Presentation on the direction of victory and defeat. Victory and defeat

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

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Slide Description:

Final essay in the thematic direction "Victory and defeat" Prepared by: Shabelnikova NP, teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU "Korochanskaya secondary school named after D.K.Kromsky ". G. Korocha, Belgorod region

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Slide Description:

Topics-quotes and other materials for the direction "Victory and defeat" Natalia Shchabelnikova "The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results. In literary works, the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical and life conditions are often shown. "

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Slide Description:

The opposition of the concepts "victory" and "defeat" is already inherent in their interpretation. In Ozhegov we read: "Victory is success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy." That is, the victory of one presupposes the complete defeat of the other. However, both history and literature provide us with examples of how victory turns out to be defeat and defeat turns out to be a victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts that graduates are invited to speculate, relying on their reading experience. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Slide Description:

Let's imagine this direction from different angles. We select in accordance with them quotes (sayings of the greats, proverbs). Some of them can be presented as the titles of the themes of the essays, some can be taken as an epigraph. Victory breeds hatred; the defeated one lives in sorrow. The calm lives in happiness, who has refused victory and defeat. (Buddha) The wise one wins in such a way that no one feels his victory. (Justin the Historian) No victory in life will overshadow a defeat in love. (E. Hemingway) Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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It is not important whether we lose in a game, it is important how we lose and how we will change as a result of this, what we will endure for ourselves, how we can apply it in other games. In a strange way, defeat turns into victory. (R. Bach "Bridge through eternity") Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna Victory Defeat The greatest victory is a victory over oneself. Cicero Man was not created to suffer defeat ... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. E. Hemingway Always victory with those who agree. Publius You must be able to play and play. Otherwise it would be impossible to live. E.M. Remark We are Russians and therefore will win. A.V. Suvorov There are a thousand reasons for defeat, but not a single excuse. Mike Reid

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Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna If you want to win, be able to lose. This is not a paradox. This is a quintessentially Harvard trait - the ability to turn any defeat into victory. Eric Segal (Love Story) Win Defeat If your opponent outnumbered you, the best way to achieve victory is to act unexpectedly. JudeWonston Success is often achieved by those who are unaware of the inevitability of defeat. CocoChanel Where there is unity, there is victory. PubliusSire Success is always someone's defeat. UrsulaLeGuin Courageous thoughts play the role of advanced checkers in the game: they die, but they ensure victory. Johann Wolfgang Goethe Defeat is a school from which truth always comes out stronger. Henry Ward Beecher

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Literature to help "Word about Igor's regiment." A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"; "Eugene Onegin". M. Lermontov "Masquerade"; "Hero of our time". I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"; "Spring Waters"; "Noble Nest". F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; Anna Karenina; "Resurrection". A. Chekhov "Gooseberry"; "About love". I. Bunin "The gentleman from San Francisco"; "Dark alleys". A. Kupin "Olesya"; "Garnet bracelet". M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"; "Fatal eggs". O. Wilde "Portrait of Dorian Gray". D. Keys "Flowers for Algernon". V.Kaverin "Two Captains"; "Painting"; "I'm going to the city." A. Aleksin "Mad Evdokia". B. Ekimov “Speak, Mom, Speak”. L. Ulitskaya "Kukotsky's Case"; "Sincerely yours Shurik." Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Slide Description:

Possible wording of topics Can a defeat be a victory? "The greatest victory is a victory over oneself" (Cicero). "Always victory with those in whom there is agreement" (Publius). “Victory achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is short-term” (Mahatma Gandhi). Each small victory over oneself gives great hope in one's own strength! The winner's tactic is to convince the enemy that he is doing the right thing. If you hate, then you have been defeated (Confucius). If the loser smiles, the winner loses the taste of victory. The winner in this life is only the one who conquered himself, who conquered his fear, his laziness and his insecurity. All victories begin with a victory over oneself. No victory will bring as much as one defeat can take away. Is it necessary and possible to judge the winners? Do defeat and victory taste the same? It's hard to admit defeat when you're so close to winning. Victory achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is short-term. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Socio-historical aspect Here we will focus on the external conflict of social groups, states, military operations and political struggle. Peru A. de Saint-Exupery owns a paradoxical, at first glance, statement: "Victory weakens the people - defeat awakens new forces in it ...". We find confirmation of the fidelity of this idea in Russian literature. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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The word about Igor's regiment is a well-known monument of the literature of Ancient Rus. The plot is based on the unsuccessful campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsy, organized by the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185. The main idea is the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian land. The princely feuds, weakening the Russian land and leading to ruin by its enemies, make the author bitterly grieve and lament; victory over enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, this work of Old Russian literature tells about defeat, not victory, because it is defeat that contributes to rethinking previous behavior, gaining a new outlook on the world and on oneself. That is, defeat stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and exploits. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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The author of the Lay addresses all Russian princes in turn, as if calling them to account and demandingly reminding them of their duty to their homeland. He calls them to defend the Russian land, to "block the gates of the field" with his sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is not even a shadow of despondency in the Lay. "The Word" is as laconic and laconic as Igor's appeals to his squad. This is the call before the fight. The whole poem is, as it were, turned to the future, permeated with concern for this future. A poem about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory is the end of the battle, while defeat for the author of the Lay is only the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy was not over yet. The defeat should unite the Russians. The author of the Lay is not calling for a feast of celebration, but for a feast-battle. Writes about this in the article "Word about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich" D.S. Likhachev. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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The "Word" ends with joy - Igor's return to the Russian land and the singing of glory to him at the entrance to Kiev. So, despite the fact that the Lay is dedicated to Igor's defeat, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, full of faith in the glorious future of the Russian land, in victory over the enemy. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Drawing the events of 1805-1807, Tolstoy shows that this war was imposed on the peoples. Russian soldiers, being far from their homeland, do not understand the purpose of this war, do not want to waste their lives senselessly. Kutuzov understands better than many that this campaign is unnecessary for Russia. He sees the indifference of the allies, the desire of Austria to fight with someone else's hands. Kutuzov in every possible way protects his troops, delays their advance to the borders of France. This is not due to distrust of the military skill and heroism of the Russians, but to the desire to save them from senseless slaughter. When the battle turned out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers showed their constant readiness to help the allies, to take the brunt of the blow. For example, a four-thousand-strong detachment under the command of Bagration near the village of Shengraben held back the onslaught of the enemy, "eight times" outnumbering him. This made it possible for the main forces to advance. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Miracles of heroism were shown by the unit of officer Timokhin. It not only did not retreat, but struck back, which saved the flanking units of the army. The real hero of the Shengraben battle was the courageous, decisive, but modest captain Tushin before his superiors. So, largely thanks to the Russian troops, the Battle of Schengraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied with self-admiration, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. So it turned out that one of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian troops under the skies of Austerlitz was the victory at Schengraben, which did not allow an objective assessment of the balance of forces. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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we see the main reason for the victories and defeats of the Russian troops in the confrontation with Napoleon when comparing Austerlitz and Borodin. Speaking with Pierre about the upcoming battle of Borodino, Andrei Bolkonsky recalls the reason for the defeat at Austerlitz: “The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it. Why did we lose the battle at Austerlitz? .. We told ourselves very early that we had lost the battle - and lost. And we said this because we had no reason to fight: we wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. "If you lose - well, run!" We ran. If we hadn't said this until evening, God knows what would have happened. We won't say that tomorrow. ” L. Tolstoy shows a significant difference between the two campaigns: 1805-1807 and 1812. The fate of Russia was decided on the Borodino field. Here the desire to save themselves, the Russian people did not have indifference to what was happening. Here, as Lermontov says, “we promised to die, and we kept the oath of loyalty in the Battle of Borodino”. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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The Civil War turned out to be such a significant event in the history of Russia that it could not but find its reflection in fiction. The basis for the reasoning of graduates can be "Don Stories", "Quiet Don" by M.А. Sholokhov. When one country goes to war with another, terrible events occur: hatred and the desire to protect themselves forces people to kill their own kind, women and old people are left alone, children grow up orphans, cultural and material values ​​are destroyed, cities are destroyed. But the warring parties have a goal - to defeat the enemy at any cost. And any war has a result - victory or defeat. Victory is sweet and immediately justifies all losses, defeat is tragic and sad, but it is the starting point for some other life. But "in a civil war, every victory is a defeat" (Lucian). Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Moral, philosophical and psychological aspects Victory is not only success in battle. To win, according to the dictionary of synonyms, is to overcome, master, overcome. And often not so much the enemy as himself. Let's consider a number of works from this point of view. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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AS Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" The conflict of the play is a unity of two principles: social and personal. Being an honest, noble, progressive-minded, freedom-loving person, the main character Chatsky opposes the Famus society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, recalling "Nestor of the noble scoundrels", who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; he is sickened by the lack of freedom of thought in the noble society: “And who in Moscow hasn’t been gagged with lunches, dinners and dances?” He does not recognize honor and sycophancy: "Who needs it: for those arrogance, they lie in the dust, and for those who are higher, flattery, like lace, weaved." Chatsky is full of sincere patriotism: “Shall we rise again from the foreign rule of fashions? So that our smart, vigorous people, although by language, do not consider us as Germans. " He seeks to serve "the cause" and not persons, he "would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve." Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Society is offended and, defensively, declares Chatsky insane. The madman is not afraid of society. Chatsky decides to “look around the world, where the offended feeling has a corner”. I.A. Goncharov assessed the finale of the play as follows: "Chatsky is crushed by the amount of the old power, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of the new power." Chatsky does not renounce his ideals, he only frees himself from illusions. Chatsky's stay in Famusov's house shook the inviolability of the foundations of Famusov's society. Sophia says: "I myself am ashamed of the walls!" Therefore, Chatsky's defeat is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. On a social scale, "the victory of the Chatskys is inevitable." The “past century” will be replaced by the “present century”, and the views of the comedy hero Griboyedov will triumph. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" You can reflect on the question of what the death of Katerina is - a victory or a defeat. It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. Too many reasons led to a terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina's position in the fact that she comes into conflict not only with Kalinov's family morals, but also with herself. Her decision to die so as not to remain a slave expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the emerging movement of Russian life." And this decision comes to Katerina along with internal self-justification. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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She dies because she considers death the only worthy outcome, the only way to preserve the higher that lived in her. The thought that the death of Katerina is in fact a moral victory, the triumph of the real Russian soul over the forces of the "dark kingdom" of the Wild and Kabanovs, is also strengthened by the reaction to her death of the other characters in the play. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The writer shows in his novel the struggle between the worldviews of two political directions. The plot of the novel is based on the opposition of the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Yevgeny Bazarov, who are the outstanding representatives of two generations who do not find mutual understanding. Disagreements on various issues have always existed between young people and elders. So here too, a representative of the younger generation, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, cannot, and does not want to understand the "fathers", their credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, on life, on relations between people are hopelessly outdated. Bazarov is a tragic figure. It cannot be said that he defeats Kirsanov in an argument. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to admit his defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need for society. "Does Russia need me? No, apparently, it is not needed," he muses. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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You can consider the relationship between Bazarov and Odintsova. Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity. So did the nihilist Bazarov win or lose? It seems that in the test of love, Bazarov is defeated. First, his feelings and himself are rejected. Secondly, he falls into the power of the sides of life that he himself denies, loses the ground under his feet, begins to doubt his views on life. His position in life turns out to be a pose in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses life itself. But this is also a victory: love made Bazarov look at himself and the world differently, he begins to understand that in nothing life does not want to fit into a nihilistic scheme. And Anna Sergeevna formally remains the winner. She managed to cope with her feelings, which strengthened her self-confidence. In the future, she will find a good place for her sister, and she herself will marry successfully. But will she be happy? Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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F.M. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment is an ideological novel in which an inhuman theory collides with human feelings. Dostoevsky, a great connoisseur of human psychology, a sensitive and attentive artist, tried to understand modern reality, to determine the degree of influence on a person of the ideas of the revolutionary reorganization of life and individualistic theories popular at that time. Entering into polemics with democrats and socialists, the writer strove to show in his novel how the delusion of immature minds leads to murder, shedding of blood, maiming and breaking young lives. Shchabelnikova Natalia Petrovna

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Conceptual processing

In Ozhegov's dictionary it is written that victory is success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy, while the second meaning of the word is success in the struggle for something, implementation, achievement of something as a result of overcoming something. Defeat is failure in war, struggle, while the second meaning of the word is failure in the struggle for something, the impossibility of achieving, overcoming something.

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The main problems that may sound in the wording of topics in the direction of "Victory and defeat"

Problems: Victory / defeat of the people in the war, the victory of the people on the historical path of development (the socio-historical aspect of the disclosure of the direction). Victory / defeat of the hero in his clash with society (social aspect). Victory / defeat of the hero's idea, philosophical quest, worldview, attitudes (moral and philosophical aspect of the disclosure of the direction). Victory / defeat in the hero in his internal struggle with himself (psychological aspect). A person's attitude to his victory / defeat.

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Approximate list of references

Particular attention should be paid to the problem of victory or defeat in the struggle of a person with himself. 1. "The Word about Igor's Campaign" 2. A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" 3. A.S. Pushkin's "The Poltava Battle"; "Eugene Onegin" 4. I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" 5. F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" 6. LN Tolstoy "Sevastopol Stories"; "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina" 7. A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" 8. A. Kuprin "Duel" 9. M. Bulgakov "White Guard"; "The Master and Margarita" 10. B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"; “Don't shoot white swans”, “Was not on the list” 11. Yu. Bondarev “Hot Snow”; “The battalions are asking for fire” 12. E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea” 13. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front" 14. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

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Possible essay topics according to specific problems

Victory / defeat of the hero in the struggle with himself Only the one who defeated himself wins in this life. Who conquered their fear, their laziness and their insecurity. All victories begin with a victory over oneself. "Victory over fear gives us strength" (V. Hugo)

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What is victory? What is defeat? (on the relativity of understanding concepts) Victory achieved by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is short-term. What is the line between victory and defeat? Do you agree with the statement "Victory ... defeat ... these lofty words are devoid of any meaning"? “To win a“ war ”, sometimes you need to lose a“ battle ”” (N. Bonaparte) Victory can be achieved quickly, it is difficult to secure it. (To Ranke) Is it necessary and possible to judge the winners? Is every defeat really a defeat and victory is a victory?

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A person's attitude to his victory / defeat No victory will bring as much as it can take away one defeat. It's hard to admit defeat when you're so close to winning. Is it possible to live a happy life without victories?

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Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

The greatest victory is victory over oneself. Cicero The possibility that we might be defeated in battle should not prevent us from fighting for a cause that we believe is just. A. Lincoln Man was not created to suffer defeat ... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. E. Hemingway Be proud only of the victories that you won over yourself. Tungsten

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Success

Luck

Celebration

Accomplishment

First place

Palm branch

VICTORY

• success in battle, war in

complete defeat of the enemy

• success in the fight for something,

implementation, achievement of anything in

the result of overcoming

DEFEAT

Failure in war, struggle, defeat.

Collapse

Failure

Knockout

The rout

Losing

Surrender

subject of dispute

Possible logic of topic disclosure

Opponent 1

Opponent 2

actions

result of action

Topic disclosure logic

• What is the nature of the struggle: internal or external?

Who is involved in the fight?

• How does the confrontation take place through the eyes of each of the rivals? At what level: moral? Psychological? By what actions is it expressed?

• Which of the rivals can be called the winner in the struggle for the subject of the dispute?

Is his victory absolute?

And if you look at her through the eyes of a vanquished?

Does the defeated admit his

defeat?

Is it absolute?

• What is the subject of the dispute, conflict?

For what (or against what) is the struggle going on?

2. What is the nature of the struggle: internal or external? Who is involved in the fight?

3. How does the confrontation take place through the eyes of each of the rivals? At what level: moral? Psychological? By what actions is it expressed? Are these actions unambiguous?

4. Which of the rivals can be called the winner in the struggle for the subject of the dispute? Is his victory absolute? And if you look at her through the eyes of a vanquished? Will the defeated admit defeat? Is it absolute?

To be above circumstances is to win.

(historical aspect: war

"The Story of a Real Man" B. Polevoy)

Victory at any cost

When victory turns into defeat ...

"Veld" R. Bradbury)

(moral and philosophical aspect:

"Mad Evdokia"

A. Aleksin)

What doesn't kill me makes me stronger

(psychological aspect:

"Scarecrow" V. Zheleznikov)

Literary material:

• "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy (Did Kutuzov lose, leaving the capital? Did Napoleon win by taking it? Pierre and Helene in the struggle for happiness. Who wins and why?)
• "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev (having been defeated in love, in what did Bazarov win?)
• "Heart of a Dog" M.A.Bulgakov

(Can a person conquer the power of nature? And in what way does he win, recognizing his own powerlessness?)

Literary material: who wins and is defeated in what?

• VG Korolenko's "paradox" (Physically limited, the "phenomenon" shows the unlimited possibilities of the human spirit and instills optimism and faith in the boys)
• "Telegram" KG Paustovsky (Having organized and successfully held an exhibition of the artist's works, the main character still loses. In what?)
• "Matryona's Dvor" A.I.Solzhenitsyn (In the eyes of her fellow villagers, Matryona loses as a mistress, in the moral sense she is much higher than them)

Literary material: who wins and is defeated in what?

• "Tigers May Live Here" by R. Bradbury

(After leaving an amazing and generous planet, astronauts lose the chance to find happiness)

• "The Book Thief" M. Zusak (The power of the word turns out to be stronger than death itself, it is the love of the book that saves the main character in the circumstances of life and teaches her to win)
• "Roadside Picnic" A. and B. Strugatsky

(In search of the golden ball, the stalker sacrifices the life of a very kind young man. Does he win in this case?)

Possible Topics

• Is it possible to live a happy life without victories?
• To win a “war,” sometimes you have to lose a “battle”. (N. Bonaparte)
• Defeating fear gives us strength. (V. Hugo)
• Victory can be achieved quickly, but it is difficult to secure it. (Ranke)
• The most important victory is victory over yourself
• Discipline is the mother of victory. (A.V.Suvorov)
• If you want to conquer the whole world, conquer yourself (F.M. Dostoevsky)
• Winning is the stupidest thing to do. Not to win, but to convince - that's what is worthy of glory. (V. Hugo)
• Victory is always desired.
• Victory and defeat are relative concepts ...

Internet resources

Website: fipi.ru

composition11.rf

"Events of the War of 1812" - French Army. The main forces of Kutuzov. Congress of Vienna. The beginning of the war in 1812. Barclay. The retreat of Napoleon. Russian troops accompanied by refugees. Key dates and events of the war of 1812. The entry of Napoleon to Moscow. Battle of the Nations. Russian poet. French people. Expulsion of the French from Russia. Battle of Maloyaroslavets.

"War with Napoleon 1812" - It is not for nothing that all of Russia remembers about Borodin's day. Liberation of Europe and the glory of Alexander the First. Wonderful lot. On the wings of fear Memoirs of 1812. Davydov about Napoleon. Poet, partisan, hero. Poetic chronicle. Battle of Borodino. On the ashes of Moscow. The smoke rushed away, the clatter of swords was not heard. Sacred memory of 1812.

"Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia" - The beginning of the war. The balance of forces on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In memory of the war of 1812. Alexander Column on Palace Square in St. Petersburg. 3 armies. The retreat of the Russian army. Tarutino maneuver. England and Spain made a certain contribution to the victory of Russia. The battle for the Shevardinsky redoubt. Heroes of the war of 1812.

"Questions about the War of 1812" - Memorable places of the War of 1812. Redoubt. Petr Ivanovich Bagration. Monument. G. Maloyaroslavets. Dragoons. Hussars. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova. Lancers. When Napoleon occupied Moscow without a fight. Name the river from the crossing of which the Patriotic War began. What is the date of the Borodino battle? Berezina river.

"The Great War of 1812" - Anthem of Russia. The idea of ​​owning the world. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov. What the Tver militia consisted of. Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov. Partisan of the Patriotic War of 1812, military writer, poet. Was the staff captain of the artillery. Jaeger battalion. Napoleon Bonaparte. August 26, 1812. Vasily Vasilievich Vereshchagin.

"War in 1812" - Results of the Patriotic War of 1812. The armed forces of the opponents. Napoleon, surrounded by generals, leads the Battle of Borodino. South direction (October-December 1812). Figure 1896 Capture of Moscow (September 1812). Oudinot and MacDonald got bogged down in slow fighting, staying in place.

There are 41 presentations in total

Official comment
Direction allows you to reflect on winning and
defeat in various aspects: socio-historical, moral and philosophical,
psychological. Reasoning may be related
as with external conflict events in life
person, country, world, and with internal struggle
a person with himself, its causes and
results.
Literary works often show
ambiguity and relativity of concepts
"Victory" and "defeat" in different historical
conditions and life situations.

Guidelines
Contrasting the concepts of "victory" and "defeat"
is already inherent in their interpretation. In Ozhegov we read: “Victory -
success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy. " That is
the victory of one presupposes the complete defeat of the other.
However, both history and literature provide us with examples of how
victory is defeat, and defeat is victory.
It is about the relativity of these concepts that it is proposed
speculate to graduates based on their reading
experience.
Of course, confine ourselves to the concept of victory as defeat
enemy in battle is impossible. Therefore, it is advisable
consider this thematic area in different
aspects.

Aphorisms and sayings
famous people
The greatest victory is victory over oneself.
Cicero
The possibility that we might be defeated in
battle, should not prevent us from fighting for a cause that
we think it's fair.
A. Lincoln
Man was not created to suffer defeat ...
A person can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated.
E. Hemingway
Be proud only of the victories you won over
yourself.
Tungsten

literature

Socio-historical aspect
Here we will talk about the external conflict of social groups, states, about
military operations and political struggle.
Peru A. de Saint-Exupery belongs to the paradoxical, at first
look, the statement: “Victory weakens the people - defeat awakens in
him new strength ... ". We find confirmation of the fidelity of this thought in
Russian literature.
"The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is a well-known monument of the literature of Ancient Rus.
The plot is based on the unsuccessful campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians,
organized by the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich in
1185. The main idea is the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian land. Princely
feuds that weaken the Russian land and lead to the ruin of it
enemies, make the author grieve and lament bitterly; Victory over
enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, about defeat, not
the victory is told in this work of Old Russian literature,
after all, it is defeat that contributes to the rethinking of the past
behavior, gaining a new outlook on the world and on oneself. That is defeat
stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and exploits.

The author of the Lay addresses all Russian princes
alternately, as if calling them to account and
demandingly reminding them of their duty to
homeland. He calls them to defend the Russian land,
"Block the gate to the field" with your sharp arrows. AND
therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is no
and shadows of despondency. "Word" is just as laconic and
laconic, like Igor's appeals to his squad.
This is the call before the fight. The whole poem is, as it were, addressed to
future, is imbued with concern for this future. Poem
about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory -
this is the end of the battle, but defeat for the author of the Lay
- this is just the beginning of the battle. Battle with the steppe enemy
is not over yet. Defeat must unite
Russians.

The civil war turned out to be so significant
an event in the history of Russia that she could not help but find
reflections in fiction. The basis for
the graduates' reasoning may be “Donskie
stories ”,“ Quiet Don ”by M.A. Sholokhov.
When one country goes to war with another, there are
scary events: hatred and the desire to protect
forces people to kill their own kind, women and
old people are left alone, children grow up orphans,
cultural and material values ​​are destroyed,
cities are destroyed. But the warring parties have a purpose -
defeat the enemy at any cost. And any war has
the result is victory or defeat. Victory is sweet and immediately
it justifies all losses, defeat is tragic and
sad, but it is the starting point for some
another life. But "in a civil war, every victory
there is defeat "(Lucian).

The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in
wars. In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy describes
participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon.
L. Tolstoy shows a significant difference between
two campaigns: 1805-1807 and 1812. On the
The fate of Russia was decided in the Borodino field. Here
desire to save oneself, indifference to what is happening in
there were no Russian people. Here, as u said
Lermontov, “and we promised to die, and the oath of allegiance
we held back in the Borodino battle ”.
The ability to speculate about how victory is in one
battle can turn into defeat in war, gives
the outcome of the Battle of Borodino, in which the Russians
troops gain a moral victory over
the French. Moral defeat of Napoleon's troops
near Moscow - the beginning of the defeat of his army.

The life story of the central hero of the epic novel
M. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" by Grigory Melekhov,
reflecting the drama of the fate of the Don Cossacks,
confirms this idea. War maims from within and
destroys all the most precious that people have.
She makes the heroes look at
problems of duty and justice, seek the truth and
not find her in any of the warring camps.
Once at the Reds, Gregory sees everything the same,
that whites have cruelty, intransigence, thirst
blood of enemies. Melekhov rushes between the two
warring parties. Everywhere he comes across
violence and cruelty that it cannot accept,
therefore it cannot take one side.
The result is logical: "Like a steppe scorched by fires,
Gregory's life has become black ... ”.

Moral-philosophical and
psychological aspects
Victory is not only about success in battle. Win a victory,
according to the dictionary of synonyms - to overcome, overpower, overcome.
And often not so much the enemy as himself.
Let's consider a number of works from this point of view.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The play's conflict presents
a unity of two principles: social and personal. Being
an honest, noble, progressive-minded person,
freedom-loving, the main character Chatsky opposes
Famus society. He condemns inhumanity
serfdom, recalling "Nestor of the noble scoundrels",
who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; him
abhorrent lack of freedom of thought in a noble society:
“And who in Moscow didn’t have their mouths shut up for lunch, dinner and
dancing?". He does not recognize honor and sycophancy

Society is offended and, defensively, declares Chatsky
crazy.
Psychological conflict turns into conflict
public.
I.A. Goncharov assessed the finale of the play as follows: “Chatsky
overwhelmed by the amount of old power, inflicting on her
turn a fatal blow to the quality of the new power. "
Chatsky does not abandon his ideals, he only
is freed from illusions.
Therefore, Chatsky's defeat is only temporary
defeat and only his personal drama. V
on a public scale, “the victory of the Chatskys
is inevitable. " The "past century" will be replaced by the "century
present ", and the views of the hero of the comedy Griboyedov
win.

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Graduates can reflect on the question of
whether Katerina's death is victory or defeat. On this
the question is difficult to give an unambiguous answer. Too many reasons have led to
terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina's position in the fact that
she comes into conflict not only with the Kalinov family morals, but also
with myself. The straightforwardness of Ostrovsky's heroine is one of the sources of her
tragedy.
Throughout the play, there is a painful struggle in Katerina's mind between
understanding of their wrongness, their sinfulness and vague, but more and more
an imperious sense of their right to human life. But the play
ends with Katerina's moral victory over the dark forces,
torturing her. She expiates her guilt immeasurably, and from bondage and humiliation
leaves the only way that was opened to her. Her decision to die, only
would not remain a slave, expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, “the need
the emerging movement of Russian life ”. And this decision comes to Katerina
along with inner self-justification. She dies because she believes
death is the only worthy outcome, the only possibility
preserve the highest that lived in her. In the thought that the death of Katerina in fact
in fact is a moral victory, a triumph of a real Russian soul over
forces of the "dark kingdom" Wild and Kabanovs, also strengthens the reaction to its
death of other characters in the play.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The writer shows the struggle in his novel
worldviews of two political directions. The plot of the novel is built
on the opposition of the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Eugene
Bazarov, who are outstanding representatives of two generations,
not finding mutual understanding.
Turgenev, as it were, leads his heroes through different
tests. And the strongest of them is the test of love. After all
it is in love that a person's soul is revealed fully and sincerely.
And then the hot and passionate nature of Bazarov swept away all of him
theory.
It seems that in the test of love, Bazarov is defeated.
First, his feelings and himself are rejected. Secondly, he
falls into the power of the sides of life he himself denies, loses
ground underfoot, begins to doubt his views on
life. His position in life turns out to be a pose in which,
true, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose its meaning
life, and soon loses life itself. But this is also a victory: love
made Bazarov look at himself and the world differently, he
begins to understand that life does not want to fit into anything
into a nihilistic scheme.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".
"Crime and Punishment" is an ideological novel,
in which inhuman theory collides with
human feelings.
The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression,
characterizing the internal state of Raskolnikov:
he "seemed to cut himself off from everyone with scissors and
everything. "The hero is disappointed in himself, believing that
that he did not pass the test for the role of ruler, and
hence, alas, refers to "trembling creatures."
Surprisingly, Raskolnikov himself would not want to
be the winner now. After all, to win means
perish morally, stay with your soul
chaos forever, to believe in people, yourself and life.
Raskolnikov's defeat was his victory - a victory
above yourself, above your theory, above the Devil, who
took possession of his soul, but could not forever displace him in
her God.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".
The novel "The Master and Margarita" - about responsibility
a person for good and evil, which is committed on
earth, for their own choice of life paths,
leading to truth and freedom or slavery,
betrayal and inhumanity. It
all-conquering love and creativity, uplifting
soul to the heights of true humanity.
The author wanted to proclaim: the victory of evil over
good cannot be the end result
social and moral confrontation. This,
according to Bulgakov, nature itself does not accept
human, shouldn't let the whole move
civilization.

Of course, the range of works in which
the thematic direction "Victory
and defeat ”is much broader. The main thing -
see the principle, understand that victory and defeat are
the concepts are relative.
R. Bach wrote about this in his book “Bridge over
eternity ":" It is not important whether we lose the game,
but it is important how we lose and how thanks to this
we will change, what new we will endure for ourselves, how
we can apply this in other games. Strange
the way defeat turns out to be a victory. "

sources
http://www.wpclipart.com/blanks/book_blank/diary_open_blank.png notebook
http://7oom.ru/powerpoint/fon-dlya-prezentacii-bloknot-07.jpg sheets
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sch & sa = X & ved = 0ahUKEwjO5t7kkKDPAhXKEywKHc7sB-IQ_AUICSgC & biw = 1352 & bih = 601 # newwind
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mgrc = QhIRugc5LIJ5EM% 3A
http://www.uon.astrakhan.ru/images/Gif/7b0d3ec2cece.gif compass
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DVEvdRWM3Ug/Vi-NnLSuuXI/AAAAAAAAGPA/28bVRUfkvKg/s1600/essay-clipa
rt-24-08-07_04a.jpg
student
http://effects1.ru/png/kartinka/4/kniga/1/kniga_18-320.png books
Methodological recommendations for preparing for writing the final essay in 2016/2017
academic year for teachers of Russian language and literature - Stavropol, 2016. - 46 p.
The compiler of the presentation is a teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU secondary school № 8 Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia Alania Pogrebnyak N.М.