If two and then put a comma. Comma when using the union "and" alone in a sentence
Not needed - there is no generalizing word, no dependent words.
...When repeated twice others unions, except, a comma is always included.
Now about the features of setting a comma when the union is repeated twice And .
With a double repetition of the union And(if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the proposal: Everything reminded me of autumn: both yellow leaves and fogs in the mornings; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous members: Now it was possible to hear separately both the sound of rain and the sound of water.(Bulg.).
However, in the absence of these conditions with homogeneous members of the sentence, forming a close semantic unity, a comma may not be put: (T.); And day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.).
Note-1:
Do not confuse the repeating union And and unions And set on different bases: It was quiet and dark and smelled sweetly of herbs.(first And stands between the homogeneous parts of the main member of the sentence, and the second And joins part of a complex sentence).
Note-2:
A comma is not put in integral phraseologized combinations with repeating unions and... and , neither ... nor (they connect words with opposing meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither the bottom nor the tire, neither this nor that, nor become nor sit down, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, nor myself nor people, neither fish nor meat, neither this nor that, nor peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor roll, neither that nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when the third is not given: and husband and wife, and earth and heaven.
After adding to the question.
The summary would look like this:
And I will turn the other cheek to both scoundrels: both.
With one dependent word, we will not get either a phraseological unit or an integral combination.
With two homogeneous members with a repeating union, a comma is not put if a close semantic unity is formed (usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them), for example: There were rainy summers and autumns...(Zhukovsky); All around was light and green(Turgenev); Oh, the box is full, full, there is chintz and brocade(Nekrasov); He lived and breathed it(A.K. Tolstoy); The coastal strip, crossed by capes, went in one direction or the other.(Semushkin).
If homogeneous members have explanatory words, a comma in these cases usually put, for example: ... In your heart there is both pride and direct honor(Pushkin); Felled aspens crushed both grass and small shrubs(Turgenev); Everything around has changed: both nature and the character of the forest(L. Tolstoy).
"Our" case - both sides.
The union "and" is the most common in Russian. And although at first glance the punctuation rules associated with it seem very easy, in fact it is not. It is far from always clear whether a comma before a given union is appropriate or not, there are many pitfalls, even if we are talking about a syntactic unit of a simple construction. So, when to put a comma before "and"? Let's consider this issue in detail.
Simple sentence. Situations where a comma is inappropriate
When is a comma placed before "and" in simple sentences? The union "and" in a simple sentence is most often used to connect homogeneous members. And if there are only two of them, then they are not separated by a comma. Here is an example: "In winter and summer - one color."
In addition, the unions "and" can connect different groups of homogeneous members. And then, despite the repetitions, it does not stand out in the letter. For example: "In the house, under the decrepit and dirty table and sofa, there were piles of garbage."
There are still situations when two closely related homogeneous members are connected with the help of “and” with a third one that is grammatically homogeneous, but already carrying a different semantic load. In such sentences, a comma would be an error. Here is an example of such a design: "She crossed the threshold and entered the room and lay down on the bed dressed."
Simple sentence. Situations when a comma is appropriate
As noted above, in sentences of a simple type, the union "and" is used to connect members that are homogeneous. So when is a comma before "and"? Below are some of these situations:
Compound sentence. We put a comma
When is a comma placed before "and" in compound sentences? In most complex syntactic units with the union "and", connecting their parts, is separated by a comma in writing. For example: "A strong wind was blowing, and the sailboat literally flew over the waves."
In this case and others like it, the union separates two complete thoughts, which may well exist as separate sentences, which is why the general meaning would not change. It is this moment that must be taken into account first of all when the question arises: “Do I need a comma or not?” If a compound sentence can be painlessly divided into two or more, then yes - a comma is required. Here is an example when three parts of a complex syntactic construction are connected by a repeating union “and”: “And the leaves fell, spinning, and the rain dripped sadly, and the cranes sent a farewell cry.” This is a classic situation where a comma is indispensable. There can be no exceptions here.
Compound sentence. Cases when a comma before the union "and" is not needed
Many people who are not very sophisticated in grammar think that if a sentence is complex, then its parts are always separated by some kind of punctuation mark. But this is not true. A comma before "and" in compound syntactic units is not placed under the following circumstances:
Subordinate sentences
In what cases is a comma placed before “and” in It should begin with the fact that “and” is a coordinating union, and it cannot connect parts that are in a subordinating relationship. It occurs in syntactic constructions of this type, only linking several And a comma between them is not needed if the clauses are homogeneous and have a common main part. For example: "The brother said that he was thinking of changing jobs and that this plant was already in his liver."
If there is no homogeneous dependence, then a comma should be used. For example: "The brother said that he was thinking of changing jobs, and the mother was delighted." In this case, we have a complex construction of a mixed type, which includes both subordinating and coordinating connections.
Also, commas are appropriate between homogeneous subordinate parts connected by a repeating union "and". For example: "Such unbridled laughter seized a couple that their knees shook, and real tears poured from their eyes."
Turning on the logic
Even if you do not know the rules, of which there are a very large number, you can just think logically. There are two patterns here:
- A comma is almost always in place of pauses (say the sentence aloud).
- A comma separates parts with different semantic content (we think logically).
A thoughtful and attentive approach to business will definitely give good results! And it will help you avoid mistakes.
Conclusion
There are a lot of rules that indicate before the “and”, and which do not. And learning everything is probably impossible. But even a loser will be able to write a sentence without errors if he says it out loud (or to himself) and connects the logic. Then he will not have the question: “When is a comma placed before “and”?” Be careful and try to avoid mistakes.
I. Basic wording: single conjunction "and", which the connects two homogeneous members or two homogeneous subordinate parts, does not require a comma.
If "and" connects two parts compound sentence, a comma is usually used, although there are a number of exceptions. The wording itself suggests that it is in the case of a single “and” that it is necessary to parse the sentence.
Obviously, first you need to remember how to identify homogeneous members and homogeneous clauses on the one hand and a compound sentence on the other.
Two homogeneous components always perform syntactically the same function in a sentence, they answer one question and refer to the same word (member of the sentence), from which the question is asked to them.
Between themselves, homogeneous members and homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a coordinating connection, which in our case reveals itself with the help of the coordinating union "and".
For example: I to you I won't say anything and I won't disturb you not at all.- United by a single "and", the predicates in this sentence are not separated by a comma.
Received a notice that the Volga had become and that the carts were pulled through it. - Both subordinate clauses answer the question ( which?), refer to the noun " news” in the main part, so there is no comma before “and”.
II. Many problems are caused to writers by such a construction of a sentence, when, with homogeneous components, there are constructions that complicate the sentence, which must be additionally highlighted. In this case, we need to separately apply two different rules - isolate the plug-in component by setting two separating signs (commas or dashes), and think about the sign before the “and” separately.
Compare offers:
1. Mom came home, barely dragging heavy bags of groceries , and started cooking festive dinner.
2. Mom returned from work only at seven in the evening And , taking out the snacks prepared in the evening, she began to serve festive table.
In both the first and second examples, "and" connects homogeneous predicates and does not require a punctuation mark. The commas before and after the "and" are explained by the inclusion in our examples isolated circumstances that needed to be highlighted.
The same can be with homogeneous clauses, if one of them has a separate member or a clause:
For example: When December 31 came and , going through all the packages with gifts, I did not find anything for Vasya's friend, there was no money left to buy another gift. The second subordinate clause begins with a separate circumstance, which we separated from "and".
The BIGGEST mistake is mixing the rules, which leads to the omission of the closing comma of the isolated member or to the setting of the opening comma in the wrong place.
Wrong comma option: Sergei felt the crumbs of shag , and gently flicking its contents into your hand , wrapped fat clumsy cigarette. There are two errors in the sentence: a comma before “and” is not needed, since the union is between homogeneous predicates, and after “and” it is necessary to put it in order to open the adverbial turnover. Unfortunately, this type of error is very common.
The correct comma is: Sergei felt the crumbs of shag And , gently flicking its contents into your hand , wrapped fat clumsy cigarette
III. It should be specifically stated usage"And"in a sentence with two participle turns .
Firstly, they themselves may turn out to be homogeneous, then the comma before “and” is not needed.
For example: When he went , staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand , with his right hand he was quietly tugging at his mustache.
Another case of arranging signs will be in a sentence with two homogeneous predicates, each of which includes a participial turnover, in this case there will be two commas "around the union": one closing the turnover, the other opening a new one.
For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of cibics of tea , And , looking around aimlessly, drummed his fingers on his cane, as if on a flute (he stood and drummed).
IV. The comma will come before"And"when union connects two parts compound sentence.
Each part will have its own grammatical basis, that is, its own combination of subject and predicate (or there will be only one main member).
For example: My storytelling is strictly documentary. , and further I must go the chosen paths.
Errors in this case are most often associated with a misunderstanding of the structure of the sentence, with the inability to distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one. We would recommend that you carefully find the main members, think about the missing members of the sentence, that is, conduct a syntactic analysis. Subject to this condition, the punctuation will be correct.
Consider, for example, this sentence: The bell rang , and the lesson is over. The comma here is logical and hardly needs explanation. The sentence has the same structure: call , and the lesson is over . In the last example, we do not have a two-part sentence (its first part), but a denominative one, but the sentence remains complex.
According to the rules, there are several situations when putting a comma between parts of a compound sentence before “and” is not needed.
The comma is NOT PUT, if:
Both parts have a common minor member, most often this is a circumstance of place or time, less often an addition.
For example: The sun shone through the rain and the rainbow spread from edge to edge.
Combined two impersonal sentences that have synonymous members in their composition.
For example: Need to wrap up throat scarf and you have to try rinse it with baking soda.
A subordinate clause may turn out to be common for two parts connected by a coordinating union “And”.
For example: When the sun came up the dew dried up and the grass turned green
This example usually turns out to be very tricky when working independently, because it is quite difficult to guess whether the subordinate clause for two parts will be common or not. We advise you to check like this: if the part after "And" has a connotation of consequence, conclusion, that is, you can insert "therefore" into it, it is better to consider it as a separate part and put a comma. Note that in the essays there will be more such examples than phrases with a common clause.
Compare: When Onegin arrives in the village, he does not enjoy novelty for long , and (soon, then) the spleen quickly returns to him.
Parts of a compound sentence have a common introductory word. Most often in independent compositions, this is a word indicating the same source of message for both parts.
For example: According to the wanderer Feklusha, people in this country with dog heads and a fiery serpent for speed began to harness.
An introductory word can be common, indicating the degree of reliability of both statements (it will turn out to be the same for them).
For example: Luckily, the water was roaring below and the falling of stones could be heard.
Two parts of a complex structure connected by the union “and” can have a common third part that unites them. It includes the meaning of both parts and is connected with them unionless bond.
For example: It was impossible to stop: legs sucked and traces filled with water.
If the parts of a compound sentence are two indefinite personal sentences, then a comma is not put between them if one and the same producer of two actions is thought.
For example: “Women in this city are being tortured and not given the opportunity to choose their own path in life” - this is how the essay “The Image of Katerina in Thunderstorm” began.
More rare cases when a comma is not put between parts of the SSP are the combination of two interrogative sentences, incentive, exclamation or nominal.
For example: "Who you are and where did they come from? Berlioz asked the foreigner. Do you hear?
Commas in sentences with two or more unions "and", that is, with a repeated union
Let's first analyze what these "and" can connect and what options for setting signs are generally possible:
I. Often the presence of several "and" has nothing to do with the rule of repeating conjunctions at all: one “and” connected homogeneous predicates, the other - homogeneous parts in compound predicate, the third is homogeneous circumstances. That is, we do not have repeated unions, but several single ones that connected different homogeneous structures. Then there will be no commas with them!
For example: We celebrated the holiday and were cheerful and happy. - first "And" connected the predicates, the second - homogeneous nominal parts of the second predicate.
In the forest under the green and fluffy Christmas trees and pines, hares and squirrels find shelter and salvation from forest predators. - the first "and" connected two definitions, the second - subjects, the third - additions.
We guessed that it is cold and windy outside, and by midnight it will be completely frosty. In the last example, the first "and" stands between the homogeneous parts of the predicate, and the second connects the homogeneous clauses.
II. The presence of two or more"AND" maybe with such a listing homogeneous members of the proposal or homogeneous subordinate clauses, when each of the homogeneous components is connected to the previous "in pairs", that is, with a number of homogeneous constructions, we have a situation of listing pairs, where each pair is connected by a single "and".
For example: I bought a perfume for my mother and cosmetics, the book "On Tasty and Healthy Food" and a calendar. Vasya realized that all his friends want to celebrate the New Year in the country and they dream about white snow And frosty air that his offer to buy a tour to Turkey will be rejected and no one wants to enjoy the sea and southern sun.
In these and similar examples, the signs before “and” obey the rule for arranging commas with a single coordinating connecting union, and between pairs the comma stands according to the rule of union-free enumeration.
III. The easiest way to place signs is if in front of you compound sentence, parts of which are connected by more than one "and".
In this case, there is a comma before each new part, there are no exceptions. Such sentences in textbooks for universities are sometimes characterized as “complex sentences of an open structure”, the number of parts included in them is not limited by any framework, when using “and” we can continue the phrase as long as we like.
For example: "The transparent forest alone turns black , and spruce through frost turns green , and the river shines under the ice , And across the snowy field sleigh rushing , And bells ring merrily on them , And all at once embraces premonition holiday…
Having found that the first "and" connected the parts of a complex sentence, one should not succumb to the temptation to decide that the same rule will continue. EVERY "AND" SHOULD BE ANALYZED SEPARATELY!!!
For example: Yesterday seventh graders wrote final test in mathematics, and today the teacher announced the results and announced list of those who cannot afford to relax on holidays and should take care algebra and who can a little relax and quit textbooks for all New Year holidays.
In the example, the first “and” stands between parts of a complex sentence, and there is not one of the listed possibilities to refuse a comma, the second “and” connected two homogeneous predicates, the third stands between homogeneous subordinate clauses, and the fourth connected homogeneous infinitives in a compound verbal predicate. Therefore, we put only one comma at “and” - between parts of a complex sentence, that is, before the first one.
IV. When using a repeated "AND" between homogeneous members or subordinate clauses, the following rule applies: a comma is placed before each homogeneous member, except for the first.
This means that only the FIRST in a series of homogeneous components is not separated from the main sentence by a comma. ALL OTHER homogeneous members and parts require separation with a comma.
For example: Mom gave her beloved daughter a doll , and clothes for this new doll , and constructor to assemble a house for a doll , and set doll utensils.
In this example, the four homogeneous members are − "doll, clothes, constructor, set"- connected by repeating "And". A comma is not placed only in front of the first homogeneous member in this series (in our case - "doll"), listing each new homogeneous member requires a comma. The most common mistake in sentences of this structure would be not putting a comma before the first "And", although the rule speaks of homogeneous members, and not of unions connecting them. In our example, it is a mistake not to put a comma before "and clothes".
The writer usually sees the beginning of homogeneous constructions not from the first in a series of homogeneous members or sentences, but from the first "And". We advise you to look for homogeneous components by adding the union “and” before the first in a row (then the comma will not only be before the first "And", but also before the first homogeneous term!).
For example: On the table they had [and] Olivier salad , and "Herring under a fur coat" , and jellied fish, but there were [and] sushi different types , and meals Chinese food , and even frog legs.
In the independent work of schoolchildren, such phrases are quite common, and sometimes they begin to write them as constructions with two homogeneous ones, and in the process of creating a phrase, homogeneous elements increase.
For example: In the novel "War and Peace" Boris and Berg demonstrate similar behavior ...- so the writer begins his phrase, but then he remembers other suitable characters and continues: - and most of Kutuzov's staff adjutants. The beginning of the phrase did not imply a comma, since we have two homogeneous members with a single "And". But the continuation translates homogeneous terms into a series falling into the enumeration, "And" becomes a repeating union, which means that you need to put more than one comma - not only before the new component " and most of..."but also before" and Berg", since not the end of the phrase has changed, but the whole phrase. Remember this!
v. According to the same rule, commas are placed in sentences with a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, when combined with a repeating conjunction.
The presence of a comma before the first clause is not in doubt here, although the absence of a comma before the second (that is, before the first "and") is common.
For example: Friends decided what won't go for the New Year in hot countries , And what quite strange to note winter holiday without snow , And what better go go skiing and sledding.
In this case, it should also be noted that errors often occur when creating their own text, when a student begins to create one construction, and eventually creates another.
For example: I will start with the fact that the author does not compare himself with his hero and that Pushkin constantly emphasizes the "difference" between the Author and Onegin- having finished the phrase here, the writer does not put a comma before "And"; but, continuing it, for example: - and what exactly is the division of the Author And hero was an innovative approach- the writer must put two whole commas - before the second and before the third subordinate clauses.
It is possible to formulate such a generalizing rule on the basis of the three preceding points: if there are more than two "And" and they are used in the enumeration (whether individual members, subordinate clauses or parts of the sentence), then a comma separates each next element in the row from the previous one , i.e every new part compound sentence separated from the one in front of it, each new homogeneous member from the preceding one . There are one fewer commas than the elements connected by a repeating union (but it may not be equal to the number of unions, because somewhere in the series of enumerations there may be a missing connecting union!).
For example: 1) Outdoors lanterns lit up , and went light snow , And an ordinary landscape quickly turned into a fabulous one. 2) He looked out the window and saw, how on the street lanterns lit up , and it started to snow , And usual the landscape has turned into fabulous. 3) Even the most ordinary scenery , And light snow , and flicker lanterns capable of transforming special festive mood in a fairy tale.
In these examples, three enumerated elements are connected, in the first example they are organized as a compound sentence, in the second they become homogeneous clauses, in the third - homogeneous subjects. At the same time, the punctuation remained the same - three elements and two commas (not before the first; but here the rule of signs in a complex sentence is imposed: in the second sentence, the "extra" comma - before the first subordinate clause - came to us from another rule).
VI. A very difficult moment will be the application of such a paragraph of the rules: "if two homogeneous members of a sentence with a union"And"form a pair closely related in meaning, connected by a union"And"with the third homogeneous member, the comma is not put ".
The rule assumes that when two members (usually predicates) are closely connected, they form a pair with a single “and”, to which a new element is attached with the help of a second single “and”.
For example: Masha came home and changed clothes and began to lay out bought gifts in bags.
The first two predicates describe the heroine's actions that are not related to the third, so the first two verbs can be considered as a pair describing joint actions, and the predicate "began to unfold" can be considered attached directly to this pair.
There are similar examples in writings: Katerina was tired of life in the Kabanikh family and could not reconcile with her and decided to challenge all the moral norms of the society she hated. The first two predicates describe the heroine's attitude to her life, and the third predicate introduces a new topic, that is, it is attached to a pair of previous predicates. This explains the absence of commas in our example. Many in the example we have given will put commas according to the rule about enumerative unions discussed above, that is: Katerina is tired , and couldn't , and decided... This arrangement of signs is also not erroneous.
Therefore, if your phrase has three homogeneous components (BUT NOT THREE PARTS OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE!) And two conjunctions "And", then, depending on the meaning of the phrase, you have the right to put either two commas (before each "And") or none. Setting only one comma - gross mistake .
For example: 1) Pushkin provides the hero the right to choose the only true path in life and puts him into a situation suggesting such a choice and proud the fact that Petrusha's choice coincides with his own. (the first two predicates talk about the work on creating the text of the work, and the second "And" with the predicate " proud"introduces a new topic - the author's assessment of his character).
2) Katerina is afraid of thunder and perceives any sign at his own expense and in a panic confesses his sin in front of a large crowd of people. From the knowledge of the situation, it is clear that the third predicate here introduces a new action of the hero, the setting of two commas (that is, the creation of an enumeration situation) here will most likely be erroneous. But when creating an author's text (school essay), the priority position in punctuation belongs to the author, therefore, in both phrases there may be two commas (before each "And"). Definitely erroneous will be the setting of only one comma - before the second union.
Less commonly, such an arrangement of signs occurs in complex sentence with homogeneous adjectives.
For example: Pushkin guessed what poem"The Bronze Horseman" contains many seditious statements (,) And not every censor will take the risk of giving it a "green light" (,) And what publication work largely depends not only on its artistic merits, but also on the lack of education of the main censor. In the above example, you can put two commas (given in brackets), or you can not put any.
It is very easy to avoid difficulties when arranging punctuation marks in such sentences when creating the text yourself. It is only necessary to continue the phrase by adding one more homogeneous member and one more “and”, thereby returning to the main (generalizing) formulation of the rule for arranging signs with a repeated union.
The union "and" can connect:
- homogeneous members of the sentence (definition and definition, predicate and predicate, etc.);
- simple sentences in complex.
Putting a comma before the union "and" connecting homogeneous members of the sentence.
A comma is PUT if the union "and"
1. with homogeneous members it is repeated:
And the birch is sweet both in the sun, and on a gray day, and in the rain.
2. connects more than two homogeneous members:
In the forest alone it is noisy, and creepy, and sad, and fun.
A comma is NOT SET if
1. homogeneous members are connected in pairs (pairs are separated from each other):
In Crete they lived freely and cheerfully, wide open and open.
Putting a comma before the union "and", connecting simple sentences as part of a complex one.
A comma is PLACED if
1. simple sentences are combined as part of a compound:, and.
A thunderstorm was approaching, and the clouds covered the entire sky.
2. after the subordinate part of the sentence, the second part of the double union TO, HOW or BUT follows:
He wore dark glasses, a sweatshirt, his ears were stuffed with cotton , And when I got into a cab, then ordered to rise up.
Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass , And if you look closely, then one could see its finest crystalline structure.
A comma is NOT SET if
1. both parts of a compound sentence have common minor term, most often this is a circumstance of place or time, less often an addition:
On the tree at school(here is a common minor member) children read poems and Santa Claus gave them gifts.
At the Snow Maiden (and this is also him) there were large gray eyes and white braids fell to the waist.
2. two impersonal sentences are combined (that is, there is no subject in the sentence), which have synonymous members in their composition:
Necessary wrap your throat with a scarf and necessary try rinsing it with baking soda.
3. general subordinate clause:
While Santa Claus saved the Snow Maiden, The Wolf and the Fox stole the lights from the Christmas tree and the holiday was again under threat.
4. common introductory word (most often this is a word indicating the same source of the message for both parts:
According to the wanderer Feklusha, people in this country with dog heads and a fiery serpent for speed began to harness.
Fortunately, The New Year happens only once in 365 days and gifts in such quantities have to be bought infrequently.
5. two interrogative, motivating, exclamatory or nominal sentences are combined:
Who are you and where did you come from?
Let the winter end and warm days come!
6. two homogeneous subordinate clauses are combined as part of a complex-subordinate sentence:
We went on a hike when the rain stopped Andwhen the sun came out.
Important! In cases where a comma is placed before the union “and”, connecting SIMPLE SENTENCES IN THE COMPOSITION OF A COMPLEX SUBJECT, the logic of setting the sign is the same as with homogeneous members.
It seemed as if the whole forest was being uprooted at once, and the earth was groaning in pain.(union & single)
He recalled how the Nazis suddenly attacked them, and how they were surrounded, and how the detachment still managed to get through to their own.(conjunction AND repeated)
