General Denikin biography. Denikin Anton Ivanovich

Doctor of Historical Sciences G. IOFFE.

In the car are the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia A. I. Denikin (left in the background) and Chief of Staff I. P. Romanovsky (to the right of Denikin). Taganrog, 1919.

General Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947) went through all levels of military service, starting with volunteer service in a rifle regiment.

During Bykhov's "sitting". In the first row, third from the left - General A. I. Denikin, fourth from the left - General L. G. Kornilov, in the last row, first from the right - General S. L. Markov. 1917

June 1919. The population of Tsaritsyn greets General Denikin and his headquarters, who entered the city after the Reds retreated.

Lieutenant General A.I. Denikin at his desk. 1919

General Anton Ivanovich Denikin, like generals Alekseev and Kornilov, came from the “common people.” His father, Ivan Denikin, a serf in the Saratov province, was handed over as a recruit. He participated, as they wrote in his service records then, in many affairs and campaigns, and retired as an officer. Mother, Elizaveta Wrzhezinskaya, from poor Polish nobles, spoke Russian poorly until the end of her life.

The future general was born in 1872 in the Warsaw province. Early on he enlisted as a volunteer in a rifle regiment and, after “pulling the soldier’s strap” for some time, in 1890 he entered the Kiev Junker School. From there, two years later, he was “released” into officer service.

At the end of the 90s, A. Denikin graduated from the Academy of the General Staff, then held various staff and command positions. As a person by birth and upbringing close to the soldier environment, as an officer who was not alien to the liberal ideas of the time (Denikin wrote and published articles and stories criticizing army life and the inertia of the military authorities), he tried to train his subordinates in a new way.

Denikin later recalled how, as a company commander, he tried to introduce principles based not on the “blind” obedience of a soldier, but on consciousness, understanding of orders, while trying to avoid harsh punishments. However, alas, the company soon found itself among the worst. Then, according to Denikin’s recollections, sergeant major Stsepura intervened. He formed a company, raised his huge fist and, walking around the formation, said: “This is not Captain Denikin!”

And yet Denikin did not become a fan of his sergeant major’s methods. He became interested in military journalism early on, writing essays and stories about everyday life, morals, and combat life in the army for various magazines. They testified to the undoubted literary talent of the author. Denikin signed them with the pseudonym “I. Nochin.”

“I accepted Russian liberalism in its ideological essence without any party dogmatism,” Denikin wrote. “In a broad generalization, this acceptance led me to three positions: 1) a constitutional monarchy, 2) radical reforms and 3) peaceful ways to renew the country.”

Denikin remained faithful to these convictions to the end. Who knows, maybe they did not play the best role in the fate of the “white cause” during the Civil War.

During the Russo-Japanese War, Denikin was more than once distinguished by his courage and combat skill, for which he was promoted to the rank of colonel. By the way, some authors claim that to this day there is a hill in Manchuria named after Denikin.

When the World War broke out, Major General Denikin took over the brigade that was part of the 8th Army of the Southwestern Front. It is noteworthy that it was from this army that many future leaders of the White movement emerged - L. Kornilov, A. Kaledin, S. Markov... Continuously participating in battles, Denikin’s brigade was called the “iron” brigade, and Denikin himself was awarded the Order of St. George 3 th degree.

In 1915, a streak of failures and defeats began. Russian troops retreated. Faith in an early victory was melting, the authority of the authorities was falling, and the economic situation was deteriorating. The liberal opposition made the best use of all these circumstances in the political struggle against the authorities. In one of his letters, Denikin wrote: “It has become very bad in our homeland. They are cutting down the branch on which they have been sitting since time immemorial.”

The collapse of the monarchy found Denikin in the position of commander of the 8th Army Corps on the Romanian front. And in mid-March 1917, he was called to Petrograd, where he was appointed to the post of chief of staff of the Headquarters of the new Supreme Commander-in-Chief - General M. Alekseev. He held this post until the end of May. Denikin spoke about the terrible collapse, which was largely a consequence of the fierce political struggle brought into the army by rival parties: “There is no point in that insane bacchanalia, where everyone around is trying to snatch everything possible at the expense of the tormented Motherland, where thousands of greedy hands are reaching out to power, shaking its foundations."

He decisively demanded that the Provisional Government restore discipline in the army, even to the point of introducing the death penalty at the front and in the rear. This position brought him closer to General L. Kornilov.

Denikin was not a direct participant in the Kornilov speech at the end of August 1917. But, being then the commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front, he openly supported Kornilov, for which, together with other generals of his headquarters, he was arrested in Berdichev. With great difficulty, the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry into the case of the mutiny of General Kornilov achieved that Denikin was transferred to Bykhov, where the Kornilovites were already being held and where the security was more reliable. When the generals were led from prison to the station, only the dedication of Captain Betling, who commanded the convoy, saved them from the fury of the soldier crowd. Betling conjured and begged the soldiers: “You gave your word, comrades! You gave your word...”

Bykhov's "sitting" lasted until about mid-November 1917. When a threat loomed over Headquarters (it was located nearby, in Mogilev) - its capture by Bolshevik troops - Kornilov’s generals began to secretly leave Bykhov. Denikin also left with a passport in the name of the Pole A. Dombrovsky. In the 20th he was already in Novocherkassk, where General Alekseev was forming the Volunteer Army. Together with her, in February 1918, Denikin went on the 1st Kuban (Ice) Campaign, and together with her he participated in the unsuccessful assault on Yekaterinodar, which ended with the death of General Kornilov at the end of March.

From that moment on, Denikin led the army. Later that same year, volunteers returned to the Don, freed from Bolshevik rule. In the summer they again moved to Kuban, the 2nd Kuban campaign was crowned with triumph. Ekaterinodar was taken. A vast territory of the European south of Russia was now under the rule of Denikin’s army. A kind of government was created - a Special Meeting. The official policy is proclaimed as "non-decision". This meant that the army would not determine in advance the state structure of Russia. Its goal is the defeat of Bolshevism, after which the “master of the Russian land” - the Zemsky Sobor or the National Assembly - will establish the foundations of the future system.

Meanwhile, the number of volunteers increased significantly (up to 150 thousand people); Three armies were formed: Volunteer, Don and Caucasian. By the end of the spring of 1919, the question arose of determining the direction of the main strategic attack on the Reds. Two options were discussed. The first is to go to the southeast, unite with the armies of Kolchak (in the summer of 1919, Denikin recognized him as Supreme Ruler), and then move together towards Moscow. The second is a forced attack on Moscow. On July 3, 1919, the Armed Forces of Southern Russia (AFSR) received the “Moscow Directive”. Subsequently, some white generals and politicians considered it almost a fatal mistake. But this was later, and then success accompanied White.

In mid-October 1919, volunteers captured Oryol. There were only a few crossings left before Moscow. It seemed that the chime of Moscow bell towers could already be heard. It seemed like one more effort and... There is evidence that the Bolshevik authorities were preparing to go underground. And it was at this moment - the moment of greatest success - that disaster broke out. The thin chain of advancing volunteers could not withstand the powerful counterattack of the Reds. And in the rear, intoxicated with dizzying victories, collapse had long been developing. There, in the territory liberated from the Reds, a real revanchist Sabbath was going on. The old masters returned, arbitrariness, robberies, and terrible Jewish pogroms reigned. Corruption blossomed like thistles. The introduced free trade often turned into real theft, and most entrepreneurs and traders immediately tried to “take” their profits abroad. The response to all this bacchanalia was the “green movement”. Here are Makhno and other detachments (“neither for the Reds nor for the Whites”), who inflicted heavy blows on the Volunteer Army. Denikin wrote to his wife in despair: “There is no peace of mind. Every day is a picture of theft, robbery, violence throughout the entire territory of the armed forces. The Russian people from top to bottom have fallen so low that I don’t know if they will be able to rise from the mud.”

For Denikin to write such a thing, he had to really experience a feeling of despair. But what could he do? Use an "iron hand"? He didn't have one. However, the main thing is different. Here is how one of his contemporaries wrote, who himself observed the picture of decomposition that had captured a significant part of the volunteers: “Furies from below cannot be limited from above by any norms, for the tops that control the Volunteer Army are either entirely in the hands of the most harmful people, or, of necessity, follow the wave from below." They were probably counting on a quick final victory, but then... Alas!

Denikin's troops began to roll back to the south, to the Black Sea. The authority of the commander-in-chief was shaken. Right-wing elements, dissatisfied with his “liberalism,” sharply became more active, uniting around the commander of the Caucasian Army, General P. Wrangel. He waged a real struggle against Denikin, distributing his “reports” among the troops, in which he sharply blamed him for all the failures and defeats. Cossack separatism flared up with renewed vigor.

After the Novorossiysk disaster, which ended with the evacuation of the remnants of Denikin’s troops to Crimea, Denikin decided to leave. At a meeting of senior generals held on March 22, 1920 in Sevastopol, P. Wrangel was elected commander-in-chief. Denikin departed for Constantinople on an English ship. Here he suffered another severe blow. A member of the secret monarchist organization, M. Kharuzin, shot and killed the chief of Denikin’s staff, I. Romanovsky, who was considered a “Freemason” in Black Hundred circles, right in the building of the Russian embassy. Who knows, maybe the next shot was intended for Denikin? Shocked and morally defeated, he left for England. His entire “capital” was approximately 13 pounds sterling, and his dependents were his wife, daughter Marina, her nanny, his wife’s parents, the children of General Kornilov (daughter Natalya and son Yuri), and adopted daughter.

From that day on, the life of the former commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of southern Russia changed dramatically. He became an emigrant, barely made ends meet, and in the morning he lit the stove himself in a cold apartment. Soon Denikin and his family moved from London to Belgium, and from there to Hungary. Denikin devoted all his time to the creation of a fundamental work (five volumes) “Essays on Russian Troubles.” To this day, this is one of the best works on the history of the revolution and the Civil War in Russia.

In 1926, the Denikins moved to France, where they lived for almost 20 years. In the mid-30s, the first cold winds of the impending world war blew. It became clear that the Soviet Union could not avoid a collision with Germany. Some emigrants were ready to support German fascism in order to defeat the Bolsheviks. Denikin took a different position - a patriotic one. Giving lectures and in print, he called for taking the side of the Red Army in case of war. He believed that, having broken the back of fascism, the Red Army would then begin the fight for the liberation of its country. There was, undoubtedly, considerable political naivety in this, a lack of understanding of what was happening in Soviet Russia. However, many people thought so then, not only Denikin.

In November 1945, Denikin left for America. When the allies began to hand over to the Soviet authorities some former White Guards and Soviet prisoners of war who had joined the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) of General A. Vlasov, Denikin, knowing what awaited them in Stalin’s Russia, addressed a letter to General Eisenhower. “Like a soldier to a soldier,” he asked to prevent the death of these people. There was no answer. In 1946, Denikin wrote and sent a memorandum entitled “The Russian Question” to the governments of the United States and England. In it, he explained what the West's position should be in the event of a military clash with the Soviet Union. Under no circumstances should we repeat the miscalculation of Hitler, who not only sought to overthrow communism, but also fought with the Russian people.

It is curious what Denikin would have said if he had lived to see the Gorbachev-Yeltsin days, when, in the precise words of one of our contemporaries, “those who aimed at communism ended up in Russia.” However, even during the times of unrest at the beginning of the 20th century, they aimed at tsarism, but also ended up in Russia...

Anton Ivanovich Denikin died in the USA in 1947. His ashes rest in the Russian cemetery in New Jersey.

Throughout world history there have been many great and outstanding people. This person is a famous military figure, as well as the founder of the volunteer movement, Anton Ivanovich Denikin. A short biography can tell you that he was also an excellent writer and memoirist. This amazing personality played an important role in the history of the formation of the Russian state.

Childhood and youth

Many students in schools begin to learn about this great Russian figure only from a description of his achievements. Few people know about childhood and origin. His short biography can tell about this. Anton Denikin was born in a district town in the Warsaw province, or more precisely, in the suburbs of Wloclawsk. This significant event took place on a December day, the 4th, 1872.

His father was of peasant origin and instilled religiosity in his son from birth. Therefore, at the age of three the boy was already baptized. Anton's mother was Polish, thanks to this Denikin was fluent in Polish and Russian. And at four years old, unlike his peers, he could already read fluently. He was a very gifted boy and from an early age he already served at the altar.

Wroclaw Real School is the very place where Anton Ivanovich Denikin studied. Biography, life history and various other sources telling about this military leader indicate that at the age of thirteen the boy was already forced to earn his living by tutoring. It was during these years that his father died, and the family began to live even poorer.

After completing his studies at the school, he entered the Kiev Infantry School, after which he received the rank of second lieutenant.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin spent his initial service in the Sedledtsk province. A short biography tells us that after graduating from the Kyiv College, he was able to choose this place for himself, since he had established himself over the years of study as one of the best students.

How did your military career begin?

Beginning in 1892, he served in the Second Field Brigade, and then, in 1902, was promoted to senior adjutant at the headquarters of an early infantry division, and subsequently one of the corps of cavalry troops.

During that period of time, hostilities began between the Russian and Japanese states, in which Anton Ivanovich Denikin participated and showed his best side. A brief biography and facts from his life say that he independently decided to join the active forces, so he submitted a report requesting a transfer. As a result, the young man received the position of staff officer, whose duties included carrying out various important assignments.

In this war, Denikin showed himself to be an excellent commander. For many military achievements, he received the rank of colonel, and also had the honor of being awarded orders and various state awards.

In the subsequent seven-year period of his life, Anton Ivanovich Denikin managed to hold many staff ranks. A brief biography of this Russian figure indicates that already in the fourteenth year of the last century he rose to the rank of major general.

Great military achievements

As soon as the start of hostilities was announced, Denikin was not slow to ask for a transfer to the front to participate in battles with enemies. As a result, he was appointed commander of the fourth brigade, which distinguished itself under his skillful leadership in many battles during the period from 1914 to 1916. Many even called them the “fire brigade”, since they were often sent to the most difficult sections of the military front.

Anton Denikin received awards of both the third and fourth degrees for his military services. In 1916, together with his team, he made a breakthrough on the Southwestern Front and was appointed commander of the Eighth Army Corps.

Revolutionary years

The fact that Anton took an active part in the February events of the seventeenth year of the twentieth century is indicated by his short biography. Denikin (biographical information for 1917) continued to rapidly climb the career ladder during the years of the February Revolution.

First, he was appointed chief of staff, and then made commander-in-chief of all armies on the Southwestern Front. But at all congresses and meetings, Denikin sharply criticized the actions of the provisional government. He said that such a policy could lead to the collapse of the army and urgently demanded that the war be brought to an end.

After such statements, on July 29, 1917, Anton Ivanovich was arrested and first placed in Berdichev, and then transported to Bykhov, where many of his comrades were also kept under arrest. In November of the same year, he was released and with forged documents in the name of Alexander Dombrovsky was able to enter the Don.

Command of the Volunteer Army

At the beginning of the winter of 1917, Anton Ivanovich Denikin arrived in Novocherkassk. A short biography about that period of his life tells that it was then that the formation of the Volunteer Army began in this place, in the organization of which he took an active part. As a result, he was appointed to the post of chief of the first Volunteer Division, and in 1918, after the tragic death of Kornilov, he became the commander of the entire army.

Then he rose to the rank of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and was able to subjugate the entire Don Army. In 1920, Anton Ivanovich already became the supreme ruler, but he did not remain so for long. In the same year, he handed over the reins of government to General F. P. Wrangel and decided to leave Russia forever.

Emigration

The forced flight to Europe due to the defeat of the Whites forced them to experience a lot of hardships and hardships. Constantinople was the first city where Anton Ivanovich Denikin went with his family in 1920.

A short biography dedicated to his life story suggests that he did not provide himself with any means of subsistence. He traveled from one European city to another until he settled for some time in a small Hungarian town. Then the Denikin family decided to leave for Paris, where the works he wrote were published.

From military leader to writer

Anton Ivanovich had the talent to beautifully express his thoughts on paper, so all his essays and books are read with great interest even today. The first editions were published in Paris. Fees and payment for lecturing were his only income.

In the mid-30s of the twentieth century, Denikin was published in some newspapers. He wrote extensively on issues related to international relations and published many pamphlets.

The archive of his works is still kept in the library of students of Russian history and culture.

Last years

In the forties of the last century, Denikin, fearing forced deportation to the vastness of the Soviet Union, emigrated to America, where he continued his literary career.

In 1947, a great Russian general died of a heart attack in a hospital ward at a university hospital in Michigan. He was buried in Detroit.

Ten years ago, the ashes of the Denikins were transported from the States to Moscow and buried at the Donskoy Monastery with the consent of their daughter Marina.

A brief biography, of course, cannot tell about all the feats and achievements that Anton Ivanovich Denikin accomplished throughout his life. But still, descendants should know at least a little about such great people as this man was.

Anton Ivanovich Denikin- Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and military documentarian.

Denikin Anton Ivanovich - Russian military leader, hero of the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars, General Staff lieutenant general (1916), pioneer, one of the main leaders (1918-1920) of the White movement during the Civil War. Deputy Supreme Ruler of Russia (1919-1920). Anton Ivanovich Denikin was born into the family of a Russian officer. His father, Ivan Efimovich Denikin (1807-1885), a serf peasant, was given as a recruit by the landowner; After serving in the army for 35 years, he retired in 1869 with the rank of major; was a participant in the Crimean, Hungarian and Polish campaigns (suppression of the 1863 uprising). Mother, Elisaveta Fedorovna Wrzesińska, is Polish by nationality, from a family of impoverished small landowners. Denikin spoke fluent Russian and Polish since childhood. The family's financial situation was very modest, and after the death of his father in 1885, it deteriorated sharply. Denikin had to earn money as a tutor.

Service in the Russian army

Denikin dreamed of military service since childhood. In 1890, after graduating from a real school, he volunteered for the army and was soon accepted into the “Kiev Junker School with a military school course.” After graduating from college (1892), he served in the artillery troops, and in 1897 he entered the Academy of the General Staff (graduated with 1st class in 1899). He received his first combat experience in the Russo-Japanese War. Chief of Staff of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division, and then of the famous Ural-Trans-Baikal Division of General Mishchenko, famous for its daring raids behind enemy lines. In the Battle of Tsinghechen, one of the hills went down in military history under the name “Denikin”. Awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus and St. Anne with Swords. After the war, he served in staff positions (staff officer at the command of the 57th Infantry Reserve Brigade). In June 1910, he was appointed commander of the 17th Arkhangelsk Infantry Regiment, which he commanded until March 1914. On March 23, 1914, he was appointed acting general for assignments under the Commander of the Kyiv Military District. In June 1914 he was promoted to the rank of major general. With the outbreak of the First World War, he was appointed Quartermaster General of the 8th Army, but already in September, at his own request, he was transferred to a combat position - commander of the 4th Infantry Brigade (in August 1915, deployed to a division). For its steadfastness and combat distinction, Denikin’s brigade received the nickname “Iron”. Participant of the Lutsk breakthrough (the so-called “Brusilov breakthrough” of 1916). For successful operations and personal heroism he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 3rd and 4th degrees, the Arms of St. George and other orders. In 1916, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and was assigned to command the 8th Corps on the Romanian Front, where he was awarded the highest military order of Romania.

After the oath to the provisional government

In April-May 1917, Denikin was the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, then the commander-in-chief of the Western and Southwestern Fronts. On August 28, 1917, he was arrested for expressing solidarity with General Lavr Georgievich Kornilov in a sharp telegram to the Provisional Government. Together with Kornilov, he was held in Bykhov prison on charges of rebellion (Kornilov speech). General Kornilov and the senior officers arrested with him demanded an open trial in order to clear themselves of slander and express their program to Russia.

Civil War

After the fall of the Provisional Government, the charge of rebellion lost its meaning, and on November 19 (December 2), 1917, Supreme Commander Dukhonin ordered the transfer of those arrested to the Don, but the All-Army Committee opposed this. Having learned about the approach of trains with revolutionary sailors, which threatened lynching, the generals decided to flee. With a certificate in the name of “assistant to the head of the dressing detachment Alexander Dombrovsky,” Denikin made his way to Novocherkassk, where he took part in the creation of the Volunteer Army, leading one of its divisions, and after the death of Kornilov on April 13, 1918, the entire army. In January 1919, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General A.I. Denikin, transferred his Headquarters to Taganrog. On January 8, 1919, the Volunteer Army became part of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (V.S.Yu.R.), becoming their main striking force, and General Denikin headed V.S.Yu.R. On June 12, 1919, he officially recognized the power of Admiral Kolchak as “the Supreme Ruler of the Russian state and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armies.” By the beginning of 1919, Denikin managed to suppress the Bolshevik resistance in the North Caucasus, subjugate the Cossack troops of the Don and Kuban, removing the pro-German-oriented General Krasnov from the leadership of the Don Cossacks, receive a large amount of weapons, ammunition, equipment through the Black Sea ports from Russia’s Entente allies, and July 1919 to begin a large-scale campaign against Moscow. September and the first half of October 1919 were the time of greatest success for the anti-Bolshevik forces. Denikin's successfully advancing troops occupied the Donbass and a vast area from Tsaritsyn to Kyiv and Odessa by October. On October 6, Denikin’s troops occupied Voronezh, on October 13 - Oryol and threatened Tula. The Bolsheviks were close to disaster and were preparing to go underground. An underground Moscow Party Committee was created, and government institutions began evacuating to Vologda. A desperate slogan was proclaimed: “Everyone to fight Denikin!” All the forces of the Southern Front and part of the forces of the South-Eastern Front were thrown against the V.S.Yu.R.

From mid-October 1919, the position of the white armies of the South noticeably worsened. The rear areas were destroyed by Makhno's raid on Ukraine, and troops against Makhno had to be withdrawn from the front, and the Bolsheviks concluded a truce with the Poles and Petliurists, freeing up forces to fight Denikin. Having created a quantitative and qualitative superiority over the enemy in the main, Oryol-Kursk, direction (62 thousand bayonets and sabers for the Reds versus 22 thousand for the Whites), in October the Red Army launched a counteroffensive. In fierce battles, which went on with varying degrees of success, south of Orel, by the end of October, the troops of the Southern Front (commander V. E. Egorov) defeated the Reds, and then began to push them back along the entire front line. In the winter of 1919-1920, Denikin’s troops abandoned Kharkov, Kyiv, Donbass, and Rostov-on-Don. In February-March 1920, there was a defeat in the battle for Kuban, due to the disintegration of the Kuban army (due to its separatism - the most unstable part of the V.S.Yu.R.). After which the Cossack units of the Kuban armies completely disintegrated and began en masse to surrender to the Reds or go over to the side of the “greens,” which led to the collapse of the White front, the retreat of the remnants of the White Army to Novorossiysk, and from there on March 26-27, 1920, a retreat by sea to Crimea. After the death of the former Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, all-Russian power was supposed to pass to General Denikin. However, Denikin, given the difficult military-political situation of the Whites, did not officially accept these powers. Faced with the intensification of opposition sentiments among the white movement after the defeat of his troops, Denikin resigned as Commander-in-Chief of the V.S.Yu.R. on April 4, 1920, transferred command to Baron Wrangel and on the same day left for England with an intermediate stop in Istanbul.

Denikin's politics

In the territories controlled by the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, all power belonged to Denikin as commander-in-chief. Under him, there was a “Special Meeting”, which performed the functions of the executive and legislative powers. Possessing essentially dictatorial power and being a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, Denikin did not consider himself to have the right (before the convening of the Constituent Assembly) to predetermine the future state structure of Russia. He tried to unite the widest possible strata of the White movement under the slogans “Fight against Bolshevism to the end”, “Great, United and Indivisible”, “Political freedoms”. This position was the object of criticism both from the right, from the monarchists, and from the left, from the liberal camp. The call to recreate a united and indivisible Russia met resistance from the Cossack state formations of the Don and Kuban, who sought autonomy and a federal structure of the future Russia, and also could not be supported by the nationalist parties of Ukraine, Transcaucasia, and the Baltic states.

At the same time, behind the white lines, attempts were made to establish a normal life. Where the situation allowed, the work of factories and factories, railway and water transport was resumed, banks were opened and everyday trade was carried out. Fixed prices for agricultural products were established, a law was passed on criminal liability for profiteering, the courts, prosecutor's office and legal profession were restored to their previous form, city government bodies were elected, many political parties, including the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats, operated freely, and the press was published almost without restrictions. The Denikin Special Meeting adopted progressive labor legislation with an 8-hour working day and labor protection measures, which, however, was not put into practice. Denikin’s government did not have time to fully implement the land reform he developed, which was supposed to be based on the strengthening of small and medium-sized farms at the expense of state-owned and landed estates. A temporary Kolchak law was in force, prescribing, until the Constituent Assembly, the preservation of land for those owners in whose hands it was actually located. The violent seizure of their lands by the former owners was sharply suppressed. Nevertheless, such incidents still occurred, which, together with robberies in the front-line zone, pushed the peasantry away from the white camp. A. Denikin’s position on the language issue in Ukraine was expressed in the manifesto “To the Population of Little Russia” (1919): “I declare the Russian language to be the state language throughout Russia, but I consider it completely unacceptable and prohibit the persecution of the Little Russian language. Everyone can speak Little Russian in local institutions, zemstvos, public places and in court. Local schools, maintained with private funds, can teach in any language they wish. In state schools... lessons of the Little Russian folk language may be established... Likewise, there will be no restrictions regarding the Little Russian language in the press...”

Emigration

Denikin stayed in England for only a few months. In the fall of 1920, a telegram from Lord Curzon to Chicherin was published in England, which read:

I used all my influence with General Denikin to persuade him to give up the fight, promising him that if he did so, I would use every effort to make peace between his forces and yours, ensuring the integrity of all his comrades, as well as the population of the Crimea. General Denikin eventually followed this advice and left Russia, handing over command to General Wrangel.

Denikin issued a sharp refutation in The Times:

Lord Curzon could not have any influence on me, since I was not in any relationship with him.

I categorically rejected the proposal (of the British military representative for a truce) and, although with the loss of material, I transferred the army to the Crimea, where I immediately began to continue the fight.
The note from the English government to begin peace negotiations with the Bolsheviks was, as you know, handed not to me, but to my successor in command of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia, General Wrangel, whose negative response was at one time published in the press.
My resignation from the post of Commander-in-Chief was caused by complex reasons, but had no connection with the policies of Lord Curzon. As before, so now I consider it inevitable and necessary to wage an armed struggle against the Bolsheviks until they are completely defeated. Otherwise, not only Russia, but all of Europe will turn into ruins.

In 1920, Denikin moved with his family to Belgium. He lived there until 1922, then in Hungary, and from 1926 in France. He was engaged in literary activities, gave lectures on the international situation, and published the newspaper “Volunteer”. Remaining a staunch opponent of the Soviet system, he called on emigrants not to support Germany in the war with the USSR (the slogan “Defense of Russia and the overthrow of Bolshevism”). After the occupation of France by Germany, he refused German offers to cooperate and move to Berlin. Lack of money forced Denikin to change his place of residence so often. The strengthening of Soviet influence in European countries after World War II forced A. I. Denikin to move to the USA in 1945, where he continued to work on the book “The Path of the Russian Officer” and gave public presentations. In January 1946, Denikin appealed to General D. Eisenhower to stop the forced extradition of Soviet prisoners of war to the USSR.

Writer and military historian

Since 1898, Denikin wrote stories and highly journalistic articles on military topics, published in the magazines “Scout”, “Russian Invalid” and “Warsaw Diary” under the pseudonym I. Nochin. In exile, he began creating a documentary study about the Civil War, “Essays on the Russian Troubles.” He published a collection of stories “Officers” (1928), a book “The Old Army” (1929-1931); did not have time to complete the autobiographical story “The Path of a Russian Officer” (first published posthumously in 1953).

Death and funeral

The general died of a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan Hospital in Ann Arbor and was buried in a cemetery in Detroit. American authorities buried him as commander-in-chief of the allied army with military honors. On December 15, 1952, by decision of the White Cossack community in the United States, the remains of General Denikin were transferred to the Orthodox Cossack cemetery of St. Vladimir in the town of Keesville, in the area of ​​Jackson, in the state of New Jersey.
On October 3, 2005, the ashes of General Anton Ivanovich Denikin and his wife Ksenia Vasilievna (1892-1973), together with the remains of the Russian philosopher Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin (1883-1954) and his wife Natalya Nikolaevna (1882-1963), were transported to Moscow for burial in Donskoy monastery The reburial was carried out with the consent of Denikin’s daughter Marina Antonovna Denikina-Grey (1919-2005) and organized by the Russian Cultural Foundation.

Awards

Order of St. George

Badge of the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign No. 3 (1918)

St. George's weapon, decorated with diamonds, with the inscription “For the double liberation of Lutsk” (09/22/1916)

St. George's weapon (11/10/1915)

Order of St. George, 3rd class (11/3/1915)

Order of St. George, 4th class (04/24/1915)

Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree (04/18/1914)

Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree (12/6/1909)

Order of St. Anne, 2nd class with swords (1905)

Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class with swords (1904)

Order of St. Anne, 3rd class with swords and bows (1904)

Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class (1902)

Foreign:

Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (Great Britain, 1919)

Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd class (Romania, 1917)

Military Cross 1914-1918 (France, 1917)

General Staff Lieutenant General A.I. Denikin *)

DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947), Russian military leader, lieutenant general (1916). In World War I he commanded an infantry brigade and division, an army corps; from April 1918 commander, from October commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, from January 1919 commander-in-chief of the “Armed Forces of the South of Russia” (Volunteer Army, Don and Caucasian Cossack Armies, Turkestan Army, Black Sea Fleet); simultaneously from January 1920 "Supreme Ruler of the Russian State". Since April 1920 in exile.

Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR, General Staff, Lieutenant General A.I. Denikin,
1919, Taganrog. *)

DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (1872, Shpetal Dolny village, Warsaw province - 1947, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) - military leader, one of the leaders of the white movement. Born into a poor family of a retired major, a former serf. In 1882 - 1890 he studied at the Łovichi Real School and showed brilliant abilities in mathematics. Dreaming of military service since childhood, he graduated from the Kiev Infantry Junker School in 1892. In 1899 he graduated from the General Staff Academy and was promoted to captain. In 1898, in a military journal. "Scout" was Denikin's first story, after which he worked a lot in military journalism. He expressed the essence of his political sympathies as follows: “1) Constitutional monarchy, 2) Radical reforms and 3) Peaceful ways to renew the country. I conveyed these worldviews inviolably to the revolution of 1917, without taking an active part in politics and devoting all my strength and labor to the army.” During Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905 showed excellent qualities as a combat officer, rising to the rank of colonel, and was awarded two orders. He reacted extremely negatively to the revolution of 1905, but welcomed the Manifesto of October 17, considering it the beginning of transformations. Believed that reforms P.A. Stolypin will be able to resolve the main issue in Russia - the peasant one. Denikin served successfully and in 1914 was promoted to major general.

With the outbreak of the First World War, he commanded a brigade and division. Denikin's valor demonstrated in battles and the highest awards (two St. George's crosses, the St. George's weapon decorated with diamonds) elevated him to the top of the military hierarchy. The February Revolution of 1917 stunned Denikin: “We were not at all prepared for such an unexpectedly rapid outcome, nor for the forms that it took.” Denikin was appointed assistant chief of staff under the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, commanded the West, then the South-West. front. In an effort to contain the collapse of the empire, he demanded the introduction of the death penalty not only at the front, but also in the rear. He saw a strong personality in L. G. Kornilov and supported his rebellion, for which he was arrested. Liberated N.N. Dukhonin Denikin, like other generals, fled to the Don, where, along with M.V. Alekseev , L.G. Kornilov , A. M. Kaledin was involved in the formation of the Volunteer Army. Participated in the 1st Kuban (“Ice”) campaign.

After the death of Kornilov in 1918, he took over the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Having an army of 85 thousand, material assistance from England, France, and the USA, Denikin hatched plans to capture Moscow. Taking advantage of the fact that the main forces of the Red Army fought against A.V. Kolchak , Denikin in the spring of 1919 launched the Volunteer Army on the offensive. In the summer of 1919, Denikin occupied Donbass and reached a strategically important line: Tsaritsyn, Kharkov, Poltava. In Oct. he took Orel and threatened Tula, but Denikin could not overcome the remaining 200 miles to Moscow. The mass mobilization of the population into Denikin's army, robberies, violence, the establishment of military discipline in militarized enterprises, and most importantly, the restoration of landowners' property rights to land doomed Denikin to failure. Denikin was personally honest, but his declarative and vague statements could not captivate the people. Denikin’s situation was aggravated by internal contradictions between him and the Cossack elite, who strived for separatism and did not want the restoration of a “united and indivisible Russia.” The power struggle between Kolchak and Denikin prevented coordinated military action. Denikin's army, suffering heavy losses, was forced to retreat. In 1920, Denikin evacuated the remnants of his army to the Crimea and on April 4. 1920 left Russia on an English destroyer. Lived in England. Having abandoned the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks, Denikin wrote a 5-volume memoir and study, “Essays on the Russian Troubles,” an important source on the history of the civil war. Financial difficulties forced Denikin to wander around Europe. In 1931 he completed work on a major military-historical study, The Old Army. After Hitler came to power, Denikin declared that it was necessary to support the Red Army, which, after the defeat of the fascists, could be used to “overthrow communist power.” He denounced emigrant organizations that collaborated with Nazi Germany. In 1945, under the influence of rumors about the possibility of forced deportation to the USSR, the United States emigrated. Denikin worked on the book. "The Path of the Russian Officer" and "The Second World War. Russia and Abroad", which I did not have time to complete. Died of a heart attack.

Book materials used: Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical reference book. Moscow, 1997

General for assignments at the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District,
General Staff Major General Denikin A.I. *)

In the revolution of 1917

DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (December 4, 1872, Lowicz, near Warsaw, - August 7, 1947. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). The son of a major, a descendant of serfs. He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, and in 1892 from the Kiev Infantry School. cadet school, in 1899 - the Academy of the General Staff. Served in the military headquarters of the Warsaw Military District. Russian-Japanese participant war 1904-05. From March 1914 at the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District; from June - Major General. After the start of the 1st world. war com. brigades, divisions, from Sept. 1916 - 8th Arm. Corps of the 4th Army Rum. front.

From the end March 1917 at Headquarters, room. beginning Headquarters of the Supreme Commander, from April 5. to May 31 beginning headquarters of the Supreme Commander General. M.V. Alekseeva . Fought for limiting the powers of the soldiers. housekeeping company functions, for increasing the representation of officers in them, sought to prevent the creation of committees in divisions, corps, armies and at the fronts. To the sent military. min. A.I. Guchkov project to create a soldier system. organizations with fairly broad powers, developed in the West. front, responded with a telegram: “The project is aimed at destroying the army” (Miller V.I., Soldiers' Committee of the Russian Army in 1917, M., 1974, p. 151).

Speaking at the officers' congress in Mogilev (May 7-22), he said: " Due to inevitable historical laws, the autocracy fell, and the country passed to democracy. We stand on the brink of a new life... for which many thousands of idealists have been carried to the chopping block, languished in the mines, wasted away in the tundra“However, Denikin emphasized: “we look into the future with anxiety and bewilderment,” “for there is no freedom in the roar. dungeon", "there is no truth in the forgery of people. voices”, “there is no equality in the persecution of classes” and “there is no strength in that insane bacchanalia, where everyone around is trying to snatch everything that is possible at the expense of the tormented Motherland, where thousands of greedy hands reach out to power, shaking its foundations” (Denikin A.I. ., Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles. The collapse of power and the army. February - September 1917, M., 1991, p. 363. After Alekseev’s dismissal from the post of Commander-in-Chief (on the night of May 22), speaking at the closing of the congress, he emphasized: that with the Russian officers remained “everything that is honest, thinking, everything that stopped on the verge of common sense, which is now being abolished.” “Take care of the officer! - Denikin called - For from century to now he has stood faithfully and invariably on guard over the Russians. statehood" (ibid., pp. 367-68).

New Commander-in-Chief A.A. On May 31, Brusilov appointed Denikin as commander-in-chief of the West. front. On June 8, announcing his assumption of office to the front troops, he stated: I firmly believe that victory over the enemy is the key to the bright existence of the Russian land. On the eve of the offensive that will decide the fate of the Motherland, I urge everyone who has a feeling of love for it to fulfill their duty. There is no other way to freedom and happiness of the Motherland" ("Orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Western Front. 1917", No. 1834, Central State Military Academy. B-ka, No. 16383).

After the failure of the front offensive (July 9-10), at a meeting at Headquarters in the presence of members of the Provisional Government, he made a speech on July 16 in which he accused the government of the collapse of the army and put forward an 8-point program for its strengthening: " 1) Consciousness of their mistake and guilt by the Provisional Government, which did not understand and did not appreciate the noble and sincere impulse of the officers, who joyfully accepted the news of the coup and were giving countless lives for the Motherland. 2) Petrograd, completely alien to the army, not knowing its way of life, life and the historical foundations of its existence, stop all military legislation. Full power to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, responsible only to the Provisional Government. 3) Take politics out of the army. 4) Cancel the “declaration” (of the rights of a soldier) in its main part. Abolish commissioners and committees, gradually changing the functions of the latter. 5) Return power to the bosses. Restore discipline and outward forms of order and decorum. 6) Make appointments to senior positions not only on the basis of youth and determination, but, at the same time, on combat and service experience. 7) Create selected, law-abiding units of the three types of weapons in the reserve of commanders as a support against military rebellion and the horrors of the upcoming demobilization. 8) Introduce military revolutionary courts and the death penalty for the rear - troops and civilians who commit identical crimes"("Essays on Russian Troubles", pp. 439-40). "You trampled our banners into the mud," Denikin addressed the Time. pr-vu- Now the time has come: lift them up and bow before them" (ibid., p. 440). Later, assessing Denikin's program, outlined on July 16, emigrant historian General N.N. Golovin wrote: "Although General Denikin and does not utter these words ["military dictatorship." - Authors], but the demands set out in paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 could only be implemented by military force" (see: Polikarpov VD., Military Counter-Revolution -tion in Russia. 1904-1917, M., 1990, p. 215).

Aug 2 appointed commander-in-chief of the Yugo-Zal Front (instead of General. L.G. Kornilov , from July 19 of the Supreme Commander). Upon taking office on August 3. issued an order in which he called on “all ranks in whom the love for the Motherland has not been extinguished, to stand firmly in defense of Russian statehood and devote their labor, mind and heart to the cause of the revival of the army. Put these two principles above political hobbies, party. intolerance and grave insults inflicted on many in the days of madness, for only fully armed with state order and strength will we turn the “fields of shame” into fields of glory and through the darkness of anarchy will lead the country to the Uchrei. ("Orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the South-Western Front, 1917", No. 875, TsGVIA, B-ka, No. 16571). Aug 4 in Order No. 876 announced the limitation of the activities of military committees within the framework of the existing military. legislation; ordered the authorities not to expand, and the bosses not to narrow their competence (ibid.).

On August 27, having received a message about Kornilov’s speech, he sent the Temp. pr-vu telegram: "...Today I received news that General Kornilov, who presented well-known demands that could still save the country and the army, is being removed from the post of Commander-in-Chief. Seeing in this the return of power to the path of systematic destruction of the army and, consequently, the death of the country , I consider it my duty to bring to the attention of the Provisional Government that I will not go down this path with him" ("Essays on Russian Troubles", pp. 467-68).

Aug 29 Denikin and his supporters in the South-West. front were arrested and imprisoned in Berdichev, later transferred to Bykhov. 19 Nov by order of the Supreme Commander General. N.N. Dukhonina was released from arrest along with other generals. He fled to the Don and arrived in Novocherkassk 3 days later. Participated in the formation of Dobrovolch. army. In an effort to resolve differences between Alekseev and Kornilov, initiated a compromise, in accordance with which Alekseev was in charge of the Crimea. control, ext. relations and finances, and Kornilov had military. power; ataman A. M. Kaledin belonged to the administration of the Don region. During the 1st Kuban (“Ice”) campaign, Denikin was the beginning. Volunteer divisions of almost all formations of the Dobrarmiya), then assistant. commands Kornilov’s army, and after his death he was appointed army commander by Alekseev on April 12, 1918. In December 1918, he assumed command of “all ground and naval forces operating in the south of Russia.” In the spring of 1920, after the defeat of the White Guard troops, he was evacuated to Crimea, where he transferred command to General. P.N. Wrangel . and went abroad. Lived in France; retired from political activity. In the 1930s, anticipating Germany's war against the USSR, " wanted the Red Army to repulse the German invasion, defeat the German army, and then eliminate Bolshevism"(Meisner D., Mirages and Reality, M., 1966. pp. 230-31). During the 2nd World War 1939-45, he condemned emigrant organizations that collaborated with Nazi Germany.

Materials used in the article by V.I. Miller, I.V. Obedkova and V.V. Yurchenko in the book: Political figures of Russia 1917. biographical dictionary. Moscow, 1993 .

Romanovsky, Denikin, K.N. Sokolov. Standing N.I. Astrov, N.V.S.
1919, Taganrog. *)

In the White movement

Denikin Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947) - Lieutenant General of the General Staff. The son of a border guard officer who rose through the ranks of the soldiers. He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, military school courses at the Kiev Infantry Junker School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). From the school he joined the 2nd Artillery Brigade. In 1902 he was transferred to the General Staff and appointed to the post of senior adjutant of the 2nd Infantry Division. From 1903 to March 1904 - senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps. During the Russo-Japanese War in March 1904, he submitted a report on transfer to the active army and was appointed as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps, where he served as chief of staff of the 3rd Zaamur Border Guard Brigade. Lieutenant colonel. From September 1904, he was a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps, where on October 28 of the same year he was appointed to the post of chief of staff of the Transbaikal Cossack Division of General Rennenkampf. In February 1905, he took up the post of chief of staff of the Ural-Transbaikal division as part of the cavalry detachment of General Mishchenko. In August 1905, he was appointed chief of staff of the Consolidated Cavalry Corps of General Mishchenko. Awarded the Order of St. Stanislav and St. Anne, 3rd degree with swords and bows and 2nd degree with swords. Promoted to the rank of colonel - “for military distinction.”

After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, from January to December 1906, he served as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps, from December 1906 to January 1910, a staff officer at the department (chief of staff) 57 1st Infantry Reserve Brigade. On June 29, 1910, he was appointed commander of the 17th Arkhangelsk Infantry Regiment. In March 1914 he was appointed acting. D. general for assignments of the Kyiv Military District and in June of the same year was promoted to major general.

At the beginning of the Great War, he was appointed to the post of Quartermaster General of the 8th Army of General Brusilov. At his own request, he joined the ranks and was appointed on September 6, 1914 as commander of the 4th Infantry (“Iron”) Brigade, which was deployed to a division in 1915. General Denikin's "iron" division became famous in many battles during the Battle of Galicia and in the Carpathians. During the retreat in September 1915, the division took Lutsk with a counterattack, for which General Denikin was promoted to lieutenant general. General Denikin took Lutsk for the second time during the Brusilov offensive in June 1916. In the fall of 1914, for the battles at Grodek, General Denikin was awarded the Arms of St. George, and then for the bold maneuver at Gorny Meadow - the Order of St. George, 4th degree. In 1915, for the battles at Lutovisko - the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. For breaking through enemy positions during the Brusilov offensive in 1916 and for the second capture of Lutsk, he was again awarded the Arms of St. George, showered with diamonds with the inscription “For the double liberation of Lutsk.” On September 9, 1916, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps. In March 1917, under the Provisional Government, he was appointed assistant chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and in May of the same year - Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Western Front. In July 1917, after the appointment of General Kornilov as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, he was appointed in his place as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. For active support of General Kornilov in August 1917, he was removed from office by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in Bykhov prison.

On November 19, 1917, he fled from Bykhov with papers addressed to a Polish landowner and arrived in Novocherkassk, where he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. On January 30, 1918, he was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. During the 1st Kuban Campaign he served as Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army of General Kornilov. On March 31, 1918, when General Kornilov was killed during the assault on Yekaterinodar, he took command of the Volunteer Army. In June 1918 he led the Volunteer Army on the 2nd Kuban campaign. On July 3, 1918, Yekaterinodar was taken. On September 25 (October 8), 1918, after the death of General Alekseev, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. On December 26, 1918, after a meeting at Torgovaya station with Don Ataman General Krasnov, who recognized the need for unified command and agreed to subordinate the Don Army to General Denikin, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSR). In 1919, from the headquarters of the AFSR in Taganrog, General Denikin exercised the main command of the Caucasian Volunteer Army of General Wrangel, the Don Army of General Sidorin, the Volunteer Army of General May-Mayevsky, and also directed the actions of the commander-in-chief in the North Caucasus, General Erdeli, the commander-in-chief in Novorossiya, General Schilling, the commander-in-chief current in the Kiev region, General Dragomirov and the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Gerasimov. The administration of the occupied regions, except for the Cossack ones, was carried out with the participation of a Special Meeting created by General Alekseev. After the retreat of the AFSR troops in the fall of 1919 - winter of 1920, General Denikin, shocked by the disaster during the evacuation of Novorossiysk, decided to convene the Military Council in order for it to elect a new Commander-in-Chief. On March 22, 1920, after the election of General Wrangel at the Military Council, General Denikin gave the last order for the AFSR and appointed General Wrangel Commander-in-Chief.

On March 23 (April 5), 1920, General Denikin left with his family for England, where he remained for a short time. In August 1920, he moved to Belgium, not wanting to remain in England during negotiations with Soviet Russia. In Brussels, he began work on his fundamental five-volume work, “Essays on the Russian Troubles.” He continued this work in difficult living conditions on Lake Balaton, in Hungary. The 5th volume was completed by him in 1926 in Brussels. In 1926, General Denikin moved to France and began literary work. At this time, his books “The Old Army” and “Officers” were published, written mainly in Capbreton, where the general often communicated with the writer I. O. Shmelev. During the Parisian period of his life, General Denikin often gave reports on political topics, and in 1936 he began publishing the newspaper “Volunteer”. The declaration of war on September 1, 1939 found General Denikin in the south of France in the village of Montay-au-Vicomte, where he left Paris to begin work on his last work, “The Path of the Russian Officer.” Autobiographical in its genre, the new book was, according to the general’s plan, to serve as an introduction and addition to his five-volume “Essays on the Russian Troubles.” The German invasion of France in May-June 1940 forced General Denikin, who did not want to be under German occupation, to urgently leave Bourg-la-Reine (near Paris) and drive towards the Spanish border in the car of one of his comrades, Colonel Glotov. The fugitives only managed to reach their friends’ villa in Mimizan, north of Biaritz, as German motorized units overtook them here. General Denikin had to leave his friends’ villa on the beach and spend several years, until France was liberated from German occupation, in a cold barracks, where, needing everything and often starving, he continued to work on his work “The Path of the Russian Officer.” General Denikin condemned Hitler's policies and called him "Russia's worst enemy." At the same time, he hoped that after the defeat of Germany, the army would overthrow communist power. In May 1946, in one of his letters to Colonel Koltyshev, he wrote: “After the brilliant victories of the Red Army, many people had an aberration... somehow the side of the Bolshevik invasion and occupation of neighboring states, which brought them ruin, faded and faded into the background , terror, Bolshevisation and enslavement... - Then he continued: - You know my point of view. The Soviets are bringing a terrible disaster to the peoples, striving for world domination. Insolent, provocative, threatening former allies, raising a wave of hatred, their policies threaten to turn into dust everything that has been achieved by the patriotic upsurge and blood of the Russian people... and therefore, true to our slogan - “Defense of Russia”, defending the inviolability of Russian territory and the vital interests of the country , we do not dare in any form to identify ourselves with Soviet policy - the policy of communist imperialism" 1).

In May 1945, he returned to Paris and soon, at the end of November of the same year, taking advantage of the invitation of one of his comrades, he went to the USA. His extensive interview was published in the New Russian Word on December 9, 1945. In America, General Denikin spoke at numerous meetings and wrote a letter to General Eisenhower calling on him to stop the forced rendition of Russian prisoners of war. He died of a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan Hospital and was buried in a Detroit cemetery. On December 15, 1952, the remains of General Denikin were transferred to St. Vladimir Orthodox Cemetery in Cassville, New Jersey. He owns:

Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles: In 5 volumes. Paris: Publishing house. Povolotsky, 1921-1926. T. 1. 1921; T. II. 1922; Berlin: Slovo, 1924. T. III; Berlin: Slovo, 1925. T. IV; Berlin: Bronze Horseman, 1926. T. V.

Books: “Officers” (Paris, 1928); “The Old Army” (Paris, 1929. Vol. 1; Paris, 1931. Vol. II); “The Russian Question in the Far East” (Paris, 1932); "Brest-Litovsk" (Paris, 1933); “Who saved Soviet power from destruction?” (Paris, 1937); “World Events and the Russian Question” (Paris, 1939).

Memoirs: “The Path of a Russian Officer” (New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953).

Numerous articles in S.P. Melgunov’s magazine “Struggle for Russia”, in “Illustrated Russia”, in “Volunteer” (1936-1938), etc. General Denikin’s last article - “In Soviet Paradise” - was published posthumously in No. 8 Parisian magazine "Renaissance" for March-April 1950

1) General Denikin A.I. Letters. Part 1 // Edges. 1983. No. 128 P. 25-26.

Materials used from the book: Nikolai Rutych Biographical reference book of the highest ranks of the Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Materials on the history of the White movement M., 2002

Lieutenant Denikin A.I. 1895 *)

Member of the First World War

DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (December 4, 1872, Wloclawek, Warsaw province - July 8, 1947, Detroit, USA), Russian. Lieutenant General (1916). The son of a retired major who came from serfs. He received his education at the military school courses of the Kyiv Infantry. cadet school (1892) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). Released in the 2nd art. brigade. From July 23, 1902, senior adjutant of the 2nd Infantry headquarters. divisions, from March 17, 1903 - 2nd Cav. housings. Participant in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-05: from March 28, 1904 he served as a staff officer for special assignments at the IX headquarters, from 3 Lent. - VIII AK; first D. acted as chief of staff of the Zaamursky district brigade of a separate border guard corps, then chief of staff of the Transbaikal kaz. division general PC. Rennenkampf and Ural-Transbaikal kazakhstan. divisions. Participant in a raid behind enemy lines (May 1905), during which communications of the Japanese army were disrupted, warehouses were destroyed, etc. From January 12, 1906, staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry. corps, from December 30, 1906, headquarters officer at the command of the 57th infantry. reserve brigade, from June 29, 1910 commander of the 17th infantry. Arkhangelsk Regiment. At the beginning of 1914 he was appointed acting director. general for assignments to the commander of the Kyiv Military District.

With the outbreak of the World War on July 19, 1914, he was appointed quartermaster general of the headquarters of the 8th Army. From 19 Sep. - head of the 4th Infantry Brigade (during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 it was called the “Iron Brigade”), which in Aug. 1915 deployed to division. For the battles of October 2-11, 1914 near Sambir, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree (order of April 24, 1915). In the battles of January 18. - Feb 2 1915, near the Lutovskaya part of D., they knocked out the enemy from the trenches and threw him back beyond the San in the Smolnik-Zhuravlin sector; for these actions, D. was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree (11/3/1915). For the battles of August 26-30. 1915, near the village of Grodeka, D. received the St. George weapon (11/10/1915), and for distinctions near Lutsk (May 1916), when the division took a large number of prisoners and carried out a successful assault on enemy positions, - the St. George weapon, decorated with diamonds (order 9/22/1916) . 10(23) Sept. Lutsk took Lutsk in 1915, but after two days he was forced to leave it. On Sept. The division became part of the newly formed XL AK Gen. rifle units. ON THE. Kashtalinsky. 5(18) Oct. Division D. took Czartorysk, St. was captured. 6 thousand people, 9 guns and 40 machine guns. He took part in the offensive of the Southwestern Front in 1916, operating in the Lutsk direction. He broke through 6 lines of enemy positions, and then took Lutsk on May 25 (June 7). From 9.9.1916 the commander of the VIII AK, who on December. 1916, as part of the 9th Army, was transferred to the Romanian Front. For several months, during the battles near the settlements of Buzeo, Ramnic and Focsani, D. also had 2 Romanian corps under his command.

After the February Revolution, when Gen. M.V. Alekseev was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief, D., at the request of the Provisional Government on March 28, was appointed its chief of staff. He took part in the development of operational plans (including the future June offensive of 1917); opposed “revolutionary” transformations and “democratization” of the army; tried to limit the functions of soldiers' committees only to economic problems. After replacing Alekseev, Gen. A.A. Brusilov D. On May 31, he was transferred to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Western Front. Before the start of the June offensive, the front (under the chief of staff, Lieutenant General S.L. Markov) included the 3rd (General M.F. Kvetsinsky), 10th (General N.M. Kiselevsky) and 2nd (Gen. A.A. Veselovsky) of the army, the XLVIII AK (which included special-purpose heavy artillery) was in the front reserve. According to the plan of the command of the front army, to help the Southwestern Front, which was delivering the main blow, they were supposed to launch an auxiliary attack on Smorgon-Krevo. The armies of the front took part in the offensive in the summer of 1917, delivering the main blow in the direction of Vilna. After a successful art. In preparation, the forces of the 10th Army of the Front went on the offensive on July 9 (22), occupied 2 lines of enemy trenches and then returned to their positions. Due to the beginning of the disintegration of the army, the offensive was a complete failure. July 10 (23) D. refused to resume the offensive. During the meeting on July 16 (29) at Headquarters in the presence of Minister-Chairman A.F. Kerensky and Foreign Minister M.I. Tereshchenko D. made an extremely harsh speech accusing the Provisional Government of destroying the army. Having announced his program for saving the army and the country, D. incl. demanded to “stop all military” lawmaking, “remove politics from the army... abolish commissars and committees... introduce the death penalty in the rear,” etc. After the appointment of General. L.G. Kornilov Supreme Commander-in-Chief D. 2 Aug. received the post of Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. Aug 4 by his order he limited the activities of committees in the armies of the front. When Kornilov spoke on August 27, 1917, D. openly expressed his full support for him, for which on August 29. “expelled from office and put on trial for rebellion”, arrested in Berdichev (together with his chief of staff, General Markov, Quartermaster General, Major General M.I. Orlov) and sent to prison in Bykhov, where Kornilov and others were already imprisoned. From there, by order of the general. N.N. Dukhonin, he, along with others, was released on November 19. and three days later arrived by rail in Novocherkassk. Closest assistant to Gen. Alekseev and Kornilov in the formation of the Volunteer Army, tried to smooth out their constant clashes. Initially, D. was appointed head of the Volunteer Division, but after reorganization he was transferred to the position of assistant commander.

Participant of the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign. After the gi-. Beli Kornilova Apr 13 during the storming of Ekaterinodar, D. accepted the post of commander of the army and took it back to the Don. From 31 Aug. he was simultaneously the 1st Deputy Chairman of the Special Meeting. After the death of Gen. Alekseeva D. 8 Oct. became commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, uniting military and civil power in his hands. Since January 8, 1919, Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR. Under D., a Special Meeting was created under the chairmanship of General. A. M. Dragomirova, who performed the functions of the government. 12/30/1919 D. abolished the Special Meeting and created a government under the commander-in-chief. 4.1.1920 A.V. Kolchak declared D. Supreme Ruler of Russia. In March 1920 D. created the South Russian government. D.'s military actions against the Bolsheviks, despite the initial successes, ended in a severe defeat for the White armies, and on April 4, 1920 D. was forced to transfer the post of commander in chief to General. P.N. Wrangel. After this he left for Constantinople. In April 1920 arrived in London (Great Britain), in Aug. 1920 moved to Belgium, where he lived in the vicinity of Brussels. From June 1922 he lived in Budapest (Hungary). In mid-1925 he moved to Belgium, and in the spring of 1926 - to France (to the suburbs of Paris). He did not take an active part in political activities in exile. When the Germans entered France in 1940. troops, D. and his family went south to Mimizan, where he spent the entire occupation. During the 2nd World War he opposed cooperation with the Germans and supported the Soviet army. On Nov. 1945 left for the USA. Author of the memoirs “Essays on Russian. Troubles" (vols. 1-5, 1921-26), etc.

Book materials used: Zalessky K.A. Who was who in the Second World War. Allies of Germany. Moscow, 2003

Patriot emigrant

Denikin Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947) - Lieutenant General of the General Staff. The son of a border guard officer who rose through the ranks of the soldiers. Grandson of a serf peasant. He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, military school courses at the Kiev Infantry Junker School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). During the Russo-Japanese War, being a senior adjutant at the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in March 1904, he submitted a report on transfer to the active army and was appointed as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps. Lieutenant colonel. Awarded the Order of St. Stanislav and St. Anne, 3rd degree with swords and bows and 2nd degree with swords. Promoted to the rank of colonel - "for military distinction." In March 1914 he was promoted to major general.

At the beginning of the First World War, he was appointed to the post of Quartermaster General of the 8th Army of General Brusilov. At his own request, he joined the ranks and was appointed on September 6, 1914 as commander of the 4th Infantry ("Iron") Brigade, which was deployed to a division in 1915. General Denikin's "iron" division became famous in many battles during the Battle of Galicia and in the Carpathians. During the retreat in September 1915, the division took Lutsk with a counterattack, for which General Denikin was promoted to lieutenant general. General Denikin took Lutsk for the second time during the Brusilov offensive in June 1916. In the fall of 1914, for the battles at Grodek, General Denikin was awarded the Arms of St. George, and then for the bold maneuver at Gorny Meadow - the Order of St. George, 4th degree. In 1915, for the battles at Lutovisko - the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. For breaking through enemy positions during the Brusilov offensive in 1916 and for the second capture of Lutsk, he was again awarded the Arms of St. George, showered with diamonds with the inscription “For the double liberation of Lutsk.” On September 9, 1916, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps. In March 1917, under the Provisional Government, he was appointed assistant chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and in May of the same year - commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front. In July 1917, after the appointment of General Kornilov as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, he was appointed in his place as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. For active support of General Kornilov in August 1917, he was removed from office by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in Bykhov prison.

On November 19, 1917, he fled from Bykhov with papers addressed to a Polish landowner and arrived in Novocherkassk, where he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. On January 30, 1918, he was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. During the 1st Kuban Campaign he served as Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army of General Kornilov. March 31. 1918, when General Kornilov was killed during the assault on Yekaterinodar, he took command of the Volunteer Army. In June 1918 he led the Volunteer Army on the 2nd Kuban campaign. On July 3, 1918, Yekaterinodar was taken. On September 25 (October 8), 1918, after the death of General Alekseev, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. On December 26, 1918, after a meeting at Torgovaya station with Don Ataman General Krasnov, who recognized the need for unified command and agreed to subordinate the Don Army to General Denikin, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia (AFSR). In 1919, from the headquarters of the AFSR in Taganrog, General Denikin exercised the main command of the Caucasian Volunteer Army of General Wrangel, the Don Army of General Sidorin, the Volunteer Army of General May-Mayevsky, and also directed the actions of the commander-in-chief in the North Caucasus, General Erdeli, the commander-in-chief in Novorossiya, General Schilling, the commander-in-chief existing in the Kiev region, General Dragomirov and the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Gerasimov. The administration of the occupied regions, except for the Cossack ones, was carried out with the participation of a Special Meeting created by General Alekseev. After the retreat of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia in the fall of 1919 and winter of 1920, General Denikin, shocked by the disaster during the evacuation of Novorossiysk, decided to convene the Military Council to elect a new Commander-in-Chief. On March 22, 1920, after the election of General Wrangel at the Military Council, General Denikin gave the last order for the AFSR and appointed General Wrangel Commander-in-Chief.

On March 23 (April 5), 1920, General Denikin left with his family for England, where he remained for a short time. In August 1920, he moved to Belgium, not wanting to stay in England during the negotiations with Soviet Russia. In Brussels, he began work on his fundamental five-volume work, “Essays on the Russian Troubles.” He continued this work in difficult living conditions on Lake Balaton, in Hungary; the 5th volume was completed by him in 1926 in Brussels. In 1926, General Denikin moved to France and began literary work. At this time, his books “The Old Army” and “Officers” were published, written mainly in Capbreton, where the general often communicated with the writer I. O. Shmelev. During the Parisian period of his life, General Denikin often gave presentations on political topics and in 1936 he began publishing the newspaper “Volunteer”.

Denikin 30s, Paris. *)

The declaration of war on September 1, 1939 found General Denikin in the south of France in the village of Montay-au-Vicomte, where he left Paris to begin work on his last work, “The Way of the Russian Officer.” Autobiographical in its genre, the new book was, according to the general’s plan, to serve as an introduction and addition to his five-volume “Essays on the Russian Troubles.” The German invasion of France in May-June 1940 forced General Denikin, who did not want to be under German occupation, to urgently leave Bourg-la-Reine (near Paris) and drive towards the Spanish border in the car of one of his comrades, Colonel Glotov. The fugitives only managed to reach their friends’ villa in Mimizan, north of Biaritz, as German motorized units overtook them here. General Denikin had to leave his friends’ villa on the beach and spend several years, until the liberation of France from the German occupation, in a cold barracks, where he, needing everything and often starving, continued to work on his work “The Path of the Russian Officer.” General Denikin condemned Hitler's policies and called him "Russia's worst enemy." At the same time, he hoped that after the defeat of Germany, the army would overthrow communist power. In May 1946, in one of his letters to Colonel Koltyshev, he wrote: “After the brilliant victories of the Red Army, many people began to have an aberration... somehow the side of the Bolshevik invasion and occupation of neighboring states that brought them ruin, terror, Bolshevisation and enslavement... - further, he continued: - You know my point of view. The Soviets are bringing a terrible disaster to the peoples, striving for world domination. An impudent, provocative policy that threatens former allies, raising a wave of hatred threatens to turn them into dust is everything that was achieved by the patriotic fervor and blood of the Russian people... and therefore, true to our slogan - “Defense of Russia”, defending the inviolability of Russian territory and the vital interests of the country, we do not dare in any form to identify with Soviet policy - the policies of communist imperialism."

In May 1945, he returned to Paris and soon, at the end of November of the same year, taking advantage of the invitation of one of his comrades, he went to the USA. In America, General Denikin spoke at numerous meetings and wrote a letter to General Eisenhower calling on him to stop the forced rendition of Russian prisoners of war. He died of a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan Hospital and was buried in a Detroit cemetery. On December 15, 1952, the remains of General Denikin were transferred to St. Vladimir Orthodox Cemetery in Cassville, New Jersey. He owns the books: “Essays on the Russian Troubles” (5 volumes, 1926), “Officers” (1928), “The Old Army” (1929), “The Russian Question in the Far East” (1932), “Brest-Litovsk " (1933), "Who saved Soviet power from destruction?" (1937), “World Events and the Russian Question” (1939), “The Path of a Russian Officer” (1953).

Biographical information is reprinted from the magazine "Russian World" (educational almanac), No. 2, 2000.

General Denikin with his daughter. *)

General Denikin A.I. with my wife. *)

Lieutenant General

Anton Ivanovich Denikin 1872 -1947. A.I. Denikin is best known as the “white general” who almost defeated the Bolsheviks in 1919. He is less known as a commander of the Russian army during the First World War, a writer and historiographer. Considering himself a Russian officer and patriot, Denikin throughout his long life retained a deep hostility towards the Bolsheviks, who had gained the upper hand in Russia, and a belief in the national revival of Russia.

Anton Denikin was born in the city of Wloclawsk, Warsaw province, and was the son of a retired major who came from a peasant background. Anton's mother was Polish; love for her and the memory of his childhood years on the Vistula instilled in Denikin a good attitude towards the Polish people. His childhood was not easy. “Poverty, a 25-ruble pension after the death of my father. Youth was about working for bread,” he recalled. After graduating from a real school in Lovich, 17-year-old Denikin entered the Kiev Infantry Junker School. Upon completion of two years of study, he graduated as a second lieutenant of the 2nd Field Artillery Brigade, stationed in Poland.

In the fall of 1895, Anton Ivanovich passed the exams at the Academy of the General Staff. It was not easy for a provincial officer to study in the capital. Upon its completion, Denikin, instead of enlisting as an officer of the general staff, was appointed to a combat position in the former artillery brigade. Having appealed this appointment to the Minister of War, two years later he achieved the transfer of general staff officers to the staff. He served as a staff officer in the Warsaw Military District - first in the 2nd Infantry Division, then in the 2nd Infantry Corps. The Russo-Japanese War found him with the rank of captain.

Although the troops of the Warsaw Military District were not to be sent to the Far East, Denikin immediately submitted a report with a request to be sent to the theater of military operations. During the war, he headed the headquarters of various formations and more than once commanded combat sectors. “Denikinskaya Sopka”, near the positions of the Tsinghechansky battle, is named after the battle in which Anton Ivanovich repulsed the enemy’s advance with bayonets. For his distinction in battles, Denikin received the ranks of lieutenant colonel and colonel. Returning from the Far East, Anton Ivanovich first observed the unrest in connection with the revolution of 1905. Even then, he was a supporter of the idea of ​​a constitutional monarchy and was of the opinion that radical reforms were necessary provided that civil peace was preserved.

After the Russo-Japanese War, Denikin served in staff positions in Warsaw and Saratov, and in 1910 he was appointed commander of the 17th Arkhangelsk Regiment in the Kiev Military District. In September 1911, Russian Prime Minister P. Stolypin was killed nearby, in the Kiev theater; his death deeply saddened Anton Ivanovich, who saw in Stolypin a great patriot, an intelligent and strong man. But the service continued. In June 1914, Denikin was promoted to major general and approved as a general for assignments under the commander of the Kyiv Military District. A month later, the First World War broke out.

With the beginning of the war, Anton Ivanovich was appointed quartermaster general of the 8th Army of A. Brusilov, but already on August 24 he was entrusted with a command position: he headed the 4th brigade of the 8th Army. From the very first battles, the riflemen saw Denikin in the advanced lines, and the general quickly won their trust. For valor in the Battle of Gorodok, Anton Ivanovich was awarded the Arms of St. George. In October, he distinguished himself with a bold and unexpected counterattack against the Austrians in Galicia and received the Order of St. George, 4th class. After the breakthrough into the Carpathians and the capture of the Hungarian city of Meso-Laborcs, army commander Brusilov telegraphed Denikin: “To the brave brigade for the dashing actions, for the brilliant execution of the task assigned to it, I send my deepest bow and thank you from the bottom of my heart.” Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich congratulated the brigade commander and Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

The harsh mountain winter of 1914-1915. The 4th brigade, which earned the nickname "Iron", as part of the 12th Army Corps of General A. Kaledin, heroically defended the passes in the Carpathians; For these battles, Anton Ivanovich was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. During the difficult period of the spring and summer of 1915, the brigade, reorganized into a division, was constantly being transferred from one hot spot to another, to where it was difficult, where there was a breakthrough, where there was a threat of encirclement. In September, the “Iron Division”, unexpectedly counterattacking the enemy, captured the city of Lutsk, capturing about 20 thousand people, which was equal to the strength of Denikin’s division. His reward was the rank of lieutenant general. In October, his formation distinguished itself again, breaking through the enemy front and driving the enemy out of Czartorysk; When breaking through, the regiments had to fight on three, and sometimes on all four sides.

During the famous offensive of Brusilov's Southwestern Front (May - June 1916), the main blow was delivered by Kaledin's 8th Army, and within it, the 4th Iron Division. Denikin fulfilled his task with valor, becoming one of the heroes of the Lutsk breakthrough. For his demonstrated military skill and personal courage, he received a rare award - the Arms of St. George, decorated with diamonds. His name became popular in the army. But he still remained simple and friendly in his interactions with soldiers, unpretentious and modest in everyday life.

The officers valued his intelligence, his unfailing calm, his ability for apt words and gentle humor.

Since September 1916, Denikin, commanding the 8th Army Corps, acted on the Romanian Front, helping Allied divisions escape from defeat. Meanwhile, 1917 arrived, foreshadowing internal turmoil for Russia. Denikin saw that the tsarist autocracy had exhausted itself, and thought with alarm about the fate of the army. The abdication of Nicholas II and the rise to power of the Provisional Government gave him some hope. On the initiative of Minister of War A. Guchkov, Anton Ivanovich was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, M. Alekseev, on April 5. Two talented and selfless military leaders sought to preserve the combat effectiveness of the army and protect it from revolutionary rallies. Having received from the Minister of War Guchkov a project for organizing a system of soldiers’ organizations, Denikin responded with a telegram: “The project is aimed at destroying the army.” Speaking at an officers' congress in Mogilev, Anton Ivanovich said: “There is no strength in that insane bacchanalia, where everyone around is trying to snatch everything possible at the expense of the tormented homeland.” Addressing the authorities, he called: “Take care of the officer! For from century to now he has stood faithfully and invariably guarding statehood.”

On May 22, the Provisional Government replaced Alekseev as Supreme Commander-in-Chief with the “more democratic” Brusilov, and Denikin chose to leave Headquarters; on May 31, he became commander of the Western Front. In the summer offensive of 1917, the Western Front, like others, was not successful: the morale of the troops was undermined. On July 16, at a meeting at Headquarters, Denikin proposed a program of urgent and firm measures to restore order at the front and in the rear. Addressing members of the Provisional Government, he declared: “You trampled our banners into the mud, raise them and bow before them... If you have a conscience!” Kerensky then shook the general’s hand, thanking him for his “brave, sincere word.” But later he characterized Denikin’s speech as a program for the future “Kornilov rebellion”, “the music of the future military reaction.”

On August 2, Denikin was appointed commander of the Southwestern Front (instead of Kornilov, Supreme Commander-in-Chief from July 19). In the days when the commander-in-chief was declared a “rebel” and removed from his post, Anton Ivanovich openly expressed his support to Kornilov. On August 29, by order of the Commissioner of the Southwestern Front, Jordan, Denikin and his assistants were arrested and imprisoned in Berdichev, later they were transferred to Bykhov, where Kornilov and other generals were kept in custody. On November 19, after the Bolsheviks came to power, all prisoners were released by order of the commander in chief, General Dukhonin, who paid for this with his life.

At the beginning of December, Denikin barely reached Novocherkassk. On the Don, he became an associate of generals Alekseev, Kornilov and Kaledin in organizing the White movement. With Kornilov assuming the post of commander of the Volunteer Army on December 27, Anton Ivanovich was appointed head of the Volunteer Division. In Novocherkassk, 45-year-old Denikin married Ksenia Vasilievna Chizh, who came to him from Kyiv, where they first met in 1914. His wife will accompany him in all subsequent years, supporting him in all the trials of fate.

During the retreat of the Volunteer Army to the Kuban, Denikin served as assistant commander, and after the death of Kornilov (April 13, 1918), with the consent and proposal of Alekseev, he led the small white army. In May, the army returned to the Don, where Ataman Krasnov managed to overthrow Soviet power. A period began of strengthening the Volunteer Army, growing its ranks and conducting active offensive operations. In the summer and autumn, Denikin and her again moved south, occupied Kuban and advanced to the North Caucasus. Lacking material and technical supplies, he began to accept help from the Entente countries, considering them still allies. The volunteer army grew to 40 thousand bayonets and sabers. In January 1919, Denikin headed the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, which included the Volunteer and Don Armies, and later also the Caucasian (Kuban) Army, the Black Sea Fleet and other formations.

In a number of his declarations, the commander-in-chief defined the main directions of his policy: the restoration of “Great, United and Indivisible Russia”, “the fight against the Bolsheviks to the end”, defense of the faith, economic reform taking into account the interests of all classes, determination of the form of government in the country after the convening of the Constituent Assembly , chosen by the people. “As for me personally,” said Anton Ivanovich, “I will not fight for the form of government, I am fighting only for Russia.” In June 1919, he recognized the supremacy of the “Supreme Ruler of Russia” Admiral Kolchak over himself.

Denikin did not seek power; it came to him by chance and weighed heavily on him. He still remained an example of personal modesty, dreaming of the birth of his son Vanka (in February 1919 his daughter Marina was born). Preaching high principles, he noticed with pain how a disease of moral degradation developed in his army. “There is no peace of mind,” he wrote to his wife. “Every day is a picture of theft, robbery, violence throughout the entire territory of the armed forces. The Russian people from top to bottom have fallen so low that I don’t know when they will be able to rise from the mud.” The commander-in-chief was never able to take decisive measures to restore order in his army, which had disastrous consequences. But Denikin’s main weakness was the delay in economic reform in the countryside, and the Bolsheviks eventually managed to win the peasants over to their side,

On July 3, Denikin issued the “Moscow Directive”, setting the goal of an attack on Moscow. In September, his troops captured Kursk and Orel, but the Bolsheviks, mobilizing all their forces, first stopped the enemy and then threw him back to the Don and Ukraine. Failures, criticism from General Wrangel and other military leaders who had lost faith in their leader, and moral loneliness broke Denikin. At the beginning of April 1920, he resigned and, by decision of the Military Council, transferred the post of Commander-in-Chief to Wrangel. On April 4, his last order was made public: “Lieutenant General Baron Wrangel is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. A low bow to everyone who honestly followed me in a difficult struggle. Lord, give victory to the army and save Russia.”

Having sailed to Constantinople, Denikin left Russia forever. The entire capital of the former commander-in-chief, translated into hard currency, amounted to less than 13 pounds sterling. Then life began in a foreign land - in England, Hungary, Belgium, and from 1926 - in France. Not wanting to accept handouts, Anton Ivanovich earned money to support his family through literary work. In 1921 - 1926 he prepared and published a 5-volume work, “Essays on the Russian Troubles,” which became a major monument to the Russian army and the White movement. Denikin avoided participation in white emigrant organizations. With the outbreak of the Second World War, he fervently wished for the victory of the Red Army in the name of great Russia and the Russian people. “Remaining irreconcilable in relation to Bolshevism and not recognizing Soviet power,” Denikin wrote, “I have always considered myself, and still consider myself, a citizen of the Russian Empire.” Living in occupied France, he rejected all German offers of cooperation.

With the end of World War II, Denikin moved to live in the USA. There he continued his literary works, wrote an autobiographical book “The Path of a Russian Officer” (remained unfinished), gave lectures, and began work on a new work “The Second World War and Emigration.” The Russian general died at the age of 75. American authorities buried him with military honors. Denikin's ashes rest in the town of Jackson, New Jersey. Anton Ivanovich’s last wish was for the coffin with his remains to be transported to his homeland over time, when the situation in Russia changed.

Book materials used: Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. Biographies of famous military figures of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997

Colonel A.I. Denikin, commander of the Arkhangelsk regiment, Zhitomir, 1912 *)

DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (12/04/1872-08/08/1947) Major General (06/1914). Lieutenant General (09/24/1915). He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, the Kiev Infantry Junker School (1892) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). Participant in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Participant of the First World War: Quartermaster General of the 8th Army of General Brusilov. 09/06/1914 was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry (“Iron”) Brigade, which in 1915 was deployed into a division. Participated in battles in Golicia and the Carpathian Mountains; captured Lutsk and on 06.1916 captured this city a second time during the “Brusilov” breakthrough. 09/09/1916 appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps on the Romanian Front, 09/1916-04/18/1917. Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, 04 - 05/31/1917. Commander of the Western Front (05/31 - 08/02/1917). Commander of the troops of the Southwestern Front, 02.08 - 10.1917. For supporting the rebellion of General Kornilov, he was imprisoned in the city of Bykhov. On November 19, 1917, he escaped with Kornilov and other generals from the Bykhov prison to the Don, where, together with generals Alekseev and Kornilov, he created the Volunteer (White) Army. Chief of Staff of the Volunteer Army, 12.1917 -13.04.1918. Commander of the Volunteer Army (after the death of Kornilov), 04/13 - 09/25/1918. Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army (after the death of Alekseev), 09.25 - 12.26.1918. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia - VSYUR, 12/26/1918 (01/08/1919) - 03/22/1920. He was evacuated on March 14, 1920, being the last to leave Novorossiysk on board the destroyer Captain Saken. From 06/01/1919 - Deputy of the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral Kolchak, recognizing on 05/30/1919 the authority of the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral Kolchak over himself, 12/26/1918-03/22/1920. By decree of Admiral Kolchak on 01/05/1920 he was declared the Supreme Ruler of Russia, that is, he became Kolchak’s successor in Russia. On March 22, 1920, he handed over command of the All-Soviet Union to Wrangel and on April 4, 1920 he left Crimea to emigrate on an English destroyer to England. 08.1920 moved to Belgium, Brussels. 07.1922-03.1926 - in Hungary. Since 1926 he lived in France. During the German occupation of France, on 06/1940 he moved to the south of France; lived in the Biarritz area, hiding in a cold barracks. After World War II, he returned to Paris on 5/1945 and moved to the USA on 11/1945. Died at the University of Michigan Anne Erber Hospital (USA).

Materials used from the book: Valery Klaving, Civil War in Russia: White Armies. Military-historical library. M., 2003.

Notes:

*) Digital photographs from the personal collection of Igor A. Marchenko, NJ, USA

Contemporary testimony:

General Denikin received me in the presence of his chief of staff, General Romanovsky. Of medium height, stocky, somewhat plump, with a small beard and a long black mustache with significant graying, and a rough, low voice, General Denikin gave the impression of a thoughtful, firm, stocky, purely Russian man. He had a reputation as an honest soldier, a brave, capable commander with great military erudition. His name has become especially popular since our time of unrest, when, first as chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and then as commander-in-chief of the southwestern front, he independently, boldly and firmly raised his voice in defense of the honor and dignity of his native army and Russian officers.

Contemporary testimony:

I still had no connection with my corps (We are talking about military operations in June 1916 - CHRONOS). It was stated that Lutsk, 25 kilometers to the north, had already been captured, and I decided to try to cross the Tam River. We walked all night - the fourth night in a row - and by morning we reached Lutsk, which was indeed taken by Russian units.
General Denikin, whose rifle division took part in the capture of the city, explained the situation to me as he understood it. Right now, on the western outskirts of Lutsk, battles were taking place against enemy infantry.
In order to disrupt the enemy’s communication with Vladimir-Volynsky, in accordance with the instructions I received, I decided to first capture the town of Torchin, which stood at a crossroads twenty kilometers west of Lutsk. This crossroads was very important for the movements of our infantry and the supply of units. It turned out to be very difficult to break through the front line in order to go deeper into enemy territory; fierce fighting continued all day and all the next night. This was the fifth night that the division had not dismounted, and horses and men were in dire need of food and rest. The next day we captured the village of Boratyn, north of Torchin, and after a midday rest the battle for Torchin began, which lasted all night.
Now it was necessary to move deep into enemy territory towards Vladimir-Volynsky. On the morning of June 11, even before Torchin fell, I concentrated my main forces approximately ten kilometers from him - opposite a small village. When Torchin was captured, the retreating columns of the enemy passed through this village, and then my division managed to break into enemy territory. We headed towards the highway leading to Vladimir-Volynsky in order to cut it twenty kilometers from the city. These battles lasted three days.
Meanwhile, the Austrians threw their reserves into battle, and the battle reached its climax. I received an order to urgently transfer the division to the western outskirts of the city of Kiselin to cover the redeployment of infantry formations. The division's soldiers were terribly exhausted, the horses were completely exhausted, so quickly transferring it to new positions seemed to be a very difficult task.
The division was already halfway to Kovel. Not far from my column rose several hills. Apparently, General Denikin, whose division we left behind, did not see any practical meaning in them. Since the general did not take care of capturing the heights, I decided to do it on my own initiative. But as soon as my units went on the attack, the battle for these heights began literally from all sides. From information received from prisoners, we learned that the forces we attacked were the advanced units of German troops transferred from Kovel. Apparently, reserves from Germany began to arrive. I called Denikin and suggested that he change my units on these heights during the day if he did not want the hills to fall into enemy hands. The general refused - he had already begun redeployment, but in the future, if he needed the heights, he could always capture them. To which I replied that after some time it would be very difficult to push the Germans back.
-Where do you see the Germans? - Denikin shouted. - There are no Germans here!
I dryly remarked that it was easier for me to see them since I was standing right in front of them. This example clearly reflects the inherent desire of Russian commanders to downplay those circumstances that, for one reason or another, do not fit into their plans.
When my division was withdrawn to the army corps reserve at nightfall, the hills were again in German hands. General Denikin realized the significance of this fact the very next day.

Essays:

Denikin A.I. Essays on Russian Troubles. T.I-5.- Paris; Berlin, 1921 -1926.

Denikin A.I. The path of a Russian officer: [Autobiography]. - M.: Sovremennik, 1991.-300 p.

Denikin A.I. Officers. Essays, Paris. 1928;

Denikin A.I. Old Army, Paris. 1929;

Literature:

Gordeev Yu.N. General Denikin: Military History. feature article. M. Publishing house "Arkayur", 1993. - 190 p.

Vasilevsky I.M., Gen. Denikin and his memoirs, Berlin, 1924

Egorov A.I. The defeat of Denikin, 1919. - M.: Voenizdat, 1931. - 232 p.: diagrams.

History of the First World War 1914 - 1918: In 2 volumes / Ed. I.I. Rostunova. - M.: Nauka, 1975. See Decree. names

Who is the gene? Denikin?, Kharkov, 1919;

Lekhovich D.V. Whites against reds. The fate of General Anton Denikin. - M.: "Sunday", 1992. - 368 p.: ill.

Lukomsky A.S. Memoirs of General A.S. Lukomsky: Period of Europe. war. The beginning of devastation in Russia. Fight against the Bolsheviks. - Berlin: Kirchner, 1922.

Makhrov P.S. In the White Army of General Denikin: Zap. beginning headquarters of the commanders-in-chief. armed forces of the South of Russia. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Logos", 1994.-301 p.

All-Great Don Army

Kara-Murza Sergey. The true essence of the “white movement”(article)

08/07/1947. – General Anton Ivanovich Denikin died in the USA

(December 4, 1872–August 7, 1947) – Lieutenant General, founder of the White Volunteer Army. Born in the Warsaw province in the family of a major, who had risen from the serfs. Mother is Polish. He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, military school courses at the Kiev Infantry Junker School (1892) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899).

He began his service at the military headquarters of the Warsaw Military District. While serving as senior adjutant at the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in March 1904, he submitted a report on transfer to the active army and was appointed staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps. Awarded the Order of St. Stanislav and St. Anne, 3rd degree with swords and bows and 2nd degree with swords. Promoted to the rank of colonel - “for military distinction.” In March 1914 he was promoted to major general.

He threw out the slogan: “Everyone to fight Denikin!” All the forces of the Southern and part of the forces of the South-Eastern fronts were concentrated against him. At the same time, by agreement with the Bolsheviks, Makhno, with his raid across Ukraine, destroyed the white rear there, and troops against the Makhnovists had to be withdrawn from the front. Both the Petliurists and the Poles helped the Bolsheviks by agreeing to a truce and allowing them to free up their forces to fight Denikin. Having created a threefold superiority over the Whites in the main, Oryol-Kursk, direction (62 thousand bayonets and sabers for the Reds versus 22 thousand for the Whites), in October the Red Army launched a counteroffensive. Denikin's army suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat. In the winter of 1919-1920, she left Kharkov, Kyiv, Donbass, Rostov-on-Don.

The military failure undermined the morale of the army and was accompanied by disintegration in the rear. “Every day is a picture of theft, robbery, violence throughout the entire territory of the armed forces,” Denikin wrote to his wife. “The Russian people have fallen so low from top to bottom that I don’t know when they will be able to rise out of the mud.” The commander-in-chief was unable to take decisive measures to restore order. Bolshevik propaganda also contributed to the decomposition, especially of the peasantry.

In February-March 1920, there was a defeat in the battle for Kuban, due to the disintegration of the Kuban Army, as the Kuban Rada sought to establish the Kuban Army as an independent state by concluding an alliance with the highlanders. After which the Kuban Cossack units of the AFSR completely disintegrated, which led to the collapse of the White front, the retreat of the remnants of the White Army to Novorossiysk, and from there on March 26-27, 1920, a retreat by sea to the Crimea.

Before this decree of Admiral Kolchak, on January 05, 1920, General Denikin was declared the successor to the official Russian government, that is, the Supreme Ruler of Russia, but this could not change anything. Failures, criticism from General Wrangel and other military leaders who had lost faith in their Commander-in-Chief, and the catastrophic evacuation from Novorossiysk forced Denikin to resign, and by decision of the Military Council on March 22, transfer the post of Commander-in-Chief to General Wrangel.

On April 4, 1920, General Denikin, on an English destroyer, left with his family for England, and from there soon to Belgium, out of protest against the negotiations on trade with the Bolsheviks begun by the British government. In Brussels, Denikin began work on his five-volume work "Essays on the Russian Troubles", which he continued in Hungary (1922-1926) and finished in 1926. Then Denikin moved to France and began work on other books: "Officers" (1928) and “The Old Army” (1929), communicated with the writer, but avoided participation in other white emigrant organizations. He often gave presentations on political topics, and in 1936 he began publishing the newspaper “Volunteer”.

At this time, in anticipation of what was brewing in Russian emigration, the question was discussed: who to be with when it begins. A small group of fellow patriots promoted support for the “Russian people,” that is, the USSR. The bulk of the white emigration hoped for the Anti-Comintern (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo). Denikin believed that “it is completely groundless to attribute ideological foundations to the Rome-Berlin axis and the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo triangle”; their goals are the redivision of the world, because Hitler “trades with Moscow to the fullest.” Therefore, Denikin sharply criticized pro-German sentiments; as in the civil war, he remained a supporter of an alliance with France. But, on the other hand, he regretted that France made a bet on Poland, and then entered into an alliance with the USSR and “threw National Russia completely off the table.” Therefore, Denikin noted with disappointment the lack of ideological motives in democracies, which also pursue their colonial geopolitical interests, and even the “greatest” democracy, the USA, “has a weakness for the regimes of Moscow and Barcelona”... Emphasizing that Russia in general has no friends, Denikin formulated a double task: it is necessary to overthrow Soviet power and defend Russian territory, but the participation of emigrants in a foreign invasion of Russia is unacceptable ("The Russian Question in the Far East", 1939, 2nd ed.).

More numerous right-wing circles of the EMRO considered such a position to be theoretically correct, but practically unfeasible. They called it “chasing two birds with one stone,” arguing that “the only hare that should now be chased is the fall of the Bolsheviks throughout Russia.”

The beginning of September 1, 1939 found General Denikin in the south of France in the village of Montay-au-Vicomte, where he had left Paris to work on his autobiographical book “The Path of the Russian Officer.” At the beginning of the German occupation of France in May-June 1940, Denikin tried to drive his car towards the Spanish border, but the Germans beat him to it. I had to stay near Biarritz under German occupation in difficult material conditions.

In May 1945, Denikin returned to Paris and in November, taking advantage of the invitation of one of his comrades, he moved to the United States. There he addressed letters to General Eisenhower and American politicians with an appeal to stop the “second emigration”). In particular, in October 1946, in a letter to Senator Arthur Vanderberg, Denikin wrote: “Now that so much of what is happening behind the Iron Curtain has become clear, when there have already been so many living witnesses to the indescribable cruelty with which the communist dictatorship treats with a person, US public opinion should understand why these Russian people are most afraid of... returning to their homeland. Has history ever known such a phenomenon, that tens, hundreds of thousands of people, taken from their native country, where their whole life was spent, and where, therefore, all their interests were concentrated, where their families and loved ones remained, would not only resist with all their might their return, but the mere possibility of it would drive them to madness, to suicide...”

Frequent praise of Denikin by Red patriots supposedly for his “approval of the victories of the Red Army” distorts the real attitude of the white general to this issue (see below an excerpt from his “Address”). In May 1946, in one of his letters to his long-time assistant, Colonel Koltyshev, Anton Ivanovich wrote: “After the brilliant victories of the Red Army, many people began to have an aberration... somehow faded, the side of the Bolshevik invasion and occupation of neighboring states faded into the background, which brought them ruin, terror, Bolshevisation and enslavement... You know my point of view. The Soviets are bringing a terrible disaster to the peoples, striving for world domination. Brazen, provocative, threatening former allies, raising a wave of hatred, their policies threaten to turn into dust everything that has been achieved by the patriotic upsurge and blood of the Russian people... and therefore, true to our slogan - “Defense of Russia”, defending the inviolability of Russian territory and the vital interests of the country , we do not dare in any form to identify ourselves with Soviet policy – ​​the policy of communist imperialism.”

Anton Ivanovich died of a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan Hospital and was buried in a cemetery in Detroit. On December 15, 1952, the remains of General Denikin were transferred to St. Vladimir Orthodox Cemetery in Cassville, New Jersey.

As for Anton Ivanovich’s family, in 1918 in Novocherkassk, 45-year-old Denikin married Ksenia Vasilyevna Chizh, who came to him from Kiev, where in 1914 they first met. His wife accompanied him all subsequent years, supporting him in all the trials of fate. Their daughter Marina (born 1919) became a French writer under the pseudonym Marina Gray, but, unfortunately, without having the necessary knowledge or spiritual and political qualities to act as a historian or politician. She tried to highlight precisely the worst, liberal-Februaryist features of her father’s worldview for the Western public.

On October 3, 2005, the ashes of General Anton Ivanovich Denikin and his wife, along with the remains of the philosopher and his wife, were transported to Moscow as part of V.V.’s propaganda campaign. Putin for a demonstrative burial in the Donskoy Monastery. The reburial was carried out with the consent of Denikin’s daughter. One of the deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation (V.R. Medinsky) correctly called this “a sign of mercy of the victors towards defeated enemies.”

Graves of Denikin and his wife, and his wife
on the territory of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow

From the "Address" of Gen. Denikin (1946)

...Nothing has changed in the basic features of the psychology of the Bolsheviks and in their practice of governing the country. Meanwhile, in the psychology of Russian emigration, unexpected and very abrupt shifts have recently occurred, from non-condemnation of Bolshevism to its unconditional acceptance... To our deepest regret, our emigrant church, under the leadership of Metropolitan Eulogius, overshadowed the change of leadership with spiritual authority...

The first period of the war... Defense of the Fatherland. Brilliant victories of the army. The increased prestige of our Motherland... The heroic epic of the Russian people. In our thoughts and feelings we were one with the people.

With the people, but not with the authorities.

Both “Soviet patriots” and Smenovekhites play on this chord, glorifying the Soviet government in a friendly chorus, which supposedly “prepared and organized the victory” and therefore “must be recognized by the national government...”. But the Soviet government set itself the goal not of the good of Russia, but of the world revolution, even introducing a corresponding provision into the regulations of the Red Army... The Soviets, just like Hitler, were going to “blow up the world” and for this purpose they created such colossal weapons. Meanwhile, if there had been a national Russia, with an honest policy and strong alliances, there could not have been a “Hitler danger”; there would have been no World War II itself.

But when the Red Army went beyond the Russian lands, the Bolshevik Janus turned his true face to the world. And then a split began in the emigrant psychology. For, as Soviet strategy on Russian bayonets brought to the peoples liberation, Soviet policy translated it into enslavement. It is absurd to apply such terms as “the historical task of Russia”, “Slavophilism”, “unification of the Slavs” to the enslaving agreements concluded by the Soviets with the communist and communism governments, which they forcibly installed, under the dull murmur of the peoples. On the contrary, the Soviet occupation discredits the idea of ​​Slavic unity, arousing bitterness, disappointment, even hostility against the USSR, alas, identified with Russia.

Finally, the third stage: the war is over, the struggle for peace is underway. Instead, the Soviets are pursuing a defiant policy that threatens to turn the outside world against them, threatening our homeland with new innumerable disasters of the 3rd World War, with unprecedented horrors. Hatred towards the USSR, which has been muted for now, is growing more and more...

In my opinion, a historical paradox occurred - the whites, who wanted a “united and indivisible Russia,” did everything to ensure that vast territories were lost to it. The British, French, Americans and others like them helped the White Guards without thanks, pursuing their own interests in separating Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Kola Peninsula, Central Asia, the Far East from Russia and bringing these territories under their control. With the victory of the white army, the “allies” would be able to firmly gain a foothold in these territories and neither Kolchak, nor Denikin, nor Yudenich would simply have enough strength to expel them. The Reds, often considering Russia as a bundle of brushwood for fueling the fire of the world revolution, like not paradoxically, they did everything to preserve the unity of the country, which they generally succeeded in doing.

<<Даже такой либеральный деятель, как кн. Г.Н. Трубецкой, высказал Деникину «убеждение, что в Одессе, так же, как и в Париже, дает себя чувствовать настойчивая работа масонов и евреев, которые всячески хотят помешать вмешательству союзников в наши дела и помощи для воссоздания единой и сильной России. То, что прежде казалось мне грубым вымыслом, либо фантазией черносотенников, приписывавших всю нашу смуту работе "жидо-масонов", – с некоторых пор начало представляться мне имеющим несомненно действительную почву».>>

Underestimation of the “Zionist Freemasonry” proclaimed by Herzl in 1897. and funded
clans of the Rothschilds and Rockefellers and became the reason for the death of the “white movement” in Russia, where the rabid clique of Zionists was led by Lenin and Trotsky. Stalin, who built state capitalism - socialism after the abolition of the NEP, proclaimed by Lenin, was unable to completely destroy its members, who hid mainly in the Caucasus and the south of Ukraine among the Khazar and Karaite Jews. Moreover, a Jew
Hitler managed to deceive Stalin with his opus “Mein Kampf”, which he created on the advice of
Rothschilds. This explains Stalin's confusion during the first days of the war. At the beginning of hostilities, the Zionist creatures of the western part of the USSR, who did not have their own historical homeland, fled to Alma-Ata and Tashkent and sat out there.
Nowadays, do not notice this trash, hiding behind the screen of the Holocaust and tearing
to control the world economy is extremely dangerous.

Talent will repaint the army red and white and destroy it. The Russians are still being persecuted by the Jewish authorities in Russia.

Very important material for me in the matter of learning the historical truth and changing my psychological feeling in relation to the past of Russia. Thank you.

I read the memoirs of the civil war by Wrangel, Krasnov, and Deninkin himself, and I got the impression that it was Denikin who turned out to be the gravedigger of the white movement.
And I also got the impression that Denikin had similar strategic thoughts with Tukhachevsky about “expanding the basis of war,” i.e. the desire to seize as many territories as possible to increase military potential. For Tukhachevsky this desire ended in defeat near Warsaw, for Denikin in the defeat of the White Army