An essay on social studies is a really thinking person. Social Studies Essay Example
How to explain why the story is called "Bezhin Meadow"? What other works, named after the place of the events taking place in them, have you read?
The story is called "Bezhin Meadow" after the place where its events took place. Bezhin meadow is located thirteen kilometers from the estate of I.S.Turgenev Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. In addition to small stories, named after the place where the events took place, they are described in them, there are large works, for example, the epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don" by MA Sholokhov.
What signs of good summer weather, which the Russian farmer knew, does Turgenev point to?
The story "Bezhin Meadow" begins with a very detailed description everyone will be welcomed by persistent good summer weather in central Russia. This description is not only accurate but also beautiful. Together with the author, we observe how the sky above us changes, and we learn to connect the beauty of living nature with those phenomena that this beauty helps to understand. Before us is a kind of weather forecast, which the Russian peasant of the 19th century knew how to make.
We read at the beginning of the story:
“From the very early morning, the sky is clear; the morning dawn does not burn with fire: it spreads with a gentle blush ... ";
"The sun is not fiery, not incandescent, as during a sultry drought, not dull-purple, as before the storm, but bright and welcomingly radiant ...";
"The upper, thin edge of the stretched cloud will sparkle with snakes ...";
“But here again the playing rays gushed out - and the mighty luminary rises merrily and majestically, as if taking off…”.
Try to describe the state of summer nature: morning, afternoon, evening.
We just remembered how the story describes the morning. Now let's watch the evening: “By the evening these clouds disappear; the last of them, blackish and vague like smoke, lay in pink clouds against the setting sun; in the place where it set as calmly as it calmly ascended into the sky, the scarlet radiance stands for a short time over the darkened earth, and, quietly blinking like a candle carefully carried, the evening star will light up on it.
You can take another fragment, but each description brings to us the beauty of nature, and the exact description of the familiar to the peasants will take the summer weather.
Basic visual aids (impersonations and metaphors)
Morning awakening picture |
|
In impersonations | In metaphors |
"A fresh stream ran over my face"; "The dawn hasn't turned red anywhere yet"; "And the liquid early breeze has already begun to wander and flutter over the earth"; "Everything stirred, woke up, began to sing, rustled, began to speak" | “The pale gray sky was brightening, colder, blue; the stars blinked with a faint light, then they disappeared, the earth became damp, the leaves fogged up ”; "Flowed around me ... first scarlet, then red, golden streams of young, hot light"; "Everywhere shone with radiant diamonds large drops dew " |
Comparison | Metaphor | Impersonation | Epithet |
“The night was approaching and | “The darkness rose from everywhere and even from the heights”; | “At the bottom of her (hollow) | "The night bird dived fearfully to the side"; |
Ghosts of the night | Pictures of the night | Boys' impressions |
Visual images | "The dark, clear sky solemnly and immensely high stood above us with all its mysterious splendor"; "I looked around: the night was solemn and regal"; "Countless golden stars, it seemed, all quietly flowed, twinkling in vain, in the direction of the Milky Way .." | "The picture was wonderful!" “Look, look, guys,” Vanya’s child's voice suddenly rang out, “look at the stars of God,“ that the bees are swarming! ” "The eyes of all the boys went up to the sky and did not fall quickly." |
“There was almost no noise around ... Only occasionally a large fish splashed with sudden sonority in a nearby river, and the coastal reed would make a faint noise, barely shaken by the oncoming wave ... some lights crackled quietly” | ||
Mysterious sounds | "Suddenly, somewhere in the distance, there was a lingering ringing, almost groaning sound ..."; "It seemed., Someone else seemed to have responded to him in the forest with a thin, sharp laugh, and a weak, hissing whistle rushed along the river"; "A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river and, after a few moments, was repeated further on." | "The boys looked at each other, shuddered"; “Kostya shuddered. - What is it? “This is a heron screaming,” Pavel objected calmly. " |
“The chest felt sweetly shy, inhaling that special, languid and fresh smell - the smell of the Russian summer night”; in the morning |
The meaning of nature in the story "Bezhin Meadow"
Descriptions of morning, day, evening, night
I Description of landscape sketches
II The sound side of pictures
I group | II group | III group |
Dark gray sky; drenched in shadow; the pond barely smokes; the edge of the sky turns red; the air brightens, the road is better; the sky is clearing; the clouds turn white; the fields turn green; torches burn in red fire in the huts; the dawn flares up, golden stripes stretched across the sky; vapors swirl in the ravines; watery green meadows; wet shine spilled in the air; a green line marks the footprint on dewy, whitened grass, etc. | The restrained, indistinct whisper of the night is heard; every sound seems to be standing in the frozen air, standing still and does not pass; the cart rattled loudly; sparrows chirp; sleepy voices are heard outside the gate; the larks sing loudly; lapwings curl with a cry; the sonorous clang of the scythe is heard behind us, etc. | A damp wind comes in a light wave; you are a little cold, you are asleep; your heart will flutter in you like a bird; fresh, fun, sweet; how freely the chest breathes, how briskly the limbs move, how the whole person grows stronger, seized by the fresh breath of spring; you will move apart the wet bush - you will be overwhelmed with the accumulated warm smell of the night; the air is full of fresh bitterness of wormwood, honey, buckwheat and "porridge", etc. |
Describe the first meeting of a hunter with peasant children from neighboring villages. Like the author, give a general description of the boys.
“Children's ringing voices were heard around the lights, two or three boys got up from the ground ... They were ... peasant children from neighboring villages ...”; "All the boys were five: Fedya, Pavlusha, Ilyusha, Kostya and Vanya." The boys left at night and before the appearance of the hunter were engaged in conversation. They were between seven and fourteen years old. All the guys were from families of different incomes, and therefore they differed not only in their clothes, but also in their demeanor. But the boys were friendly with each other and talked with interest, their conversation attracted the attention of the hunter.
Create a portrait of one of the boys of your choice.
Most often, students choose to describe Pavlusha as the most courageous and determined boy. But some girls choose Ilyusha because he knew a lot scary stories and they can be included in the story, which makes the story more interesting. Those who want to give a shorter answer choose Vanya's portrait.
A story about any boy should be short. We propose to build it according to a general plan.
- The appearance of the boy.
- His role among friends around the campfire.
- The stories he told.
- Attitude to other people's stories.
- The idea of the character of the boy.
- The author's attitude to this hero.
If you choose Pavlusha for the story, then you must definitely decide how you explain the reason for his death. Most often they talk about an absurd accident, but one cannot fail to take into account that Pavlusha was very brave and took an unjustified risk, and this could ruin him.
In the story, a portrait of each of the boys is very briefly and clearly given and their stories are told in detail. So it is not difficult to select the necessary sentences from the text and combine them into one story according to the above plan.
Illustrations by A.F. Pakhomov * for the story of I.S. Turgenev
"Bezhin meadow"
Fedya
Fedya was one of the cheers, the son of a wealthy peasant. Fedya, you would have given fourteen years. He was a slender boy, with beautiful and thin, slightly small features, curly blond hair, light eyes and a constant half-cheerful, half-absent-minded smile. Keeps restrained, a little condescending - the position obliges. He belonged, by all accounts, to a wealthy family and went out into the field not out of need, but just for fun. He wore a motley chintz shirt with a yellow border; a small new army jacket, put on a saddle, barely held on to his narrow shoulders; a comb hung from a blue belt, and his low-toed boots were as if they were not his father's.
Fedya is a slender boy with beautiful and thin, slightly small features, curly blond hair and a constant half-cheerful, half-absent-minded smile.
He was wearing a motley chintz shirt with a yellow border, a small new army jacket, worn in a saddle-style, barely held on to his narrow shoulders; a comb hung from a blue belt. His boots with low tops were like his boots - not his father's.
Fedya lay leaning on his elbow and spreading the flaps of his army jacket. patronizing other boys. Fedya is protective of other boys.
He listened attentively to all the boys, but with all his appearance showed that he did not believe in their stories. Feels like he got good home education and therefore he is not characterized by the naivety that is inherent in other children.
The second boy Pavlushi, the hair was tousled, black, the eyes were gray, the cheekbones were wide, the face was pale, pockmarked, the mouth was large, but correct, the whole head was huge, as they say with the beer cauldron, the body was squat, clumsy. The small one was unsightly - to be sure! - but nevertheless I liked him: he looked very intelligently and directly, and in his voice there sounded strength. He could not flaunt his clothes: it all consisted of a simple homespun shirt and patched ports.
Pavlusha watched the potatoes and, on his knees, poked a chip into the boiling water.
Pavlusha tells three stories: about heavenly foresight, about Trishka, about Vasya's voice.
Pavlusha is distinguished by efficiency and courage. He was not afraid to go and see why the dogs were worried.
Ilyusha- an ugly, but neat boy. His face was hunchbacked, elongated, half-blind, but expressed a kind of dull, painful solicitude. Yellow, almost white hair protruded in sharp braids from under a low felt hat, which he repeatedly pulled over his ears with both hands. He was wearing new bast shoes and onuchi; a thick rope, twisted three times around the camp, carefully tied his neat black scroll. Both he and Pavlusha looked no more than twelve years old.
Ilyusha tells 7 stories: a story about a brownie that happened to him and his comrades, about a werewolf, about the late master Ivan Ivanovich, about fortune-telling on parental Saturday, about Trishka the antichist, about a man and a devil, and about a water man. Ilyusha differs from all village boys in his ability to captivatingly tell scary stories.
In description Bones, a boy of about ten years old, the author notes a pensive and sad look. His whole face was small, thin, freckled, pointed downwards, like a squirrel; lips could hardly be discerned, but a strange impression was produced by his large, black, shining eyes with a liquid sheen; they seemed to want to say something, but he had no words. He was short, frail, and rather poorly dressed.
Kostya lowered his head a little and looked somewhere into the distance. He is brooding and sad.
Kostya retells the story about the mermaid he heard from his father, about the voice from the buchil and about the boy Vasya from his village
Portrait characteristics Vani the author does not give, only writes that he was only seven years old. He lay and did not move under his mat.
Vanya is timid and silent, he does not tell any stories, because he is small, but he looks at the sky and admires God's stars.
Vasya is a very kind boy. He speaks fondly of his sister.
How are children's stories related to the night landscape?
All the scary stories in the story are selected so that they are in harmony with the night landscape, and with the excitement of children who yearn for something extraordinary. The narrator himself, as it were, joins their perception of the environment.
What did I.S. Turgenev want to convey with the images of boys by the fire?
Turgenev showed their natural talent, poetry. Each of them has his own manner of storytelling, but they all speak simply, accurately, figuratively. Boys tell scary stories about evil forces, but they believe in the victory of good.
However, the boys' stories testify not only to the richness of their imaginations, but also to the fact that they are in captivity of superstitions born of darkness and the powerless position of the people.
Bezhin Meadow is one of the most poetic stories in the Hunter's Notes. It awakens in a person the ability to perceive the beautiful, reveals the beauty of both Russian nature, and the heroes who grew up among it, at first glance, unremarkable.
Which character did you like the most? Which of the boys do you think is the author's favorite? Try to prove it with text.
When discussing those boys whom we see at the fire, the sympathies of the majority turn out to be on the side of Pavlusha. And its advantages are easy to prove: he is brave, decisive, less superstitious than his comrades. Therefore, each of his stories about mysterious events is distinguished by a desire to understand the reasons for what is happening, and not a desire to look in these events terrible secret... But Pavlusha is liked not only by the majority of readers, I. S. Turgenev himself speaks of his sympathy for him on the pages of the story: “The fellow was unprepossessing, - to be sure! - but nevertheless I liked him: he looked very cleverly and directly, and in his voice there sounded strength. "
Turgenev called the stories told by the boys, first tales, then legends, then beliefs. Modern scientists call them bylichs. Explain what each of these words means. Which of them more accurately conveys the features of the stories of children?
Tales are usually called unreliable stories of people who are trying to deceive their listeners. Most often this word is used, disparagingly evaluating someone's untrue story about events. Tradition is most often called an oral story about historical events or figures, which is passed down from generation to generation. This genre of folklore is often replaced by the word legend, which also tells about events long past. The word belief has a similar meaning. The word blade was created recently and is used to characterize works of folklore in which it comes about events where the storytellers themselves or people close to them participated.
Retell one of the stories close to the text. Try to explain how it could have appeared.
You can use the very first story that the hunter heard from Ilyusha. This is a story about what happened in a roll - a tiny paper mill where the boys worked. Having stayed overnight at their workplace, they just started telling all sorts of scary stories and remembered about the brownie, when they immediately heard someone's footsteps. They were frightened primarily because they were sure that the brownie could be heard, but not seen. And the footsteps and fuss over their heads were clearly audible, and even someone began to descend the stairs ... And although the door to the room where they all lay was flung open and they did not see anyone there, it did not calm them down. Then suddenly someone “coughs up, coughs up like a sheep…”.
In each class there are students who immediately talk about a sheep that, probably, accidentally wandered into a paper mill and began to wander along its stairs, and the frightened children took the sounds they heard for the tricks of the brownie.
So, everyday observations can explain each of the stories told around the fire. At the same time, it is important not that fears most often turned out to be the fruit of fiction, but how resourceful the storytellers were and how they tried to understand the causes of various incidents.
Compare the stories of Pavlusha and Ilyusha about the end of the world. How do boys' representations differ? Choose one story to retell and explain your choice.
The stories about the same episode - about a solar eclipse (end of the world) - in Pavlusha and Ilyusha differ sharply from each other. Pavlusha tells very succinctly, briefly, he sees in the events that caused the end of the world, the funny side: the cowardice of his fellow villagers, the inability to understand what is happening. Ilyusha, on the other hand, is full of delight before an unusual event, and no jokes come to his mind. He even tends to scare the audience a little and claims that “he (Trishka) will come when last times».
When choosing one story for your retelling, you need to explain why the choice was made. Usually, boys choose Pavlusha's story for the laconicism of speech, for a cheerful grin at what frightens others. Girls, on the other hand, often sympathize with Ilyusha, and some even tend to empathize with his fears.
How can you explain the ending of the story "Bezhin Meadow"?
The ending of the story "Bezhin Meadow" is simple and natural. The hunter woke up before the boys, who were sleeping by the fire, and went to his house. This is the finale of many stories in the collection "Notes of a Hunter" by I. S. Turgenev, which also includes "Bezhin Meadow". In each of them, the hunter leaves the place where some events happened to him and goes home. But at the end of the story “Bezhin Meadow” there is a note made by the author: “I, unfortunately, must add that in the same year Paul was gone. He did not drown: he was killed, fell from his horse. It's a pity he was a nice guy! " So, a tragic ending is added to the story of the fate of the hero, who aroused sympathy from the author.
Follow the techniques that the author uses when creating a portrait of Pavlusha: "His ugly face, animated by a fast ride, burned with bold prowess and firm determination." What artistic techniques does the author use?
Retell close to the text a fragment of the story, where the author gives a description of nature.
When preparing a retelling, you need to work with the artistic text: mark the logical accents, pauses. This is how the markup of a part of the text might look like.
“I didn't have time to move two miles away, | as they poured around me on a wide wet meadow, | and in front, along the green hills, | from forest to forest, | and behind on a long dusty road, | through the sparkling, stained bushes, | and along the river, | shyly blue from under the glowing fog, - First the scarlet ones were good, | then red, golden streams of young hot light ... ”Material from the site http://iEssay.ru
Prepare the speech characteristics of the boys from the story "Bezhin Meadow".
There were five boys at the fire, and each of them differs in voice, manner of communication, speech. Ilyusha speaks in a "hoarse and weak voice", he is very verbose and prone to repetition. Pavlusha “sounded strength in his voice,” he is clear and convincing. Kostya spoke in a "thin voice" and at the same time knew how to describe events. Fedya "with a patronizing air" kept up the conversation, but he himself did not condescend to tell stories. We did not immediately hear Vanya's "children's voice", who was still too early to be a storyteller.
You can talk in great detail about the manner of speaking of Pavlusha and Ilyusha, who are very different from each other in their speech characteristics.
Pavlusha speaks clearly, thinks logically, strives to substantiate his judgments when telling. He, perhaps, alone is endowed with a sense of humor, the ability to see the comic side of the events that he is observing.
Ilyusha is verbose and prone to repetition, he emotionally experiences what he is talking about, and does not even try to organize his speech or find any convincing evidence of the veracity of his stories.
Where Pavlusha laughs, Ilyusha gets scared, where Pavlusha understands the everyday causes of events, Ilyusha paints everything in a dark fog of mystery.
It can be concluded that the speech characteristic helps to understand the character of a person.
How does the author manage to show a different attitude towards each of the boys in the story "Bezhin Meadow"? Find words that show this attitude.
At first, I. S. Turgenev is going to simply acquaint the reader with the boys. Describing each of them, he said about one thing - "but still I liked him ...", and about Kostya - he "aroused my curiosity with his thoughtful and sad look." But after the first acquaintance, the author more than once adds incidental clarifications. Ilyusha replies "... in a hoarse and weak voice, the sound of which perfectly matched the expression on his face ...", a little later we hear "Vanya's childish voice."
However, the most convincing proof of the author's attitude to each of his heroes sounds in the description of the stories themselves told by the boys, in the words of the author that accompany these stories. It is worth remembering how Pavlusha and Ilyush told about the same event, and we will immediately say that the author's sympathies are on the side of Pavlusha.
In his story "Bezhin Meadow", Turgenev tells about his chance meeting with village boys. All of them are the main characters of Bezhina Meadows, they are peasant children, whom the writer describes in his work with great love and tenderness. He gives each his own description, describing the appearance of the heroes, whose names are Vanya, Kostya, Ilyusha, Pavlusha, Fedor, and their tales heard around the fire. This story is included in the Turgenev cycle, under the general title "Notes of a Hunter", and reveals a rich inner world children.
Characteristics of the heroes "Bezhin Lug"
main characters
Pavlusha |
He has irregular facial features, but the intelligent and direct look of gray eyes and the strength in his voice make up for the boy's unsightly appearance. He is 14 years old, enjoys authority among his comrades. He speaks competently about natural phenomena, does not believe in omens, realist. Brave and determined. Originally from a poor peasant family, he wears patched clothes. At the end of the story, the author reports that Pavlusha crashed to death, falling from a horse. |
Fedya |
The oldest in the company, a boy from a wealthy family, is well and richly dressed. A trip to the night is not a way for him to make money, but just entertainment. A handsome, blond boy, feeling his superiority over the other children, behaves in a patronizing manner. He mostly listens to boys' stories. Kind and affectionate, asks about the health of Vanya's little sister, asks to tell her to come to visit. Knowing about the poverty of Vanya's family, he promises gifts. |
Ilyusha |
At the age of twelve, his inconspicuous appearance expresses a sense of constant concern. Cleanly and neatly dressed, works in a paper mill with his older brother. Responsible, one feels that he knows the value of money. He does not boast, but proudly speaks of his belonging to the working class. A very superstitious boy, he knows many folk signs, in which he sincerely believes, and therefore is a little cowardly. |
Kostya |
A small and puny boy of about ten years old, sickly looking. From an extremely poor family, very poorly dressed. The freckled, pointed face resembles a squirrel. The sad and pensive look of large and shiny black eyes attracts attention. A little cowardly, but he still likes to go to night and listen to scary stories. A kind and compassionate boy. |
Vania |
The most inconspicuous boy of the whole company, a small one, about seven years old. All the time he lies under the mat, utters only a few words, from which it is clear that this is a kind and sympathetic boy, who has romantic inclinations. He treats his little sister with love and tenderness, refuses the promised gifts in her favor. He has curly brown hair, and a childish face with quiet, kind eyes, when he speaks, bursts a little. |
Minor characters
This is a small description of the characters from the story "Bezhin Meadow", the heroes, whose ordinary village boys, give a general idea of the hard peasant life. Lack of education helps to strengthen children's faith in otherworldly forces, and caring for a piece of bread leads to their early adulthood. According to Turgenev's contemporaries, the types of Russian peasants constitute a new class worthy of their detailed description in the literature.
Composition
Turgenev's story "Bezhin Meadow" tells the story of the hunter Ivan Petrovich. Towards nightfall, he lost his way and wandered into Bezhin meadow, where he met five village boys. The hunter, listening to their conversation, distinguishes each boy's own characteristics and notices their gifts.
The oldest of them is Fedya. He comes from a wealthy family, and at night he went out for fun. He was dressed differently from all the other boys: a chintz shirt with a hem, an army jacket, his own boots. He also had a scallop - a rare item among peasant children. The boy is slender, not working, with beautiful and small features, with blond hair, "white-handed". Fedya was lying in a businesslike manner, leaning on his elbow. During the conversation, he behaved in a businesslike manner, asked questions, and made self-importance. patronizingly allowed the boys to share stories.
Then the hunter notices Pavlusha, who, on his knees, was boiling potatoes. His appearance was unsightly: a huge head, unkempt hair, a pale face, an awkward body. But Ivan Petrovich admires his "bold prowess and firm determination" when he, unarmed, galloped on a wolf alone at night and did not boast about it at all. I also paid attention to his giftedness: Pavlusha looked very intelligently and directly, "and there was strength in his voice." The author paid attention to clothes in the last place. It consisted of a simple shirt and ports. Pavel behaves calmer and braver than everyone: after the terrible story told by Kostya, he was not afraid, but reassured the boys and turned the conversation to another topic. Paul himself, a smart, intelligent boy, only listens to stories about "evil spirits", talks about real events that took place in his village during a solar eclipse.
Ten-year-old Kostya attracted the attention of the hunter with the pensive and sad look of his black shining eyes. Kostya's face is small, thin, he himself is short. The boy is very superstitious, he believes in mermaids and mermaids, which he told the rest of the guys. He imitates adults, in his speech he often says "my brothers". The author called Kostya a coward for fear of wolves, comparing him with Pavel. But Kostya was a kind boy. He was very sorry for Feklista, the mother of the drowned Vasya. He is dressed as poorly as Paul.
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The boy Pavlusha attracted the attention of the narrator most of all. He was ugly: tousled hair, gray eyes, wide cheekbones, a pale pockmarked face, a huge head, "as they say, with a beer cauldron," a squat and awkward body. The clothes were rather modest, "all of it consisted of a simple manly shirt and patched ports." Pavlusha attracted attention with a clever look and a voice in which power sounded. Pavel was a brave and confident boy, determined. When, after Ilyoshi's story about Yermil, the dogs began to bark loudly and rushed away from the fire, all the boys were frightened. Only Pavlusha, without hesitation, rushed after the dogs with a cry. "Nice boy!" - the narrator thought, looking at Pavlusha, who had returned: "His ugly face, animated by a fast ride, burned with bold prowess and firm determination." The boy is not afraid of wolves, or of the night strange sharp cries. He is sure that these sounds belong to the heron, not the goblin.
Keeping the audience in suspense, Pavlusha leisurely leads the story of Trishka. "The Wonderful Man" Trishka will appear on earth "when the last times come." Among the people, a solar eclipse, or "heavenly foresight," was interpreted as one of the signs of the end of the world. Thus, the entire population of the village after the solar eclipse was looking forward to the appearance of Trishka. Seeing on the road a strange person, "so tricky", with an amazing head, everyone was alarmed. Arousing the superstitious feelings of the children, Pavel then gives a realistic explanation of the riddle about Trishka. The peasants' expectations did not come true, the end of the world was postponed indefinitely. Trishka turned out to be not Trishka at all, but the local bocharger Vavila, who bought himself a new jug and put it on his head.
Paul knew everything about nature, he could explain everything simply and easily.
What is it? - asked Kostya suddenly, raising his head. Pavel listened.
These are little kulichi flying, whistling.
Where are they going?
And where, they say, there is no winter.
Is there such a land?
Far, far, beyond the warm seas.
Pavlusha is sure that his fate cannot be avoided, therefore he boldly draws water from the river even when he fancies the voice of a drowned comrade, which, according to the guys, foreshadowed his death. Pavlusha did not pass his fate: in the same year he died, falling from a horse.
The eldest of all the guys, Fedya, could be given fourteen years. “He was a slender boy with beautiful and thin, slightly small features, curly blond hair, light eyes and a constant half-cheerful, half-scattered smile ... He was wearing a motley chintz shirt with a yellow border; a small new army jacket, put on a saddle, barely held on to his narrow shoulders; a comb hung on a blue belt. "
It is safe to say that Fedya is from a wealthy family: new beautiful clothes, boots with low tops belonged to him, and not to his father. Yves he left the field "not out of need, but for fun." He listened with enthusiasm to the stories of other boys, while he himself spoke very little (like the son of a rich peasant, afraid of losing his dignity).
Twelve-year-old Ilyusha was known as the best storyteller. His appearance was unattractive: a hunched-nosed, elongated, half-blind face, expressing "some kind of dull, painful solicitude." The boy was constantly squinting, as if from fire. With both hands, he now and then pulled a low felt hat over his ears, from under which his yellow, almost white hair was constantly knocking out. The boy knew many popular beliefs, and judging by the stories about the brownie, about Yermil, about Trishka, he sincerely believed in everything unusual. He never saw the heroes of his stories, “and God forbid ... to see; but others saw. "
Unlike Pavlusha, Ilyusha found a manifestation of otherworldly forces in everything. In his fantasies, a brownie appears, moving objects, coughing, making noise; the ram begins to speak in a human voice. Ilyusha's fear, imitating the adults, spoke up: “The power of the cross is with us!”; "Don't scold, see [the goblin] will hear."
Kostya differed from everyone else in his thoughtful, sad look. His eyes made a strange impression: "they seemed to want to express something, for which there were no words in the language - in his language, at least." Kostya owned a story about a mermaid.
The mythical mermaid is surprisingly pure and woven from a wide variety of natural elements. The mermaid is "light, white, like some kind of carp or gudgeon." And "her voice is so thin and plaintive." Just as thoughtfully and sadly Kostya told about the drowned boy Vasya. And it is no longer the mermaid crying, but the mother of the drowned Vasya "cries, cries, bitterly pites God."
The youngest, seven-year-old Vanya, could have been overlooked: "he was lying on the ground, quietly nestling under an angular mat, and only occasionally put his fair-haired curly head out from under it." The boy, without moving and holding his breath, listened to the stories of the elders, only once drawing the attention of all the children to the stars. In Vanya's imagination, the stars swarmed in the sky like bees.
The images of the guys are written out in the story vividly, they are deeply individual, each is interesting in its own way, deep, as can only be a professional of such a class as I.S.Turgenev.
Images of peasant children appear in the poetic story "Bezhin Meadow". Turgenev gives a detailed emotional and psychological characterization of peasant children. These guys are very mobile and curious. They are independent not only in their children's worries and worries, but also in their ideas about reality, imbued with natural superstition for them. In the peasant boys, Turgenev reveals the poetic nature of the Russian "people, their lively connection with their native nature.
Against the background of the poetic and mysterious Central Russian nature, the author draws village children at night with extraordinary sympathy. The lost hunter is attached to a kindled fire and, in the mysterious light of the fire, peers into the faces of the boys. There were five of them: Fedya, Pavlusha, Ilyusha, Kostya and Vanya. They were very different.
The lost hunter likes the rare daring, determination, courage and modesty of Pavlusha, who gallops after the dogs on a frightening night without even having a simple twig in his hands. The author is close to the curiosity and inquisitiveness of the mind of Ilyusha - a lover of horror stories and extraordinary rural beliefs, who believes in the inevitable existence of forces hostile to people.
The writer also likes Fedya, an unusually attractive boy, very artistic. The hunter also likes little Kostya, endowed with a "pensive gaze" and a developed imagination. It is a pleasure to hear from Vanyusha for an adult guest with what an amazing feeling he perceives the beauty of nature.
All these children talk very differently about people and village events, but they all sincerely believe in miracles, are ready to solve unknown mysteries of life. Boys have a lot of prejudices and superstitions - this is a consequence of the darkness And the downtroddenness of their fathers and mothers.
Real life, according to Turgenev, will soon dispel the illusions and mystical moods of the boys, but it will certainly preserve their rare poetic feelings.
Essay
"Man is unthinkable outside of society" L.N. Tolstoy.
L.N. Tolstoy was a great Russian writer of the second half of the 19th century. His work amazes with philosophical thoughts.
“Man is unthinkable outside of society” - how to understand this?
Man is a biosocial being, possessing thinking, articulate speech, the ability to create tools of labor and use them in the process of social labor, embodying high moral and intellectual properties.
The very definition shows us that a person is firmly connected with society, which helps him become a person and defend his individuality.
Society is a separate part from nature material world, but closely related to it, consisting of individuals of people with will, consciousness, including ways of interaction between people and form associations. Socialization also exists here, i.e. the process of assimilation by a person of a certain system of knowledge, norms. Values that allow him to function as a full member of society.
From the moment of birth, a child finds himself not only in the natural and social environment, which prepares him for further independent life, starting with the formation of the most elementary functions: nutrition, movement.
Society contains meaning, reason, will. It is legitimate, the essence of human existence is concentrated in it: everything that distinguishes a person from a pure natural being and reveals his rational and spiritual nature, it forms a human personality.
It is laid down by nature, so that a person interacts with his own kind. A person from the moment of his appearance cannot exist outside of social connections and relations. The main importance of society lies in the fact that within its framework the survival of the human race, the vital activity of people is ensured reliably and more efficiently than with the isolated existence of each person.
Higher security of life support forced our ancestors to lead a life together. In the era of traditional society, people together were engaged in farming, gathering, cattle breeding. Then crafts were added to this activity, a person began to engage in creativity, and thus existence takes place right up to the present. Among the spiritual tests in Japan, there is the "morito" system - placing a person in a cave for a week and a strict prohibition there even to talk to himself. According to the testimony of those who passed this test, the thirst for communication by the end of isolation became simply unbearable, a further meeting with a loved one brought the hermit the sharpest joy.
Hence the conclusion that the attraction of a person and the establishment of contact with other people is a social need.
In the era of information and computer technologies, a person is increasingly immersed in communication. It draws from it important and meaningful information for itself, which makes it smarter and more readable, helps to realize oneself in life and work, to apply knowledge for the good and development of society.
Communication is the basis of society when people understand each other, cooperate and implement various projects.
I agree with Leo Tolstoy's statement that "A person cannot be thought outside of society."
Essay
“All our theories are nothing more than a generalization of the experience of observed facts” V.A. Ambartsumyan
The proposed statements of V.A. I would like to consider Ambarutsmyan from a philosophical point of view. The meaning of the statement contains categories such as generalization of experience and observation of facts in scientific knowledge.
The need for knowledge is one of the characteristics of a person.
Epistemology is the science of cognition. To this day, there is a dispute between rationalists and sensationalists. Which knowledge is more important? sensual or rational ?.
Sensualists believe that knowledge is obtained through sensory experience and the mind is secondary.
Rationalists believe. that a person has reason and reason means he can establish connections, give concepts and judgments about objects and phenomena, draw conclusions.
Rationalists believe that feelings can deceive a person.
At the empirical level, a person can feel and imagine, imagine. At the rational stage of cognition, a person can already establish connections between objects and phenomena.
Hence follows deduction - conclusion.
I believe that the use of sensory and rational knowledge leads to absolute truth.
For example, the scientist Pasteur for a long time could not understand how cows become infected with "Anthrax". He began his research by observing that the field on which the animals graze, the grass is yellow. He began to study and observe.
Pasteur concluded that earthworms are carriers “ Anthrax».
They take out the spores of "Anthrax" from the ground. And in this way he learned how animals are infected with disease.
Thus, using the sensual and rational cognition, he revealed the fact of infection with the disease.
For example, the engineer scientist Siemens proved that it is impossible for a person to fly up like a bird into the sky, knowing Newton's laws.
On the other hand, the scientist Siemens tried to use various methods of logical, mathematical and philosophical.
And he came to the discovery.
Even pure theories can give rise to new discoveries.
Thus scientific knowledge, it is the work of thought through different methods.
