All books by the author: Karpenkov S. (2)

Karpenkov S. Concepts modern natural science: Textbook for universities

Introduction.. 4
PART I. NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE MODERN WORLD.. 6
Chapter I. NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 6
1.1. The role of natural science in the formation of professional knowledge 6
1.2. Natural science in a changing world... 10
1.3. Fundamental and applied problems of natural science... 12
1.4. Natural science and mathematics... 14
1.5. Development of natural science and anti-scientific tendencies 16
1.6. Natural science and morality ... 19
1.7. Rational and real picture of the world.. 22
1.8. Natural science and religious knowledge. 24
Control questions . 28
Chapter II. NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 29
2.1. Natural scientific knowledge is the process of comprehending the truth... 29
2.2. Forms of natural science knowledge. 32
2.4. Scientific discovery and proof 41
2.5. Experiment - the basis of natural science 44
2.6. Modern means of natural scientific research... 49
2.7. The most important achievements of modern natural science 52
Control questions . 55
PART II. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 56
Chapter 3. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND LAWS... 56
3.1. Physics is a fundamental branch of natural science.. 56
3.2. The concept of atomism and the universality of physical laws. 61
3.3. Fundamental interactions. 63
3.4. Concepts of matter, motion, space and time.. 66
3.5. The principle of relativity and invariance ... 69
3.6. Properties of space, time and conservation laws 71
3.7. Newton's fundamental laws 73
3.8. Statistical and thermodynamic properties of macrosystems 75
3.9. Thermodynamic laws. 78
3.10. Electromagnetic concept 80
3.11. Corpuscular-wave properties of light. 83
Control questions . 87
Chapter 4. ATOMIC AND NUCLEON LEVELS OF MATTER ORGANIZATION... 87
4.1. The evolution of ideas about the structure of atoms ... 87
4.2. Bohr's postulates.. 89
4.3. Corpuscular-wave properties of microparticles. 90
4.4. Probabilistic nature of microprocesses.. 92
4.5. Elementary particles 93
4.6. The structure of the atomic nucleus ... 95
4.7. Nuclear processes 97
4.8. Prospects for the development of the physics of the microcosm... 100
Security questions ... 103
PART III. NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT 103
Chapter 5. CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE. 103
5.1. The essence of the concept of development.. 103
5.2. Evolution of the Universe.. 106
5.3. Structure of the Universe.. 109
5.4. Means of observation of objects of the Universe.. 111
5.5. The problem of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations.. 113
5.6. The solar system is part of the universe.. 114
5.7. Earth - planet of the solar system 118
Security questions .. 123
Chapter 6. EVOLUTION OF NATURAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SUBSTANCE 123
6.1. Development of chemical knowledge. 123
6.2. Management of chemical processes. 127
6.3. Synthesis of chemicals... 128
6.4. modern catalysis. 131
6.5. Formation of terrestrial and extraterrestrial substances.. 135
6.6. Natural resources of raw materials 136
6.7. Organic raw materials 141
6.8. New chemical elements and isotopes... 146
6.9. Promising chemical processes.. 149
6.10. Synthetics 153
6.11. Traditional materials with new properties 158
6.12. Promising materials... 162
Security questions ... 171
Chapter 7. BIOSPHERE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF MATTER 172
7.1. Fundamental life systems. 172
7.2. Balance of biochemical processes. 173
7.3. Carrier of genetic information. 174
7.4. Genetic properties 176
7.5. Proteins are the basis of living systems. 179
7.6. The structure and types of cells. 181
7.7. The modern idea of ​​the origin of life ... 183
7.8. Background of the evolutionary idea 187
7.9. The evolution of life. 189
7.10. Plant and animal life... 197
7.11. Man is a phenomenon of nature. 203
7.12. Human life support 206
7.13. Extending the life of the body 213
7.14. Formation of the noosphere. 217
Security questions ... 218
PART IV. NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC BASES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES, ENERGY AND ECOLOGY. 219
Chapter 8. CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY. 219
1.1. Development of technical means of information technology 219
8.2. Modern means of information accumulation 223
8.3. Multimedia systems and virtual world... 228
8.4. Micro- and nanoelectronic technologies 230
8.5. Laser technologies.. 236
8. 6. Modern biotechnologies 241
8.7. Gene technologies.. 242
8. 8. Problems of cloning... 244
Security questions ... 245
Chapter 9. NATURAL AND SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF ENERGY.
9.1. Modern idea of ​​energy.. 246
9. 2. Conversion and consumption of energy.. 248
9.3. Efficiency of production and consumption of energy 250
9.4. Thermal power plants .. 251
9.5. ... 255
9.7 Solar energy... 258
9.8 Wind power 260
9.9. Nuclear power. 262
9.10. Features of the development of domestic energy 266
9.11. Energy of the oceans 267
9.12. Energy of the future. 269
Security questions ... 269
Chapter 10. NATURAL AND SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY.. 270
10.1. Global catastrophes and evolution of life... 270
10.2. Biosphere and prevention of ecological catastrophe.. 272
10.Z. Natural disasters and climate. 275
10.4. Greenhouse effect and acid precipitation 279
10.5. Preservation of the ozone layer.. 281
10.6. Water resources and problems of their conservation.. 283
10.7. Anergy consumption and our habitat. 285
10.8. Radioactive impact on the biosphere 286
10.9. Natural scientific problems of environmental protection.. 291
Security questions ... 292
Chapter 11. HARMONY OF WORK ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE AND NATURE
11.1. Energy system upgrades 293
11.2. Industry, transport and environment 294
11.3. Cities and nature... 297
11.4. Solving recycling problems.. 300
11.5. Perspective materials, technologies and environment.. 304
Security questions ... 306
Conclusion.. 307
Glossary of special terms... 307
Name index ... 317

CONCEPTS MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE

second edition,
corrected and supplemented

publishing house
"Academic Project" 2000

UDC50
BBC 20
K 26

REVIEWERS:

Department of Philosophy of the Financial Academy
under the Government of the Russian Federation
(head of the department prof. M.V. Vagliano)
and laureate of the USSR State Prize
in the field of science and technology, Dr. tech. Sciences,
prof. V.A. Shakhnov

Karpenkov S.Kh.
K26 Concepts of modern natural science: A textbook for universities. - M.: Academic Project, 2000. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional - 639 p.

ISBN 5-8291-0085-1

The textbook is written in accordance with the State Educational Standard. It outlines the fundamental principles, laws, concepts and most important achievements of natural science, as well as highlights the natural science foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
For university students. It may be interesting and useful to a wide range of readers.

UDC50
BBC 20

ISBN 5-8291-0085-1

Karpenkov S.Kh, 2000
Academic Project, original-
layout, design, 2000

Dedicated to all those who
I would like to tell secrets
power and beautynature

Foreword

In modern society, much attention is paid not only to various branches of natural science, but also to rapidly developing high technology, energy and ecology. This textbook is devoted to the fundamental concepts of natural science and the natural scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
The textbook consists of four parts. In part I, the practical significance of natural science in modern society is substantiated and the main provisions of the natural-scientific knowledge of the world around are considered. Part II outlines the fundamental laws and concepts of natural science. Part III is devoted to the natural-science concepts of the development of processes in nature. Part IV deals with the natural science foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
The textbook material is presented at the level of concepts, i.e. taking into account the fundamental ideas and systems of views on the natural science issues under consideration. When presenting the material, simple mathematical expressions, formulas and terms known to schoolchildren were used. The natural scientific essence of the issues under consideration is presented in a visual and accessible form for a high school graduate.
The textbook is written in accordance with the content of the author's textbooks: "Basic concepts of modern natural science" (UNITI, 1998) and "Concepts of modern natural science: Practicum" (UNITI, 1998), as well as taking into account corrections, changes and additions to the material set out in earlier published textbook by the author "Concepts of modern natural science" (UNITI, 1997).
The author expresses his gratitude to colleagues and reviewers whose comments and suggestions contributed to improving the quality of the book.
When studying the concepts of modern natural science, it is useful to remember the wise admonition of the Russian publicist Dmitry Pisarev (1840-1868): “You need to study at school, but you still need to study much more after leaving school.”
The book is intended for students of higher educational institutions of full-time, evening and correspondence courses of economic, legal, philosophical, as well as specialties and specializations of management, sociology, technology, management, marketing, commodity science, tourism, business, finance, entrepreneurship, etc.

CONCEPTS OF MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE

Finally, I give a hand to a truly useful science.
Horace

Introduction

Any person has curiosity at a very early age - a natural desire to know the world around him. “Curiosity is akin to a person, both enlightened and wild,” said the outstanding Russian historian and writer Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). With age, the unconscious desire to know the world around us gradually develops into a conscious form of curiosity - the desire to know the laws that govern nature, and how to apply them, allowing a person to foresee the possible consequences of his actions. The laws of nature and the methods of their application are the concentrated experience of mankind, which forms the basis of the practical activity of man, capable of protecting him from possible mistakes and failures and helping to achieve the desired goals. The concentrated experience of mankind is the fundamental and necessary basis of any educational process: a person must know how the most complex system functions - the nature of the Earth is his only home, to which he owes his birth and part of which he himself is.
Natural science is the science of the phenomena and laws of nature. Modern natural science includes many natural science branches: physics, chemistry, biology, as well as numerous related branches, such as physical chemistry, biophysics, biochemistry and many others. Natural science touches upon a wide range of questions about the numerous and multilateral manifestations of the properties of objects of nature, which can be considered as a whole.
If we set out in detail all the scientific material accumulated over a long period of time in all branches of natural science, then we get a huge tome, perhaps necessary, but of little use even for narrow specialists in the natural sciences, not to mention specialists in the humanities. The task of presenting the material of natural science is further complicated by the fact that its form should be accessible to future specialists, for whom natural science is not a discipline that forms professional knowledge.
To solve this problem, a generalizing philosophical approach is needed, taking into account advanced didactics methods based on the patterns of knowledge acquisition and the acquisition of skills and abilities. The essence of this approach lies in the presentation of natural science material at the level of concepts - fundamental ideas and systems of views. The conceptual systematic approach is useful not only for understanding the development of natural science itself and the phenomena and laws of nature studied by it, but also for getting acquainted with the most important achievements of natural science, on the basis of which modern science-intensive technologies are successfully developed, which contribute to improving the quality of manufactured products and respect for nature.
Many achievements of modern natural science, which form the basis for high technologies are associated with a comprehensive study of objects and natural phenomena. With the involvement of modern technical means of experiment, it is precisely such a study that made it possible not only to create superstrong, superconducting, and many other materials with unusual properties, but also to take a fresh look at the biological processes occurring inside the cell and even inside the molecule. Most branches of modern natural science are in one way or another connected with the molecular study of certain objects, which unites many natural scientists involved in highly specialized problems. The results of this kind of research are the development and production of new high-quality products, and above all consumer goods. In order to know at what price such products are given - the most important component of the economy, what are the prospects for the development of modern science-intensive technologies that are closely related to economic, social, political and other problems, fundamental natural science knowledge is needed, including a general conceptual understanding of molecular processes, on which the most important achievements of modern natural science are based.
Modern means of natural science - the science of fundamental laws, natural phenomena and various properties of natural objects - make it possible to study many of the most complex processes at the level of nuclei, atoms, molecules, and cells. The fruits of comprehension of true knowledge about nature at such a deep level are known to every educated person. Synthetic and composite materials, artificial enzymes, artificial crystals - all these are not only real objects of development of natural scientists, but also consumer products of various industries that produce a wide range of consumer goods. In this regard, the study of natural science problems at the molecular level within the framework of fundamental ideas - concepts - is no doubt relevant, useful and necessary for future highly qualified natural science and technical specialists, as well as for those whose professional activities are not directly related to to natural science, i.e. for future economists, management specialists, merchandisers, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, journalists, managers, etc.
V Lately more and more often they talk not about the chemical interaction of substances and an increase in their chemical activity, but about changing the structure of a molecule, about breaking the chain of molecules, about the interaction of molecular beams, about connecting fragments of DNA molecules, etc. In the lexicon of specialists and scientific commentators-journalists, more and more often there are the words “molecule”, “molecular structure”, etc. And this means that the modern level of natural science reflects the understanding of the phenomena occurring in nature, as well as the processes observed in laboratories, taking into account the structure and behavior of each molecule. It is thanks to this understanding that substances with fundamentally new properties that did not previously exist in nature are synthesized, and new machines, devices, products, etc. are created from them, high-quality varieties of cultivated plants are grown, effective methods and means of treating diseases are developed, etc.
At first glance, it may seem that this kind of knowledge is not needed at all, for example, by a future management specialist or a journalist. In reality, without them, the management specialist will not be able to choose promising direction their activities, because any business is somehow connected with a new material base and new technologies. Therefore, a management specialist, if he is a true specialist, must have deep and comprehensive knowledge. The same can be said about a journalist: without a deep understanding of the problem being commented on, a journalist is not able to correctly and in a popular form convey the most important scientific achievements to a wide range of readers. Without the necessary knowledge, a journalist can erroneously orient public opinion and provoke a biased decision, as happened, for example, with the unreasonable announcement of a temporary moratorium on genetic engineering (1975-1985).
It must be said that natural science knowledge with a conceptual understanding of the most important achievements of modern natural science is needed not only by future economists, lawyers, managers, entrepreneurs and other highly qualified specialists, but also by any educated person, regardless of the type of his activity.
Knowledge does not come by itself. One must work hard, study diligently, understanding freedom as a conscious necessity. “One must learn without being ashamed, and teach without being stingy,” the famous thinker Basil the Great (c. 330-379) said in ancient times, and only in this case can one hope for success.

Conclusion

Nature as an object of study of natural science is complex and diverse in its manifestations: it is constantly changing and is in in constant motion. The circle of knowledge about it is becoming wider, and the area of ​​its conjugation with the boundless field of ignorance turns into a huge blurred ring dotted with scientific ideas - the grains of natural science. Some of them, with their sprouts, will break through into the circle of classical knowledge and give life to new ideas, new natural scientific concepts, while others will remain only in the history of the development of science. They will then be replaced by better ones. Such is the dialectic of the development of natural-scientific knowledge of the surrounding world.
One can speak about nature as a subject of natural science in a strict scientific language. One can also say about her simple words carrying deep meaning, as the German thinker and naturalist Johann Goethe did:
"Nature! Surrounded and engulfed by it, we can neither get out of it nor penetrate deeper into it... She captures us in the whirlwind of her dance and rushes with us until, weary, we fall out of her hands.
She always speaks to us, but does not reveal her secrets. We are constantly acting on it, but we have no power over it.
She is the only artist: from the simplest substance she creates the most opposite works, without the slightest effort, with the greatest perfection, and puts some kind of delicate veil on everything. She constantly thought and thinks constantly, but not like a person, but like nature, She has her own all-encompassing meaning ...
There are no number of her children. She is equally generous to everyone, but she has favorites, to whom she squanders a lot, sacrifices a lot. She takes the great under her protection.
Life is her best invention; death is for her a means to a greater life.
It surrounds man with darkness and drives him towards the light. Every act of hers is good, for everything is necessary; she tarries to be pursued; she hurries lest she be satiated.
She has no speeches and language, but she creates thousands of languages ​​and hearts with which she speaks and feels. Her crown is love. Love only approaches her. With one touch of her lips to the cup of love, she atones for a whole life of suffering.
She is harsh and gentle, loves and terrifies, weak and omnipotent. Do not snatch a declaration of love from her, do not lure a gift from her, unless she voluntarily gives. As she creates, so you can create forever.
.

Concepts of modern natural science
Year: 2000, 2003, 2009
author: Karpenkov S.Kh.
genre: Educational edition
publishing house: KNORUS
ISBN: 978-5-390-00316-9
Language: Russian
Format: 2000-DOC, 2003-PDF, 2009-DjVu
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 672
Description: The textbook is written in accordance with the State Educational Standards. It outlines the issues of natural science knowledge of the surrounding world, fundamental concepts, principles and laws of nature, considers topical problems of modern natural science related to the study of natural processes and properties of matter at the molecular level, reflects the natural scientific aspects of energy, ecology, and highlights the most important achievements of natural science that lie at the heart of modern science-intensive technologies.
For university students. It may be interesting and useful to a wide range of readers.

Example pages of the 11th edition

Click to close spoiler: Sample pages of the 11th edition

Preface to the Eleventh Edition...............................3
From the preface to the tenth edition....................................3
From the preface to the seventh edition...............................................4
From the preface to the first edition...............................................5
Introduction ................................................ ...............................6
Part 1
NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE MODERN WORLD
Chapter 1.
NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1.1. Natural science knowledge
and modern education................... 11
1.2. Structure and development of natural science .......... 20
1.3. Sustainability and Science Education....................................................... 25
1.4. The role of natural science in the formation of professional knowledge .................................... 35
1.5. Natural-science knowledge and the sphere of management .............................. 38
1.6. Fundamental and applied problems of natural sciences .............................................. 43
1.7. Natural Science and Mathematics...................49
1.8. The development of natural science and pseudoscientific tendencies .............................................. 55
1.9. Natural science and morality .............. 62
1.10. Rational and irrational principles of cognition.................................................. 68
Security Questions.............................. 81
Chapter 2
NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1. The process of natural scientific knowledge ........ 84
2.2. Forms of natural science cognition..........96
2.3. Methods and techniques of natural-science research...............................................105
2.4. Scientific Discovery and Proof......................113
2.5. Experiment - the basis of natural science .......... 119
2.6. Modern means of natural science research...............................................121
2.7. The most important achievements of modern natural science...............................................126
Security Questions..............................131
Part II
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE
Chapter 3
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND PRINCIPLES
3.1. Physics is a fundamental branch of natural science.......................................135
3.2. Matter and motion, time and space.....144
3.3. The concept of atomism. discreteness
and Continuity of Matter....................149
3.4. Fundamental Interactions...............151
3.5. The principle of relativity ............... 159
3.6. Properties of space, time
and conservation laws...................161
3.7. Newton's Fundamental Laws...................165
3.8. Statistical and thermodynamic
properties of macrosystems ...............................169
3.9. Thermodynamic laws...................173
3.10. Electromagnetic concept...................178
3.11. Corpuscular-wave properties of light........183
Security Questions..............................189
Chapter 4
ATOMIC AND NUCLEON LEVELS OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
4.1. The structure of atoms..............................192
4.2. Corpuscular-wave properties of microparticles.195
4.3. The probabilistic nature of microprocesses ....... 198
4.4. Modern atomic systems...................203
4.5. Nuclear processes .......................... 206
4.6. Elementary particles..............................215
4.7. Prospects for the development of the physics of the microcosm......217
Security Questions..............................221
Part III NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT Chapter 5.
CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
5.1. The essence of the concept of development .................225
5.2. Evolution of the Universe..............................229
5.3. Structure of the Universe. .......................236
5.4. Means of observation of objects of the Universe ....... 239
5.5. The problem of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations......242
5.6. The solar system is part of the universe .......... 245
5.7. Earth is a planet of the solar system ........... 252
Security Questions..............................260
Chapter 6
NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SUBSTANCE
6.1. Development of chemical knowledge .................262
6.2. Synthesis of chemicals...............267
6.3. Modern catalysis.......................272
6.4. Formation of terrestrial and extraterrestrial substances......279
6.5. Natural resources of raw materials .......................... 282
6.6. Organic Raw Materials ..........................290
6.7. New chemical elements..............................299
6.8. Promising chemical processes ..........304
6.9. Modern materials .....................310
6.10. Promising Materials...................321
Security Questions..............................331
Chapter 7
BIOSPHERE LEVEL OF MATTER ORGANIZATION
7.1. The origin of living matter...............334
7.2. Carrier of genetic information ........... 337
7.3. Structure and functions of proteins...............342
7.4. The structure and types of cells ............... 345
7.5. Origin of Life..............................350
7.6. Preconditions of the evolutionary idea...............360
7.7. The evolution of life..............................366
7.8. vegetable and animal world................382
7.9. Man is a phenomenon of nature...............393
7.10. Human life support .............................. 402
7.11. Prolongation of the life of the body .................. 415
7.12. Formation of the noosphere...................421
Security Questions..............................423
Part IV
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC BASES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES, ENERGY AND ECOLOGY
Chapter 8
NATURAL AND SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGIES
8.1. Development of information technology tools..427
8.2. Modern means of information accumulation. .434
8.3. Alternative Computers...................440
8.4. Multimedia systems and the virtual world. . .447
8.5. Microelectronic technologies..............450
8.6. Nanotechnology..............................456
8.7. Laser technology..............................462
8.8. Rocket and space technologies..............470
8.9. Modern biotechnologies...................473
8.10. Genetic technologies..............................476
8.11. The Clone Problem..............................479
Security Questions..............................481
Chapter 9
NATURAL AND SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF MODERN ENERGY
9.1. Energy is a source of well-being............484
9.2. Energy Conversion..............................487
9.3. Production efficiency
and energy consumption..............................492
9.4. Thermal power plants..............................493
9.5. Increasing the efficiency of energy systems ...... 495
9.6. Hydro sources and geothermal
energy sources............................503
9.7. Solar energy..............................510
9.8. Wind energy..............................513
9.9. Nuclear power..............................516
9.10. Features of the domestic energy industry ......... 524
Security questions...................................527
Chapter 10
NATURAL-SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY
10.1. Global catastrophes and the evolution of life.....529
10.2. Prevention ecological disaster.....533
10.3. Natural Disasters and Climate.......................536
10.4. Greenhouse effect and acid rain......544
10.5. Preservation of the ozone layer..............................550
10.6. Water Resources and their Conservation.......................554
10.7. Energy consumption and our environment. . .557
10.8. The impact of radiation on the biosphere......................560
10.9. Natural-scientific aspects of environmental protection .........................................570
Security Questions..............................575
Chapter 11
HARMONY OF NATURE AND MAN
11.1. Limits of the biosphere...............................577
11.2. Conservation of Natural Resources..............................584
11.3. Saving energy resources..............................588
11.4. Saving resources in transport .............................. 595
11.5. Cities and nature..............................600
11.6. Solving Disposal Problems..............................604
11.7. Globalization of biospheric processes......................610
11.8. Towards development through education .................. 614
Security Questions..............................623
Conclusion.................................625
Glossary of technical terms ....................... 628
Name Index...................................649
References ..............................................665

The textbook is written in accordance with state educational standards. It outlines the issues of natural scientific knowledge of the surrounding world, fundamental concepts, principles and laws of nature, considers topical problems of modern natural science related to the study of natural processes and properties of substances at the molecular level, reflects the natural scientific aspects of energy, ecology and highlights the most important achievements of natural science. underlying modern science-intensive technologies. Designed for students of higher educational institutions. It may be interesting and useful to a wide range of readers.

* * *

The following excerpt from the book Concepts of modern natural science (S. Kh. Karpenkov) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.

INTRODUCTION

Finally, I lend a hand to a truly useful science.

Horace

Every person, starting from a very early age, is distinguished by curiosity - a natural desire to know the world around him. “Curiosity is akin to a person both enlightened and wild,” said the outstanding Russian historian and writer N.M. Karamzin (1766–1826). With age, unconscious curiosity gradually develops into curiosity - a conscious desire to learn the laws that govern nature, to learn how to apply them in one's work, foreseeing its possible consequences. The laws of nature and the ways in which they are applied reflect the concentrated experience of mankind. Based on it, a person is able to protect himself from mistakes, and it is easier for him to achieve his desired goals. The concentrated experience of humanity underlies any educational process.

Natural science is a unified system of sciences about the laws, phenomena and properties of objects of nature, including many branches - natural sciences.

The most important achievements of natural science constitute the fundamental basis of modern science-intensive technologies for the production of various products, including consumer goods. In order to know at what price such products are given - the most important component of the economy, what are the prospects for the development of modern technologies that are closely related to economic, social and political problems, we need fundamental knowledge about nature - natural science knowledge. In our time, natural scientific knowledge has become a sphere of active actions and represents the basic resource of the economy, which in its significance surpasses material resources: capital, land, labor, etc. Natural scientific knowledge and modern technologies based on them form a new image life, and a highly educated person cannot distance himself from fundamental knowledge about the world around him without risking being helpless in his professional activities. "Without the natural sciences there is no salvation modern man; without this healthy food, without this strict education of thought by facts, without this closeness to the life around us, ”the Russian writer and philosopher A.I. gave such a high assessment of natural science knowledge. Herzen (1812–1879).

If we set out in detail the natural scientific knowledge accumulated in all branches of natural science, then we get a huge tome, perhaps necessary, but of little use even for specialists in the natural sciences, not to mention specialists in the humanities and socio-economic areas. The task of presentation is further complicated by the fact that its form must be accessible to students whose future professional activities are not directly related to natural science. To solve this problem, a generalizing philosophical principle is needed. Its essence lies in the presentation of natural scientific knowledge within the framework of concepts - fundamental ideas and a systematic approach. The conceptual principle allows students to gain fundamental, complex knowledge about nature, and on their basis to study highly specialized disciplines more deeply.

Modern means of natural science make it possible to study many of the most complex processes at the level of atomic nuclei, atoms, molecules, cells, and then to synthesize substances with unusual properties that did not previously exist in nature, and from them to produce new materials for various machines, devices, products, etc. In addition, thanks to such research, high-yielding crop plants are grown, highly effective treatments for diseases are developed, etc.

Any promising area of ​​human activity is directly or indirectly associated with a new material base and new technologies, and knowledge of their natural scientific essence is the key to success. Without fundamental knowledge about nature, an erroneous public opinion can form, leading to a biased decision, as happened, for example, with the unjustified announcement of a temporary (1975–1985) moratorium on genetic engineering. Consequently, natural science knowledge is needed not only for highly qualified specialists, but also for any educated person, regardless of the field of his activity.

In the pursuit of material values, modern humanity has already gone beyond the limits of the stable state of the biosphere, which includes all living things together with the environment. This means that as a result of the invasion of civilization in nature, a stable balance has already been disturbed, which for a long time ensures the circulation of substances. This is reminiscent of the destructive natural phenomena that have become more frequent over the past decade: hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, droughts, causing enormous material damage and accompanied by an increasing number of human casualties.

The transformation of a modern consumer society into a spiritually developed enlightened society is an extremely difficult task. It can be solved only by developing the entire education system by the common forces of educated people, for whom the guiding star is not luxury, not profit and other seductive idols, but the realm of goodness, freedom and truth. The noble but thorny path to such a kingdom begins with education by love in the earliest childhood, when the spiritual and moral foundation is laid for the assimilation of knowledge at all levels of education, and continues throughout the life of each person.

Knowledge does not come by itself. You have to work hard and study hard. “We must learn without shame, and teach without being stingy,” as the famous thinker Basil the Great (c. 330–379) said in ancient times, and only in this case can one hope for success.

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study OR development

Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:

study NOT development

Search type

When writing a query, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search based on morphology, without morphology, search for a prefix, search for a phrase.
By default, the search is based on morphology.
To search without morphology, it is enough to put the "dollar" sign before the words in the phrase:

$ study $ development

To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:

study *

To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:

" research and development "

Search by synonyms

To include synonyms of a word in the search results, put a hash mark " # " before a word or before an expression in brackets.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthesized expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one was found.
Not compatible with no-morphology, prefix, or phrase searches.

# study

grouping

Parentheses are used to group search phrases. This allows you to control the boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:

Approximate word search

For approximate search you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word in a phrase. For example:

bromine ~

The search will find words such as "bromine", "rum", "prom", etc.
You can optionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1, or 2. For example:

bromine ~1

The default is 2 edits.

Proximity criterion

To search by proximity, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:

" research development "~2

Expression relevance

To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the sign " ^ " at the end of an expression, and then indicate the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the given expression.
For example, in this expression, the word "research" is four times more relevant than the word "development":

study ^4 development

By default, the level is 1. Valid values ​​are a positive real number.

Search within an interval

To specify the interval in which the value of some field should be, you should specify the boundary values ​​in brackets, separated by the operator TO.
A lexicographic sort will be performed.

Such a query will return results with the author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to escape a value.