabia), the head of the Muslim military-theocratic state in Dagestan, led the struggle of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya against the tsarist troops (see Caucasian War 1817-64). Genus. in the family of an Avar peasant. He was brought up among the Muslim clergy. A skillful orator with organizational skills, he gained popularity among the people, he managed to unite the highlanders, subjugate the Dagestan feudal lords. As a religious leader (imam) Sh., Supported by pro-Turkish nobility and Muslim clergy, proclaimed "ghazavat" - a holy war against the giaurs ("infidels"), that is, against the Russians. This movement was named "Muridism". Having deceived the hopes of the mountaineers for social liberation, Sh. Established in his theocrat. state-ve a despotic regime and retained the domination of the local feud, the nobility. During the war, he was guided by the tour. Sultan, as well as in English, support, but this did not bring liberation to the peoples of the Caucasus. In 1859, Switzerland, besieged in the mountains, surrendered. He settled with his family in Kaluga. In 1870 Sh. Received permission to go to worship Muslim shrines in Mecca.

Shamil (1797-1871) - the son of the Avar Uzden, the third imam of the North highlanders. Caucasus in 1834-1859, one of the ideologists muridism, an active organizer of resistance to the advancement of Russians to the Caucasus, a supporter of the unification of the peoples of the North. Caucasus based on Sharia, an associate of Gazi-Magomed and Gamzat-Bek.

Under Shamil, the imamate reached its political and military heyday (see the Caucasian War of 1817-1864). He was defeated and captured in the high-mountainous village of Gunib by Prince A.I.Baryatinsky.

In 1859-1869. was together with his entire family in honorary exile in Kaluga. He swore allegiance to Russia. In early 1870 he was allowed to perform the Hajj to Mecca. Died in Medina (February 1871).

Orlov A.S., Georgieva N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical Dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 567.

Shamil (1797-1871) - Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya, leader of the liberation struggle of the highlanders of the North Caucasus, which unfolded under the slogan of gazavat. After the death of his teacher Gazi-Muhammad and his heir Gamzat-bek, who were the first imams and preachers of ghazavat in the North Caucasus, in 1834 Shamil became the third imam of Dagestan and Chechnya. Shamil was an educated person, knew theology and secular sciences, had an outstanding military talent, the ability to inspire people to self-sacrifice. The war under his leadership lasted 25 years, starting in 1834. In the 40s. Shamil won a number of major victories over the tsarist troops and, relying on the murids, created in 1848 in the North Caucasus a military-theocratic state - the imamate. The immense superiority of the tsarist troops, internal contradictions in the imamate, the betrayal of the naibs (heads of the Chechen and Dagestan communities), the desire of the people tired of war for peaceful labor led to a decline in the movement. After a series of defeats, Shamil took refuge in the village of Gunib with a small detachment, and when the village was captured on August 26, 1859, he surrendered. Together with his family, he was exiled to Kaluga, where he lived for 11 years. In 1870 he left to live in the city of Mecca, but before reaching it, he died in the city of Medina in 1871.

Gogoberidze G.M. Islamic explanatory dictionary. Rostov-on-Don, 2009, p. 250.

Shamil, (1797 - March 1871) - the leader of the liberation movement of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya, directed against the tsarist colonialists, as well as local feudal lords and held under the slogans of Muridism. Born in the aul of Gimry in the family of an Avar Uzden (free peasant) Dengo-Magoma. He was brought up among the Muslim clergy, received a good education, knew Arabic literature very well. In the 1920s, he became one of the companions of Gazi-Magomed, who began preaching tariqah in the form of muridism. Together with him, and then with Gamzat-bek, Shamil led the struggle of the mountaineers against the tsarist troops. In 1834, after the assassination of Gamzat-bek, Shamil was proclaimed imam and for 25 years led the liberation struggle of the peoples of Dagestan and Chechnya (see Caucasian Wars). Thanks to the organizational skills and will of Shamil, it was possible to unite the broad masses of the highlanders and suppress the resistance of the local Dagestan feudal lords. Personal courage, intransigence in the struggle and outstanding eloquence made Shamil very popular. In 1848, his power was declared hereditary. Relying on the bridles and the clergy, Shamil created a kind of military-theocratic state-imamate, in which all the secular and spiritual power belonged to Shamil. Possessing a talent for leadership, Shamil waged a successful struggle against the tsarist troops and in the 40s won a number of major victories. However, in the 50s, due to the immense superiority of the tsarist troops in forces, the growth of internal social contradictions, the ruin and fatigue of the people, the food crisis, the decay and betrayal of the naibs (governors), the movement began to decline. On August 25, 1859, Shamil with 400 murids was besieged in the village of Gunib and on August 26 was forced to surrender on honorable terms. Shamil and his family were settled in Kaluga. In 1870 he was allowed to leave for Mecca. He died in Medina (Arabia).

Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 16. ZHAN WEN - TYAN-YASHTUKH. 1976.

Shamil is the famous leader and unifier of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya in their struggle against the Russians for independence. Born in the village of Gimrakh around 1797, and according to other sources around 1799, from the Avar Uzden Dengau Mohammed. Gifted with brilliant natural abilities, he listened to the best teachers of grammar, logic and rhetoric of the Arabic language in Dagestan and soon became an outstanding scientist. The sermons of Qazi-mullah (or rather, Gazi-Mohammed), the first preacher of the ghazavat - the holy war against the Russians, captivated Sh., Who first became his disciple, and then his friend and ardent supporter. The followers of the new teaching, which sought the salvation of the soul and cleansing from sins through the holy war for the faith against the Russians, were called murids. When the people were sufficiently nathanized and excited by the descriptions of paradise, with its houris, and the promise of complete independence from any authorities, except for Allah and his Sharia (the spiritual law set forth in the Koran), Kazimullah during 1827-1829. managed to captivate Koisuba, Gumbet, Andia and other small societies in the Avar and Andean Kois, most of the shamkhalism of Tarkovsky, Kumyks and Avaria, except for its capital Khunzakh, where the Avar khans visited. Expecting that his power would only be strong in Dagestan, when he finally seized Avaria, the center of Dagestan, and its capital Khunzakh, Kazi-mulla gathered 6,000 people and on February 4, 1830 went with them against the Khansha Pakhu-Bike.

On February 12, 1830, he set out to storm Khunzakh, with one half of the militia commanded by Gamzat-bek, his future successor-imam, and the other by Sh., The future 3rd imam of Dagestan. The assault was unsuccessful; Sh. Together with Kazi-mulla returned to Nimry. Accompanying his teacher in his campaigns, Sh. In 1832 was besieged by the Russians, under the command of Baron Rosen, in Gimry. Sh. Managed, although terribly wounded, to break through and escape, while Kazi-mullah died, all punctured with bayonets. The death of the latter, the wounds received by Shamil during the siege of Gimr, and the reign of Gamzat-bek, who declared himself the successor of the Kazi-mullah and the imam - all this kept Sh. In the background until the death of Gamzat-bek (September 7 or 19, 1834), the main employee of which he was, collecting troops, obtaining material resources and commanding expeditions against the Russians and the enemies of the imam. Learning about the death of the latter, Sh. Gathered a party of the most desperate murids, rushed with them to New Gotsatl, seized the wealth stolen by Gamzat there and ordered to kill the surviving youngest son Paru-Bike, the only heir of the Avar Khanate. With this murder, Sh. Finally eliminated the last obstacle to the spread of the imam's power, since the khans of Avaria were interested in the fact that there was no single strong power in Dagestan and therefore acted in alliance with the Russians against Kazimullah and Gamzat-bek.

For 25 years Sh. Ruled over the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya, successfully fighting against the huge forces of Russia. Less religious than Kazi-mulla, less hasty and reckless than Gamzat-bek, Sh. Possessed a military talent, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, the ability to choose the time to strike and helpers to fulfill their desires. Distinguished by a firm and unyielding will, he knew how to inspire the mountaineers, knew how to excite them to self-sacrifice and to obey his power, which was especially difficult and unusual for them. Surpassing his predecessors in intelligence, he, like them, did not understand the means to achieve his goals. Fear for the future forced the Avars to get closer to the Russians: the Avar foreman Khalil-bek appeared in Temir-Khan-Shura and asked Colonel Kluki von Klugenau to appoint a legitimate ruler in Avaria so that it would not fall into the hands of the murids. Klugenau moved towards Gotzatl. Sh., Having set up blockages on the left bank of the Avar Koisu, intended to act on the flank and rear of the Russians, but Klugenau managed to cross the river, and Sh. Had to retreat into Dagestan, where at that time hostile clashes took place between the contenders for power. Sh .'s position in those first years was very difficult: a series of defeats suffered by the mountaineers shaken their desire for ghazavat and their belief in the triumph of Islam over the giaours; one after another, the free societies showed obedience and betrayed the hostages; Fearing ruin by the Russians, the mountain auls were reluctant to host murids.

Throughout 1835, Sh. Worked in secret, gaining adherents, fanaticizing the crowd and pushing back rivals or making peace with them. The Russians gave him a boost because they looked at him like a worthless adventurer. Sh. Spread a rumor that he was only working to restore the purity of Muslim law between the recalcitrant societies of Dagestan and expressed his readiness to submit to the Russian government with all the koisu-bulins, if he was assigned a special content. In this way, putting the Russians to sleep, who at that time were especially engaged in the construction of fortifications along the Black Sea coast in order to cut off the Circassians' ability to communicate with the Turks, Sh., With the assistance of Tashav-haji, tried to raise the Chechens and assure them that most of Nagorno Dagestan had already accepted the Sharia and obeyed the imam.

In April 1836 Sh., With a party of 2 thousand people, with admonitions and threats forced the Koisu-Bulins and other neighboring societies to accept his teachings and to recognize him as an imam. The commander of the Caucasian corps, Baron Rosen, wishing to undermine the growing influence of Sh., In July 1836, sent Major General Reut to occupy Untsukul and, if possible, Ashilta, the residence of Sh. Having occupied Irganai, Major General Reut was greeted with statements of obedience from Untsukul , whose elders explained that they accepted the Sharia only yielding to the force of Sh. Reut did not go after that to Untsukul and returned to Temir-Khan-Shura, and Sh. began to spread the rumor everywhere that the Russians were afraid to go deep into the mountains; then, taking advantage of our inaction, he continued to subjugate the Avar villages to his power. To gain greater influence among the population of Avaria, Sh. Married the widow of the former imam Gamzat-bek and at the end of this year achieved that all free Dagestan societies from Chechnya to Avaria, as well as a significant part of Avars and societies lying south of Avaria, recognized his power.

At the beginning of 1837, the corps commander instructed Major General Feza to undertake several expeditions to different parts of Chechnya, which was done with success, but made an insignificant impression on the mountaineers. Sh .'s continuous attacks on the Avar villages forced the governor of the Avar Khanate, Akhmet Khan Mekhtulinsky, to offer the Russians to occupy the capital of the Khanate, Khunzakh. On May 28, 1837, General Feze entered Khunzakh and then moved to the village of Ashilte, near which, on the impregnable cliff of Akhulga, was the family and all the property of the imam. Sh. Himself, with a large party, was in the village of Talitle and tried to divert our attention from Ashilta, attacking us from different sides. A detachment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Buchkiev was put up against him. Sh. Tried to break through this barrier and attacked Buchkiev's detachment on the night of June 7-8, but after a heated battle he was forced to retreat. On June 9, Ashilta was taken by storm and burned after a desperate battle with 2 thousand selected fanatics-murids, who defended every saklya, every street, and then rushed to our troops six times to recapture Ashilta, but in vain. On June 12, Akhulgo was also taken by storm. On July 5, General Feze moved troops to attack Tilitla; all the horrors of the Ashiltip pogrom were repeated, when some did not ask and others did not give mercy. Sh. Saw that the case was lost and sent the envoy with an expression of humility. General Feze gave in to deception and entered into negotiations, after which Sh. And his comrades betrayed three amanats (hostages), including Sh .'s nephew, and swore allegiance to the Russian emperor. Having missed the opportunity to take Sh. Prisoner, General Feze dragged out the war for 22 years, and by concluding peace with him, as with an equal side, he raised his importance in the eyes of the whole of Dagestan and Chechnya. Sh .'s position was nevertheless very difficult: on the one hand, the highlanders were shocked by the appearance of the Russians in the very heart of the most inaccessible part of Dagestan, and on the other, by the pogrom carried out by the Russians, the death of many brave murids and the loss of property undermined their strength and for some time killed their energy. Circumstances soon changed. The unrest in the Kuban region and southern Dagestan diverted most of our troops to the south, as a result of which Sh. Could recover from the blows inflicted on him and again win over to his side some free societies, acting on them by conviction, then by force (end of 1838 and early 1839). Near the destroyed in the Avar expedition Akhulgo, he built a New Akhulgo, where he moved his residence from Chirkat. In view of the possibility of uniting all the highlanders of Dagestan under the rule of Sh., During the winter of 1838-39 we prepared troops, a wagon train and supplies for an expedition deep into Dagestan. It was necessary to restore free communication along all our routes of communication, which Sh. Was now threatening to such an extent that strong columns of all types of weapons had to be appointed to cover our transports between Temir-Khan-Shura, Khunzakh and Suddenny. To act against Sh., The so-called Chechen detachment of Adjutant General Grabbe was appointed. Sh., For his part, in February 1839 gathered an armed mass of 5,000 people in Chirkat, strongly fortified the village of Arguani on the way from Salatavia to Akhulgo, destroyed the descent from the steep mountain Souk-Bulakh, and attacked on 4 May to distract our attention. submissive to us the village of Irganai and took its inhabitants to the mountains. At the same time, Tashav-haji, a devotee of Shamil, captured the village of Miskit on the Aksai River and built a fortification near it in the Akhmet-Tala tract, from which he could at any time attack the Sunzha line or the Kumyk plane, and then strike us in the rear when we will go deep into the mountains when driving to Akhulgo. Adjutant General Grabbe understood this plan and with a surprise attack took and burned the fortification near Miskit, destroyed and burned a number of auls in Chechnya, took Sayasani, the stronghold of Tashav-haji by storm, and returned to Suddennaya on May 15. On May 21, he again set out from there. Near the village of Burtunaya, Sh. Took up a flanking position on inaccessible heights, but the roundabout movement of the Russians forced him to leave for Chirkat, while his militia dispersed in different directions. Working out the road along puzzling steep slopes, Grabbe climbed the Souk-Bulakh pass and on May 30 approached Arguani, where Sh. Sat with 16 thousand people in order to delay the movement of the Russians. After a desperate hand-to-hand fight for 12 hours, in which the highlanders and Russians suffered huge losses (the highlanders have up to 2 thousand people, we have 641 people), he left the village (June 1) and fled to New Akhulgo, where he locked himself up with the most loyal to him murids. Having occupied Chirkat (June 5), General Grabbe on June 12 approached Akhulgo. The blockade of Akhulgo lasted for ten weeks; Sh. Freely communicated with the surrounding communities, again occupied Chirkat and stood on our communications, disturbing us from both sides; reinforcements flocked to him from everywhere; the Russians were gradually enveloped in a ring of mountain heaps. The help from the Samur detachment of General Golovin brought them out of this difficulty and allowed them to close the ring of our batteries near New Akhulgo. Anticipating the fall of his stronghold, Sh. Tried to enter into negotiations with General Grabbe, demanding a free pass from Akhulgo, but was refused. On August 17, an attack occurred, during which Sh. Again tried to enter into negotiations, but without success: on August 21, the attack resumed and after a 2-day battle both Akhulgos were taken, and most of the defenders died. Sh. Himself managed to escape, was wounded on the way and fled through Salatau to Chechnya, where he settled in the Argun Gorge. The impression of this pogrom was very strong; many societies sent chieftains and showed obedience; former associates of Sh., including Tashav-hajj, conceived to appropriate the imam's power and recruited adherents, but they made a mistake in their calculations: how Sh. revived from the ashes of the phoenix and already in 1840 again began to fight the Russians in Chechnya, taking advantage of the discontent the mountaineers against our bailiffs and against attempts to take away their weapons. General Grabbe considered S. a harmless fugitive and did not care about his pursuit, which he took advantage of, gradually returning the lost influence. Sh. Intensified the Chechen discontent with a cleverly spread rumor that the Russians intended to convert the mountaineers into peasants and involve them in serving their military service; the highlanders worried and remembered Sh., opposing the justice and wisdom of his decisions to the activities of the Russian bailiffs. The Chechens invited him to become the head of the uprising; he agreed to this only after repeated requests, taking an oath from them and taking hostages from the best families. By his order, all of Malaya Chechnya and the villages of Prisunzhensk began to arm themselves. Sh. Constantly alarmed us with raids of large and small parties, which were carried from place to place with such speed, avoiding open battle with our troops that the latter were completely exhausted, chasing them, and the imam, taking advantage of this, attacked those who remained without protection obedient to us. society, subjugated them to his power and moved them to the mountains. By the end of May, Sh. Had assembled a significant militia. Little Chechnya is all empty; its population abandoned their homes, rich lands and hid in the dense forests beyond the Sunzha and in the Black Mountains. General Galafeev moved (July 6, 1840) to Little Chechnya, had several hot clashes, by the way, on July 11 on the river Valerike (Lermontov took part in this battle, who described it in a wonderful poem), but, despite the huge losses, especially under Valerik, the Chechens did not abandon Sh. and willingly joined his militia, which he now sent to Northern Dagestan. Having won over the Gumbetites, Andians and Salavans to his side and holding in his hands the exits to the rich Shamkhal plain, Sh. Gathered at Cherkey a militia of 10-12 thousand people against 700 people of the Russian army. Having stumbled upon Major General Kluka von Klugenau, Sh .'s 9,000-strong militia, after stubborn battles on July 10 and 11, abandoned further movement, returned to Cherkei, and then partly Sh. Was disbanded to their homes: he was waiting for a wider movement in Dagestan. Dodging the battle, he collected the militia and worried the mountaineers with rumors that the Russians would take the mounted highlanders and send them to serve in Warsaw. On September 14, General Klucky von Klugenau managed to challenge Sh. To battle at Gimry: he was completely defeated and fled; Crash and Koisubu were saved from plunder and devastation. Despite this defeat, Sh .'s power was not shaken in Chechnya; all the tribes between Sunzha and Avar Koisu submitted to him, vowing not to enter into any relations with the Russians; Hadji Murad, who had betrayed Russia, went over to his side (November 1840) and agitated Avaria. Sh. Settled in the village of Dargo (in Ichkeria, near the upper reaches of the Aksai River) and undertook a series of offensive actions. The equestrian party of the naib Akhverda-Magoma appeared on September 29, 1840 near Mozdok and took several people prisoner, including the family of the Armenian merchant Ulukhanov, whose daughter, Anna, became Sh .'s beloved wife, under the name Shuanet. By the end of 1840 Sh. Was so strong that the commander of the Caucasian corps, General Golovin, considered it necessary to enter into relations with him, challenging him to reconciliation with the Russians. This further raised the importance of the imam among the highlanders. Throughout the winter of 1840-1841, gangs of Circassians and Chechens broke through beyond Sulak and even penetrated as far as Tarki, stealing cattle and plundering near Termit-Khan-Shura itself, the communication of which with the line became possible only with a strong convoy. Sh. Ruined auls that tried to resist his power, took wives and children with him to the mountains and forced the Chechens to marry their daughters to Lezghins and vice versa, in order to bind these tribes together by kinship. It was especially important for Sh. The acquisition of such employees as Hadji Murad, who attracted Avaria to him, Kibit-Magom in southern Dagestan, a very influential among the mountaineers, a fanatic, a brave man and a capable self-taught engineer, and Dzhemaya-ed-Din, an outstanding preacher. ...

By April 1841 Sh. Ruled over almost all the tribes of Nagorno Dagestan, except for Koisubu. Knowing how important the occupation of Cherkey was for the Russians, he fortified all the paths there with rubble and himself defended them with extreme stubbornness, but after the Russians outflanked them from both flanks he retreated into the depths of Dagestan. On May 15, Cherkei surrendered to General Feza. Seeing that the Russians were busy building fortifications and left him alone, Sh. Planned to take possession of Andalal, with the impregnable Gunib, where he hoped to establish his residence if the Russians ousted him from Dargo. Andalal was also important because its inhabitants made gunpowder. In September 1841, the Andalians entered into relations with the imam; only a few small auls remained in our hands. At the beginning of winter, Sh. Flooded Dagestan with his gangs and cut off our communication with the conquered societies and with our fortifications. General Klucky von Klugenau asked the corps commander to send reinforcements, but the latter, hoping that Sh. Would cease his activities in winter, postponed this matter until spring. Meanwhile, Sh. Was not at all idle, but was intensively preparing for the campaign of the next year, not giving our exhausted troops a minute of peace. Sh .'s fame reached the Ossetians and Circassians, who pinned great hopes on him. On February 20, 1842, General Feze took Gergebil by storm. On March 2, he occupied Chokh without a fight, and on March 7 he arrived in Khunzakh. At the end of May 1842 Sh. Invaded Kazikumukh with 15 thousand militias, but, defeated on June 2 at Kyululi by Prince Argutinsky-Dolgoruky, quickly cleared the Kazikumukh Khanate, probably because he received news of the movement of a large detachment of General Grabbe to Dargo. Having passed in 3 days (May 30 and 31 and June 1) only 22 versts and having lost about 1800 people who were out of action, General Grabbe returned back without doing anything. This failure raised the spirits of the mountaineers unusually. On our side, a number of fortifications along the Sunzha, which made it difficult for the Chechens to attack the villages on the left bank of this river, were supplemented by a fortification at Seral-Yurt (1842), and the construction of a fortification on the Assa River marked the beginning of the Chechen forward line. Throughout the spring and summer of 1843, Sh. Used to organize his army; when the mountaineers removed the bread, he went on the offensive. On August 27, 1843, having made a transition of 70 versts, Sh. Unexpectedly appeared in front of the Untsukul fortification, with 10 thousand people; Lieutenant Colonel Veselitsky, with 500 men, went to the aid of the fortification, but, surrounded by the enemy, he died with the whole detachment; On August 31, Untsukul was taken, destroyed to the ground, many of its inhabitants were executed; from the Russian garrison, the remaining 2 officers and 58 soldiers were taken prisoner.

Then Sh. Turned against the Accident, where, in Hunzach, General Klucky von Klugenau sat down. As soon as Sh. Entered Avaria, one village after another began to surrender to him; despite the desperate defense of our garrisons, he managed to take the Belakhana fortification (September 3), the Makokh tower (September 5), the Tsatanykh fortification (September 6-8), Akhalchi and Gotsatl; seeing this, the Accident was postponed from us and the inhabitants of Khunzakh were restrained from treason only by the presence of troops. Such successes were possible only because our forces were scattered over a large area in small detachments, which were housed in small and poorly organized fortifications. Sh. Was in no hurry to attack Khunzakh, fearing that he would ruin what he had gained with victories with one failure. Throughout this campaign, Sh. Showed the talent of an outstanding commander. Leading crowds of mountaineers, still unfamiliar with discipline, self-willed and easily discouraged at the slightest failure, he was able to subdue them in a short time to his will and inspire a willingness to go into the most difficult enterprises. After an unsuccessful attack on the fortified village of Andreevka, Sh. Drew attention to Gergebil, which was poorly fortified, and meanwhile was of great importance, defending the access from Northern Dagestan to the Southern, and to the Burunduk-kale tower, occupied by only a few soldiers, while she protected the Crash message with the plane. On October 28, 1843, crowds of highlanders, numbering up to 10 thousand, surrounded Gergebil, whose garrison consisted of 306 people from the Tiflis regiment, under the command of Major Shaganov (see); after a desperate defense, the fortress was taken, the garrison was almost completely killed, only a few were captured (November 8). The fall of Gergebil was a signal for the uprising of the Koisu-Bulin auls along the right bank of the Avar Koisu, as a result of which our troops cleared Avaria. Temir-Khan-Shura was now completely isolated; not daring to attack her, Sh. decided to starve her to death and attacked the Nizovoye fortification, where there was a storehouse of food supplies. Despite the desperate attacks of 6000 mountaineers, the garrison withstood all their attacks and was liberated by General Freigat, who burned the supplies, riveted the cannons and took the garrison to Kazi-Yurt (November 17, 1843). The hostile mood of the population forced the Russians to clear the Miatlinsky blockhouse, then Khunzakh, whose garrison, under the command of Passek, moved to Zirani, where it was besieged by the highlanders. General Gurko moved to the aid of Passek and rescued him from the siege on December 17. By the end of 1843 Sh. Was the complete master of Dagestan and Chechnya; we had to start the business of conquering them from the very beginning. Having engaged in the organization of the lands under his control, Sh. Divided Chechnya into 8 naibs and then into thousands, five hundred, hundreds and tens. The duties of the naibs were to order the invasion of small parties into our borders and monitor all movements of the Russian troops. Significant reinforcements received by the Russians in 1844 gave them the opportunity to take and destroy Cherkei and push Sh. From an impregnable position at Burtunai (June 1844). On August 22, we began the construction of the Vozdvizhensky fortification, the future center of the Chechen line, on the Arguna River; The mountaineers tried in vain to prevent the construction of the fortress, lost heart and stopped showing themselves. Daniel-bek, the sultan of Elisu, went over to the side of Sh. At that time, but General Schwartz took the Elisu sultanate, and the Sultan's betrayal did not bring Shamil the benefits he had hoped for. Sh. Power was still very strong in Dagestan, especially in the southern and left banks of the Sulak and Avar Koisu. He understood that his main support was the lower class of the people, and therefore tried by all means to bind him to himself: for this purpose, he established the post of murtazeks, from people of the poor and homeless, who, having received power and significance from him, were a blind instrument in his hands and strictly observed the execution of his orders. In February 1845 Sh. Occupied the trading village of Chokh and forced the neighboring villages into submission. Emperor Nicholas I ordered the new governor, Count Vorontsov, to take the residence of Sh., Dargo, although all authoritative Caucasian military generals rebelled against this, as against a useless expedition.

The expedition, undertaken on May 31, 1845, took Dargo, abandoned and burned by Sh., And returned on July 20, losing 3631 people without the slightest benefit. S. surrounded us during this expedition with such a mass of his troops that we had to conquer every inch of the way at the cost of blood; all roads were ruined, dug up and blocked by dozens of rubble and markings; all the villages had to be taken by storm, or they fell to us destroyed and burned. The Russians took away from the Dargin expedition the conviction that the path to domination in Dagestan goes through Chechnya and that it is necessary to act not by raids, but by cutting roads in forests, establishing fortresses and settling occupied places by Russian settlers. This was started in the same 1845. In order to divert our attention from the events in Dagestan, Sh. Harassed us at various points along the Lezgin line; but the development and strengthening of the Military-Akhtyn road here, too, gradually limited the field of his actions, bringing the Samur detachment closer to the Lezgin one. With a view to regain possession of the Darginsky district, Sh. Moved his capital to Vedeno, in Ichkeria. In October 1846, having taken a strong position near the village of Kuteshi, Sh. Intended to lure our troops, under the command of Prince Bebutov, into this narrow gorge, surround them here, cut them off from all communications with our other detachments and defeat or starve them to death. Our troops unexpectedly, on the night of October 15, attacked Sh. And, despite stubborn and desperate defense, smashed him completely: he fled, throwing many badges, one cannon and 21 charge boxes. With the onset of spring 1847, the Russians besieged Gergebil, but, defended by desperate murids, skillfully fortified, he fought back, supported in time by Sh. (June 1 - 8, 1847). Cholera, which began in the mountains, forced both sides to suspend hostilities. On July 25, Prince Vorontsov laid siege to the heavily fortified and garrisoned village of Salty; Sh. Sent his best naibs (Hadji Murad, Kibit-Magomu and Daniel-bek) to the rescue of the besieged, but they were defeated by an unexpected attack of our troops and fled with a huge loss (August 7). Sh. Tried many times to help Saltam, but was unsuccessful; On September 14 the fortress was taken by the Russians. With the construction of fortified headquarters in Chiro-Yurt, Ishkart and Deshlhar, which guarded the plain between the Sulak River, the Caspian Sea and Derbent, and the construction of fortifications at Khojal-Makhi and Tsudakhar, which laid the foundation for the line along Kazikumykh-Kois, the Russians greatly impeded the movement of Sh. , making it difficult for him to break through to the plain and blocking the main passages to Central Dagestan. Added to this was the discontent of the people, who, starving, murmured that due to the constant war, it was impossible to sow the fields and prepare food for their families for the winter; the naibs quarreled among themselves, accused each other and reached the point of denunciations. In January 1848 Sh. Gathered in Vedeno the Naibs, the chief elders and clergymen, and announced to them that, not seeing help from the people in his undertakings and zeal in military operations against the Russians, he was relinquishing the title of Imam. The assembly announced that it would not allow this, because in the mountains there is no person more worthy to bear the title of imam; the people are not only ready to obey the requirements of Sh., but also pledged obedience to his son, to whom the title of imam should pass after the death of his father.

On July 16, 1848 Gergebil was taken by the Russians. Sh., For his part, attacked the fortification of Akhta, protected by only 400 people under the command of Colonel Roth, and there were no less than 12 thousand murids, inspired by the personal presence of the imam. The garrison defended itself heroically and was rescued by the arrival of Prince Argutinsky, who defeated Sh. At the village of Meskindzhi on the banks of the Samura River. The Lezghin line was raised by us to the southern spurs of the Caucasus, by which we took away the pastures from the mountaineers and forced many of them to submit or move to our borders. From the side of Chechnya, we began to squeeze the disobedient societies, cutting into the depths of the mountains with the advanced Chechen line, which so far consisted only of strengthening Vozdvizhensky and Achtoevsky, with an interval of 42 versts between them. At the end of 1847 and the beginning of 1848, in the middle of Little Chechnya, a fortification was erected on the banks of the Urus-Martan River between the aforementioned fortifications, 15 versts from Vozdvizhensky and 27 versts from Achtoevsky. With this we took away from the Chechens a rich plain, the granary of the country. The population was discouraged; some submitted to us and moved closer to our fortifications, others went further into the depths of the mountains. From the side of the Kumyk Plane, we cordoned off Dagestan with two parallel lines of fortifications. Winter 1848-1849 passed calmly.

In April 1849 Hadji Murad made an unsuccessful attack on Temir-Khan-Shura. In June we approached Chokh and, finding it perfectly fortified, led the siege in accordance with all the rules of engineering; but seeing the enormous forces gathered by Sh. to repel our attack, Prince Argutinsky-Dolgorukov lifted the siege. In the winter of 1849-1850. a huge clearing was cut from the fortification of Vozdvizhensky to Shalinskaya Polyana, the main granary of Greater Chechnya and partly of Nagorny Dagestan; to provide another path to the same road, a road was cut from the Kura fortification through the Kachkalykovsky ridge to the descent into the Michik valley. During the four summer expeditions, Little Chechnya was covered by us. The Chechens were driven to despair, were indignant at Sh., Did not hide their desire to free themselves from his power, and in 1850, among several thousand, moved to our borders. Attempts by Sh. And his naibs to penetrate our borders were unsuccessful: they ended in the retreat of the mountaineers or even in their complete defeat (the cases of Major General Sleptsov at Tsoki-Yurt and Datykh, Colonel Maydel and Baklanov on the Michike River and in the land of the Aukhavites, Colonel Kishinsky on the Kuteshinsky Heights, etc.).

In 1851, the policy of ousting the rebellious highlanders from the plains and valleys continued, the ring of fortifications narrowed, the number of fortified points increased. Major General Kozlovsky's expedition to Greater Chechnya turned this area, up to the Bassa River, into a treeless plain. In January and February 1852, Prince Baryatinsky made a series of desperate expeditions deep into Chechnya in front of Sh. Sh. Pulled all his forces into Greater Chechnya, where on the banks of the Gonsaula and Michika rivers he entered into a hot and stubborn battle with Prince Baryatinsky and Colonel Baklanov, but, despite his enormous superiority in strength, he was defeated several times.

In 1852, Sh., In order to stir up the zeal of the Chechens and blind them with a brilliant feat, decided to punish the peaceful Chechens who lived near Groznaya for their departure to us; but his plans were discovered, he was enveloped from all sides, and out of 2,000 people in his militia, many fell near Groznaya, while others drowned in Sunzha (September 17, 1852). Sh .'s actions in Dagestan over the years consisted of sending out parties that attacked our troops and our obedient highlanders, but did not have much success. The hopelessness of the struggle was reflected in the numerous migrations to our borders and even in the betrayal of the Naibs, including Hadji Murad. A big blow for Sh. In 1853 was our capture of the valley of the Michika rivers and its tributary Gonsoli, in which lived a very large and devoted Chechen population, who fed not only themselves, but also Dagestan with their bread. He gathered about 8 thousand cavalry and about 12 thousand infantry for the defense of this corner; all the mountains were fortified by countless heaps, skillfully placed and folded, all possible descents and ascents were ruined to the point of being completely unusable for movement; but the swift actions of Prince Baryatinsky and General Baklanov led to the complete defeat of Sh. He calmed down until our break with Turkey made all the Muslims of the Caucasus startle. Sh. Spread the rumor that the Russians would leave the Caucasus and then he, the imam, remaining a complete master, would severely punish those who did not go over to his side now.

On August 10, 1853, he set out from Veden, on the way gathered a militia of 15 thousand people and on August 25 occupied the village of Starye Zakataly, but, defeated by Prince Orbeliani, who had only about 2 thousand troops, went into the mountains. Despite this setback, the population of the Caucasus, electrified by the mullahs, was ready to rise up against the Russians; but the imam for some reason delayed the whole winter and spring, and only at the end of June 1854 did he descend to Kakheti. Repulsed from the village of Shildy, he captured the family of General Chavchavadze in Tsinondaly and left, robbing several villages. On October 3, 1854, he again appeared in front of the village of Istisu, but the desperate defense of the inhabitants of the village and the tiny garrison of the redoubt detained him until Baron Nikolai arrived from the Kura fortification; Sh .'s troops were utterly defeated and fled into the nearest forests. During 1855 and 56, Sh. Was not very active, and we did not have the opportunity to undertake anything decisive, since we were busy with the Eastern war. With the appointment of Prince A.I. Baryatinsky (1856), we began to vigorously move forward, again with the help of glades and the construction of fortifications. In December 1856, a huge clearing cut through Greater Chechnya in a new place; the Chechens stopped obeying the Naibs and moved closer to us. On the Basse river in March 1857, the Shali fortification was erected, which was put forward almost to the foot of the Black Mountains, the last refuge of the rebellious Chechens, and opened the shortest route to Dagestan. General Evdokimov penetrated the Argen valley, cut down forests here, burned auls, built defensive towers and the Argun fortification and brought a clearing to the top of Dargin-Duk, which is not far from Sh .'s residence, Veden. Many villages submitted to the Russians. To keep at least part of Chechnya in his obedience, Sh. Cordoned off the villages that remained loyal to him with his Dagestan paths and drove the inhabitants further into the mountains; but the Chechens had already lost faith in him and were looking for only an opportunity to get rid of his yoke. In July 1858, General Evdokimov took the village of Shatoi and occupied the entire Shatoevskaya plain; another detachment entered Dagestan from the side of the Lezgin line. Sh. Was cut off from Kakheti; the Russians stood on the tops of the mountains, from where they could descend to Dagestan along the Avar Kois at any moment. The Chechens, burdened by Sh .'s despotism, asked the Russians for help, drove out the murids and overthrew the authorities set by Sh. The fall of Shatoy so amazed Sh. That he, having a mass of troops under his arms, hurriedly withdrew to Vedeno. The agony of Switzerland's power began at the end of 1858. Allowing the Russians to establish themselves freely on Chanty-Argun, he concentrated large forces on another source of the Argun, Sharo-Argun, and demanded the universal arming of the Chechens and Dagestanis. His son Kazi-Magoma occupied the gorge of the Bassa River, but was driven out from there in November 1858. Aul Tauzen, heavily fortified, was bypassed by us from the flanks. Our troops did not go, as before, through dense forests, where Sh. Was a complete master, but slowly moved forward, cutting down forests, building roads, and erecting fortifications. To protect Veden, Sh. Pulled in about 6-7 thousand people. We approached Veden on February 8, climbing the mountains and descending from them through liquid and sticky mud, making 1/2 versts an hour, with terrible efforts. Favorite naib Sh. Talgik went over to our side; the inhabitants of the nearest villages refused to obey the imam, so he entrusted the protection of Veden to the Tavlins, and took the Chechens away from the Russians, deep into Ichkeria, from where he issued an order for the inhabitants of Greater Chechnya to move to the mountains. The Chechens did not obey this order and came to our camp with complaints about Sh., With expressions of obedience and asking for protection. General Evdokimov fulfilled their desire and sent a detachment of Count Nostitz to the Hulhulau River to protect those migrating to our borders. To divert enemy forces from Veden, the commander of the Caspian part of Dagestan, Baron Wrangel, began military operations against Ichkeria, where Sh was now sitting. Approaching a number of trenches to Veden, General Evdokimov on April 1, 1859 took it by storm and destroyed it to the ground. A number of societies fell away from Sh and went over to our side. Sh., However, still did not lose hope and, having appeared in Icichal, gathered a new militia. Our main detachment freely moved forward, bypassing the enemy fortifications and positions, which, as a result, were left by the enemy without a fight; the villages we met on the way submitted to us, too, without a fight; the inhabitants were ordered to be peaceful everywhere, about which all the highlanders soon learned and even more willingly began to fall away from Sh., who retired to Andalyalo and fortified himself on Mount Gunib.

On July 22, a detachment of Baron Wrangel appeared on the bank of the Avar Koisu, after which the Avars and other tribes expressed obedience to the Russians. On July 28, a deputation from Kibit-Magoma came to Baron Wrangel, announcing that he had detained Sh .'s father-in-law and teacher, Jemal-ed-Din, and one of the main preachers of Muridism, Aslan.

On August 2, Daniel-bek surrendered his residence Irib and the village of Dusrek to Baron Wrangel, and on August 7 he himself appeared to Prince Baryatinsky, was forgiven and returned to his former possessions, where he began to establish peace and order among the societies that had submitted to the Russians. A conciliatory mood seized Dagestan to such an extent that in mid-August the commander-in-chief rode through the entire Avaria without hindrance, accompanied by some Avars and Khoisubulins to the very Gunib. Our troops surrounded Gunib from all sides; Sh. Locked himself up there with a small detachment (400 people, including the inhabitants of the village). Baron Wrangel, on behalf of the commander-in-chief, offered Sh. To submit to the Emperor, who would allow him free travel to Mecca, with the obligation to choose her as his permanent residence; Sh. Rejected this proposal. On August 25, the Absherons climbed the steep slopes of the Gunib, cut through the murids who were desperately defending the rubble and approached the aul itself (8 miles from the place where they climbed the mountain), where other troops had gathered by that time. Shamil was threatened with an immediate assault; he decided to surrender and was taken to the commander-in-chief, who received him kindly and sent him, along with his family, to Russia. After being received in St. Petersburg by the emperor, Kaluga was assigned to him for residence, where he stayed until 1870, with a short stay at the end of this time in Kiev; in 1870 he was released to live in Mecca, where he died in March 1871. Having united under his rule all the societies and tribes of Chechnya and Dagestan, Sh. was not only an imam, the spiritual leader of his followers, but also a political ruler. Relying on the teachings of Islam about the salvation of the soul by war with the infidels, trying to unite the scattered peoples of the Eastern Caucasus on the basis of Mohammedanism, Sh. Wanted to subordinate them to the clergy, as a generally recognized authority in the affairs of heaven and earth. To achieve this goal, he strove to abolish all powers, orders and institutions based on age-old customs in adat; He considered the sharia, that is, that part of the Koran, which sets out civil and criminal decisions, as the basis of the life of the highlanders, both private and public. As a result, power was to pass into the hands of the clergy; the court passed from the hands of elected secular judges into the hands of the Qadis, the interpreters of Sharia. Having tied up with Islam, like cement, all the wild and free societies of Dagestan, Sh. Put control in the hands of the clergy and, with their help, established a single and unlimited power in these once free countries, and to make it easier for them to endure his yoke, he pointed to two great goals, which the highlanders, obeying him, can achieve: the salvation of the soul and the preservation of independence from the Russians. The time of Sh. Was called the time of Sharia among the highlanders, and its fall was called the fall of Sharia, since immediately after that ancient institutions, ancient elective authorities and the decision of affairs according to custom, that is, according to adat, were revived everywhere. The entire country subordinate to Sh. Was divided into districts, each of which was under the control of a naib, who had military-administrative power. For the court, in every naibstvo there was a mufti who appointed qadiyev. Naibs were forbidden to solve Sharia matters under the jurisdiction of the mufti or qadis. Every four naibs initially obeyed the mudir, but Sh. In the last decade of his domination was forced to abandon this establishment, due to constant strife between the mudirs and the naibs. The assistants of the Naibs were the murids, who, as tested in courage and devotion to the holy war (ghazavat), were entrusted with more important matters. The number of murids was uncertain, but 120 of them, under the command of a yuzbashi (centurion), were Sh .'s guard of honor, were with him forever and accompanied him on all trips. The officials were obliged to obey the imam without question; for disobedience and misconduct they were reprimanded, demoted, arrested and punished with lashes, from which the mudirs and naibs were spared. All those capable of carrying weapons were required to carry out military service; they were divided into tens and hundreds, which were under the command of the tenth and sotsky, subordinate, in turn, to the naibs. In the last decade of his activity, Sh. Set up regiments of 1,000 men, divided into 2 five-hundredth, 10 hundredth, and 100 detachments of 10 each, with corresponding commanders. Some villages, in the form of indemnity, were freed from military service, to supply sulfur, saltpeter, salt, etc. The largest army of Sh. Did not exceed 60 thousand people. From 1842 to 1843 Sh. Started the artillery, partly from the guns we had abandoned or taken from us, partly from those prepared at his own factory in Veden, where about 50 guns were cast, of which no more than a quarter were usable. Gunpowder was made in Untsukul, Ganib and Veden. The mountaineers' teachers in artillery, engineering and drill were often fugitive soldiers whom Sh. Fondled and gifted. The state treasury of Sh. Was made up of random and constant income: the former were delivered by robbery, the latter consisted of zekyat - the collection of a tenth of the income from bread, sheep and money established by the Sharia, and kharaj - taxes from mountain pastures and from some villages that paid the same tax to the khans ... The exact figure of the imam's income is unknown. See "Caucasian Collection" (21 volumes); N.F. Dubrovin "History of the war and the rule of Russians in the Caucasus" (6th volume); his "Caucasian War under Nicholas I and Alexander II"; E. Veidenbaum "Guide to the Caucasus" (Tiflis, 1888). More detailed bibliography on the history of Sh. - Miansarov, "Bibliography of the Caucasus".

Reprinted from the site http://www.rulex.ru/

Read on:

Hadji Yusuf- one of the active and capable assistants of Shamil.

Imamatt- the state of imams in Dagestan and Chechnya.

Literature:

Indexes to the second edition of the Works of K. Marx and F. Engels. M., 1974. See the Decree, names, p. 252;

The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in 20-59 XIX century. Collection of documents. Makhachkala, 1959:

A Brief History of the USSR. Ed. 3rd. Part 1.L., 1978.

K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed. (see indexes to the second edition of Op.);

Haji Ali, Eyewitness Story about Shamil, trans. from Arabic, in the book: Sat. information about the Caucasus. highlanders, c. 7, Tiflis, 1873;

Muhammad-Tahir al Karakhi, Chronicle of the Dagestan wars during the Shamil period, M.-L., 1941;

Runovskiy A., Notes about Shamil, St. Petersburg, 1860.

Imam Shamil is the Caucasian people. The biography of this man allows us to conclude that his life was full of sharp turns and interesting events. For many years he led the uprising of the mountain peoples against the Russian Empire, and now he is a symbol of freedom and disobedience in the Caucasus. The biography of Imam Shamil will be summarized in this review.

The origin of the hero

Without a family history, the biography of Imam Shamil will not be fully understandable. We will try to retell the summary of the history of the family of this hero below.

Shamil came from a rather ancient and noble Avar or Kumyk noble family. The great-great-grandfather of the hero Kumyk-Amir-Khan enjoyed great authority and respect among his fellow tribesmen. Shamil's grandfather Ali and father Dengav-Magomed were uzden, which is analogous to the nobles in Russia, that is, they belonged to the upper class. In addition, Dengav-Magomed was a blacksmith, and this profession was considered very honorable among the highlanders.

Shamil's mother was called Bahu-Meseda. She was the daughter of a noble Avar bek Pir-Budakh. That is, both on the paternal and maternal lines, he had noble ancestors. This is reported by the biography of such a famous person as Imam Shamil (biography). The hero's nationality has not yet been fully clarified. It is only known for certain that he is a representative of the highlanders of Dagestan. It is precisely established that Avar blood flowed in his veins. But with some degree of probability we can say that he was a Kumyk on his father's side.

The birth of Shamil

The biography of Imam Shamil, of course, begins with the date of his birth. This event happened in June 1797 in the villages of Gimry on the territory of the Accident. This settlement is now located in the western regions of the Republic of Dagestan.

Initially, the boy was named after his paternal grandfather - Ali. But soon he fell ill, and the baby, according to custom, in order to protect from evil spirits, changed his name to Shamil. It is a variant of the biblical name Samuel and translates as "heard by God." That was the name of his mother's brother.

Childhood and learning

As a child, Shamil was a rather thin and sickly boy. But in the end, he grew up to be surprisingly healthy and strong youth.

Since childhood, the character of the future leader of the uprising began to emerge. He was an inquisitive, lively boy with a proud, unyielding and power-hungry character. One of Shamil's traits was unprecedented courage. He began to learn how to use weapons from early childhood.

Imam Shamil was very sensitive to religion. The biography of this man is inextricably linked with religiosity. Shamil's first teacher was his friend Adil-Muhammad. At the age of twelve, he began to study in Untsukul under the guidance of Jamaluddin Kazikumukhsky. Then he mastered grammar, rhetoric, logic, jurisprudence, Arabic language, philosophy, which was considered a very high level of education for the mountain tribes of the first half of the 19th century.

Caucasian war

It is very closely connected with the life of our hero, and the biography of Shamil mentions this more than once. It is worth briefly describing this military conflict between the mountain peoples and the Russian Empire in this review.

The military conflict between the mountaineers of the Caucasus and the Russian Empire began in the time of Catherine II, when the Russian-Turkish war was going on (1787-1791). Then the highlanders under the leadership of Sheikh Mansur sought to stop the advancement and strengthening of Russia in the Caucasus, using the help of their co-religionists from the Ottoman Empire. But the Turks lost in this war, and was taken prisoner. After that, tsarist Russia continued to build up its presence in the Caucasus, oppressing the local population.

In fact, the resistance of the mountain tribes did not stop even after the conclusion of peace between the Russians and the Turks, but the confrontation reached particular strength after the appointment of General Alexei Yermolov as commander in the Caucasus and the end of the Russian-Persian war of 1804-1813. Ermolov tried once and for all to solve the problem of resistance of the local population by force, which led in 1817 to a full-scale war that lasted almost 50 years.

Despite the rather brutal hostilities, the Russian troops acted quite successfully, taking control of all large territories in the Caucasus and subjugating new tribes. But in 1827, the emperor recalled General Yermolov, suspecting that he had connections with the Decembrists, and General I. Paskevich was sent in his place.

The emergence of the imamate

Meanwhile, in the fight against the offensive of the Russian Empire, the consolidation of the Caucasian peoples began. One of the streams of Sunni Islam is spreading in the region - Muridism, the central idea of ​​which was ghazavat against the infidels.

One of the main preachers of the new doctrine was the theologian Gazi-Muhammad, who was from the same village as Shamil. At the end of 1828, at a meeting of the elders of the tribes of the Eastern Caucasus, Gazi-Muhammad was proclaimed imam. Thus, he became the de facto head of the newly formed state - the North Caucasian Imamate - and the leader of the uprising against the Russian Empire. Immediately after accepting the title of Imam, Gazi-Muhammad declared a holy war against Russia.

Now the Caucasian tribes were united into a single force, and their actions acquired a particular danger for the Russian troops, especially since Paskevich's military leadership was still inferior to Yermolov's talent. The war broke out with renewed vigor. From the very beginning, Shamil also took an active part in the conflict, becoming one of the leaders and assistants of Gazi-Muhammad. They fought shoulder to shoulder in the Battle of Gimry in 1832, for their home village. The rebels were besieged by the tsarist troops in the fortress, which fell on 18 October. During the attack, imam Gazi-Mohammed was killed, and Shamil, despite being wounded, managed to break out of the encirclement, chopping up several Russian soldiers.

Gamzat-bey became the new imam. This choice was dictated by the fact that at that time Shamil was seriously wounded. But Gamzat-bek stayed as imam for less than two years and died in a bloody struggle with one of the Avar tribes.

Election as imam

Thus, Shamil became the main candidate for the role of the head of the North Caucasian state. He was elected at the meeting of the elders at the end of 1834. And until the end of his life he was called only Imam Shamil. The biography (brief in our presentation, but very rich in fact) of his reign will be presented by us below.

It was the election of imam that marked the beginning of an important stage in Shamil's life.

Struggle with the Russian Empire

Imam Shamil put all his strength into making the fight against the Russian troops successful. His biography fully states that this goal has become almost the main one in his life.

In this struggle, Shamil showed considerable military and organizational talent, he knew how to instill confidence in the soldiers in victory, did not make hasty decisions. The latter quality distinguished him from previous imams. It was these characteristics that allowed Shamil to provide successful resistance to the Russians numerically exceeding his army.

Management of the Imamate under Shamil

In addition, using Islam as an element of propaganda, Imam Shamil managed to unite the tribes of Chechnya and Dagestan. If under his predecessors the union of the tribes of the Caucasian peoples was rather loose, then with the coming to power of Shamil he acquired all the features of statehood.

As a law, he introduced the Islamic Sharia instead of the ancient canons of the mountaineers (adat).

The North Caucasian imamate was divided into districts, headed by the naibs imam Shamil. His biography is replete with similar examples of attempts to maximize the centralization of management. The judiciary in each district was in charge of the mufti, who appointed the judges-qadi.

Captivity

Imam Shamil ruled relatively successfully in the North Caucasus for twenty-five years. A biography, a short excerpt from which will be placed below, testifies that 1859 was a turning point in his life.

After graduation and imprisonment, the actions of Russian troops intensified in the Caucasus. Against Shamil, the emperor threw experienced military leaders - generals Muravyov and Baryatinsky, who in April 1859 managed to capture the capital of the imamate. In June 1859, the last groups of insurgents were suppressed or driven out of Chechnya.

The national liberation movement broke out among the Adyghes, and also moved to Dagestan, where Shamil himself was located. But in August his detachment was besieged by Russian troops. Since the forces were unequal, Shamil was forced to surrender, albeit on very honorable terms.

In captivity

And what can a biography tell us about the period when Imam Shamil was in captivity? A brief biography of this person will not draw us a picture of his life, but will allow us to compile at least an approximate psychological portrait of this person.

Already in September 1859, the imam met for the first time with the Russian emperor Alexander II. It happened in Chuguev. Soon Shamil was transported to Moscow, where he met with the famous General Ermolov. In September, the imam was taken to the capital of the Russian Empire, where he was introduced to the empress. As you can see, the court was very loyal to the leader of the uprising.

Soon, Shamil and his family were assigned a permanent place of residence - the city of Kaluga. In 1861, there was a second meeting with the emperor. This time Shamil asked to let him go to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, but was refused.

Five years later, Shamil and his family took the oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire, thus accepting Russian citizenship. Three years later, according to the decree of the emperor, Shamil received a title of nobility with the right to pass it on by inheritance. A year before, the imam was allowed to change his place of residence and move to Kiev, more favorable in terms of climatic conditions.

It is impossible to describe in this short review everything that Imam Shamil experienced in captivity. The biography briefly says that this captivity was, however, quite comfortable and honorable, at least from the point of view of the Russians.

Death

Finally, all in the same 1869, Shamil managed to ask the emperor's permission for the Hajj to Mecca. The journey there took over a year.

After Shamil brought his plans to life, and this happened in 1871, he decided to visit the second holy city for Muslims - Medina. There he died at the seventy-fourth year of life. The imam was buried not in his native Caucasian land, but in Medina.

Imam Shamil: biography, family

The family occupied a significant place in the life of this person, however, like any Caucasian highlander. Let's learn more about the family and friends of the great fighter for the independence of his people.

According to Muslim customs, Shamil had the right to have three legal wives. He used this right.

The eldest of Shamil's sons was named Jamaluddin (born in 1829). In 1839 he was taken hostage. He studied in St. Petersburg along with the children of the noble family. Later Shamil managed to exchange his son for another prisoner, but Jamaluddin died at the age of 29 from tuberculosis.

One of the father's main assistants was his second son, Gazi-Muhammad. During the reign of Shamil, he became the naib of one of the districts. He died in 1902 in the Ottoman Empire.

The third son - Said - died in infancy.

The younger sons - Muammad-shefi and Muhammad-Kamil - died in 1906 and 1951, respectively.

Characteristics of Imam Shamil

We traced the life path that Imam Shamil went through (biography, photos are presented in the article). As you could be sure, the appearance of this person betrays a real mountaineer, a native of the Caucasus. It can be seen that this is a brave and decisive person, ready to put a lot on the line for the sake of a higher goal. Shamil's contemporaries have repeatedly testified to the firmness of Shamil's character.

For the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, Shamil will always remain a symbol of the struggle for independence. At the same time, some of the methods of the famous Imam do not always correspond to modern concepts of the rules of warfare and humanity.

Imam Shamil is the famous leader and unifier of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya in their struggle for independence with Russia. His capture played a significant role in this struggle. September 7 marks 150 years since the day Shamil was taken prisoner.

Imam Shamil was born in the village of Gimry around 1797 (according to other sources, around 1799). The name given to him at birth - Ali - was changed by his parents to "Shamil" in childhood. Gifted with brilliant natural abilities, Shamil listened to the best teachers of grammar, logic and rhetoric of the Arabic language in Dagestan and soon became an outstanding scientist. The sermons of Kazi-mullah (Gazi-Mohammed), the first preacher of the ghazavat - the holy war against the Russians - captivated Shamil, who first became his disciple, and then his friend and ardent supporter. The followers of the new teaching, seeking salvation of the soul and cleansing from sins by means of a holy war for the faith against the Russians, were called murids.

Accompanying his teacher on his campaigns, Shamil in 1832 was besieged by Russian troops under the command of Baron Rosen in his native village of Gimry. Shamil managed, albeit severely wounded, to break through and escape, Kazi-mulla died. After the death of Kazi-mullah, Gamzat-bey became his successor and imam. Shamil was his main assistant, gathering troops, raising material resources and commanding expeditions against the Russians and the enemies of the imam.

In 1834, after the assassination of Gamzat-bek, Shamil was proclaimed imam and for 25 years ruled over the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya, successfully fighting against the huge forces of Russia. Shamil possessed a military talent, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, the ability to choose the time to strike and helpers to fulfill their plans. Distinguished by a firm and unyielding will, he knew how to inspire the highlanders, he knew how to excite them to self-sacrifice and to obey his power.

The imamate created by him became, in the conditions of the far from peaceful life of the Caucasus at that time, a unique formation, a kind of state in the state, which he preferred to govern alone, regardless of the means by which this government was supported.

In the 1840s, Shamil won a number of major victories over the Russian troops. However, in the 1850s, Shamil's movement began to decline. On the eve of the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Shamil, counting on help from Great Britain and Turkey, intensified his actions, but failed.

The conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 allowed Russia to concentrate significant forces against Shamil: the Caucasian corps was transformed into an army (up to 200 thousand people). The new commanders-in-chief - General Nikolai Muravyov (1854 - 1856) and General Alexander Baryatinsky (1856 - 1860) - continued to tighten the blockade ring around the Imamate. In April 1859, Shamil's residence, the village of Vedeno, fell. And by mid-June, the last centers of resistance on the territory of Chechnya were suppressed.

After Chechnya was finally annexed to Russia, the war continued for almost five more years. Shamil with 400 murids fled to the Dagestan village of Gunib.

On August 25, 1859, Shamil, along with 400 companions, was besieged in Gunib and on August 26 (according to the new style - September 7) surrendered on honorable terms for him.

After being received in St. Petersburg by the emperor, Kaluga was assigned to him for residence.

In August 1866, in the ceremonial hall of the Kaluga provincial noble assembly, Shamil, along with his sons Gazi-Magomed and Magomed-Shapi, took the oath of allegiance to Russia. After 3 years by the Highest Decree, Shamil was elevated to the hereditary nobility.

In 1868, knowing that Shamil was no longer young and the Kaluga climate had a bad effect on his health, the emperor decided to choose a more suitable place for him, which became Kiev.

In 1870, Alexander II allowed him to leave for Mecca, where he died in March (according to other sources, in February) 1871. Buried in Medina (now Saudi Arabia).

Full name: Shamil

Related Names: Shamuel, Shimon

Church name: -

Meaning: all-encompassing, having absorbed all the positive qualities, the legendary hero

Patronymic: Shamilevich, Shamilevna; Shamilevich, Shamilevna

The meaning of the name Shamil - interpretation

The name Shamil is a name that has several variants of meaning and origin, which is not uncommon with names. According to the first version, the name Shamil is of Arabic origin. Those who adhere to this version believe that the name Shamil means "all-encompassing" or "all-encompassing".

According to the second version, the name Shamil is the Arabic form of the name Samuel. The name Samuel is a Hebrew name that is quite widespread. Samuel is one of the great prophets of the Old Testament and is revered in all Abrahamic religions. If this version is correct, then the name Shamil means - "the name of God" or "listen to God", since this is exactly the meaning of the name Samuel.

There are two more versions, but they are less popular. So, among the Turkic peoples, the name Shamil means “legendary hero”, and the Persian version says that the name Shamil means “north wind”.

The name Shamil in other languages

Astrology named after Shamil

Auspicious day: Monday

Years later

Shamil grows up as a mobile, very curious kid, who is interested in literally every little thing. He can spend hours looking at various boogers, studying what a plant is made of, digging in the ground. Such an oddity is surprising to parents, but the child does not become a recluse.

He is also interested in people - especially the guys with whom you can heartily scoff around the yard. But here parents should be careful: you need to explain to the boy that playing on construction sites and other similar objects is a dangerous undertaking.

It is quite difficult to educate him, since he is a very demanding child. The boy does not believe the words from people who have not proven the right to teach by deed. It will be difficult for parents if they are not a role model for their own child. At the same time, the boy is attentive to the words of people who are authoritative for himself. It is also worth noting the nobility and fearlessness of Shamil.

Young Shamil really needs the approval of the people around him, the opinion of his peers is most important to him. He wants to be a popular guy who has success with girls. And it succeeds one hundred percent. A guy with that name may not have a beautiful model appearance, but his innate sense of humor and broad outlook make him very interesting to others.

And he is always ready for some kind of adventure, so you don't get bored with such a friend. That is why Shamil is surrounded by large companies. In his work, Shamil is quite successful. If perseverance and attention were unusual for Shamil in the classroom, then the opposite is true in work.

He achieves the well-deserved success precisely by painstaking work, although from the outside it may seem that he is just lucky. Shamil can be successful in such areas as trade, private entrepreneurship, leadership positions. The main rule is that Shamil should like his work. It is the love for his work that leads Shamil to success.

When Shamil enters an independent life, he has to work a lot on his impulsiveness. This is a talented person who can achieve a lot, but the propensity to take risks and rash steps can become a serious obstacle for him on the way to success.

The bearer of this name still values ​​friendship, a large number of acquaintances. This often helps to solve difficult situations, to get out of the water in ambiguous cases. The natural charm of a man is revealed even more - it only intensifies over the years. Shamil, on the other hand, constantly works on his education, reads a lot and strives to become better every day.

The adult Shamil is distinguished by such characteristic features as a strong-willed character, activity and leadership qualities. These qualities, inherent in childhood, become even more noticeable with age. Shamil's strong character and his masculine charisma make him attractive to those around him. Shamil becomes the center of attention, but it rarely spoils the owner of the name. Shamil is not characterized by conceit, no matter what heights he achieved. He is easy to communicate, and his ability to please people is not cheap flirting with the public.

Shamil's character

He is a cheerful, bright, positive person who always knows how to cheer up and find good in a difficult situation. Thanks to him, people do not become discouraged, but easily experience difficulties. Shamil is ready to help, spares no effort, money and other resources for loved ones.

He's one of those people who is the last to lose hope when things go wrong. This positive attitude often helps you to get over the worst moments in life and not give up. Shamil tries to live honestly, openly indicating his attitude towards each person, but without offending anyone.

Impulsiveness, irascibility, a tendency to take unreasonable risks - these are the traits that belong to the disadvantages of a person with that name. Often, it is close people who suffer from the desire to take risks, whose opinions he does not ask.

Often, Shamil is inclined to think that he knows how to act and live, so he tries to impose his opinion on others. But if he gets rebuffed, he will rarely try to suppress someone again. He quickly understands who is affected by him and takes advantage of it.

Shamil's fate

All the ups and downs in the life of this person are due not to external circumstances, but to decisions that he makes thoughtlessly. If the owner of this name learns to stop and think before every serious action, life will pass in more comfortable conditions.

In friendship and work, Shamil is an almost ideal person, because the disadvantages are offset by the advantages. It is a little more difficult for the closest people, who are directly affected by all the consequences of hasty decisions.

Career,
business
and money

Marriage
and family

Sex
and love

Health

Hobbies
and hobbies

Career, business and money

He can become a military man, an athlete, an actor, a politician - a variety of work is available to him. But he will hardly build his own business, since the ability to take risks thoughtlessly will quickly make him go broke.

Shamil is rarely a very rich person, but he earns enough for himself and his family - usually he is satisfied with his financial situation.

Marriage and family

Shamil's full-fledged family develops quite late, although children may appear at an early age. Others think that this person will not find his mate or will not be able to build a correct family life.

But, as if by magic, at one point he finds the ideal woman for himself and creates an excellent family with her. Children appear, whom he simply adores, relations with relatives are developing perfectly. If the owner of this name restrains the desire to take risks, there will be no serious reasons for quarrels in the house.

Sex and love

Passionate and loving, Shamil has been looking for a suitable girl for a long time. Popularity among women allows him to start one or another relationship. But he quickly loses interest in the next pair, and returns to the search again.

She does not always know how to part correctly, therefore she makes many enemies among offended women. Sex for such a man is an important part of life. He is a passionate, but not always attentive lover. But if a woman points out to him the shortcomings, she will worry for a long time, and then she will begin to work on herself in order to receive only a positive assessment in the future.

Health

Differs in good health, rarely gets sick, although he does not always lead a healthy lifestyle. Due to the impulsiveness of his nature, Shamil is prone to various addictions - he should be careful not to consume excess alcohol.

Its weak point is the nervous system, therefore, in order to preserve and strengthen it, it is necessary, firstly, to avoid stress, and secondly, to give vent to your emotions. Strength loads and active training will come in handy.

Hobbies and hobbies

Whatever Shamil is fond of, he does it with his friends. In a cheerful company, he can spend time in nature, in a shooting range, even in a museum - it is the friendly atmosphere and the opportunity to be surrounded by loved ones that are important to him.

Sometimes independence and stubbornness prevent Shamil from succeeding in the field of military art or sports, although these areas are just the most attractive to him both in terms of finance and at the level of hobbies and hobbies.

141 years have passed since the greatest scientist of his time, the defender and support of religion, the fighter for the freedom of the Caucasian highlanders, the sheikh of the Naqshubandi tarikat, the great imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, Shamil, left this mortal world.

In Arabic, his name sounds like Shamvil, and the imam himself liked to be addressed that way. In old manuscripts, the name of the imam is also written as Shamvil.

On August 25, 1859, by agreement of a peace treaty between Imam Shamil and Field Marshal Baryatinsky, the Caucasian War, which had lasted more than thirty years, ended.

While in Kiev on March 18, 1869, Shamil received permission to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Having learned the good news, he first performed shukru namaz, expressing gratitude to Allah Almighty.

In 1870, having made a pilgrimage, the imam moved to the city (peace and blessings be upon him) -. In Medina, he was met by the descendants of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and the governor of the city, Hafiz Pasha. The people of Madina settled the Imam in the house of the venerable Sheikh Ahmad Rifai, who was a Sayyid - a descendant of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).

In his book "The Shine of the Mountain Sabers", dedicated to the life of Imam Shamil, Muhammad Tahir al-Karahi writes: al-Madani ar-Rifai the following: “When this famous sheikh, a warrior for the faith, supported by the help of Allah, the victorious Shamvil saw the dome of the mosque of the lord of all the Prophets, his tears flowed in abundance, he sighed heavily and humbly and humbly said with trembling in his heart : “O Lord! Oh my Lord! If my intention, my efforts, efforts and my jihad before You are pure and are approved by Your messenger, then do not remove me from the neighborhood with Your Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), let me die on the sacred land of Your favorite, show me his face , reward me with his love, resurrect me together with those who always surround the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in the next world, and do not deprive me of his intercession. "

Then the Imam, may Allah Almighty purify his soul, on the night of the slaughter - (Eid al-Adha) 1287 AH (February 3, 1871 according to the Gregorian calendar) moved to the purity of His mercy. The Imam was buried with great honor and respect in the al-Bakiya cemetery behind the grave mausoleum of Abbas, the Prophet's uncle (peace and blessings be upon him).

The aforementioned Abdullah narrated from the words of this sheikh that the inhabitants of Medina from scholars, Sufis and owners of "al-ahwal" gathered for prayer at his funeral cried and said: "O Sultan of Islam! O crown of the Mujahideen! O defender of religion! Your death is a great calamity. " An innumerable multitude of people gathered to his body on the al-Bakiya al-Garkad area, wishing to receive blessings (barakat).

When Sheikh Shamvil (may his soul be holy) died, his body was brought to the place of the blessed grave of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and left for the funeral prayer over him. The eldest of their sheikhs appealed to Allah Almighty for Shamvil, and all the others repeated: "Amin!" This eldest of the sheikhs said, addressing the grave of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), the following: “Indeed, Sheikh Shamvil made every effort to spread your Sharia, for which you were sent. He justly fought on the path of Allah Almighty for faith, for the exaltation of your religion ...

... Then he went to the sacred house of Allah and to your noble grave. And, verily, we, all those present, seeking your intercession for him and testifying in his favor about this mentioned application of all efforts by Shamville, are all before you. So, accept the testimony from us and take it, and set it before you for intercession before your noble giver, the Lord. "

Sheikh Ahmad al-Rifai ordered to make the following record on the gravestone of Imam Shamil: “The grave of Sheikh Shamvil, a fighter for a just cause, his body turned out to be twenty wounds received from infidels and people of vice. This is the grave of a knower of Allah and a fighter for a just cause, who has walked the path of Allah for twenty-five years, a glorious, excellent scientist, imam, ruler of the faithful (amirul muminin), al-haji Sheikh Shamvil ad-Dagestani. May Allah forgive him, his parents and children, and those who visit his grave. Fatikha for his bright soul ”.

Undoubtedly, Shamil is one of the awliya (favorites), his deeds and barakat remained on earth even after his death and will remain until the Day of Judgment. Happy is the one after whose death his noble deeds remained.

May Allah Almighty not deprive us of the barakat and shafaat (intercession) of the great imam, Sheikh Shamil! Amine!

Muradulla Dadaev

Hal (plural akhwal) is, as the people of Truth say (ahl al - haqq), something spiritual that finds in the heart without artificial efforts, without causing it and trying to acquire it, out of joy or sadness, depression or respectful fear, which disappear due to the manifestation of the qualities of the carnal soul (nafs), regardless of whether something similar follows them or not. When this is consolidated, it is called "makam". Akhval - gifts, makamat - acquired. Akhwal comes from the source of generosity, while maqamat comes from diligence.