Luxurious and impoverished, good-natured and cunning Manchuria. Manchuria is the most Russian city in China Manchuria population size

From Beijing we arrived in the city of Manchuria, or as the Chinese themselves call it - Manzhouli. What I like is the opportunity to choose: you have little money - ride a seated one even across the whole country. So we did, though it's quite tiring to sit for 34 hours, and the butt becomes really square :-) But a kaleidoscope of impressions and immersion in local life - where else can you relax like that?!

And the Beijing train station is crowded

While driving, we saw how copies of famous architectural structures from all over the world stand alone in the steppe - the Savior on Spilled Blood, the Triumphal Arch and so on. This is China, baby! Here they can just take and build an amusement park in the middle of the steppe, and local tourists will go there with great pleasure - already at the entrance the family jumped up from their seats and began to photograph something outside the window.

Like not in China

The city greeted us with dusk and Siberian cool air with the smell of smoke from chimneys. Oh, how we yearned for the Motherland, it's such a homely smell from childhood, for more than 7 months in Asia it's so unusual to be in the cold.

Manchuria

The city is located in the endless steppes at the very border with Russia, and this crossing accounts for 70% of the total trade between the two countries! How did it come about? At the very beginning of the 20th century, the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway was completed, which connected the Manchuria region with the Far East. A station arose near the border and was named Manchuria. Already in 1992, the city was declared a free trade zone, several billion dollars were poured here over several years.

“Manchuria is an open city. Russians should feel at home here, and the Chinese almost like abroad,” said the secretary general of the city's Communist Party, and indeed, this is the case. In the vicinity there is a matryoshka park, with the world's largest representative of Russian souvenirs.

Many inscriptions and signs in the city have been translated into three languages: Chinese, Russian and Mongolian. Restaurants and cafes are also not far behind - here you can try both traditional Chinese dishes with rice and tofu cheese, and borscht with fried potatoes.

We passed through this place in transit, stopping for just one night, and the next morning, heading further into Russia, to Zabaikalsk. Manchuria is immediately striking in its scope - our first association was "Gotham City", the neon signs on high-rise buildings shine so brightly. Many of the buildings are strict Western architecture, I would not be surprised to see such in New York, but in China they look very unusual.

However, there is nothing surprising in why the city developed so quickly: most of the oil from Russia to China passes here, wood (big pluses, but unfortunately not for Russia, except for the momentary benefit from the sale of resources). Near the border there are several processing and transport enterprises, which naturally benefit from trade.

Russians also buy Chinese goods, coming here especially on shopping tours from neighboring Zabaikalsk and Chita. We were traveling by bus with just such people - since there is no normal work on the Russian side of the border, they earn extra money as shuttles, transporting bags weighing 50 kg across the border and receiving about 1,000 rubles + transportation costs for a "walker" and they are also paid for housing. That's how they live.

Shopping in Manchuria

Prices in Manchuria are really pleasing, and many goods are ready to be sold to you for rubles, not to mention restaurant or hotel bills. You can exchange rubles for yuan at every step in exchange offices or banks. As elsewhere, you will have to look for a quality product, and this one will not cost a penny, but still significantly cheaper than a similar one in Russia.

What to buy in Manchuria?

It is recommended to buy clothes and shoes not in the markets and not from street vendors, but in large shopping centers, where you can find good quality. Many people buy fur coats and outerwear there, which are very cheap by Russian standards. Bedding, furniture, curtains are also popular goods, but you should not take household appliances - they are of poor quality and the price is not much cheaper than Russian ones, I don’t know why. Shops near hotels are usually a little more expensive than others, and "helpers" on the street charge money for their services, so it's best to bypass them. And of course, don't forget to bargain!

Shopping centers

A popular shopping center is Novy Vek, where the cheapest goods are located on the lower floors, and the more expensive ones are on the upper floors. In the trading house "Druzhba" prices are high, but the quality is at the same level. Pay attention to the shopping center "Manchuria" and "Wan Jian", where you can also buy good-quality goods.

Hotels in Manchuria

There are many hotels and inns in the city and for every taste and budget. Some hotels are fully occupied by groups of shop tours, while some are mostly occupied by private traders. We managed to find a room for 50 yuan (or 500 rubles), we thought there would be fear, but no! A chic large room with two beds, a plasma TV, a refrigerator, a kettle, a spacious bathroom - and all this with a great view from the 14th floor. This is the cheapest room ever.

View from the hotel

Popular hotels in Manchuria.

Once Manchuria occupied a vast territory. Now it is territorially part of different states. Thus, the plains of Chinese Manchuria are occupied by the provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin. The Greater Khingan Range is located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Part of Manchuria is located on the modern territory of Russia and is part of the Jewish Autonomous Region and partly of the Amur Region and.

From the history of Manchuria

The name comes from the name of the people - the Manchus (South Tungus origin) at the beginning of the 17th century. In the past, this nation had its own statehood.

In ancient times, Manchuria was divided into many separate possessions, which either united into one state under the rule of one ruler, then fell apart again. Warlike Tungus tribes moved from the north and became dominant in northern Manchuria.

In the south, colonization by modern China brought with it the beginnings of Han culture. In the 10th century, Manchuria was conquered by the Khitans. Since 1115, the Jurchens have become dominant, creating the famous Jin dynasty, which controlled both Manchuria and almost the entire northern one. In 1234, the Mongols came to Manchuria.

After the overthrow of the Mongol rule in China (1368), the new Ming Empire tried at the beginning of the 15th century to conquer all of Manchuria. However, for most of the Ming era, only the extreme south of the region - the Liaodong Peninsula (modern Liaoning) - remained stably under the rule of Beijing.

At the end of the XVI century. one of the Jurchen leaders, Nurkhatsi, was able to unite many Jurchen and Mongol clans under his rule. And in 1616 he declared himself emperor of a new empire, called "Later Jin" - as a sign of continuing the traditions of the Jin Empire of the XII-XIII centuries. Then Liaodong, which belonged to the Ming Empire, was also conquered.

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And some geography

With the exception of the south, Manchuria is a low mountainous area. In its western part, the Great Khingan mountain range (Chinese Xing-an-ling) stretches from north to south, the highest mountains in the southeastern part of the country are Changbaishan (average height 1500-1800 m, highest 2745 m).

Rivers: Amur, along which the border between China and Russia is laid. A tributary of the Amuru Sungari, merging with Nonni-jiang, Liaohe with many tributaries, Yalu.

The famous Russian Port Arthur is located in Manchuria. It's a long story, and we don't have a historical site….

The climate is harsh.

The population is diverse: the Chinese predominate in the south, the Manchus proper, the Mongols, the Tungus, the Koreans, the Japanese. There are Russian.

The main occupations of the local population are agriculture, cattle breeding, mining.

Administratively, the Chinese part of Manchuria is divided into three provinces:

Mukden (Chinese Sheng-jing; the main city of Mukden),
Girinskaya (the main city of Girinj),
Hei-long-jiang (the main cities of Qiqihar and Aigun).

The main city of Manchuria is Mukden. The Chinese Eastern Railway passes through Manchuria, which is a continuation of the Siberian road to the city of Vladivostok (1482 km) with branches Harbin-Dalniy (941 km), Nan-kuen - Lin - Port Arthur (48 km) and Tashi-jiao - Ish ( 22 km).

If we do not take into account the collapse of the Russian Empire and the collapse of the USSR, then the most famous (and largest) territorial loss of Russia is Alaska. But our country was losing other territories as well. These losses are rarely remembered today.

Southern coast of the Caspian (1723-1732)

Having cut through, as a result of the victory over the Swedes, "a window to Europe", Peter I began to cut a window to India. For this purpose, he undertook in 1722-1723. campaigns in strife-torn Persia. As a result of these campaigns, the entire western and southern coast of the Caspian Sea came under Russian rule.

But Transcaucasia is not the Baltics. It turned out to be much easier to conquer these territories than the Baltic possessions of Sweden, but it was more difficult to keep. Due to epidemics and constant attacks by the highlanders, the Russian troops were reduced by half.

Russia, exhausted by Peter's wars and reforms, could not keep such a costly acquisition, and in 1732 these lands were returned to Persia.

Mediterranean: Malta (1798-1800) and the Ionian Islands (1800-1807)

In 1798, Napoleon, on his way to Egypt, defeated Malta, which was owned by the knights of the Order of the Hospitallers, founded back in the time of the Crusades. Having come to their senses after the pogrom, the knights elected the Russian Emperor Paul I as the Grand Master of the Order of Malta. The emblem of the Order was included in the State Emblem of Russia. This, perhaps, limited the visible signs that the island is under Russian rule. In 1800, the British captured Malta.

Unlike the formal possession of Malta, Russian control over the Ionian Islands off the coast of Greece was more real.
In 1800, the Russian-Turkish squadron under the command of the famous naval commander Ushakov captured the island of Corfu, which was heavily fortified by the French. The Republic of the Seven Islands was established, formally, as a Turkish protectorate, but in fact, under Russian rule. According to the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), Emperor Alexander I secretly ceded the islands to Napoleon.

Romania (1807-1812, 1828-1834)

The first time Romania (more precisely, two separate principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia) was under the rule of Russia in 1807 - during the next Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812). The population of the principalities was sworn allegiance to the Russian emperor; direct Russian rule was introduced throughout the territory. But the invasion of Napoleon in 1812 forced Russia to conclude an early peace with Turkey, according to which only the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia, modern Moldova) departed to the Russians.

The second time Russia established its power in the principalities during the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. At the end of the war, the Russian troops did not leave, the Russian administration continued to manage the principalities. Moreover, Nicholas I, who suppressed any sprouts of freedom inside Russia, gives his new territories a Constitution! True, it was called "organic regulations", since for Nicholas I the word "constitution" was too seditious.
Russia would willingly turn Moldavia and Wallachia, which it actually owned, into its de jure possessions, but England, France and Austria intervened in the matter. As a result, in 1834 the Russian army was withdrawn from the principalities. Russia finally lost its influence in the principalities after the defeat in the Crimean War.

Kars (1877-1918)

In 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), Kars was taken by Russian troops. According to the peace treaty, Kars, together with Batum, went to Russia.
The Kars region began to be actively populated by Russian settlers. Kars was built according to the plan developed by Russian architects. Even now Kars with its strictly parallel and perpendicular streets, typical Russian houses, erected in the con. XIX - beginning. XX centuries., in sharp contrast with the chaotic buildings of other Turkish cities. But it is very reminiscent of the old Russian cities.
After the revolution, the Bolsheviks gave the Kars region to Turkey.

Manchuria (1896-1920)

In 1896, Russia received from China the right to build a railway through Manchuria to connect Siberia with Vladivostok - the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). The Russians had the right to lease a narrow territory on both sides of the CER line. However, in fact, the construction of the road led to the transformation of Manchuria into a territory dependent on Russia, with a Russian administration, army, police and courts. Russian settlers poured in there. The Russian government began to consider the project of incorporating Manchuria into the empire under the name "Zheltorossiya".
As a result of Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the southern part of Manchuria fell into the sphere of influence of Japan. After the revolution, Russian influence in Manchuria began to wane. Finally, in 1920, Chinese troops occupied Russian installations, including Harbin and the CER, finally closing the Zheltorossiya project.

Thanks to the heroic defense of Port Arthur, many people know that this city belonged to the Russian Empire before the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. But less well known is the fact that at one time Port Arthur was part of the USSR.
After the defeat of the Japanese Kwantung Army in 1945, Port Arthur, under an agreement with China, was transferred to the Soviet Union for a period of 30 years as a naval base. Later, the USSR and the PRC agreed to return the city in 1952. At the request of the Chinese side, due to the difficult international situation (Korean War), the Soviet armed forces were delayed in Port Arthur until 1955.

Manchuria is one of the largest industrial regions of China, stretching from the Khingan mountain ranges to the coast.
The ethnic composition of modern Manchuria, as a result of complex historical processes on its territory, is very diverse.
The ancient peoples who inhabited Manchuria were engaged in hunting, cattle breeding and primitive agriculture. They were divided into the nomadic Mongols, known as the Khitans, and the settled tribes of the Manchus, who gave the whole land its name. In 1000 BC. e. Tungus tribes raided Manchuria from the north, and in 200-220. BC e. the Han (Chinese) moved from the south.
In the old days, wars were constantly going on on these lands, countless states were created and disintegrated. Relative stability came at the beginning of the 12th century. with the establishment of the rule of the Jurchens - the Tungus tribes who founded the Jin dynasty (1115-1234), which ruled until the conquest of Manchuria by the Mongols. The cruel rule of the conquerors forced the Chinese to revolt and expel the Mongols in the second half of the 14th century. and establish the rule of the imperial Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
The Ming Empire was not strong enough to resist its neighbors. At the end of the XVI century. Aisingioro Nurhatsi (1559-1626) - one of the leaders of the Jurchens - gathered a strong army of the Jurchens and Mongols, took away its possessions from the Ming Empire and in 1616 proclaimed himself emperor of the Manchu Empire Da Jin, in the modern spelling Qing (1644-1912 .). At the same time, the Jurchens began to call themselves Manchus.
In 1644, the Manchus set off on a campaign against Beijing, crossed the Great Wall of China, captured the city and annexed all of China to their Qing Empire, the last of the imperial dynasties that ruled China until the proclamation of the republic and the separation of Outer Mongolia as a result of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911.
At the end of the XVII century. the first clash between the Chinese and the Russians took place on the northern border of Manchuria during the Russian-Chinese war of 1658. As a result of the unsuccessful war for the Russians, the Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 was signed, according to which the Russian-Chinese border passed along the Amur and Argun rivers.
However, the interior of Manchuria remained sparsely populated for a long time: only the nomadic tribes of the Mongols lived here.
The emperors of the Qing dynasty strongly encouraged the resettlement of the Chinese in Manchuria, in the 19th century. this process became massive, and the Chinese soon formed the vast majority in these places.

At the end of the XIX century. Japanese influence increased in Manchuria. Concerned about its remote, sparsely populated East Siberian and Far Eastern possessions, the Russian Empire, which also planned to annex the Manchurian territories, hastily added, in addition to the Trans-Siberian Railway, a new direction - the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) as the shortest route to Harbin. In 1901, the city of Manchuria was founded near the Russian-Chinese border (located in the eastern part of the modern Inner Mongolia District (PRC). Friction between Russia and Japan resulted in a military conflict and led to the defeat of the Russian army in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904- 1905
After the Japanese Kwantung Army conquered Manchuria in 1931, the puppet state of Manchukuo existed on its territory for 13 years. This political and administrative entity ceased to exist after the Second World War, when on August 19, 1945, Russian soldiers captured the last emperor of China in the city of Mukden (modern Shenyang) and Pu Yi (1906-1967) abdicated.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed, the territory of Manchuria became part of it in the form of several provinces.
On modern maps of China, the name Manchuria is used only to designate a city near the border with the Russian Federation, and to designate the historical region, the name Dongbei - the Northern Provinces, or the Northeast, uniting the provinces, Jilin and Liaoning and the northeastern part of the Inner Autonomous Region Mongolia.
Manchuria as a whole is a mountainous region, with the exception of its central and southern parts. In the center of Manchuria there is a plain formed by river sediments. Mountains run along the borders of Manchuria in the northeast and southeast. The Greater Khingan Ridge is a natural boundary separating the Manchurian part of the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia from the rest of its territory to the west. The rivers of Manchuria are large and full-flowing (Amur, Sungari).
Due to the peculiarities of the relief, cold air stagnates in the intermountain and the climate here is harsh, but the local descendants of nomadic peoples have long become accustomed to low temperatures and piercing winds.
The policy of Sinification of the national outskirts pursued by the Chinese authorities did not bypass Manchuria. As part of the PRC, Manchuria lost its administrative identity and remained only a historically established region of the Northeastern Provinces (commonly known as Dongbei). Currently, only about 7 million people. call themselves Manchus with a total population of about 120 million people.
Manchuria is no longer the backward agricultural region it has been for centuries.
Heilongjiang Province has the largest hard coal reserves in Northeast China. The same province, the richest in timber in China, supplies timber for the whole country. The Heihe, Dongying and Suifenhe zones of border economic cooperation and trade, widely known in the Russian Far East, are also located here. About 1 million tourists from Russia come to this border province every year. One of the most famous attractions in Heilongjiang Province is Jingbo Lake, or Mirror Lake, in the Wandashan Mountains, formed after a volcanic eruption. There are several interesting natural objects here: the Underground Forest Cave, the world-famous geological park and the Primordial Crater Forest natural area of all-China significance.
Jilin Province is mostly flat and is one of the most important areas for growing cereals, in particular rice, maize and sorghum. However, as a result of the irrational use of soil in the fields of Northeast China, the thickness of the chernozem layer has decreased by 50% over the past half century.
The foot of the Changbaishan Mountains is the main logging area in Manchuria. The province of Jilin is most famous for its pharmaceutical companies, which make medicines based on ginseng and deer antler, the most important elements of traditional Chinese medicine. The main attractions of Jilin Province are the buildings of the Goguryeo culture era (37 BC - 668) included in the UNESCO World Heritage List: the mountain fortress of Hwando (3 AD), the Gungne fortress (3 AD). AD), General's (Eastern) pyramid (V century). There is also the volcano Paektusan (White-headed Mountain) with the crater lake Tianchi, or Cheongji (Heavenly), ancient burials on Mount Longtau (VI-X centuries) with the mausoleum of Princess Chong-hye (end of the VIII century).
Liaoning Province is the most economically developed in the northeast of China, with numerous petrochemical, ferrous metallurgy, engineering and telecommunications enterprises. The most notable sights of these places are the Mukden Palace of the first emperors of the Manchurian Dynasty of China - Nurhaci and Abahai (first half of the 17th century), several imperial burial places of the Ming and Qing eras, the mountain town of Wunu with archaeological finds of 4500 years ago and the Jade Buddha Garden in the city of Anshan , where the largest Buddha statue carved from jade, weighing 260 tons, is located.

general information

Location: Far East. Northeast of the People's Republic of China.

Administrative staff: the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, as well as the northeastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Administrative centers: Harbin (Heilongjiang) - 10,635,971 people (2010), Shenyang (Liaoning) - 8,106,171 people. (2010), Changchun (Girin) - 7459 005 people. (2010), Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) - 2,866,615 people. (2010).

Languages: Chinese (Mandarin or Northern Chinese), Korean, Manchu.

Ethnic composition: Chinese (Han) - more than 90%, Mongols, Manchus, Koreans.
Religions: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Shamanism (non-Han); formally atheism.
Currency unit: yuan.

Largest cities: Dalian (Liaoning) -6,170,000 people (2009), Qiqihar (Heilongjiang) - 5,367,003 people. (2010), Jirin (Girin) - 4414 681 people. (2010), Anshan (Liaoning) - 3,645,884 people. (2010), Fushun (Liaoning) - 2,138,090 people. (2010).

Major rivers: Sungari (Songhuajiang, the longest), Amur (Heihe), Liaohe.

Neighboring states and territories: in the east, north, northwest - the Russian Federation, in the southwest - the Chinese province of Hebei, in the south - the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

The most important airports: Zhoushuizi (Dalian city, Liaoning), Taoxian (Shenyang city, Liaoning).

Numbers

Area: 801,600 km2.

Population: about 120 million people. (2011).

Population density: 149.7 people / km 2.

highest point: Baekdusan (Girin), 2744 m

Climate and weather

On the coast - moderate monsoon, in the interior - sharply continental.
January average temperature: in the south -12°С, in the north -20°С.
July average temperature: in the south +25°С, in the north +23°С.
Average annual rainfall: 350-600 mm.
Relative humidity: 75%.

Economy

There are no general statistics for Manchuria. A significant increase in GRP and GRP per capita is observed after the introduction in 2007 of the state
programs for the revival of the economy of the North-East of China.
The most developed province is Liaoning: in 2010, the share of industry was 54%, the service sector - 37%.
GRP of Manchuria: 1.63 trillion yuan (2002).
GRP per capita:$4000 (2002).

Minerals: coal, oil, ores (iron and aluminum), marble, basalt, graphite.

Industry: mining, metallurgy, woodworking, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, engineering, automotive, energy.

Agriculture: crop production (cotton, cereals, soybeans, potatoes, vegetables), animal husbandry.

Fishing.

Attractions

■ Heilongjiang Province: Zhalong Nature Reserve, Jingbo Volcanic Lake or Mirror Lake (Wandashan Mountains), Underground Forest Cave, Geological Park, Primordial Crater Forest;
■ Jilin Province : Buildings of the Goguryeo culture era (Hwangdo Mountain Fortress (AD 3), Gungne Fortress (AD 3), General (Eastern) Pyramid (5th century), Baekdusan Volcano (White Head Mountain ) with the crater lake Tianchi, or Cheongji (sacred heavenly lake), ancient burials on Mount Longtau (Vl-Xvv.) and the mausoleum of Princess Chong He (end of the VIII century);
■ Liaoning Province: Wunu mountain town, Jade Buddha Garden and the largest Buddha statue, Meteor Mountain forest park;
■ Harbin City (Heilongjiang): Sunny Island Park, Mount Erlongshan, Sophia Square, Harbin Manor "Volga", Central Street (end of the 19th century), Buddhist Temple of Jilesy (first half of the 20th century), Holy Intercession Church (first half of the 20th century) , I.V. Stalin Park (mid-20th century), St. Sophia Cathedral (early 20th century), Dragon Tower (Heilongjiang TV tower, early 21st century), Northeast Tiger Park, Museum of evidence of the crimes of the Japanese "Squad 731" .
■ Shenyang City (Liaoning): Fuling (Dongling) - the burial place of the Qing emperor Aisingioro Nurhatsi (1559-1626), Zhaolin (Beiling) - the burial place of the Qing emperor Aisingioro Abahai (1592-1643), the Mukden Palace of the first emperors of the Manchurian dynasty of China - Nurhatsi and Abahai (the first half of the 17th century);
■ Changchun City (Giring): Weihuanggun - the imperial residence of Manchukuo (the last Chinese emperor Pu Yi lived here in 1932-1945), the Nanhu Forest Park on Jing-Yue Lake, the Changchun film town, the Precious Pagoda of the Liao Dynasty era (X-XII centuries).

Curious facts

■ Dragon Tower - TV Tower of Heilongjiang Province - one of the highest in Asia; height - 336 m. Built in 2002

■ In the province of Jilin in 1976, the largest stone meteorite fell with a total mass of up to 4000 kg; about 100 fragments of it weigh 2700 kg, the largest fragment - called Jilin - weighs 1770 kg.
■ Harbin Central Street is the longest pedestrian street in Asia: 1450 m long, 21.34 m wide with sidewalks.
■ The city of Harbin was founded by the Russians in 1898 as the Songhua railway station, the first station of the Trans-Manchurian Railway (CER). One of the founders of the city was Sviyagin Nikolai Sergeevich (1856-1924), who supervised the construction of the CER (he died after the revolution and was buried in Harbin). The first Harbin Russians were mostly builders and employees and moved to Harbin to work on the railroad.
■ After the revolution and the civil war, about 100-200 thousand white emigrants settled in Harbin. The Russian population of Harbin was the largest outside of Russia.
■ In 1924, an agreement was signed in Beijing on the legal status of the CER between China and the USSR. In order not to lose their jobs, Harbin Russians had to take Soviet citizenship. In 1935, when the USSR sold its share of the CER, and thousands of Russian Harbin residents with Soviet citizenship were taken “to their homeland”, where most of them immediately or in 1937 were arrested on charges of espionage and counter-revolutionary activities. In 1945, from Harbin occupied by the Soviet Army, almost all the remaining Harbin Russians were sent to the camps.

And transport crossings connecting it with Russia. They account for 70% of the turnover of Chinese-Russian trade.

Modern geography

Story

Ancient Manchuria

In ancient times, Manchuria was divided into many separate possessions, which either united into one state under the rule of one conquering leader, then again disintegrated. Warlike Tungus tribes moved from the north and became dominant in northern Manchuria. In the south, Chinese colonization brought with it the beginnings of Han culture. In the 10th century, Manchuria was conquered by the Khitans. Since 1115, the Jurchens have become dominant, creating the Jin dynasty, which controlled both Manchuria and almost all of northern China. In 1234, the Mongols conquered Manchuria.

After the overthrow of the Mongol rule in China (1368), the new Ming Empire tried to conquer all of Manchuria at the beginning of the 15th century (see the voyages of Ishiha). However, for most of the Ming era, only the extreme south of the region - the Liaodong Peninsula (modern Liaoning) - remained stably under the rule of Beijing.

Qing Empire

Rumors of rich gold deposits in 1883 caused a spontaneous formation on the banks of the Zhelta River, a tributary of the Albazikha, the Amur basin, the so-called Zheltuginsky Republic, located in China. The Zheltuginsky Republic was liquidated by Chinese troops in the winter of 1885-1886.

Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops from Manchuria and Korea in violation of the allied treaty led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the theater of operations of which was all of southern Manchuria up to Mukden.

Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century

The former component of the Qing Empire, bordering Korea and Russia (regions of Transbaikal, Amur and Primorsky), about 1 million km², 5.7 million inhabitants. With the exception of the southern part, Manchuria is a low mountainous country. In its western part, the Great Khingan Range (Chinese Xing-an-ling) stretches from north to south, the highest mountains in the southeastern part of the country are Changbaishan (average height 1500-1800 m, highest 2745 m). Rivers: in addition to the Amur, which forms the border with Russia, its tributary Songhua, merging with Nonni-jiang, Liaohe with many tributaries, Yalu. The climate is harsh. Population: Chinese (mainly in the south), Manchus, Mongols, Tungus, Koreans, Japanese, ch. occupations: agriculture, cattle breeding, mining. Administratively, Manchuria is divided into three provinces: Mukden (Chinese Sheng-jing; the main city of Mukden), Girin (the main city of Girin) and Hei-long-jiang (the main cities of Qiqihar and Aigun). The main city of Manchuria is Mukden. The Chinese Eastern Railway passes through Manchuria, which is a continuation of the Siberian to the city of Vladivostok (1482 km) with branches Harbin - Dalniy (941 km), Nan Kuen - Lin - Port Arthur (48 km) and Tashi-jiao - Ish (22 km).

Manchukuo

From March 1 to August 19, the state of Manchukuo existed on the territory of Manchuria. The monetary unit is 1 chiao (1 chiao \u003d 10 fynam \u003d 100 li). The capital is Xinjing, at the head of the state is Pu Yi (Supreme ruler in - years, emperor from y. to y.). In fact, Manchukuo was controlled by Japan and followed entirely in line with its policy. In the city, the armed forces of Manchukuo participated in the war at Khalkhin Gol (in Japanese historiography, the “Incident at Nomonhan”). Manchukuo ceased to exist on August 19, when the plane with Emperor Pu Yi was captured at the Mukden airfield by Red Army paratroopers.

Logistics routes

The Manchuria-Zabaikalsk border railway crossing is the largest in China in terms of traffic volume, and the only one operating 24 hours a day. By 2010, the cargo turnover of the railway station reached 70 million tons.

In July 2009, an international automobile border crossing was opened in Manchuria, as a result of which the volume of road transport increased to 6 million tons per year.

At present, Manchuria is a transshipment base for all types of cargo: timber, oil, liquid chemicals, gas, equipment, containers, which makes it the most functional land port in the country.

Timber industry complex

Through Manchuria, China gets 60% of timber imported from Russia - this is 30% of the total volume of timber imported into the country. In 2012, the volume of exports through Manchuria amounted to 8.9 million m³, which is 12.4% less than in 2011.

Border Chinese importers of roundwood, who later export their products to other countries, enjoy benefits in both foreign trade transactions. These benefits and a number of other government measures have significantly stimulated import and export operations with timber. In 2014, China ranked first in the world in imports of roundwood and sawn timber.

The region is not only a transfer hub for roundwood and sawn timber, but also the largest wood processing area. In 2003, within the framework of economic cooperation, the Manchurian Import and Raw Material Manufacturing Zone was established, covering an area of about 19 km². There are more than 130 large enterprises here, the raw material for which is timber imported from the Russian Federation. About 30% of them specialize in deep wood processing.

In 2012, the total annual production capacity of all timber processing enterprises in Manchuria was estimated at 7 million m³. The volume of timber processing in physical terms amounted to 4.034 million m³, which is 16.2% lower than in 2011, while in monetary terms it increased by 26.4% to $1.250 billion. This indicates the orientation of manufacturers towards a deeper processing of wood.

The successful experience of organizing the Manchurian Industrial Import and Raw Materials Zone became the basis for the development in 2012 of a new state program "One market, two bases, three priority production areas", which is a concept for the development of the region's timber industry complex on the basis of a woodworking industrial park. The program includes the establishment of China's largest market for imported timber, covering an area of 5 km², a base for the production of constructive wooden houses and the largest trade and logistics center for processed timber.

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Notes

Literature

Anert E. E. Journey through Manchuria. - St. Petersburg, 1909
Boloban A.P. Agriculture and grain industry of Northern Manchuria - Harbin, 1909
Grebenshchikov A.V. Along the Amur and Sungari. Travel notes - Harbin, 1909
Boloban A.P. Colonization problems of China in Manchuria // Bulletin of Asia. Journal of the Society of Russian Orientalists. - Harbin - 1910 - No. 3 - S. S. 85 - 127
Steinfeld N. P. Russian trade in Manchuria in the characteristics of local merchants // Bulletin of Asia. Journal of the Society of Russian Orientalists. - Harbin - 1910 - No. 3 - S. S. 128-157
Avarin V. The National Question and Colonization in Manchuria // Revolution and Nationalities - 1931 - No. 4

An excerpt characterizing Manchuria

“A fine answer,” said Napoleon. “Young man, you will go far!”
Prince Andrei, for the sake of completeness of the trophy of the captives, was also put forward, in front of the emperor, could not help but attract his attention. Napoleon, apparently, remembered that he had seen him on the field and, addressing him, used the very name of the young man - jeune homme, under which Bolkonsky was first reflected in his memory.
– Et vous, jeune homme? Well, what about you, young man? - he turned to him, - how do you feel, mon brave?
Despite the fact that five minutes before this, Prince Andrei could say a few words to the soldiers who carried him, he now, directly fixing his eyes on Napoleon, was silent ... All the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to him at that moment, seemed to him so petty his hero himself, with this petty vanity and joy of victory, in comparison with that high, just and kind sky that he saw and understood - that he could not answer him.
Yes, and everything seemed so useless and insignificant in comparison with that strict and majestic structure of thought, which caused in him a weakening of forces from the flow of blood, suffering and the imminent expectation of death. Looking into Napoleon's eyes, Prince Andrei thought about the insignificance of greatness, the insignificance of life, which no one could understand the meaning of, and the even greater insignificance of death, the meaning of which no one could understand and explain from the living.
The emperor, without waiting for an answer, turned away and, driving off, turned to one of the chiefs:
“Let them take care of these gentlemen and take them to my bivouac; have my doctor Larrey examine their wounds. Goodbye, Prince Repnin, - and he, having touched the horse, galloped on.
There was a radiance of self-satisfaction and happiness on his face.
The soldiers who brought Prince Andrei and removed from him the golden icon that they came across, hung on his brother by Princess Marya, seeing the kindness with which the emperor treated the prisoners, hastened to return the icon.
Prince Andrei did not see who and how put it on again, but on his chest, over and above his uniform, suddenly appeared a small icon on a small gold chain.
“It would be nice,” thought Prince Andrei, looking at this icon, which his sister hung on him with such feeling and reverence, “it would be nice if everything was as clear and simple as it seems to Princess Marya. How good it would be to know where to look for help in this life and what to expect after it, there, beyond the grave! How happy and calm I would be if I could say now: Lord, have mercy on me!... But to whom shall I say this! Either the power - indefinite, incomprehensible, which I not only cannot address, but which I cannot express in words - great everything or nothing, - he said to himself, - or this is the God who is sewn up here, in this palm, Princess Mary? Nothing, nothing is true, except for the insignificance of everything that is clear to me, and the greatness of something incomprehensible, but the most important!
The stretcher moved. At every push he again felt unbearable pain; the feverish state intensified, and he began to become delirious. Those dreams of a father, wife, sister and future son and the tenderness that he experienced on the night before the battle, the figure of a small, insignificant Napoleon and above all the high sky, constituted the main basis of his feverish ideas.
A quiet life and calm family happiness in the Bald Mountains seemed to him. He was already enjoying this happiness when suddenly little Napoleon appeared with his indifferent, limited and happy look from the misfortune of others, and doubts, torments began, and only heaven promised peace. By morning all the dreams were mixed up and merged into chaos and darkness of unconsciousness and oblivion, which, in the opinion of Larrey himself, Dr. Napoleon, were much more likely to be resolved by death than by recovery.
- C "est un sujet nerveux et bilieux," said Larrey, "il n" en rechappera pas. [This man is nervous and bilious, he will not recover.]
Prince Andrei, among other hopelessly wounded, was handed over to the care of the inhabitants.

At the beginning of 1806, Nikolai Rostov returned on vacation. Denisov was also going home to Voronezh, and Rostov persuaded him to go with him to Moscow and stay at their house. At the penultimate station, having met a comrade, Denisov drank three bottles of wine with him and, approaching Moscow, despite the bumps in the road, did not wake up, lying at the bottom of the sledge, near Rostov, which, as it approached Moscow, came more and more into impatience.
“Soon? Is it soon? Oh, these unbearable streets, shops, rolls, lanterns, cabbies! thought Rostov, when they had already written down their holidays at the outpost and drove into Moscow.
- Denisov, come! Asleep! he said, leaning forward with his whole body, as if by this position he hoped to speed up the movement of the sleigh. Denisov did not respond.
- Here is the corner of the crossroads where Zakhar the cab driver is standing; here he is and Zakhar, and still the same horse. Here is the shop where the gingerbread was bought. Is it soon? Well!
- Which house is that? asked the coachman.
- Yes, at the end, to the big one, how can you not see! This is our house, - said Rostov, - after all, this is our house! Denisov! Denisov! We'll come now.
Denisov raised his head, cleared his throat, and said nothing.
“Dmitry,” Rostov turned to the lackey in the box. “Is this our fire?”
- So exactly with and with daddy in the office glows.
- Haven't gone to bed yet? BUT? how do you think? Look, don’t forget, get me a new Hungarian at once, ”added Rostov, feeling his new mustache. “Come on, let’s go,” he shouted to the driver. “Wake up, Vasya,” he turned to Denisov, who lowered his head again. - Come on, let's go, three rubles for vodka, let's go! Rostov shouted when the sleigh was already three houses from the entrance. It seemed to him that the horses were not moving. Finally the sleigh was taken to the right to the entrance; above his head, Rostov saw a familiar cornice with broken plaster, a porch, a sidewalk pillar. He jumped out of the sleigh on the move and ran into the passage. The house also stood motionless, unfriendly, as if it didn't care who came to it. There was no one in the vestibule. "My God! is everything all right?" thought Rostov, stopping for a minute with a sinking heart, and at once starting to run further along the passage and the familiar, crooked steps. The same doorknob of the castle, for the uncleanliness of which the countess was angry, also weakly opened. A single tallow candle burned in the hallway.
Old man Mikhail was sleeping on the chest. Prokofy, the visiting lackey, the one who was so strong that he lifted the carriage by the back, sat and knitted bast shoes from the hems. He glanced at the open door, and his indifferent, sleepy expression suddenly changed into ecstatic fright.
- Fathers, lights! Count young! he exclaimed, recognizing the young master. – What is it? My dove! - And Prokofy, shaking with excitement, rushed to the door to the living room, probably in order to announce, but apparently again changed his mind, returned back and leaned on the shoulder of the young master.
– Healthy? Rostov asked, pulling his hand away from him.
- Thank God! All thanks to God! just ate now! Let me see you, Your Excellency!
- Is everything all right?
- Thank God, thank God!
Rostov, completely forgetting about Denisov, not wanting to let anyone warn him, threw off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe into a dark, large hall. Everything is the same, the same card tables, the same chandelier in a case; but someone had already seen the young gentleman, and before he had time to run to the living room, something swiftly, like a storm, flew out of the side door and hugged and began to kiss him. Another, third, similar creature jumped out of another, third door; More hugs, more kisses, more cries, more tears of joy. He could not make out where and who is dad, who is Natasha, who is Petya. Everyone was screaming and talking and kissing him at the same time. Only his mother was not among them - he remembered that.
- But I didn’t know ... Nikolushka ... my friend!
- Here he is ... ours ... My friend, Kolya ... He has changed! No candles! Tea!
- Kiss me then!
- Darling ... but me.
Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhailovna, Vera, the old count, embraced him; and people and maids, having filled the rooms, sentenced and gasped.
Petya hung on his feet. - And then me! he shouted. Natasha, after she, bending him to her, kissed his whole face, jumped away from him and holding on to the floor of his Hungarian, jumped like a goat all in one place and squealed piercingly.
From all sides there were tears of joy shining with tears, loving eyes, from all sides there were lips looking for a kiss.
Sonya, red as red, also held on to his hand and beamed all over in a blissful look fixed on his eyes, which she was waiting for. Sonya was already 16 years old, and she was very beautiful, especially at this moment of happy, enthusiastic animation. She looked at him, not taking her eyes off, smiling and holding her breath. He looked at her gratefully; but still waiting and looking for someone. The old countess hasn't come out yet. And then there were footsteps at the door. The steps are so fast that they couldn't have been his mother's.
But it was she in a new dress, unfamiliar to him, sewn without him. Everyone left him and he ran to her. When they came together, she fell on his chest sobbing. She could not raise her face and only pressed him against the cold laces of his Hungarian coat. Denisov, not noticed by anyone, entered the room, stood right there and, looking at them, rubbed his eyes.
“Vasily Denisov, your son’s friend,” he said, introducing himself to the count, who looked at him inquiringly.
- Welcome. I know, I know,” said the count, kissing and hugging Denisov. - Nikolushka wrote ... Natasha, Vera, here he is Denisov.
The same happy, enthusiastic faces turned to the shaggy figure of Denisov and surrounded him.
- My dear, Denisov! - Natasha squealed, beside herself with delight, jumped up to him, hugged and kissed him. Everyone was embarrassed by Natasha's act. Denisov also blushed, but smiled and took Natasha's hand and kissed it.
Denisov was taken to the room prepared for him, and the Rostovs all gathered in the sofa near Nikolushka.
The old countess, without letting go of his hand, which she kissed every minute, sat next to him; the rest, crowding around them, caught his every movement, word, glance, and did not take their eyes off him with enthusiastic love. The brother and sisters argued and intercepted places from each other closer to him, and fought over who would bring him tea, a handkerchief, a pipe.
Rostov was very happy with the love he was shown; but the first minute of his meeting was so blissful that it seemed to him that his present happiness was not enough, and he kept waiting for something more, and more, and more.
The next morning the visitors slept off the road until 10 o'clock.
In the previous room, sabers, bags, carts, open suitcases, dirty boots were lying around. The cleaned two pairs with spurs had just been placed against the wall. Servants brought washstands, hot water for shaving, and washed dresses. It smelled of tobacco and men.
- Hey, G "bitch, t" ubku! shouted the hoarse voice of Vaska Denisov. - Rostov, get up!
Rostov, rubbing his eyes that were stuck together, lifted his tangled head from the hot pillow.
- What's late? “It’s late, 10 o’clock,” Natasha’s voice answered, and in the next room there was a rustling of starched dresses, a whisper and laughter of girlish voices, and something blue, ribbons, black hair and cheerful faces flashed through the slightly open door. It was Natasha with Sonya and Petya, who came to see if he got up.
- Nicholas, get up! Natasha's voice was heard again at the door.
- Now!
At this time, Petya, in the first room, seeing and grabbing sabers, and experiencing the delight that boys experience at the sight of a warlike older brother, and forgetting that it is indecent for sisters to see undressed men, opened the door.
- Is that your sword? he shouted. The girls jumped back. Denisov, with frightened eyes, hid his shaggy legs in a blanket, looking around for help at his comrade. The door let Petya through and closed again. There was laughter outside the door.
- Nikolenka, come out in a dressing gown, - Natasha's voice said.
- Is that your sword? Petya asked, “or is it yours?” - with obsequious respect he turned to the mustachioed, black Denisov.
Rostov hurriedly put on his shoes, put on a dressing gown and went out. Natasha put on one boot with a spur and climbed into the other. Sonya was spinning and just wanted to inflate her dress and sit down when he came out. Both were in the same, brand new, blue dresses - fresh, ruddy, cheerful. Sonya ran away, and Natasha, taking her brother by the arm, led him into the sofa room, and they started talking. They did not have time to ask each other and answer questions about thousands of little things that could interest only them alone. Natasha laughed at every word that he said and that she said, not because what they said was funny, but because she had fun and was unable to restrain her joy, expressed in laughter.
- Oh, how good, excellent! she said to everything. Rostov felt how, under the influence of the hot rays of love, for the first time in a year and a half, that childish smile blossomed in his soul and face, which he had never smiled since he left home.
“No, listen,” she said, “are you quite a man now? I'm awfully glad you're my brother. She touched his mustache. - I want to know what kind of men you are? Are they like us? Not?
Why did Sonya run away? Rostov asked.
- Yes. That's another whole story! How will you talk to Sonya? You or you?
“How will it happen,” said Rostov.
Tell her, please, I'll tell you later.
- Yes, what?
- Well, I'll tell you now. You know that Sonya is my friend, such a friend that I would burn my hand for her. Here look. - She rolled up her muslin sleeve and showed on her long, thin and delicate handle under her shoulder, much higher than the elbow (in the place that is sometimes covered by ball gowns) a red mark.
“I burned this to prove my love to her. I just kindled the ruler on fire, and pressed it.
Sitting in his former classroom, on the sofa with pillows on the handles, and looking into Natasha's desperately animated eyes, Rostov again entered that family, children's world, which had no meaning for anyone except for him, but which gave him one of the best pleasures in life; and burning his hand with a ruler, to show love, seemed to him not useless: he understood and was not surprised at this.
– So what? only? - he asked.
- Well, so friendly, so friendly! Is this nonsense - a ruler; but we are forever friends. She will love someone, so forever; but I don't understand it, I'll forget it now.
- Well, so what?
Yes, she loves me and you so much. - Natasha suddenly blushed, - well, you remember, before leaving ... So she says that you forget it all ... She said: I will always love him, but let him be free. After all, the truth is that this is excellent, noble! - Yes Yes? very noble? Yes? Natasha asked so seriously and excitedly that it was clear that what she was saying now, she had previously said with tears.
Rostov thought.
“I don’t take back my word in anything,” he said. - And besides, Sonya is so charming that what kind of fool would refuse his happiness?
“No, no,” Natasha screamed. We already talked about it with her. We knew you would say that. But this is impossible, because, you understand, if you say so - you consider yourself bound by a word, then it turns out that she seemed to have said it on purpose. It turns out that you still forcibly marry her, and it turns out not at all.
Rostov saw that all this was well thought out by them. Sonya struck him yesterday with her beauty. To-day, seeing her for a glimpse, she seemed even better to him. She was a lovely 16-year-old girl, obviously passionately loving him (he did not doubt this for a minute). Why should he not love her now, and not even marry her, thought Rostov, but now there are so many other joys and occupations! "Yes, they thought it up perfectly," he thought, "one must remain free."
“Very well,” he said, “we’ll talk later.” Oh, how glad I am for you! he added.
- Well, why didn’t you cheat on Boris? the brother asked.
- That's nonsense! Natasha screamed laughing. “I don’t think about him or anyone, and I don’t want to know.
– That's how! So what are you?
- I? Natasha asked, and a happy smile lit up her face. - Have you seen Duport "a?