The program of preserving library funds of the Russian Federation. Preventive conservation as a promising direction of ensuring the safety of the funds of the Scientific Library of Belyaeva Irina Mikhailovna

The society is always responsible in front of future generations for the preservation of world cultural heritage. This provision is especially relevant in our time when, on the one hand, there is a deep understanding of the incredit value of the monuments of history and culture that have reached us, and on the other hand, the danger of their destruction is increasingly increasing in the major cities of the environmental situation, economic and political instability, cases of vandalism and negligent attitudes towards documents, as well as because of it is often simplified access to them.

Libraries, whatever values, are designed to provide them with "access, to provide them with the user. Therefore, it is objectively necessary to perform conflicting functions: storage of cultural monuments and history and at the same time ensuring access to these current and future generations. We must remember The libraries are institutions that are directly material, professional and moral responsibility to future generations for the preservation of achievements accumulated by mankind.

Documents stored in libraries are mainly implemented on paper and gradually destroy during storage and use. Natural aging, disorders in storage mode, non-accuracy of readers, emergencies caused by both accidents and natural disasters - the main reasons for the loss of library monuments. Therefore, issues of ensuring their safety have become a separate branch of scientific research of library scientists, biologists, chemists and other specialists.

The fact that the issues of preservation of funds are increasingly becoming the subject of special library studies, not by chance. Knowledge and experience in the preservation and restoration of cultural and art values \u200b\u200bare very significant when society comes to understanding the need to create effective funds and methods for ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage for contemporaries and future generations.

In recent decades, priorities are given to the forms of preventive conservation, allowing to maximize the safety of the possibility of more documents with minimal intervention in the structure of the documents themselves, and, accordingly, to achieve the most economical form of work. In Russia, preventive conservation as an independent activity in the field of ensuring the safety of library funds began to be made relatively recently.

If we appeal to the history of the study of the problem, then research the advantages of preventive measures in the provision of safety was carried only episodic. One of the first domestic libraries involved in the circle of their scientific interests to study issues of introducing preventive measures in ensuring preservation were L.B. Khavin and Yu.V. Grigoriev. Problems of the effectiveness of preventive measures in their studies also affected such scientists as A.M. Chukayev, Yu.N.Stolarov, V. Pleonov and others.

A great contribution to the study of this scientific subject was made by the works of the conservation departments of major libraries: the Russian State Library, the Russian National Library, the All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature, the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration of Documents of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Theoretical and practical issues of preventive conservation were developed by chemist scientists and biologists: Yu.P.Nukshoy, DP Eerastov, S.A. Dobrusina, O.I. Perminova, Z.P. Dvyvoshina and others.

The very concept of "preventive conservation" was introduced into the practice of ensuring the safety of foreign researchers in the late 80 - early 90s. of our century. Specialists of the Institute of Conservation Institute of Conservation were the greatest contribution to the development of this direction. P. Motti (USA), the Northeast Center for Conservation of Documents (USA), as well as J. Benks (Canada), P. Waters (USA), R. Harvey (Australia), A. Jovanini (Switzerland).

But, unfortunately, a complex of library scientific problems in ensuring the safety of funds and, in particular, preventive conservation was considered by various specialists isolated, without the active participation of library workers.

Despite the increase in interest in the problem of preventive conservation, many parties of this process have not yet been studied, it is necessary to unite the intellectual efforts of specialists working in different fields of library affairs. To date, the place and importance of preventive conservation forms in modern library science is not defined. Russia does not contain systematic training of specialists of a different level on preventive preservation issues. The existing experience of practical activity of libraries in this regard is still essentially not studied, not summarized and not analyzed.

The degree of development and specific features of the problem have determined the formulation of the purpose of this dissertation study: to expand the areas of research activities of libraries by inclusion in the library science of the circle of preventive conservation issues; Show the importance of this area in ensuring the safety of historical and cultural funds on the example of a major universal library - the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The object of this dissertation work is the preservation of historical and cultural funds of scientific libraries recorded on traditional carriers.

As a subject of study, forms and methods of preventive conservation, ensuring the safety of library funds and the possibility of their use are considered.

Preventive conservation is a system of measures that ensures comprehensive protection of documents aimed at slowing the processes of aging by creating and maintaining regulatory conditions for the storage and use of phase conservation. Phase conservation as a form of preventive lies in the fact that the documents are placed in microclum containers from cheekless cardboard or inert material.

The goal, the object, the subject of the study led to the formulation and solving the following dissertation tasks:

1. To explore and summarize the results of the works of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists about the meaning of preventive measures in ensuring the preservation of library funds.

2. Analyze and assess the condition of the preservation of library funds in Russia on the example of the libraries of the System of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

3. Enough the importance of preventive conservation as a whole and phase conservation, in particular, at the present stage.

4. Develop the technology for implementing phase conservation as a form of preventive and based on it to offer a type of program for libraries and archives of Russia.

5. To summarize the experience and summarize the implementation of phase conservation in the RAS library.

The methodological basis of the study was ideas and provisions formulated in the works of leading domestic and foreign libraries and specialists to ensure the safety of documents. Significantly strengthened the methodological basis on which the study of this problem, theoretical installations and conceptual conclusions contained in the works are based: L.Z. Amlinsky, E.P.Arefyeva, N.G. Balenka, A.N.Vaneva, V.I. Vasilenko, Yu.V. Grigorieva, Z.P. Dvoroshina, S.A. Dobrusina, G.A. Kislovskaya, K. B.Lavrova, V.P. Lonovova, S.L.Lohvitsky, N.K.Nikolava, V.G.Nosova, Yu.P.Nyukshi, O.I. Perminova, V.F. Sakharova, E.V. Starova, Yu.N.Stolairova, Yu.M. Tarasova, G.V. Tarachenko,

L.V. Trapaznikova, V.I.Tereshina, L.B. Khavina, O.S. Chubariana, A.M.chukayeva, V.V.Shilova, DP Eerasov, A.Abida, S. Bewhanen, M.-T. Varlamof, V.Vechter, M.Smita, P. Yoters, K. Haris, R. Kharvi, D. Esterington, and others.

In the course of the study, statistical and sociological methods were used, including survey and interviewing.

The basis of the study was the foundations of the RAS library: the Baer Foundation, the collection of printed and handwritten books Peter I, Foreign Manuscript Foundation, Slavic Foundation, Incunabulov Foundation, Struve Foundation.

The scientific novelty of the study is to comprehensively study the issues of preventive conservation, which were not previously the subject of independent research. At the same time: on the basis of the results of the study, the concept of preventive conservation, as well as its forms and methods, was proposed; The criteria for selecting documents for transfer to phase storage are substantiated; A technology for the introduction of phase conservation in libraries of various types and archives has been developed.

The practical importance of the work is to develop a phase conservation program. The results of the study can be used by specialists in drawing up plans to eliminate the effects of emergency situations. The dissertation materials may be useful in the preparation of medium and higher qualifications library frames.

Approbation of work. The main provisions and conclusions of the study reported and were discussed at international conferences: "The preservation of cultural values \u200b\u200band natural disasters: international cooperation with the library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" (Leningrad, 1990), "Preservation of Cultural Heritage: International Imperative" (Leningrad, 1993 ), "Ban: 10 years after the fire" (SPB, 1998), "Libraries and associations in a changing world: new technologies and new forms of cooperation1 * (Crimea, 1998 and 2000); at the international seminar dedicated to Preventive conservation issues held by Blackmon-Mooring Steamatic Catastrophy (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 1991), in the third annual seminar on the problems of preventive conservation and storage of cultural property: "Storage of exhibits in small sealyzed volumes" ( St. Petersburg., 1994); at the International Training Seminar "Libraries and Archives in Extreme Situations" (St. Petersburg, 1995); at the All-Russian meeting of the heads of federal and central libraries Subjects of the Russian Federation "State policy in the field of preservation of library funds" (SPB, 2000), at scientific and practical conferences held in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1989, 1991, 1994), and also reflected in the author's publications.

Implementation of work results. The results of the dissertation study were introduced in the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Baer Foundation, Personal Library of Peter I, the Incunabulov Foundation, Foreign Manuscripts Foundation, Slavic Foundation), and were also used to eliminate fire consequences in the library of the Pulkovo Observatory. The introduction of the technological process of phase conservation in the memorial library of the Vorontsov Alupkinsky Palace and Park Reserve, St. Petersburg Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Protection

1. Preventive conservation as an effective form of preserving library funds is aimed at slowing the processes of their destruction as a result of natural aging and as a result of accidents, natural and environmental disasters.

2. Phase conservation as a promising form preventive allows the libraries to maintain documents for a long time, protect them from harmful environmental impact and mechanical damage, reduce the need for restoration and rationally spend the means to ensure safety.

3. A typical phase conservation program designed to ensure the safety of funds in different types of libraries can be used during the elimination of emergencies. The experience accumulated by the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences to restore and ensure the preservation of the Foundation affected by the fire of 1988, confirmed this.

4. In the process of learning and preparing library workers of secondary and higher qualifications, it is necessary to include in the training programs of library technical schools and library and information faculties of cultural universities sections on preventive conservation within the framework of the "Library Funds" courses.

Conclusion

As a result of studying and analyzing enough extensive literature, various in nature and content, taking into account the practical experience of the author, a number of generalizations and conclusions can be made.

First of all, it should be noted that the process of ensuring the preservation of library funds is an extremely complex and complex problem covering many parties to library activities.

In Russia by the end of the XIX century. The main prerequisites for the occurrence of librarians as science are already developed: the main ideas and certain ideas about the library and librarian business were formed. This, in turn, was theoretical substantiation of the problems of preserving library funds, which for the first time, in our opinion, were raised, and within the framework of the general issues of library science, E.V. Balobanova, P.M. Bogdanov, V.I.Sobolyzikov and N.A. Rubakin.

In the future, the study of preservation issues has become more specific. And already in scientific papers on the library science, L.B. Khavina, Yu.V. Grigorieva, A.M. Chukayeva, Yu.N.Stolairova, V.P. Lonov, you can clearly trace the general trends in the development of the subjects we study. At the same time, of course, the works of each of these scientists have their own characteristic features and features of the "creative laboratory", some sufficiently subjective assessments and conclusions. However, all of them, throughout their scientific activities, convincingly proved and prove that prophylactic measures are much easier and more efficient than to carry out emergency measures to combat the thoughts and the elimination of its consequences.

It should be noted that any problems of library science did not solve scientists, they somehow relate to security issues. Interesting in this direction are the works of N.Skartashov,

O.S. Chubariaan, A.N.Vaneva, V.V.Skvortsova and others; In the system of formation of the library fund - V.I.Teroshina, N.P.Vasilchenko, V.V.Silova, I.V. Seaheldieller, V.G.Nosova. The security issues and the problems of library catastrophes are put by V.V.shilov and V.G.Nosova. O.N. Kokokina considers the problem of legal support for the preservation of the library fund.

Features of the organization of the buildings of scientific libraries in the aspect of the readers' service were studied by L. Z. Amlinsky. Serious issues of the organization of a library building in the structure of libraries were considered by the K.B.Lavrova. The biological aspects of the problem of preserving library funds are dedicated to the study of O.V.Skvortsova.

Thus, thanks to the scientific activities of the leading domestic scientists, the library scores have developed a fairly reasonable system of theoretical provisions and views on the main problems of ensuring the safety of library funds, a system of major terms and concepts have been developed, on the basis of which it was created and its professional "language" of communication library scientists.

A detailed study and analysis of the basic works of library scientists gave the opportunity to understand and evaluate the current state of the problem, to identify the trends of historical continuity, establish an organic connection with a new thermosistrate, which includes a large number of foreign concepts.

The largest libraries of Russia - RGB, RNB, VGBIL and BAN - are recognized centers of scientific and methodological and practical work to ensure the safety of library funds. It is these institutions that, having quite powerful conservation services and qualified custodians, chemists, biologists, restorers, and continue to determine the level of work to ensure the safety of cultural property in our country.

Over the past decades, materials reflecting the entire multi-term problem of ensuring safety are increasingly increasing and regularly illuminated in foreign and domestic scientific literature. The condition of the preservation of library documents in Russia is one of the most attracting attention as aspects - causes greater alarm and concern of society.

Thus, according to the data published in the literature for the restoration of documents stored in the Russian National Library (we are talking about a third of the total number of storage units), it will take about 400 years. More than 1 million rare and valuable publications of the Russian State Library require restoration of flyers, about 20 million sheets - an immediate restoration of paper, i.e. For the restoration of RGB funds will be required 500 years. For the restoration of the funds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Films of the Russian Academy of Sciences, according to our estimates, will be required to be 250 years old.

In addition, the data obtained as a result of our scientific and practical work on assessing the condition of the safety of the Funds of libraries under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences indicates that the gap between the need for restoration and the real possibilities of performing these works continues to increase both due to aggressive impact Environment and extremely weak material and technical base.

As a result, it was necessary to find such an efficient and economical form of conservation, which could cover the huge arrays of documents with minimal financing.

Preventive preservation was the very complex of preventive measures, including phase conservation that were able to ensure the comprehensive reliability and constancy of the state of documents during their storage and use.

It is important to understand that this most progressive method of increasing the life expectancy of collections is associated with a high degree of slowing down the processes of material destruction, and not with physical impact on documents for the purpose of their subsequent restoration. In this regard, preventive conservation plays almost the same role in relation to library materials as preventive medicine towards people. Medical Axioma "Easier to prevent the disease than to treat" how it is impossible to reflect the essence of this direction to ensure the safety of the funds.

The importance and necessity conducted in the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Research is that as a result of the introduction of phase conservation, as a form of preventive, a typical program was developed for libraries of different types. It provides for the following activities: the study of the composition and physical condition of documents; Systematic examination of the storage conditions of the funds; development and creation of an information database; organization of the technological process of phase conservation; physico-chemical and biological processing of documents; development of methodological and regulatory and technological documentation; Preparation of qualified custodian personnel.

The dissertation study made an attempt to summarize the results of scientific papers of domestic and foreign specialists, as well as practical experience in the work of libraries in terms of preventive measures in ensuring the preservation of library funds.

Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The history of the study of preventive conservation (preventive measures) was traditionally considered by domestic libraries as library scientific. In modern library science, the necessary theoretical prerequisites have been formed to substantiate the phenomenon of preventive conservation.

2. The study made it possible to carry out a multidimensional analysis of the condition of safety in the libraries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We developed and identified ways to introduce preventive conservation into the practical activities of scientific libraries.

3. The typical phase conservation program opens up opportunities for libraries of different types to ensure the preservation of documents for a long time, to protect them from the harmful effects of the environment and mechanical damage, reduce the need for restoration and rational expenditure of funds.

4. To improve the qualifications of library professionals, it is advisable to include the study of preventive preservation issues. This will help get both theoretical and practical knowledge and skills in an average educational institution, and more in-depth - in higher. At the same time, the university is possible to introduce a new specialization of the "librarian-to manage the provision of safety of the funds".

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