Lexical and grammatical homonymy in Russian. Topic "lexical homonymy in the modern Russian literary language"

1. Introduction............................................... ................................................. ... 2

2. Background ............................................................... ....................................... 4

3. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy .............................................. 5

4.Linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy.................................................. 8

5. Homonymy and polysemy in the Russian language (review).................................................. 12

6. The emergence of homonyms in the Russian language .............................................. 13

8. Use in speech .............................................................. ............................. 16

Between the words that form the vocabulary of the Russian language, certain relationships are found both in the nature of the meanings they express, and in their phonetic design, that is, the similarity of their sound composition.

In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are 3 types of systemic relationships between words:

Homonymous (according to sound correspondence)

Synonymous (according to the proximity of the expressed values)

Antonymic (by opposition of expressed meanings)

The presence of these relations allows us to speak about a certain organization of words in the vocabulary, about the existence of a lexical system of the language. The essence of the phenomena of homonymy, synonymy and antonymy is as follows: with homonymy, there is an identity (that is, coincidence) of sounding with a difference in the meaning of words, with synonymy - identity or similarity of meaning with a complete difference in sounding (that is, sound composition), with antonymy - the opposite meaning with a difference in the sound of the words.

These relationships between words in the lexical system of the language in the textbook Valkova D.P., Popova R.N. and others are presented in the following table:

In this paper, we will consider the phenomenon homonymy. The phenomenon of homonymy is a topic that has been covered in linguistic literature for a very long time and is considered by such scientists as V.V. Vinogradov, Fomina M.I., Popov R.N., Akhmanova O.S., Lipatov A.T., Rakhmanova L.I. and others. Their disputes concern the understanding of the essence of homonymy, its occurrence in the Russian language, its use in speech, the distinction between homonymy and polysemy, homonymy and related phenomena. As a result, we can conclude that until the controversy on this issue stops, it should be considered relevant.

The purpose of this work– based on the analysis of linguistic literature, to give an idea of ​​how the phenomenon of homonymy is covered in modern science.

Work tasks :

Analyze different approaches in the definition of homonymy;

To get acquainted with the history of coverage of this issue;

Show how this issue is covered in the school curriculum and textbooks;

Create didactic material for lessons on the specified topic;

The problem of homonymy, the multifaceted aspects of its semantics have attracted the close attention of researchers for a long time. This problem had its ebb and flow, ups and downs, but at each new stage of increasing interest in it, new facets, new aspects of this linguistic phenomenon were opened.

It is known that for a long time, research in the field of homonymy focused on lexical homonymy, which, because of this, received the most complete semasiological and lexicographic interpretation. With regard to lexical homonymy, there are clearly 3 points of view.

According to the first, the earliest, only etymological (heterogeneous) homonyms that arose as a result of a random coincidence of sound complexes are recognized. This theory was followed by J. Gilleron, R.I. Menner, J. Orr, V.I. Abaev.

According to another, lexical homonymy has two initial sources:

Phonetic convergent evolution of different words or forms (including borrowings)

Semantic divergent evolution of one word

(Bulakhovskiy L.A., Budagov R.A., Nyurop K., Ulman S.)

And according to the third, the formation of homonyms is possible as a result of word-formation processes.

(Vinogradov V.V., Smirnitsky A.I., Stepanov Yu.S., Bally Sh.)

In scientific and linguistic literature, the essence of homonymy is not understood unambiguously.

The main work on this issue is an article in the journal "Problems of Linguistics" by V.V. Vinogradov "On homonymy and related phenomena" 1968. In this article, Vinogradov V.V. gives a definition of homonymy and distinguishes between phenomena adjacent to it. In the future, I will constantly refer to this article.

And Rosenthal D.E. agrees with the point of view of V.V. Vinogradov, that lexical homonyms are words that sound the same but have completely different meanings. He defines homonymy - sound and grammatical coincidence of language units that are not semantically related to each other.

Greek homos- the same onyma- name.

Fomina M.I. offers a broader definition: lexical homonyms two or more words of different meanings are called, coinciding in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design.

In lexicology, two types of homonymous words are distinguished - complete and incomplete (or partial).

By structure, lexical homonyms can be divided into:

Fomina M.I. suggests other names: simple, or non-derivatives, and derivatives. Non-derivative homonyms are most often found in the circle of nouns. In the derivative homonymy of nouns and verbs, researchers, following V.V. Vinogradov usually distinguish the following varieties:

1. Homonymous derived stems each consist of two (or more) homomorphemes of the same type.

lezgin- to-but(cf. Lezgins) and lezgin- to-but(dance)

2. Homonymous derived stems consist of morphemes that do not match in sound design.

paper- Nick (paper industry worker) and paper- Nick (purse for papers)

3. in a homonymous pair of words, the derivative of the stem is felt only in one of the words, while the other (or others) undergoes a morphological process of simplification.

siege- it- besiege(to besiege, that is, to surround with troops)

besiege - besiege(separate the component of the sediment)

besiege - besiege(make slow down at full gallop, lean back, crouching a little)

4. one of the homonymous bases has a derivative character, the other is non-derivative.

nor- to-but(reduced from burrow) and mink(animal and animal skin)

O.S. Akhmanova calls such types of derived homonyms "words with a pronounced morphological structure" and distinguishes among them 5 subtypes:

Homonymy of bases

pungent(look, grass, mockery) and pungent(sugar, wood)

Homonymy of affixes

Finnish(to Finn) and Finnish(knife)

Homonymy with varying degrees of articulation

straighten(galley) and straighten(the passport)

Homonymy with different internal structure

crossbow(type of weapon that fires itself) and crossbow(one who shoots himself)

Homonymy from different parts of speech

bake (noun) And bake(verb infinitive)

Derivative homonymy among verbs (the most active process in the modern language) occurs in such cases when, in one verb, the prefix merges with the stem, losing its morphological separability or separability, and in another, homonymous with the first, it retains its semantic functions of a separate morpheme.

name"call someone what" (cf. name) and call(many people)

start talking"talk your teeth" (cf. conspiracy) and to speak(to speak, start speaking)

Homonymous words are characterized primarily by the fact that they correlate with one or another phenomenon of reality independently of each other, therefore, there is no associative conceptual and semantic connection between them, which is characteristic of different meanings of polysemantic words. when realizing the lexical meaning of homonyms, their mixing is practically impossible. For example, no one will think that we are talking about vein as about a “spring, source”, if, standing at the door, they ask for key, i.e. "device for actuating the lock". The conceptual and thematic correlation of words is completely different, and the use of one of the homonymous words in the text (or live speech) excludes the use of the other. (Unless, of course, there is a special collision with a certain stylistic task. See ____)

partial ( or incomplete) homonymy is characterized by the fact that words of different meanings do not coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms. This may include homonyms such as pal - "forest, field or steppe fire" and pal - "pile or cast-iron pedestal, to which the ship is attached with ropes during parking (from the word paal - pillar, pile)". In the plural, these words have different stress: fell - fell s and fell - p a ly. All forms will not match for the homonym words plant - “action on the verb start” and plant - “enterprise”. The first noun (abstract in meaning) has no plural forms. Incomplete lexical homonyms also include many verbs that coincide in sound and spelling: but to swim- carry. view from the verb zak and pat(medicine) and but to swim- carry. view from the verb zakop and t(something in the ground). The perfective forms of these verbs are different. The same is observed in incomplete homonyms us e sew- carry. aspect from the verb name and t And to us e sew- carry. aspect from the verb namesh and t and etc.

The emergence of homonyms (full and partial, or incomplete) in the language is due to a number of reasons.

Homonyms arise as a result of the fact that initially different meanings of the same word become so distant that in the modern language they are already perceived as belonging to different words, and only a special etymological analysis helps to establish the commonality of these words.

This group of homonyms includes such words as a month - one twelfth of an astronomical year and a month - a heavenly body, the moon; peace - consent, absence of war and peace - the universe, the globe; camp - body, torso and camp - camp.

Sometimes homonyms appear as a result of the fact that the original word coincides in its sound with the borrowed one. For example, a club is a mass of something moving (dust, smoke, etc.) and a club is a public organization that unites people (English club), a horn is a part of a shaft furnace or (originally) a blacksmith hearth and a horn is a signal horn ( German Horn) and others.

Often, not only Russian and borrowed words sound the same, but due to certain phonetic laws in the Russian language, several words borrowed from different languages ​​acquire the same sound. Such a sound coincidence is observed in the words crane (go. kraan) - a tube with a shutter that serves to pour out liquid, and crane (German Kran) - a mechanism for lifting and moving weights; a bank (Polish banka) - a cylindrical glass, clay or tin vessel, a bank (goal bank) - a shallow and a bank (German Bank) - a transverse bench in a boat; bar (eng. bar) - a special type of restaurant, bar (fr. barre) - stranded and bar (greek baros) - special. unit of atmospheric pressure; tank (fr. bac) - a metal closed vessel and a tank (head. bak) - the bow of the upper deck of the ship, etc.

The coincidence of the sound of Russian and borrowed words sometimes does not occur immediately. Words that once sounded differently in the process of the historical development of the language turn out to sound the same, i.e. homonyms. For example, the words onion - a garden plant (an ancient borrowing from the Germanic languages) and onion - a hand weapon for throwing arrows (goes back to the Old Russian lx, where is a nasal sound o) have gone this way.

According to their morphological structure, homonyms are simple, or non-derivative, and derivative. Non-derivative homonyms are most found in the circle of nouns. Homonymy derivative is especially common among verbs (cf .: zasyp and t- fall asleep and fall asleep and t- fill with something loose, etc.).

The so-called homoforms, homophones and homographs, which are similar to lexical homonymy, but characterize the phenomenon of so-called stylistic homonymy in the broad sense of the word, should not be confused with lexical homonyms: 1) the coincidence of the sound and spelling of one or more word forms - homoforms (cf. roads Oh- them. n. masculine adjective and dear Oh- genus., date., proposition. cases of adjective feminine); 2) the same pronunciation, but different spelling of words and phrases - homophones (cf. eye - voice; could - wet); 3) the same spelling, but different pronunciation of words - homographs (cf. h a mok and deputy OK).

Such phenomena can be used, along with proper lexical homonymy, for various stylistic purposes: to create expressiveness of speech, in puns, jokes, etc.

See, for example, Y. Kozlovsky in the poem "The Bear and the Wasps" from the series of poems "About the words diverse, the same, but different":

Carried a bear, walking to the market,

For sale to honey pot.

Suddenly on a bear - that's attack! -

The wasps decided to attack.

Teddy bear with an army of aspen

He fought with a torn-out aspen.

Could he not fall into a rage,

If the wasps climbed into the mouth,

Stinging anywhere

They got it for it.

Homonymous words, along with polysemantic ones, also form certain groups, internally connected by the unity of semantically different words, similar in spelling, pronunciation, and coincidence of grammatical forms. Consequently, they, too, falling out of the system of words that are semantically close or opposite, nevertheless represent formally united syntagmas, i.e. elements of a common language system.

Note. With homonymous words, one should not mix paronymy words (gr. para - near + onyma - name), which differ in meaning, but are similar in pronunciation, grammatical affiliation, and often the relationship of roots. For example, subscription - subscriber, weekday - everyday, offensive - touchy, provide - present and many others. etc. (See more about this: Vishnyakova O.V. Paronymy in the Russian language. M., 1984.)

Synonymy is one of the brightest manifestations of systemic relations in vocabulary. Words that are similar in their emerging associations and the proximity of the designated concepts enter into synonymous relations. This feature is not inherent in all words of the Russian language. So, proper names, names of countries, cities, towns and their inhabitants, many specific names of household items, word-terms do not enter into such relations (although there are many exceptions in this area).

Synonymy is closely related to the phenomenon of polysemy. For example, the word quiet has several meanings, and each of them can have its own synonyms. So, in the phrase quiet sleep, its synonyms are - calm, serene, but these words cannot replace the word quiet in combination with the word man. Synonyms for him in the phrase a quiet person are - inconspicuous, modest; in the phrase quiet voice - weak, barely audible; in the phrase quiet ride, the adjective quiet is synonymous - slow, calm etc. The word profit also has several synonyms: profit, profit, gain. However, it is not always possible to replace this word with any of the indicated synonyms. So, in the phrase Prokhor Petrovich meanwhile made a semi-annual calculation of turnovers. The balance showed profit(Shishk.) the word profit cannot be replaced, for example, with the words profit, profit or benefit, since the meaning of the whole phrase will be distorted; the word profit in this context is stylistically the most appropriate and accurate.

In context, words can be interchanged with synonyms (for example, gaze - glance; pedestal - pedestal; calm - calmness; giant - giant, colossus, giant, titan etc.). However, words grouped in a common synonymous series cannot always be interchangeable (see the example with the words profit - benefit, gain etc.). Synonymous words have one, as a rule, stylistically neutral core (main) word in the synonymic series, which is usually called a dominant (Latin dominans - dominant). Such is, for example, the verb to speak in relation to words stylistically colored - to speak, to speak, to mutter and etc.

The synonymic possibilities of the Russian language are varied; synonyms can also be words with different roots ( greatness - grandiosity; blizzard - blizzard, snowstorm) and single-rooted ( greatness - majesty, majesty; blizzard - blizzard; unprincipled - unprincipled). In a synonymic series, along with individual words, combinations of service and significant words can be combined ( out of spite - in defiance; anonymous - unsigned), words and terminological combinations of words ( aviation - air fleet; dentist - dentist) and etc.

The role of synonyms in speech is exceptionally great: they help to avoid unnecessary repetitions of the same word, more precisely, convey thoughts more clearly, allow expressing the variety of shades of a particular phenomenon, quality, etc.

Along with general literary, accepted, usual (Latin usus - custom) synonyms in the process of use in speech (especially in the language of fiction), words that in ordinary use have nothing in common in their meaning act as synonyms. For example, in a sentence: A ruddy girl came out and knocked a samovar on the table.(M. G.) the word knocked is synonymous with the word set, although in the general literary language they are not synonyms. Such use is called occasional (lat. occasional - random), due to the individual selection of words only for a given context. For such words, stable consolidation of synonymous meanings in the language system is not observed. They are not listed in dictionaries.

By the number of words, synonymous series are not the same: some have two or three words ( marriage - matrimony; authority - weight, prestige), others include a large number of words and phrases ( win - overcome, smash, defeat, overcome, break, overpower, triumph, overpower, cope, take over, win and etc.).

LEXICAL HOMONYMY IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Literature:

1. On the issue of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy // Russian language at school, 1956, No. 3.

2. On homonymy and related phenomena // Questions of Linguistics, 1960, No. 5.

3. Vishnyakova 0. V. Paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M., 1981.

4. Kovalev, the use of polysemy, homonymy and paronymy in fiction // Russian Language at School, 1980, No. 6.

5. Mikhnevich A. E. Paralexes // Russian language: Interdepartmental collection, vol. 1. - Mn., 1981.

Lexical homonyms(gr. homos"same" and onyma“name”) are two or more words of different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design. For example: outfit1"clothes" and outfit2"document"; block1"union, agreement of states" and block2"device for lifting weights"; beat1"musical size" and beat2"knowing of limits".

There are two types of lexical homonyms - complete and incomplete. Full lexical homonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, in which the whole system of grammatical forms coincides. So the words above outfit1"clothes" and outfit2"document" are full lexical homonyms, since they coincide in all case forms of the singular and plural. The same type of homonyms include: key1"master key" and key2"spring"; shop1"bench" and shop2"small trading establishment"; motive1"melody" and motive2"cause"; braid1"hair style" braid2"agricultural implement" braid3"sandbank"; vulture1"bird", vulture2"long narrow part of stringed instruments", neck3"seal, stamp"

Incomplete lexical homonyms also refer to the same part of speech, but do not coincide in all grammatical forms x. Yes, the words boron1"coniferous forest" and boron2"chemical element"; beat1"musical size" and beat2"knowing of limits"; boom1"gymnastic apparatus" and boom2"hype" are incomplete lexical homonyms, since the second member of each homonymous pair is not used in the plural form, since it refers to real ( boron2) or abstract ( beat2, boom2) nouns. Incomplete homonyms are verbs insist1"strengthen to achieve something" and insist2“to prepare a tincture” (the first of them is intransitive, and the second is a transitive verb); force1"furnish" and force2"compel" (the second homonym does not have participial passive forms).

Lexical homonyms are characterized primarily by the fact that they correlate with different phenomena of reality, therefore, there is no semantic connection between them, which is characteristic of the meanings of polysemic words.

Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is observed not only in vocabulary. In the broad sense of the word, homonyms are sometimes called different language units (in terms of content) that coincide in sound (in terms of expression). For example, the suffix -to- belongs to the homonymous pair: -to-1(nouns with the meaning of a female person: student, graduate student) And -k-2(nouns with the meaning of an abstract action: cleaning, sending).

Unlike proper lexical (or absolute) homonyms, all other word matches are relative.

Homonyms that arise as a result of the phonetic laws of a language are called homophones(gr. homos"same", phone"voice, sound"). These are words that have the same sound, but different meanings and spellings. So, in Russian, the law of stunning voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and in the middle of a word before deaf consonants operates, as a result of which words of different meanings can coincide in sound terms: cat(animal) and the code[cat] (cipher); onion(plant) and meadow[bow] (field); sadness(state) and breast[sad't'] (mushroom); darling (-soul) And shackle[dush] (- arc). In an unstressed position, some vowels - (a), (o); (e), (i)- are pronounced the same, which is also the reason for the appearance of homophones: pretend to be – pretend, company – campaign, tank – barrel.

should be distinguished from homophones paronyms(from lat. para"about", onyma"name") - words with a close, similar, but not identical sound and different meanings: subscription"a document certifying the right to use something" and subscriber"subscription holder"; general"main, main" and general's"relating to the general"; ignoramus"rude, ill-mannered person" and ignoramus"poorly educated person, ignoramus"; deed"action done by someone" and misdemeanor, "an act that violates the norms of behavior."

Paronyms can also appear at the interlingual level, that is, when comparing the lexical systems of closely related languages ​​(for example, Russian and Belarusian): Rus. outfit"document" - white. Narada"meeting, session"; puc. father"a man in relation to his children" - Bel. egg"Priest"; Russian sofa"upholstered furniture" - white. duvan"carpet"; Russian change"to commit betrayal, to betray" - white. flutter"replace with something else."

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "interlingual paronyms" and "interlingual paralexes". paralexes- these are the words of the Russian and Belarusian languages, which coincide in meaning, but differ in accentological, phonetic, morphological and derivational features. For example: rus. relate- white adnose, rus. basic- white clear; Russian hunting- white ahvota, rus. collar- white ashhynik; Russian dog(female) - white. dog(m. R.), rus. pain(female) - white. pain(m. R.); puc. thresher- white malaria etc.

Taking into account such regular differences in the vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian languages ​​is very important when teaching the Russian language in conditions of closely related bilingualism. In 1985 The publishing house "Narodnaya Asveta" published a manual for teachers "Belarusian-Russian paralexical dictionary-reference book". This is a kind of dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language for people who speak Belarusian.

The assimilation of paronyms creates considerable difficulties for foreigners studying Russian. In 1984, in Moscow, the Russian Language publishing house published the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language (author -). The dictionary includes about 1000 pairs of paronyms of the modern Russian language, the possibilities of their combination with other words are shown, their synonyms and antonyms are given. In some cases, expressive illustrations (drawings) are given, which is especially important for foreigners.

Homonyms formed as a result of the action of grammatical reasons are called homoforms, or grammatical homonyms. These are words that coincide in sound only in certain grammatical forms: flying(from fly) And flying(from treat) (in the form of the 2nd person, there is no coincidence of grammatical indicators, therefore, homonymy no longer exists: flying And treat); ruble(1st person singular from the verb chop) And ruble(Date form of the noun ruble); saw(past feminine form of the verb drink) And saw(noun); three(numeral) and three(the imperative form of the verb to rub); verse(noun) and verse(past tense masculine form of the verb subside).

Homonyms also include homographs (Gr. homos"same" and grapho“I write”) - words that coincide in spelling, but sound differently and have different meanings: castle - castle, flour - flour, carnations - carnations, soar - soar, perfume - perfume.

The following types of homographs are distinguished: a) lexical: atlas(geographic Maps) - atlas(matter); b) lexico-grammatical: village(verb) - village(noun); running(verb) - running(noun); c) grammatical: addresses – addresses; Houses – Houses; d) stylistic: compass(lit.) - compass(marine); spark(lit.) - spark(professional).

The assignment of such pairs of words to homonyms is conditional, since they do not sound the same, differing in stress. For homonyms, complete coincidence in sound is a prerequisite.

There are also interlingual homonyms- words that sound the same but have different meanings in closely related languages, for example, Russian and Serbo-Croatian, Russian and Belarusian. Comp. rus, bath- S.-Chorov. baњa"resort"; Russian grief- S.-Chorov. grief"up, up"; Russian a gun- S.-Chorov. a gun"gun"; Russian on right(on the right side) - S.-Horv. on right"tool"; Russian leaf fall"the time of falling leaves of trees" - Bel. listapad"November"; Russian coward"a person who gives in to a feeling of fear" - white. coward"rabbit"; Russian score"drive deep, to the end" - white. slaughter"deprive of life, kill"; Russian peace"a state of silence, rest" - Bel. pack"living space, room", etc.

In 1980 in Minsk (Universitetskoe publishing house) the dictionary "Interlingual homonyms and paronyms" was published. This dictionary contains 550 pairs of Russian-Belarusian homonyms and paronyms. Each of the words in the dictionary is accompanied by a brief explanation and example illustrations.

The appearance of lexical homonyms in modern Russian is due to several reasons. Depending on the nature of these reasons, three types of homonyms are distinguished: semantic, etymological and derivational.

Semantic homonyms are the result of the breakdown of polysemy, i.e., the semantic splitting of a polysemantic word. In the process of historical development, different meanings of the same word are so far apart from each other that they begin to be perceived as different words. The initial semantic similarity in this case can only be established by etymological analysis. For example: belly1"life" → belly2 part of the body"; rook1"boat" → rook2"chess piece; light1"lighting" light2“world, universe; fist1"part of the hand with clenched fingers" → fist2"wealthy peasant"; dashing1"bringing misfortune, evil" → dashing2"brave".

The process of splitting the polysemy of a word and turning its meanings into independent homonyms is a very long and gradual one. Yes, the word duty in the 17-volume dictionary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (M.-L., 1964, vol. 3) it is given as polysemantic with the following meanings: 1) duty; 2) what is borrowed. Word homonymy debt1"duty" and debt2"borrowed" was first reflected in 1972 in the dictionary. In further editions of this and other explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, only homonyms are given debt1 And debt2.

Etymological homonyms- the result of the coincidence of the original and borrowed or only borrowed words. The following types of etymological homonyms are distinguished:

a) An accidental coincidence in the sound of a native Russian and a borrowed word. Yes, the word club in the meaning of "organization, society", having come into the Russian language from English, coincided with the original Russian word club(club of smoke, dust). This also includes: lava1"kill" - lava2"molten mass of metal" (French); Russian bow1"weapon, sports equipment" - it. bow2"plant", Russian. felling1"cutting apart" - Dutch. felling2"room on the upper deck of the ship", Rus. mink1(reduced from Nora) - Finnish. mink2"animal" in Russian tour1"animal" in French tour2"period";

b) Coincidence in the sound of words borrowed from one language: pump1"pump" pump2"splendor" (French) mine1"projectile" mine2 facial expression (French) quarry1"fast running horse" quarry2" open-pit mining" (French); radical1"supporter of the left bourgeois parties" - radical2“a mathematical term is a sign of extraction from a root” (lat.);

c) Coincidence in sound and spelling of two words borrowed by the Russian language from different languages: English. raid1"raid" and Dutch. raid"water space"; lat. focus1"optical term" and German. focus2"trick"; Persian. checkmate1"chess term" and English. mate2"soft bedding"; fr. block1"association, union" and English. block2"mechanism".

Derivational homonyms- words formed from one root with the help of polysemantic or homonymous morphemes. Usually, the function of such morphemes is performed by homonym prefixes, which are written and pronounced the same way, but give completely different meanings to the verbs formed with their help. For example: revise1"change mind" rethink one's point of view) – revise2"a lot to see" watch all movies); work out1"work for a while" work 10 years at school) – work out2"criticize" work out the violator of discipline); speak1"start talking" he talked about work) – speak2"influence with words" ( talk toothache).

Less common are derivational homonyms-nouns with homonymous suffixes: wallet1"purse for papers" - wallet2"paper industry worker".

The distinction between different homonymous words and polysemantic words (one word with several meanings) causes a lot of difficulties. Despite the obvious difference, homonymy and polysemy are interconnected primarily by the identity of the sound complex. In addition, the commonality of these two phenomena is indicated by the possibility of the emergence of homonyms as a result of the splitting of the polysemy of the word.

The objective difficulty of distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in modern lexicographic practice. So, many words that are given as polysemantic in one dictionary are considered in another (or others) as different words, homonymous to each other. For example, the word glorious in the four-volume "small" academic dictionary (M., 1984, vol. IY) is given as polysemantic: glorious 1) famous, famous; 2) unfold very good, accommodating. The 16th edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language, published in the same year, contains two independent words: glorious1"famous, famous" and glorious2 (unfold) "very good, pleasant, cute." The word qualifies differently in these dictionaries. thin. The "small" academic dictionary contains two words with homonymous relationships: thin1"skinny" and thin2 with two meanings: 1) unfold bad, bad and 2) unfold full of holes. The dictionary gives three independent homonym words: thin1"skinny", thin2 unfold"bad" and thin3 unfold"leaky".

There are several ways to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy.

a) Selection of related (single-root) words, i.e., the establishment of derivational connections of words. For example, peace"Universe" - world, world; peace"peace, a state opposite to war" - peaceful, put up. The derivative words for both compared words are different, therefore, we have before us - lexical homonyms. The homonymy of words is proved similarly fist1"brush clenched into a fist" and fist2"exploiter": fist1- fist, fist2- kulak.

Word-building series for individual meanings of a polysemantic word usually coincide: fog 1) opaque air; 2) something obscure, incomprehensible: foggy, nebula, foggy;

b) Substitution of synonyms for each of the words with the subsequent comparison of these synonyms with each other. If they turn out to be close in meaning, then we have a polysemantic word, otherwise we will deal with homonymy. For example: fight1"battle"; fight2"servant boy" Synonyms matched to words fight1 And fight2 different in meaning, therefore, they are homonyms. The battle(sea battle) and the battle(bullfight) are not homonyms, since the synonyms selected for them (marine the battle –battle, battle And the battle bulls - competition are synonymous with each other).

c) Definition of lexical compatibility of words. If you make a sentence with each of the homonym words radical1"supporter of the left bourgeois parties" and radical2"mathematical sign", it can be noted that the compatibility of an animated word radical1 and inanimate radical2 different: The presidium of the congress invited the famous radical ; In this formula, you forgot to write radical .

These methods are not perfect in distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy. The main criteria in this case can be semantics and origin: 1) analysis of the meanings of polysemic words and homonyms, establishing the presence or loss of a connection between these meanings; 2) the use of information about the origin of such words contained in the etymological dictionaries of the Russian language.

5. The first Russian dictionary of homonyms is the Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language (M., 1974, 2nd edition - 1976).

The dictionary contains 2300 dictionary entries, which include root and service homonyms of various origins. Each homonymous word is interpreted. The interpretation includes grammatical and stylistic marks, an indication of the origin and word-formation connections with other words, translation into English, French and German, some illustrative examples of use in speech.

The dictionary outlines three types of homonym formation: 1) words in which homonymy is expressed by a morphemic structure: prickly1(grass) - pungent2(sugar); flue1"what the gas goes through" and flue2“that which walks with the help of gas”; 2) divergent homonymy: fist1"Part of the hand" fist2"peasant-exploiter"; 3) primordially different words: bow1"plant" - bow2"weapon".

The dictionary is not only the most complete collection of Russian lexical homonyms, but also a good reference tool that allows you to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy.

In 1979, the Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language was published in Tbilisi. The dictionary contains 4000 “homonymous associations, among which are not only lexical homonyms, but also phenomena similar to them, for example, homoforms like Roy(bee) and Roy(the imperative form of the verb to dig). In terms of the quality of the lexicographic development of homonyms, this dictionary is inferior to the dictionary. In 1978 the dictionary was republished with some corrections and additions.

Lexical homonyms are combined into rows, each of which includes at least two words belonging to the same part of speech. There are two types of lexical homonyms: complete and incomplete (partial). Full homonyms- these are words that coincide in all grammatical forms, for example: Lavka (1) - “bench” and Lavka (2) - “a small room for trading”.

These words in all cases will appear in the same forms, and the plural forms will also be the same. Incomplete homonyms- these are words belonging to the same part of speech, in which the system of grammatical forms does not completely coincide, for example:
Shelf - "a device for storing something", can be in the form of units. and many others. hours (shelf - shelves, many shelves);
Shelf - "destruction of weeds" (a verbal noun formed from the verb weed), exists only in the form of units. h.

So, from the first word, the singular and plural forms are formed, from the second word it is impossible to form the plural form. Both full and partial (incomplete) homonyms are studied by lexicology. They should be distinguished from phenomena that lexicology does not study, although it mentions them, comparing them with homonyms. In other words, other types of homonymy should be distinguished from lexical homonyms, both full and partial. In modern Russian, these types of homonymy are represented as follows.
1) Phonetic homonymy- the coincidence of words only in sound:
Pond - rod, Carry - lead, Code - cat
Such words are called homophones.
2) Graphic homonymy- coincidence of words only in spelling while maintaining differences in sound:
for "mok (storm) - lock" to (close); steam "rite (vegetables) - bet" bet (in the clouds); a "tlas (geographical) - atla" s (type of fabric). Such words are called homographs.
3) Morphological homonyms- the coincidence of words belonging to different parts of speech, in one or more grammatical forms: three (numeral) - three (command, adv. from the verb to rub); oven (infinitive verb) - oven (noun in I.p.); simple (adjective) - simple (noun). Such words are called homoforms.

One more series of words should be distinguished from homonyms, which are called paronyms. Paronyms(from the Greek Para - about and Onyma - name) - these are words that are similar in sound and morphemic structure, but have a different meaning. Usually paronyms are words formed from the same root, but with the help of different affixes (suffixes, prefixes). For example: Put on (a coat on yourself) - dress (a child); Economical (person) - economical (mode) - economic (crisis); Escalator (movable ladder) - excavator (digger); Toast (toast, congratulations) - a health resort (sanatorium).

The proximity of paronymic words in sound and the common root in them is the main source of errors in their use. Paronyms are sometimes mixed in speech, although they denote different phenomena. For example, they say "put on a coat" instead of "put on a coat." Meanwhile, the verbs to put on and put on differ in meaning: they put on what, but they put on whom (put on a coat, hat, mittens - put on a child, a sick person). This example shows that paronyms differ not only in meaning, but also in compatibility with other words.

In the lexical system of the Russian language, there are words that sound the same, but have completely different meanings. Such words are called lexical homonyms, and the sound and grammatical coincidence of different language units that are not semantically related to each other is called homonymy (gr. homos - the same + onyma - name). For example, the key (1) is a “spring” (cold key) and the key (2) is “a metal rod of a special shape for unlocking and locking the lock” (steel key); bow (1) - "plant" (green onion) and bow (2) - "weapon for throwing arrows" (tight bow). Unlike polysemantic words, lexical homonyms do not have a subject-semantic connection, that is, they do not have common semantic features by which one could judge the polysemanticism of one word.

Various forms of lexical homonymy are known, as well as phenomena related to it at other levels of the language (phonetic and morphological). Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms. An example of full homonyms is the words outfit1 - "clothes" and outfit2 - "order"; they do not differ in pronunciation and spelling, they coincide in all case forms of the singular and plural.

With incomplete (partial) lexical homonymy, the coincidence in sound and spelling is observed for words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all grammatical forms. For example, incomplete homonyms: factory (1) - “industrial enterprise” (metallurgical plant) and factory (2) - “device for driving a mechanism” (clock factory). The second word has no plural forms, but the first one does. Homonymous verbs bury (1) (pit) and bury (2) (medicine) have all imperfective forms (I bury, bury, I will bury); forms of real participles of the present and past tense (digging, burying). But there is no coincidence in the forms of the perfect form (I will bury - I will bury, etc.).

By structure, homonyms can be divided into root and derivatives. The first ones have a non-derivative basis: peace (1) - "absence of war, consent" (peace has come) and peace (2) - "universe" (the world is filled with sounds); marriage (1) - "flaw in production" (factory marriage) and marriage (2) - "matrimony" (happy marriage). The latter arose as a result of word formation, therefore, have a derivative basis: assembly (1) - “action on the verb to collect” (assembly of a structure) and assembly (2) - “a small fold in clothes” (assembly on a skirt); drill (1) - “related to actions in the ranks” (combat song) and drill (2) - “fit for buildings” (timber).

Along with homonymy, they usually consider related phenomena related to the grammatical, phonetic and graphic levels of the language.

1. Among consonant forms, homoforms are distinguished - words that coincide only in one grammatical form (less often - in several). For example, three (1) is a numeral in the nominative case (three friends) and three (2) is a verb in the imperative mood of the 2nd person singular (three carrots on a grater). The grammatical forms of words of one part of speech can also be homonymous. For example, the forms of adjectives big, young can indicate, firstly, the nominative singular masculine (big (1) success, young (1) specialist); secondly, to the genitive singular feminine (large (2) career, young (2) woman); thirdly, to the dative singular feminine (to a big (3) career, to a young (3) woman); fourthly, into the instrumental singular feminine (with a great (4) career, with a young (4) woman). These forms agree with nouns appearing in different cases. Homoforms by their nature go beyond the vocabulary, as they belong to a different level of the language and should be studied in the section of morphology.

2. The Russian language uses words that sound the same but are spelled differently. These are homophones (gr. homos - the same + phone - sound). For example, the words meadow and bow, young and hammer, carry and lead coincide in pronunciation due to the deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant. A change in vowels in an unstressed position leads to the consonance of the words rinse and caress, lick and climb, old-timer and guarded. The words patronize and march, ustrov and sharp, brother and brother, etc. are pronounced the same way. Therefore, homophones are phonetic homonyms, their appearance in the language is associated with the action of phonetic laws.

Homophony can also manifest itself more widely - in the sound coincidence of a word and several words: Not you, but Sima suffered unbearably, is carried by the water of the Neva; Let us grow old without old age (M.) Homophony is the subject of study not of lexicology, but of phonetics, as it manifests itself at a different linguistic level - phonetic.

3. Words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently are called homographs (gr. homos - the same + grapho - I write). Usually they have stress on different syllables: mugs - mugs, zasypal - zasypal, p'arit - par`it, etc. There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in modern Russian. Homography is directly related to the graphic system of the language.

Strict differentiation of linguistic phenomena requires to delimit proper lexical homonyms from homoforms, homophones and homographs.

The emergence of homonyms

The appearance of homonyms in the language is explained by the following reasons.

1. As a result of borrowing foreign words, there may be a formal coincidence in the sound and spelling of the word "alien" and native Russian. For example, the noun marriage (1) in Russian is related to the verb to take (cf.: to marry oneself), its modern meaning is “family relations between a man and a woman; marital relationship." Its homonym marriage (2) - “spoiled, poor-quality, defective items of production”, as well as “flaw in the product” - is borrowed from the German language (Brack - “flaw”). In the same way, borrowings homonymous with Russian words came into our language: club (1) (from English) - “public organization” (cf. Russian club (2) smoke from the verb swirl); watering can (1) (from German) - “kind of camera” (cf. Russian watering can (2) garden from the verb to pour); mink (1) (from Finnish) - “a predatory fur-bearing animal from the family of martens”, “fur of this fur-bearing animal” (cf. Russian mink (2) - a diminutive for the word hole - “a deepening under the ground with a way out, dug by an animal and serving him as a dwelling).

2. Words that entered the Russian language from different source languages ​​may turn out to be consonant. For example, a valve (1) (from Dutch) - “a valve in the form of a tube for releasing liquid or gas” and a valve (2) (from German) - “a mechanism for lifting and moving goods” block (1) (from French. ) - “an association of states, organizations for joint action” and block (2) (from English) - “a device for lifting weights”; mat (1) (from German) - “soft bedding made of durable material”, mat (2) (Arabic) - “defeat in a chess game”, mat (3) (from French) - “lack of shine, roughness of smooth surface of an object.

3. Words that sound the same are borrowed from the same language. So, the homonyms mina (1) - “explosive projectile” and mine (2) - “facial expression” are borrowed from French; from Latin - note (1) - "musical sound" and note (2) - "diplomatic appeal of one government to another."

4. When new words are formed from the roots and affixes available in the language, many homonyms also appear. For example, ancient settlement (1) - “a place of an ancient settlement” and ancient settlement (2) - an augmentative of the word city; plant (1) - "industrial enterprise" and plant (2) - "device for actuating a mechanism"; critical (1) (from the word criticism) and critical (2) (from the word crisis); gas duct (1) - "machine driven by a gas engine" and gas duct (2) - "gas passage"; daddy (1) - a form of subjective assessment from the word dad and daddy (2) - a form of subjective assessment from the word folder.

5. Homonyms also appear in the language as a result of the coincidence of a newly formed abbreviation with a long-known full-value word. For example, stork (1) - "migratory bird" and STORK (2) - "automatic information station"; Amur (1) - "river" and AMUR (2) - "automatic control and regulation machine"; Mars (1) - "planet" and MARS (2) - "automatic registration and signaling machine" and so on. Actually, in such cases, we can talk about homophones, since the spelling of abbreviations differs from the spelling of previously known words. Moreover, their graphic distinction is not accidental: when introducing into the language words that are homonymous to already known ones, it is necessary to give them a different graphic form, using capital letters, in order to avoid mixing these words in written speech.

6. Homonyms are original Russian words that have undergone various changes as a result of phonetic and morphological processes occurring in the language. For example, the word bow (1), meaning an ancient weapon, once had a nasal vowel, which eventually began to sound like [y]. This led to the coincidence of this word with another word onion (2), meaning a garden plant. The words zhat (1) (from zhmu) and zhat (2) (from zhnu) coincided in pronunciation, which previously differed in the nature of the nasal vowels that sounded in place of the modern sound [a]. We have lost the differences in the form of flying (1) (from treating) and flying (2) (from flying). Initially, the letter yat was written in the first of them, and not e. Similarly, the word once (1) (meaning "once") was also written with the letter yat. Now it is a homonym for once (2) in the meaning of "no time".

7. The source of the appearance of homonyms can also be a gap in the semantic structure of polysemantic words, in which individual meanings diverge so much that they are no longer perceived as belonging to one word. So, from the ambiguity, the homonymy of the pairs light (1) - "universe" and light (2) - "dawn, sunrise" developed. I wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel around a hundredth. - A little light - already on your feet! and I am at your feet (Gr.), syllable (1) - “part of the word” and syllable (2) “style”; cf. also melt (1) the oven and melt (2) lard, wave (1) with your hand and wave (2) to the south (colloquial).

One cannot ignore the fact that the development of polysemy into homonymy can be facilitated by changes that occur in the process of the historical development of society, in the objects themselves (denotations), in the way they are made. So, once the word paper meant "cotton, products from it" and "material for writing." This was due to the fact that in the past paper was made from rag mass. Until the middle of the 19th century, the connection between these meanings was still alive (one could say a paper dress, a fabric made of wool with paper). However, with the replacement of raw materials for the production of paper (it began to be made from wood), a semantic splitting of a polysemantic word into homonyms took place. One of them (meaning cotton and products made from it) is given in dictionaries in a separate dictionary entry marked obsolete. The transformation of polysemy into homonymy in such cases should not be in doubt.

Distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy

The problem of distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy can arise when homonyms appear as a result of the semantic splitting of a polysemantic word. At the same time, completely different words are formed on the basis of different meanings of one word. Their former semantic connections are lost, and only an etymological analysis allows us to establish a once common semantic feature, indicating their common historical root. For example, as a result of the collapse of a polysemantic word, homonyms appeared: scolding (1) - “swearing” and scolding (2) - “war, battle”; mark (1) - “put a mark” and mark (2) - “try to hit the target”; Wednesday (1) - "environment" and Wednesday (2) - "day of the week", etc.

However, the divergence of the meanings of a polysemantic word occurs very slowly, and therefore the appearance of homonyms is not always recognized as a completed process. Transitional cases are possible, which can be interpreted in different ways.

Modern science has developed criteria for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy, helping to separate the meanings of the same word and homonyms that arose as a result of a complete break in polysemy.

1. A lexical way of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is proposed, which consists in identifying synonymous relationships between homonyms and polysemantics. If consonant units are included in the same synonymous series, then different meanings still retain semantic proximity and, therefore, it is too early to talk about the development of polysemy into homonymy. If they have different synonyms, then we have homonymy. For example, the word indigenous1 in the meaning of “indigenous inhabitant” has the synonyms primordial, main; and root2 in the meaning of “fundamental issue” is a synonym for the main one. The words main and main are synonymous, therefore, we have two meanings of the same word. And here is another example; the word “thin1” in the meaning of “not well-fed” forms a synonymous series with adjectives skinny, frail, lean, dry, and thin2 - “devoid of positive qualities” - with adjectives bad, nasty, bad. The words skinny, feeble, etc. are not synonymized with the words bad, nasty. This means that the lexical units under consideration are independent, i.e., homonymous.

2. A morphological method is used to distinguish between two similar phenomena: polysemantic words and homonyms are characterized by different word formation. Thus, lexical units that have a number of meanings form new words with the help of the same affixes. For example, the nouns bread (1) - "cereal" and bread (2) - "a food product baked from flour" form an adjective with the suffix -n-; cf. respectively: grain shoots and bread smell Another word formation is characteristic of homonyms thin (1) and thin (2). The first derivatives of the word thinness, lose weight, thin; in the second - worsen, deterioration. This convinces of their complete semantic isolation.

Homonyms and polysemantic words, in addition, have different morphogenesis; cf. thin (1) - thinner, thin (2) - worse.

3. A semantic way of distinguishing between these phenomena is also used. The meanings of homonymous words always mutually exclude each other, and the meanings of a polysemantic word form one semantic structure, while maintaining semantic proximity, one of the meanings implies the other, there is no insurmountable boundary between them.

However, all three ways of distinguishing polysemy and homonymy cannot be considered completely reliable. There are cases when synonyms for different meanings of a word do not enter into synonymous relations with each other, when homonymous words have not yet diverged during word formation. Therefore, discrepancies in the definition of the boundaries of homonymy and polysemy are not uncommon, which affects the interpretation of some words in dictionaries.

Homonyms, as a rule, are given in separate dictionary entries, and polysemantic words - in one, followed by the selection of several meanings of the word, which are given under numbers. However, in different dictionaries, sometimes the same words are presented differently.

So, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov, the words put - “put something, somewhere, somewhere” and put - “decide, decide” are given as homonyms, and in the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language (MAC) - as multivalued. The same discrepancy is in the interpretation of other words: debt - "duty" and debt - "borrowed"; mode - “consent, peace” and mode “structure of a musical work”; glorious - "enjoying fame" and glorious - "very good, handsome."

Difficulties in distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy lead to the fact that sometimes doubts are expressed about the legitimacy of including words in a number of homonyms, the different meanings of which go back to the same historical root. With this approach, homonyms include only words that are different in origin. However, one cannot agree with such a solution to the problem: “... accepting this point of view would move the concept of homonymy to the field of historical lexicology ...”1, meanwhile, the distinction between polysemantic words and homonyms is important precisely for the current state of the language. In addition, the etymology of some words compared in the modern language as homonyms causes controversy among scientists (for example, it is not clear whether the homonym words key (1) - “spring” and key (2) - “a metal rod for unlocking and locking the lock). At the same time, cases of disintegration of polysemy are known as a result of archaization of individual meanings of a word, the loss of an intermediate meaning that connected other meanings of a polysemantic word. For example, a bench - "bench" in modern Russian is an unambiguous word. But in the recent past, it also had other meanings: “bench used in the sale of goods for their placement”, “room for trading”. The latter developed on the basis of the former, which, however, was lost in the language. As soon as the word shop ceased to be used to denote "a bench on which goods were laid out," the third of the named meanings was isolated into an independent word. In the dictionary it is given as a homonym.

The use of homonyms in speech

In the modern Russian language, a significant number of homonyms have been recorded, and with the development of the language, their number is increasing. The question arises whether homonymy interferes with the correct understanding of speech? After all, homonyms are sometimes called "sick" words, since homonymy reduces the informative function of the word: different meanings receive the same form of expression. In support of the negative assessment of the phenomenon of homonymy, the idea is also expressed that the very development of the language often leads to its elimination. For example, at the beginning of the XIX century. in linguistics, the term "dialectical" was used, meaning "relating to a dialect" (local dialect). But with the spread of the concept of "dialectical materialism", the word dialectical more often began to be used in a different sense - "related to dialectics." And then the linguistic term fell into disuse, giving way to another - "dialect" - "associated with a dialect, relating to a dialect." Many examples of such opposition of the language itself to the phenomenon of homonymy can be cited. So, the adjectives eternal (from the eyelid), wine (from wine) disappeared from the dictionary; the latter is supplanted by a related word - guilty.

However, this process is far from active and not consistent in the lexical system of the modern Russian language. Along with the facts of the elimination of homonymy, the emergence of new homonyms, homophones and homographs is observed, which has a certain linguistic value and therefore cannot be considered as a negative phenomenon, to which the language itself “obstructs”.

First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belonging to different areas of use and having an ambiguous expressive coloring, different functional attribution, as a rule, do not collide in speech. For example, "paths do not cross" of such homonyms as bar (1) - "type of restaurant" and bar (2) - "a unit of atmospheric pressure"; lev (1) - "beast" and lev (2) - "monetary unit in Bulgaria"; scolding (1) - "scold" and scolding (2) - "war" (obsolete) and so on.

At the same time, the deliberate clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty word play. Kozma Prutkov also wrote: It is pleasant to caress a child or a dog, but the most necessary thing is to rinse your mouth. Similar homophones are played out in folk jokes: I am in the forest, and he climbed, I am behind the elm, and he is stuck (Dal); Not in the rain - let's stand and wait.

Poets use homonymous rhymes, which often give the poem a special attraction.

- You puppies! Follow me!
You will be on the kalach
Look, don't talk
Otherwise I'll beat you! (P.).

Snow said:
- When I stand
There will be a river of doves,
Will flow, shaking the flock
Reflected doves (Goat).

The use of homonymous rhymes is all the more justified in humorous and satirical genres, for example in epigrams: Do not flaunt, friend, that you have an excess of topics. We know the works where the best themes perished (Min.). The successful comparison of consonant forms, their playing out in speech is of great interest.

However, it is necessary to be careful in word usage, since in some cases homonymy (and related phenomena) can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement, inappropriate comedy. For example, when commenting on a football match: “Today the players left the field without goals”; "On the TV screen you see Gavrilov in a beautiful combination." Even professional writers and great writers are not immune from such speech errors: Have you heard ... (P.); With lead in my chest, I lay motionless (L.); Is it possible to be indifferent to evil? (modern translation from Kazakh). The most common cause of puns is homophony.

Questions for self-examination

1. What linguistic phenomenon is called homonymy?
2. What is the difference between complete homonymy and incomplete homonymy?
3. What phenomena do you know related to homonymy?
4. What are the ways in which homonyms appear in a language?
5. What are the criteria for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy?
6. What is the functional and stylistic role of homonymous forms in the Russian language?

Exercises

9. Select homonyms. Using a dictionary, explain their meanings. Don't confuse ambiguity with ambiguity.

1. Whatever it is, but wants to eat (Pogov.). 2. Bees first sit and then take bribes, unlike some people who take bribes but do not sit (Kr.). 3. He sits, is silent, does not eat, does not drink, and sharpens tears with current, and the elder brother takes his knife, whistling, sharpens (P.). 4. I am able to take a wife without a state, but I am not able to go into debt because of her rags (P.). 5. - Do you have a conclusion? - No, father, you can’t give him [her husband] a conclusion. The police said, they can, they say, imprison him for a week, but what, father, am I going to eat? (M.). 6. Poet - from afar starts a speech. The poet - far starts the speech (Tsv.). 7. The tram was a battlefield (E.K.). 8. Children are the flowers of life. Do not let them, however, bloom (E.K.). 9. A pound of sugar and a pound sterling (From gas.).

10. Read the text carefully. Indicate the words that have homonyms, homoforms, homographs, homophones.

Through dense hazel bushes, entangled with tenacious grass, you descend to the bottom of the ravine. It's still fresh, but the proximity of the heat is already felt. Head languidly spinning from an excess of fragrance. There is no end to the shrub... In some places, in the distance, ripening rye turns yellow, buckwheat turns red in narrow stripes. Here the cart creaked; A peasant makes his way at a step, puts the horse in the shade in advance ... You greeted him, moved away - the sonorous clang of a scythe is heard behind you. The sun is getting higher and higher. Grass dries quickly. It's already hot. An hour passes, then another... The sky darkens around the edges; the still air blazes with prickly heat.<...>

But what is it? The wind suddenly came up and rushed; the air trembled all around: is it not thunder? You are coming out of a ravine... what is that lead line in the sky? Is the heat thickening? Is a cloud approaching?.. But then the lightning flashed faintly... Eh, yes, it's a thunderstorm! The sun is still shining brightly all around: you can still hunt. But the cloud is growing: its front edge is stretched out by a sleeve, tilted by a vault. Grass, bushes, everything suddenly darkened ... Hurry! over there, it seems, you can see a hay shed ... hurry up! .. You ran and entered ... What is the rain like? what are lightning bolts? In some places, water dripped onto the fragrant hay through the thatched roof ... But then the sun began to play again. The storm has passed; Are you getting off. My God, how cheerfully everything sparkles all around, how fresh and liquid the air, how it smells of wild strawberries and mushrooms!..

(I. S. Turgenev.)

11. In the given puns, distinguish between polysemy and homonymy. For reference, refer to explanatory dictionaries.

1. I spent the whole winter in this region. I say that I settled down because I dug into the steppe (Elm). 2. He loved students to fall asleep, apparently because they loved to fall asleep at his lectures (March.). 3. Two lonely photographers will urgently remove the bathroom (From the gas.). 4. A person with a good command of the language is required to stick trade union stamps (From the gas.). 5. Women are like dissertations: they need protection (E.K.). 6. Spring will drive anyone crazy. The ice has also broken (E.K.). 7. Above him alone are all halos, halos. More thorns over him! (Sim.). 8. There is no such hackneyed topic that could not be hit again (From the gas.).

12. Select homonyms, homoforms, homographs, homophones in sentences.

1. "Iskra" plays with a spark (From gas.). 2. What a pity that the ability to share has remained only the advantage of the simplest. 3. Isn’t it because he began to drift, from arrogance his nose turned up a meter, that he began to be entered in the lists of meters, even though it’s clear from a mile away that he is not a meter (Kozl.). 4. - What are the talents doing? Erect! - Yes, they continue to carry a glorious cart! - What about mediocrity? - They think they make the weather. What about the critics? - Dark or silent for a year (Goat). 5. Fool - that the enemy is not known from words, and, having power, you decisively remove the magnitude from donkeys of any size (Kozl.). 6. The royal butter dish was angry: - They have been chatting in the kitchen since Wednesday that I am relatives of some butter dish! God have mercy! I am from a different environment (Goat). 7. A bear in the forest, not knowing the rules, a machine of personal rules. And crashed into a tree. Laughter laughter. And Mishka barely left with fur. And he roared menacingly: - It is necessary to cut down the spruces in the forest, they are tired of me (Goat). 8. There is no worse fate than being out of work (Kozl.). 9. For the production of football heads, legs are more important than goals (Kozl.).

1 Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. S. 80.