What are antonyms in Russian examples. What is Antonym? Examples

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. You often hear arguments about this, but you don't have to be a philologist to understand that learning Russian is a real feat.

Especially given the presence of a large number of words that are comparable in meaning, but often completely different in spelling (). Or, conversely, different in meaning, but identical in spelling (). But there are still words that are the same in sound, but differ in spelling ().

In this regard, it only remains for us to find out what antonyms are, what role they play in the Russian language, and whether we can do without them, in principle.

Looking ahead, I’ll say that without them, the lexical beauty of the Russian language would have suffered significant damage. To understand this, it’s enough to turn to our classics, who often used this technique in their work.

What is an antonym

In short, this is the opposite of synonyms (different words denoting approximately the same thing, such as “cheerful - joyful”, “traveler - traveler”). In the case of an antonym, the definition will sound like this:

these are the words that have opposite meanings(opposed to each other), but necessarily belonging to the same part of speech. For example, "day - night", "bright - dark", "go - stand", "cold - warm".

The word itself is a derivative of the ancient Greek words ἀντί meaning "against" and ὄνομα meaning "name":

It turns out that antonyms are most often two words (lexical oppositions), belonging to the same part of speech, which can be:

Numerals, pronouns and proper names, as well as words related to different parts of speech, do not have antonyms. There are many words in Russian that cannot be contrasted, but in this case it can be found in a figurative sense.

Please note that the figurative meaning of the same word may differ in different contexts.

For example, we can say about an animal of different ages “old” and “young” (wolf, goose, ram), but we cannot characterize a car, machine, sofa in the same way. They can also be old, but there is no such expression as a “young” car (sofa, machine). In this case, another antonym would be better - "new".

And there are a sufficient number of such examples, therefore, to explain in a nutshell what this is will not work (as well as about synonyms, paronyms and homonyms). I'm not talking about foreigners - for them it is a direct path to the "yellow house".

Varieties of antonyms, on what grounds they are divided

Speaking about the varieties of autonomous entities, we can distinguish:

Now let's consolidate the learned material by watching a short video on the topic without missing anything interesting:

Examples of various antonyms

The lexical set of the Russian language is so rich that foreigners do not have enough time to figure out what synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are. Native speakers in this regard are incomparably easier.

There are the following varieties of antonymic words and expressions:

Obviously, without these lexical embellishments, our language would be boring and uninteresting. Without them, how could you describe a person who has the complete opposite of another personality or convey experiences and feelings.

Thus, several concepts can be contrasted at once, as in the example “love good and hate evil”.

Antonyms in Russian proverbs

You can talk a lot about how useful antonyms are, and how difficult it is without them, but it's better to consider examples. In this regard, Russian proverbs and sayings will well illustrate the material.

Everyone, for example, understands the meaning of the proverb, which says that "the sleigh must be prepared in the summer, and the cart in the winter." Antonyms enhance the effect. Each of us knows that “a well-fed hungry one is not a friend”, “the morning is wiser than the evening”, but “in the bins of a bad owner it is either thick or empty.”

Sometimes the opposite is indicated by whole phrases. For example, about a rich person, you can say that "he has money - chickens do not peck", but a poor person has it - "like a cat cried." You can also “keep your eyes open”, or you can “count the crow”, “live with your hump” or “sit on someone else's neck”.

The Russian language is truly rich, and you will not envy those who have to learn it “from scratch”, because how to explain to a foreigner what “seven spans in the forehead” is and how the expression “without a king in the head” differs.

And in conclusion, check how correctly you have learned the material and understood what the antonym is:

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

What are synonyms

Agree, it would be rather boring to communicate if each item could be called only in one single way. Here you look at the sun, and you cannot say: bright, bright, radiant. You only need to choose one. So it would be very boring, and speech would be poor and poor.

Synonyms are words that have the same meaning but are spelled differently. As you may have guessed, there are a lot of synonyms. For example, a pool and a pond. The meaning is the same, but spelled differently. Another example: house, building, hut, building, building, real estate, dwelling. Continue on your own?

In various cases, words may be synonyms, but they may not be, depending on the context, or they may not be suitable in meaning. For example, cherry blossom can also be called red, but cherry pie is not necessarily red.

Task: come up with synonyms for the words: dog, beast, liquid.

What are antonyms

In contrast to synonyms, there are antonyms - words that are opposite in meaning. They write differently, and the meaning is just the opposite. For example, black - white, good - evil, come - go, start - finish.

It does not mean at all that we use antonyms every day and consciously remember them, rummaging through our memory, but understanding them and being able to quickly pick up several oppositions in our minds is a sign of education and erudition.

Task: pick up antonyms for the words: morning, winter, end.

What are homonyms

The last term for today - homonyms - these are words that are spelled the same, but have completely different meanings. It so happened that there are not a thousand letters in the alphabet of the Russian language, otherwise it would be impossible to remember them all. Therefore, the spellings of words are repeated, under which, depending on the context, different meanings are meant.

For example, the key can be from a door lock, violin in notes, in the form of a reservoir, wrench. All these will be completely different objects, but they will be written in the same way - in a word, the key. The second example: a scythe used to mow grass, as well as a long braid of hair.

Task: what meanings of the following words can you remember: outfit, affection, flying.

Even if you have already graduated from school a long time ago, it is still not too late to figure out what antonyms are, including contextual ones. Antonyms are words of one part of speech with directly opposite lexical meanings, contrasting phenomena: good - evil, truth - lies, speak - be silent, a lot - little, up - down, appear - disappear. Antonyms are pairs of words that are always based on a common feature (height, weight, quality, quantity, feeling, time of day, space), but the meanings are opposite.

Now it should be very clear what antonyms are. However, this is not all the necessary information. Proper names, numerals and pronouns have no antonyms. However, service words can also be connected by antonyms: for and against, with and without (They like to drink tea with and without sugar).

Classification of antonym words

By structure, antonyms are divided into:

heterogeneous (forward - backward);
single root: they are formed with the help of prefixes opposite in meaning (enter - exit), as well as with the help of a prefix that is added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

Usually, antonyms include words of different roots, but some linguists consider such pairs of words as antonyms: calm - restless, big - small, love - not love. Here the antonym is formed with the help of the negative particle "not", the prefixes "demon", "not", etc.

From the point of view of language and speech, there are antonyms:

linguistic (usual): they exist in the language system (loud - quiet);
speech (occasional): arise in a certain context. They are often found in proverbs and poetry.

So what are contextual antonyms? Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a particular context. This phenomenon is of an individual authorial nature: wolves and sheep (as you understand, the polarity of the meanings of these words is not fixed in the language). The writer can discover opposite qualities in certain concepts and contrast them in speech: sunlight - moonlight, one year - the whole life, not a mother, but a daughter. The opposition of such concepts is not reproduced in the language. These are occasional (contextual, speech) antonyms.

Antonyms in terms of action are:

proportionate: denote action and reaction (get rich - get poorer, get up - go to bed);
disproportionate: in a broad sense, they denote action and lack of action (ignite - do not ignite, think - think over).

Polysemantic words and their antonyms

In different meanings, a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

For example: fresh bread - stale bread, fresh thought - hackneyed thought, fresh evening - stuffy evening, etc.

Antithesis

Antonyms can serve as a means of poetic expression. This technique is called antithesis. Basically, the antithesis is characteristic of poetic and oratorical speech: "black evening, white snow" (A. A. Blok). The antithesis is also found in the titles: "Thick and Thin" (A.P. Chekhov), "Fathers and Sons" (I.S. Turgenev),

So, now you know what antonyms are, examples of these pairs of words will not be difficult for you. Remember what contextual antonyms and antithesis are.

Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", " to speak - to be silent.

The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

There are no proper names, pronouns, numeral antonyms.

1Typology of antonymic relations

2Antonyms in poetry

3See also

4Notes

5Literature

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contrastive correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.

counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.

vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.

Converses are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.

enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.

pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

heterogeneous (forward - backward);

single-root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);

contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

proportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);

disproportionate - action and lack of action (in the broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning.

Word antonym came from the Greek anty- against + onyma- name.

Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast.

Example:

hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close

Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.

Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

Example:

soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sharp movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.

Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.

The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes not-,without-,anti-,counter- and etc.

Example:

experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution

Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Example:

You rich, I am very poor; You novelist, I poet; You rouge, like poppies, I'm like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)

This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.

Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum semantic-distinctive unit of the language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of the language (morphemes and words):

when you replace one phoneme with another, you get another word (<д>ohm -<т>ohm);

changing the order of the phonemes will also result in another word (<сон> - <нос>);

deleting a phoneme will also result in another word (t<р>he is the tone).

The term “phoneme” in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N. V. Krushevsky and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, who worked in Kazan (after the early death of Krushevsky, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed to its priority).

The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, the sounds of speech are infinitely varied; sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, shock [а́]). However, while all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly identify and distinguish words, the sound [а́] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.

The phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays an important role in solving such practical problems as the development of alphabets, spelling principles, etc.

The minimal unit of sign languages was formerly called the hirema.

(from Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relations, which reveal from opposite sides correlative concepts associated with one circle of objects, phenomena. Words form antonymic pairs based on their lexical meaning. One and the same word, if it is ambiguous, can have several antonyms.

occur within all parts of speech, however, the words of an antonymic pair must belong to the same part of speech.

Do not enter into antonymic relations:

- nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;

- numerals, most pronouns;

- words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);

- words with different stylistic coloring;

- words with magnifying or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).

By their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them there are:

- one-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;

- heterogeneous antonyms: black - white, good - bad.

The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of the word. Each of the meanings of the word can have its own antonyms. Yes, the word fresh in different meanings will have different antonymic pairs: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.

Antonymic relations can also arise between different meanings of the same word. For example, to look through means “to get acquainted with something, to check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not notice, miss”. The combination of opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.

Depending on the distinctive features that words with the opposite meaning have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or simply language) And contextual speech(author's or individual).

Common language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and fixed in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).

Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.

The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.

One of the stylistic figures is built on a sharp opposition of antonyms - antithesis(opposition) - a characteristic by comparing two opposite phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often build titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Thick and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. .

Another stylistic device, which is based on the comparison of antonymic meanings, is oxymoron or oxymoron(gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech in which logically incompatible concepts are connected: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.

Dictionaries of antonyms will help you choose an antonym for a word.Dictionaries of antonyms- linguistic reference dictionaries that describe antonyms. For example, in dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya the interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), the contexts of use are given. BUT in the dictionary of N.P. Kolesnikova antonyms and paronyms are fixed. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.

In addition to antonym dictionaries of a general type, there are also private dictionaries that fix polar relationships in some narrow areas of the vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialectisms, etc.

Let's take a look at the most common examples of antonyms: good evil; good bad; friend - enemy; day Night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; true False; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick - thin; hard - soft; brave - cowardly; White black; fast - slow; high Low; bitter - sweet; hot Cold; wet - dry; full - hungry; new - old; big small; laugh - cry; speak - be silent; love - hate.

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