Establishment of the Bolshevik one-party dictatorship. Bolshevik party dictatorship and civil war Suppression of the “mad resistance” of the bourgeoisie

Relevance of the research topic. The concept of “totalitarianism” literally burst into social science in the mid-80s. Quite quickly, a huge body of scientific and journalistic literature on totalitarianism appeared. It has even become fashionable in its own way to address the problems of totalitarianism. But fashion is not a guarantee of lasting success, especially fashion in science, many researchers rightly believe1. A clear indication of this is the vicissitudes of the concept of totalitarianism; the unusually high rise in her popularity gave way by the end of the 90s to almost complete indifference to her.

There is an explanation for this circumstance. The “slipping” of the concept of totalitarianism in its canonical version was expressed in the inability to fully explain the reasons for the emergence and collapse of totalitarian regimes. In fact, the rather easy decline of totalitarian regimes into oblivion in former socialist countries is extremely difficult to explain, based on the interpretation of these regimes from a set of signs of totalitarianism presented in the works of H. Arendt, K. Friedrich, Z. Brzezinski, R. Aron, V. Gurian and etc. Of the schemes using a well-known set of characteristics, totalitarianism appears in its strength, while the events in the late 80s and early 90s in socialist countries revealed the obvious weakness of these regimes.

The weakness of the concept of totalitarianism lay in the attempts of its developers to create a universal scheme for a set of characteristics of totalitarianism, and in the desire of a number of researchers of totalitarian regimes to “adjust” historical material to this scheme.

So, the crisis of the concept of totalitarianism is associated with its static nature, inflexibility, ideology, and with the search for a valid theoretical basis for describing the phenomenon of totalitarianism.

Does this mean that the concept of totalitarianism is not viable? It seems that an affirmative answer would be extremely erroneous.

It is impossible to understand who we are, where we come from and where we are going without an accurate definition of totalitarianism as a historical phenomenon. As for the political significance, the need to continue research into the problems of totalitarianism, here we have the right to pose the question: are democratic systems today in Europe and beyond its borders able to prevent the emergence of new totalitarian regimes? Many researchers and politicians believe that the return of totalitarianism is impossible. It is unlikely that one can absolutely agree with such an optimistic forecast. There is no complete confidence that even established Western democracy will have immunity against the virus of totalitarianism in the future. What can we say about countries that have just embarked on the path of democratic development?!

The potential of totalitarianism not only remains, but is also capable of self-development. The danger, in particular, lies in the “infantilization of political life,” when an individual demands for himself more and more freedom from state control and, consequently, a weakening of the role of the state, but at the same time rightly insists on absolute social protection, which also implies the growing power of state power in the sphere distribution, in regulating the economy, etc. These and other demands addressed to the state create totalitarian potential. At the same time, we must not forget about possible anti-democratic shifts when crisis situations arise in the political and economic life of many countries.

And finally, progressive uncertainty about the future, characteristic of some categories of the population of European and, especially, non-European countries, can also provoke the development of totalitarian tendencies in society.

Thus, the study of the problems of totalitarianism still has great scientific and political significance. At the same time, it is necessary to especially emphasize the degree of scientific and political significance of the development of this problem for Russian social sciences and for the political life of Russia.

As a result of the collapse of the USSR and the erroneous actions of the “reformer fathers” to democratize Russia, new realities emerged in the country, containing an impressive charge of social and national explosiveness, and a high coefficient of unpredictability. A sober, unbiased and unbiased understanding of these realities is a prerequisite for predicting the future of Russia.

The range of possible alternatives for the future is not so wide and diverse. The question is whether Russia of the 21st century will be a prosperous, free, democratic country with a high standard of living of the population, or whether it will choose other development options - a return to the past, to the reconstruction of the “unfinished” “bright future” (which is unlikely) or the creation of democratic slogans of a new system of authoritarian governance (which is more likely). In order to at least approximately weigh on the scales of history the degree of probability of the implementation of one of the possible alternatives, a scientific view of what happened in our country decades ago - in the first years of Soviet power, we emphasize, a scientific, objective, devoid of political bias, view is required on the history of Soviet Russia.

Consideration of the history of Russia during the Soviet period in tragic tones was characteristic of the “renewing” historical science of the early 90s. It was a reaction to ideological prohibitions, a reaction of public sentiment to communist ideology, a communist vision of the past.

Negative reflection, according to the famous historian V.V. Kabanov, inevitably had to bring sharp forms and, in turn, gave rise to other extremes (including simplification, leading to bias. This is exactly how the “rethinking” of the history of the peasantry sometimes happened.

The peasantry, the bulk of the Russian population, became a gigantic field for the social and political experiment of the Bolshevik government. The tragedy of the very nature and method of carrying out this experiment on peasants has not yet been fully comprehended, consisting in the fact that for the first time in the history of mankind, total violence and violation of human rights were elevated to the rank of historical necessity and the highest social justice.

The formation of totalitarianism in Soviet Russia is difficult to imagine without studying the role and determining the place of the peasant in this process, as the main object of the totalitarian aspirations of the Bolshevik government, the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks; the history of “pre-totalitarianism” in our country cannot be recreated without a related consideration of the history of the peasantry as the overwhelming majority of the Russian population.

The purpose of the study is to study the process of the emergence of the “syndrome” of totalitarianism in Russia in the first years of Soviet power in the context of the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks, their actions in relation to the main object and subject - the peasant, to explore the theoretical foundations (intentions) of the practical actions of the Bolsheviks and, especially, these actions themselves in a Russian village to reveal the extent of their non-compliance with the legal norms of a civil democratic society.

Objectives of the research: in-depth understanding of existing approaches to the analysis of totalitarianism in modern historical and political science; generalization of the material accumulated in historical literature, revealing the activities of the Bolshevik Party in the first years of Soviet power among the peasantry both throughout Russia and in its Central Black Earth region; substantiation of the applicability of the structural elements of the concept of “totalitarianism” in characterizing the type of Bolshevik state regime of power at the early stage of the Soviet period of Russian history, identifying the relationship of the agrarian policy of the Communist Party with the emergence of the totalitarian “syndrome”; studying the political activities of the Bolshevik Party among the peasantry, its desire to bring under control all spheres of life in the Russian countryside, to instill a totalitarian consciousness among the bulk of the Russian population - rural workers; determining the place and role of the Bolshevik food dictatorship in the economic coercion of the peasantry, as an important sign of the emerging left totalitarianism; coverage of the Bolsheviks’ struggle against dissent, their terror against the peasants in the context of the emerging characteristic totalitarian features.

Theoretical and methodological foundations of the dissertation; research methods. The methodological and theoretical basis of the dissertation is traditional scientific principles - historicism, scientific objectivity, priority of the source, systematicity, as well as methods of retrospective and comparative historical analysis.

To reveal the topic of the dissertation, a historical and political science analysis was necessary. Calls for a synthesis of social sciences in the study of major key problems in the history of Russia remain, unfortunately, calls. Historians, relying on vast factual material, recreate a picture of the past, which, figuratively speaking, lacks the necessary “colorful strokes.” In positivist historiography, it is customary to give priority to documented fact. However, as the famous researcher V.P. Buldakov correctly noted, from “excessive naturalism” history as a science can become accessible to a few.”3

On the other hand, political scientists in their works tend more towards generalizations, sometimes ignoring documentary historical layers; Without the use of documentary historical material, political science can drown in “scientificness.” That is why the goal set in the dissertation - to study the relationship between the main part of the then Russian population - the peasantry and the authorities, the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks in the context of the emergence of totalitarianism in Soviet Russia - was possible only by the methods and means of history and political science.

The chronological framework of the study covers the years 1918-1921 - the years of the Civil War and the policy of war communism. The lower limit of the study is the summer of 1918 (in relation to the history of the peasantry) - this is the time when the Bolshevik government took a course towards a food dictatorship and changed the methods of relations with the peasantry towards tougher ones. The upper limit is the spring of 1921, the transition to a new economic policy in the countryside.

As for the formation of totalitarianism in Soviet Russia during these years, a number of researchers believe that the totalitarianism of the country during this period is quite doubtful, since it was a time of war, in which socio-political institutions operate differently than in peaceful conditions4.

This is certainly true: any historical study must take this circumstance into account.

However, the dissertation research is only about identifying trends leading to totalitarianism. And these trends are clearly visible even when taking into account the wartime factor; it is difficult not to notice them; another approach to studying the genesis and subsequent formation of totalitarianism in the USSR will be illogical, not historical. Indeed, the universal recognition of the establishment of totalitarianism in the USSR during the years of Stalin's rule raises the question of the origins of its origin. The author believes that the movement towards totalitarianism began in 1918-1921. In addition, it was the post-revolutionary situation and the atmosphere of the civil war that accelerated the country’s progress towards totalitarianism.

The mood of the Bolshevik party and its leaders, striving for the comprehensiveness of their power already in 1918-1921, creating mechanisms for realizing their aspirations, can be called totalitarian. At the same time, the author of the dissertation shares the point of view of those who believe that not a single party, not a single leader has been able (and it has not been possible) to turn the entire society into “Mo”. We can only talk about different degrees of totality of power in non-democratic societies.

The geographical boundaries of the dissertation cover the territories of the Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol and Tambov provinces, which at that time constituted the Central Black Earth region of Russia. It should be noted that these provinces at the time in question included the territories of the Belgorod and Lipetsk regions created much later, as well as the Bryansk region.

The Belgorod region was formed due to the disaggregation of the Voronezh and Kursk regions. Some of the districts of the Lipetsk region, which were counties during the period under study, belonged to the Voronezh, Tambov and Oryol provinces. Bryansky, Karachevsky, Sevsky and

Trubchevsky districts of the Oryol province in 1920 became part of the Bryansk province created by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Central Black Earth region is a complex of primordially Russian lands. Its fate was largely connected with its location, proximity to the industrial center.

The Central Black Earth Region is an agricultural region. The number of workers, including teenagers from 12 years old, at industrial enterprises subject to the supervision of factory inspection, on January 1, 1917, amounted to only 0.77% of the total population of the four provinces5.

V.I. Lenin classified the Central Black Earth Region as the main area for the preservation of “labor labor, bondage and all kinds of remnants of serfdom”6. And this area of ​​“all kinds of remnants” was assigned by the Bolsheviks from the very beginning of their rise to power the role of a base for “socialist reconstruction”. Here the Bolshevik leadership drew its food resources, primarily bread, during the most difficult years of the civil war, and here the foundations of its future agrarian policy were laid.

Source base of the research. The documents and materials used in the work can be divided into several groups.

The first group of sources consisted of documents from central and local archives. For an objective study of the identified problem, documents and materials extracted from the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political Research (RGASPI), recently renamed from the RCKHIDNI, and local archives of the regions of the Central Black Earth Region were used. These documents contain protocols, transcripts, resolutions, decisions of Bolshevik party organizations, as well as various “circulars” of a directive nature. Analysis of party decisions, conference materials, and plenums and meetings makes it possible to trace the main directions of the political work of the Bolsheviks in the countryside. Documents stored in the archives also help to recreate a picture of the political sentiments of different groups of the peasantry, their attitude to the authorities, local and central, to the RCP (b) as a whole, and to local party bodies.

The second group of sources consisted of documents and materials from party and state authorities on the peasant issue; this included documents of the RCP (b), decrees, resolutions and other documents adopted by the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars and the Defense Council. These documents trace the activities of the Communist Party in the countryside, in particular, the invariability of its policy in leading the transformation of agriculture and its development on a collectivist basis, sacrificing the ideological principles of economic expediency, forcing the peasantry to accept socialist forms of organization and labor.

The third group of sources are reports, speeches, speeches, articles by leading figures of the party and state, which touched upon the problems of developing and implementing the Bolshevik course towards the peasantry. They substantiated the need to create committees of poor people in the villages and form new “obedient” councils. The authors of these reports, speeches and articles advocated (despite emphasizing voluntariness) for violent methods of agrarian reforms, heading towards “making happy” the countryside, while eradicating feelings of ownership and initiative from rural workers and seeking unquestioning obedience and submission.

The fifth group of sources is memoir literature. Despite the well-known subjectivity of the memoir genre and the undisguised ideological bias of memories (since we are talking about the memories of mainly party members), memoir publications nevertheless help to restore the picture of what was happening in the village in the first years of Soviet power.

The press significantly complements the source base of the dissertation. She made up the sixth group of sources. In preparing the dissertation, not only central newspapers and magazines were studied, but also provincial and district periodicals. The use of newspaper materials allows us to more specifically present the socio-political atmosphere of that time.

The state of research into the problems of totalitarianism. There is a huge amount of scientific and journalistic literature on totalitarianism. It can be conditionally divided into two parts, one of which is intended to explain to the reader what totalitarianism is, and the other, leaving aside, as a rule, the problems of definition, criteria and classification, accepts this phenomenon as a fact that does not need to be deciphered and with a greater or lesser degree of reliability describes its various aspects, certain modifications in different countries, at various time periods of our century and in various spheres of socio-historical existence.

The emergence of theories, or rather the concept, of totalitarianism goes back to the early critics of Italian fascism, such as G. Amendola, JI. Bacco, P. Gobetti, F. Turati, G. Heller, who tried to identify the features of this new and dangerous form of domination. B. Mussolini introduced it into the political lexicon to characterize his movement in 1925. He and the later National Socialists used the concept of "Stato totalitario" ("totalitarian state") to positively define the goal of their program. This, however, did not mean some kind of theoretical or philosophical “self-awareness” of the fascists, and even more so, that it was from this that the theory of totalitarianism arose. Outside of Italian fascism and German National Socialism, the terms "totalitarian" and "totalitarianism" have an entirely negative connotation.

In the early 30s, the expression “totale Staat” was used by the German philosopher K. Schmidt. Shortly before World War II, the American Philosophical Society held a symposium on the “totalitarian state.” In 1930-1945. Numerous attempts are being made to identify the structural and functional commonality of totalitarian dictatorships on the basis of a comparative study of fascism and Bolshevism. Among these researchers are M. Lerner, V. Gurian, T. Kohn, F. Borkenau, S. Neumann. One of the first classical studies on the problems of totalitarianism is the work of F. Hayek “The Road to Serfdom” (1944), the immediate theme of which is the economic, as well as political and spiritual consequences of totalitarianism. This phase of the development of the theory of totalitarianism is completed by two works, the contribution of which to the criticism of totalitarianism is difficult to overestimate: J. Orwell “Animal Farm” (1945) and K. Popper “The Open Society and Its Enemies” (1945). The history of this phase is marked by the “rebirth” of a number of communist and left-socialist writers - F. Borkenau, W. Gollancz, A. Koestler, J. Orwell, I. Silone, who, under the influence of the civil war in Spain, repression in the USSR and the Stalin-Hitler pact, came to the conclusion about the similarity of the political practices of the National Socialists and the Bolsheviks.

One of the most fruitful stages in the development of the concept of totalitarianism occurred in the 50s. Its origins go back to Orwell's 1984 (1949). In 1951, H. Arendt published his work “The Origin of Totalitarianism,” which soon became a mandatory source of reference. It not only examined intuitive approaches and problems of the pre-war period, but also contained deep theoretical generalizations. The works of this period also include the works of D. Toulmin, K. Friedrich, Z. Brzezinski, K. Bracher, G. Leibholu, M. Dracht, T. Buchheim, R. Leventhal, R. Aron, E. Canetti.

In 1956, the now classic work of K. Friedrich and Z. Brzezinski, “Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy,” which provides a sociological and political science systematization of the phenomenon under consideration, became a notable event.

Among the works of the 60-90s on the problems of totalitarianism, the works of A. Avtorkhanov “Technology of Power” (1959) and “The Origin of Partocracy” (1973) stand out; M. Djilas “Imperfect Society” (1969) (published in Russia along with two of his other early works in the book “The Face of Totalitarianism” (1992); Z. Zhelev “Fascism. Totalitarian Power” (1982).

Thus, foreign scientific thought has an unconditional priority in substantiating the concept of totalitarianism. Western political science has accumulated significant scientific knowledge in the development of this problem.

At the same time, it would be wrong not to see that Western political science was and remains a product of its conditions and bears the stamp of the political order it carries out. In it, along with scientific judgments, discoveries and achievements, there are also completely obvious ideological dogmas and cliches that diverge from scientific knowledge. By studying totalitarianism and comprehending the judgments of Western political scientists about it, one can be convinced of this more than once.

Therefore, in this work, using Western political science and its achievements, there is a critical and balanced attitude to its conclusions. This needs to be said, because, studying the diverse domestic literature on this issue, we have to admit that some social scientists have taken the path of uncritically borrowing the entire content of Western social science, which threatens our social science with the loss of the necessary professionalism.

As for Russian political science, the first studies on totalitarianism appeared in the late 80s. At first they were of a journalistic nature, which, however, does not detract from their merits. Works of this kind include articles by A. Tsipko “The Origins of Stalinism” (1988), “Are Our Principles Good” (1990), I. Mazurov “Fascism as a Form of Totalitarianism”, the work of M. Voslensky “Nomenklatura”, a collection originally published abroad journalistic works “No Other is Given” (1988), works by S. Platonov “After Communism” (1990), M. Kapustin “The End of Utopia?” (1990), M. Gefter “From those and these years” (1991). A serious study appears to be V. Kaytukov’s monograph “The Evolution of Diktat” (1991), in which an attempt was made to reveal the psychophysiological nature and essence of dictate, to determine its causes and forms of manifestation.

However, the situation changed dramatically after the events of the early 90s, which led to the removal of communists from power both in the USSR and in a number of other countries. The removal of the “taboo” from the use of the term “totalitarianism” led not only to a serious, fearless analysis of the order in the countries of “real socialism” for the presence or absence of totalitarianism here, but also to the sticking of this label as in those cases where it could be proven, and where it was completely unjustified.

Since the mid-90s, scientific research (articles, dissertations and a book) began to appear in Russia, which directed the discussion of the problems of totalitarianism from the path of often opportunistic journalism into the mainstream of serious scientific analysis. One of the first, if not the first dissertation on the problems of totalitarianism, was the doctoral dissertation of R. Kochesokov defended in 1992.

In the works of domestic philosophers and historians K. Gadzhiev, A. Golubev, A. Butenko, L. Istyagin, Yu. Igritsky8 and others, new problems and questions on this topic were posed and developed. It was Russian scientists, including the work of their Western colleagues, who convincingly showed that there are two types of totalitarianism: right and left, which are very significantly different from each other; the question of the origin of totalitarianism and the influence of such factors as the extreme situation experienced by the corresponding country was raised and resolved in a new way (taking into account national history). The internal self-destructive contradiction of communist totalitarianism was revealed, which determined different ways of its destruction in comparison with right-wing, fascist totalitarianism.

A notable phenomenon in the historical political science literature was the publication of the collective monograph “Totalitarianism in Europe XX. From the history of movements, regimes and their overcoming” (1996).

So, despite, as already noted, a certain “cooling” of researchers towards the problems of totalitarianism, work on the development of this concept continues.

The degree of knowledge of the Bolshevik policy towards the peasantry of the Central Black Earth region in the first years of Soviet power. On the history of the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks, domestic historical science has accumulated a huge amount of knowledge. All studies of this problem can be divided into two groups: works of Soviet authors and studies of the post-Soviet period. Arguments that in the Soviet era there could not have been and were not valuable historical works, since historical science was then the “ideological servant” of the CPSU, are one-sided and superficial.

On the one hand, the works of Soviet authors bear the “ideological stamp” of the past; they were largely apologetic. And yet, despite the strict ideological and political requirements for research on agrarian communist policy, our historians have created a number of fundamental works and introduced huge layers of documentary evidence into scientific circulation. In preparing the dissertation, the author relied on collective and individual monographic studies prepared during the Soviet period of national history.

In the study of the Bolshevik policy towards the peasantry of Russia in general, in its Central Black Earth region, in particular, several periods can be distinguished. The first is the 20s; the second - 30s - mid-50s; third - mid-50s - late 80s; fourth - 90s.

In the first three stages, a huge historiographical array was created. He accumulated a wealth of factual material; however, in the works of those years, contradictions were presented lightly and the negative effects of the communist political course in the countryside were hushed up. The research, to a certain extent, was in the nature of a detailed commentary on the activities of the central and local party and state authorities.

The situation in historical science changed in the early 90s. As a matter of fact, already at the end of the 80s, works appeared that showed the agrarian policy of the CPSU and the Soviet state using new facts and in a new research perspective.

However, and this should be emphasized, in the domestic historical literature to this day there are no works revealing the activities of the Bolsheviks in the countryside in the first years of Soviet power, both at the all-Russian and regional levels in the context of changes in the political system of the new government, the emergence of symptoms and tendencies of the totalitarian regime .

The scientific novelty of the dissertation lies in the fact that for the first time in historical literature, the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks in the initial years of Soviet power is studied in the context of the emergence of the syndrome of left totalitarianism in Russia, both the plans that determined the practical actions of the Bolsheviks and, especially, these actions themselves in Russian village to identify the degree of their non-compliance with the legal norms of civil democratic society.

This study is the first historical and political science work in the study of the history of Russia in the early Soviet period, the history of the peasantry, and in the study of the origins of totalitarianism in our country.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that its author, when studying the identified problems, goes both to the macrohistorical level, considering them using the example of the entire Russian peasantry, and to the microhistorical level, tracing processes using the example of specific provinces.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation also lies in the author’s definition of the characteristic features and essence of left-wing totalitarianism.

The introduction of archival documents and materials into scientific circulation enhances the scientific novelty and significance of this dissertation research.

Approbation of work. The research materials are reflected in the author’s printed publications, in his reports at symposia and conferences on the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks, the relationship between the authorities and the peasantry, and the formation of totalitarianism in the USSR.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results and conclusions: firstly, can be used in the preparation of general studies on the history of the formation of totalitarianism in the USSR, on modern national history and the history of the Russian peasantry; secondly, they can be useful to political scientists, analysts, and specialists involved in finding a way out of the crisis of Russian society and forecasting the future political development of Russia; thirdly, they can find application in the educational process in higher education when giving lectures and conducting seminars on the history of Russia during the Soviet period, when conducting special courses and special seminars at history departments of pedagogical universities, when preparing and writing diploma and term papers; fourthly, they can be used in writing textbooks and teaching aids for universities and schools on the history of the fatherland and the history of politics that are being updated today.

Structure of the dissertation. The study consists of an introduction, six chapters, a conclusion and a list of used sources and literature.

Conclusion

1 See Gadzhiev K.S. Political philosophy. M., 1999. P. 173.

2 Lenin V.I. Complete collected works T.40, p.198.

3 Ibid. T.45, p.285.

1. LITERATURES I. Sources

2. Archival documents and materials

3. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), fund 393.

4. Russian State Archive of Socio-Political Research (RGASPI); renamed from the Russian Center for the Storage and Study of Documents of Contemporary History (RCKHIDNI), fund 17.

5. Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Tambov Region (CDNITO), fund P840, P837.

6. Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of the Voronezh Region (CDNIVO), fund P1, P5.

7. Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of the Lipetsk Region (CDNILO), fund P29.

8. Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of the Kursk Region (CDNIKO), fund P65.

9. State Archives of the Oryol Region (SAOO), fund P1, F1162, P1, P6, P7.

10. Documents and materials of party and state authorities1. Soviet Russiaa) Documents of the RCP(b) on the peasant question

11. Program of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Adopted at the VIII Congress of the RCP(b). March 18-23, 1919 / CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. T.2. 1917-1922.-M, 1983. P.71-92.

12. On the attitude towards the middle peasantry. Resolution of the VIII Congress of the RCP(b). March 18-23, 1919 Ibid. P.109-111.

13. About political propaganda and cultural and moral work in the village. Resolution of the VIII Congress of the RCP(b). March 18-23, 1919 Ibid. P.111-114.

14. Report of the Central Committee. 18th of March. VIII Congress of the RCP(b). March 18-23, 1919 - Ibid. P.133-149.

15. Political report of the Central Committee. December 2nd. Eighth All-Russian Conference of the RCP (b). December 2-4, 1919 Ibid. P.216-231.

16. Report of the Central Committee. March 29. Ninth Congress of the RCP(b). March 29 April 5, 1920 Ibid. P.269-284.

17. On the attitude towards cooperation. Resolution of the Ninth Congress of the RCP(b). March 29 April 5, 1920 - Ibid. P.258-260.

18. On replacing appropriation with a tax in kind. Resolution of the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b). March 8-16, 1921 Ibid. P.370-371.

19. About cooperation. Resolution of the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b). March 8-16, 1921 - Ibid. P.371-372.

20. Report on the political activities of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). March 8. Tenth Congress of the RCP(b). March 8-16, 1921 Ibid. P.380-398.

21. Decree of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on land. October 26 (November 8), 1917 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.1. October 25, 1917 -March 16, 1918 - M., 1957. P. 17-20.

22. Response of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars to requests from peasants about the transfer of power to the Soviets and about the tasks of the Councils of Peasant Deputies and volost land committees. December 5 (18), 1917 Ibid. P.45-48.

23. Resolution of the Joint Meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Extraordinary All-Russian Peasant Congress and the Petrograd Soviet with the approval of laws on peace, land, workers' control. November 15 (28), 1917 - Ibid. P.88-89.

24. Message from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the merger of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee with the Executive Committee elected at the extraordinary All-Russian Peasant Congress. 16 (29) or 17 (30) November 1917 Ibid. P.101-102.

26. Decree on freedom of conscience, church and religious societies. January 20 (February 2), 1918. Ibid. P.371-374.

28. Appeal to the agricultural population with a message about the measures taken by the Council of People's Commissars to organize assistance to the peasantry with agricultural machines and tools. End of 1917, beginning of 1918 - Ibid. P.554-555.

29. Decree on the organization of trade exchange to strengthen grain procurements. March 26, 1918 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.2. March 17, July 10, 1918 - M., 1959. P.23-24.

30. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the emergency powers of the People's Commissar for Food. May 13, 1918 - Ibid. P.261-267.

31. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the report of Ya.M. Sverdlov on the tasks of the Soviets in the countryside. May 20, 1918 Ibid. P.295.

32. Appeal to St. Petersburg workers about organizing food brigades. May 21, 1918 Ibid. P.298-301.

33. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the reorganization of the People's Commissariat of Food and local food authorities. May 27, 1918 - Ibid. P.307-312.

34. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transition to the general mobilization of workers and poor peasants into the workers' and peasants' Red Army. May 29, 1918 - Ibid. P.334-335.

36. Resolution on the issue of independent grain procurements. June 1, 1918 - Ibid. P.379-382.

37. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the organization of rural poverty and supplying it with bread, basic necessities and agricultural implements. June 11, 1918 Ibid. P.412-420.

38. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the exclusion from the composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and local Soviets of representatives of the counter-revolutionary parties of the Socialist Revolutionaries (right and center) and the Mensheviks. June 14, 1918 -Ibid. pp. 430-431.

39. Resolution of the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the food issue. July 9, 1918 Ibid. P.539-541.

40. Constitution (basic law) of the RSFSR, adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets. July 10, 1918 Ibid. P.545-566.

41. Decree on combating speculation. July 22, 1918 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.Sh. July 11 November 9, 1918 - M., 1964. P.78-81.

42. Regulations on barrage requisitioning food detachments operating on railways and waterways. August 4, 1918 - Ibid. P.170-172.

43. Decree on mandatory exchange of goods in grain-producing rural areas. August 5, 1918 Ibid. pp. 172-178.

45. An order to all provincial councils and food committees to pursue a policy of agreement with the middle peasantry. August 17, 1918 Ibid. P.221-224.

47. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on imposing a tax in kind on rural owners in the form of deductions of part of agricultural products. October 30, 1918 Ibid. P.469-473.

48. Regulations on one-time emergency revolutionary taxes established by local Soviets. October 31, 1918 Ibid. P.480-481.

49. Resolution of the Sixth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the construction of Soviet power in the center, committees of the poor and local councils. November 9, 1918 Ibid. P.539-542.

50. Instruction from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the People's Commissariat of Food to the executive committee of the Council of the Kursk province to cancel the resolution on the surrender by peasants of the entire winter harvest taken from the former landowners' lands. August 24, 1918 Ibid. P.575.

51. Collection of decrees and resolutions on the national economy (October 25, 1917-October 25, 1918). - M., 1918.

52. Resolution of the Defense Council on the fight against desertion. December 25, 1918 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.1U. November 10, 1918 March 31, 1919 - March 31, 1919 - M., 1968. P.254-256.

53. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the distribution of grain grain and fodder, subject to alienation at the disposal of the state, between producing provinces. January 11, 1919 Ibid. P.292-294.

54. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the adoption of all agricultural experimental institutions with state funds. February 8, 1919 Ibid. P.345-346.

55. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the land policy of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. February 10, 1919 Ibid. P.352.

56. Regulations of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on socialist land management and on measures for the transition to socialist agriculture. No later than February 13, 1919 - Ibid. P.362-389.

57. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the organization of Soviet farms by institutions and associations of the industrial proletariat. February 15, 1919 Ibid. P.390-394.

58. Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars on working food detachments. February 27, 1919 Ibid. P.446-448.

59. Resolution of the Defense Council on the fight against desertion. March 3, 1919 Ibid. P.455-457.

60. Resolution of the Defense Council instructing the All-Russian Council of Trade Unions to increase by 100 times the number of workers sent to grain-producing regions. March 31, 1919 Ibid. P.659.

61. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on benefits for middle peasants in relation to the collection of a one-time emergency revolutionary tax. April 9, 1919 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.V. April 1 July 31, 1919 - M., 1971. P.51-54.

62. The order of the Council of People's Commissars to all provincial land departments to prevent the forced alienation of peasant lands and coercive measures during the transition to collective forms of agriculture. April 9, 1919 -Ibid. P.55-56.

63. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on mandatory exchange of goods. August 5, 1919 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.VI. August 1 December 9, 1919 - M., 1973. P.IIIS.

64. Order of the Council of People's Commissars to all provincial, district and district food commissars to take urgent measures to implement food allocation. October 22, 1919 Ibid. P.222.

65. Resolution of the Defense Council on natural wood, labor, fuel procurement and horse-drawn duties. November 19, 1919 Ibid. P.283-286.

66. Resolution of the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the organization of food business in the RSFSR. December 9, 1919 Ibid. P.351-353.

67. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR. December 26, 1919 / Decrees of Soviet Power T.VII. December 10, 1919 - March 31, 1920 - M., 1974. P.50-51.

68. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the procedure for carrying out universal labor service. February 3, 1920 Ibid. P.172-175.

69. Regulations of the Council of People's Commissars on agricultural and fishing cooperative organizations. April 19, 1920 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.VIII. April-May 1920 - M., 1976. P.54-56.

70. Resolution of the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets on measures to strengthen and develop peasant agriculture. December 28, 1920 / Decrees of Soviet power. T.XII. December 1920 January 1921 - M., 1986. P.73-87.

71. Instruction from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to all provincial executive committees to intensify work on carrying out labor and horse-drawn duties for the removal of firewood. January 27, 1921 Ibid. P.356.

72. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on ensuring the correct and sustainable use of land for the peasant population. March 21, 1921 Ibid. P.247-249.

73. Appeal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars to the peasantry of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. March 21, 1921 Ibid. P.250-253.

74. Gidulyanov P.V. Separation of church and state. A complete collection of decrees, departmental orders and rulings of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR and other Soviet Socialist Republics. M., 1929.

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78. Bukharin N.I. The theory of proletarian dictatorship. 1919 / Bukharin N.I. Selected works. -M., 1988. S. 1-23.

79. Bukharin N.I. New course of economic policy. 1921 Ibid. P.24-33.

80. Bukharin N.I. Lenin as a Marxist. Report at the ceremonial meeting of the Communist Academy on February 17, 1924. Ibid. P.50-85.

81. Bukharin N.I. October program (To the tenth anniversary of our party’s program) March 23, 1929 Ibid. P.437-448.

82. Bukharin N.I. Problems of the theory and practice of socialism. M., 1989.

83. Zinoviev G.E. What to do in the village? Petrograd, 1919.

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85. Kalinin M.I. Results of a trip around the RSFSR on the train "October Revolution" (Report at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the VI convocation on October 23, 1919 - Ibid. pp. 19-27.

86. Yu. Kalinin M.I. Tasks of the VIII Congress of Soviets of the RSFSR. Right there. P.33-34.

87. P. Kalinin M.I. On the replacement of the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind (Report at the 2nd session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the VIII convocation on March 20, 1921) Ibid. P.41-44.

88. Kalinin M.I. Strengthening the alliance of the working class and the peasantry is the most important task of Soviet power (Report on the activities

90. Z. Kalinin M.I. On work in the countryside (Report at the XIII Congress of the RCP (b) on May 29, 1924) - Ibid. P.121-138.

91. Kamenev L.B. A year without Ilyich / L. Kamenev. Articles, speeches, notes. T.I. -L., 1925. p.106-142.

92. Lenin V.I. The agrarian question in Russia by the end of the 19th century // Complete. collection op. T.17. P.57-137.

93. Lenin V.I. Land report October 26 (November 8). Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies October 25-26 (November 7-8), 1917 / Full. collection op. T.35. P.23-27.

94. Lenin V.I. Speech on the agrarian question November 14 (27). Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies November 10-25 (November 23-December 8), 1917 - Ibid. P.94-95.

95. Lenin V.I. Union of workers with working people and exploited peasants. Letter to the editor of Pravda. Right there. pp. 102-104.

96. Lenin V.I. Speech before agitators sent to the provinces on January 23 (February 5), 1918. Newspaper report. Right there. P.323-327.

97. Lenin V.I. About hunger (Letter to St. Petersburg workers) / Complete. collection op. -T.36. P.357-364.

98. Lenin V.I. Report on the fight against hunger. Joint meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Moscow Council of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies and trade unions on June 4, 1918, pp. 395-414.

99. Lenin V.I. About food teams. Speech at workers' meetings in Moscow on June 20, 1918. Ibid. P.424-425.

100. Lenin V.I. On the organization of food brigades. Right there. P.430-432.

101. Lenin V.I. Report on the current situation June 27. IV Conference of Trade Unions and Factory Committees of Moscow June 27 July 2, 1918 - Ibid. P.435-454.

102. Lenin V.I. Report of the Council of People's Commissars July 5. V All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Soldiers' and Red Army Deputies July 4-10, 1918 Ibid. P.491-513.

103. Lenin V.I. Letter to Yelets workers / Complete. collection op. T.37. P.35-37.

104. Lenin V.I. Speech at the First All-Russian Congress of Land Departments, Committees of the Poor and Communes on December 11, 1918. Ibid. P.352-364.

105. Lenin V.I. Answer to a peasant's request. Right there. P.478-481.

106. Lenin V.I. Report on work in the village on March 23. VIII Congress of the RCP (b) March 18-23, 1919 / Complete. collection op. T.38. P.187-205.

107. Lenin V.I. About middle peasants. Right there. P.236-237.

108. Lenin V.I. About free trade in bread. Right there. pp. 167-170.

109. Lenin V.I. Economics and politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat. -In the same place. P.271-282.

110. Lenin V.I. Speech at the First Congress of Agricultural Communes and Agricultural Artels on December 4, 1919. Ibid. P.372-384.

111. Lenin V.I. We are talking about cooperation on April 3. IX Congress of the RCP(b). March 29 April 5, 1920 / Full. collection op. - T.40. P.276-280.

112. Lenin V.I. Speech at a meeting of chairmen of district, volost and rural executive committees of the Moscow province. October 15, 1920 / Full. collection op. T.41. P.362-366.

113. Lenin V.I. Speech at the All-Russian meeting of political enlightenments of provincial and district departments of public education on November 3, 1920. Ibid. P.398-408.

114. Lenin V.I. We are talking about additions to the bill of the Council of People's Commissars "On measures to strengthen and develop peasant agriculture" at the RCP (b) faction of the VIII Congress of Soviets on December 27. VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets December 22-29, 1920 Ibid. pp. 185-189.

115. Lenin V.I. Report on replacing appropriation with a tax in kind on March 15. X Congress of the RCP (b) March 8-16, 1921 / Full. collection op. T.43, p.57,-73.

116. Lenin V.I. Final word on the report on replacing appropriation with a tax in kind on March 15. X Congress of the RCP (b) March 8-16, 1921 / Full. collection op. pp.74-84.

117. Lenin V.I. Report on the food tax at the meeting of secretaries and responsible representatives of the RCP (b) cells of Moscow and the Moscow province on April 9, 1921. Ibid. With. 146-161.

118. Lenin V.I. About food tax. (Meaning of the new policy and its terms). Right there. p.205-245.

119. Lenin V.I. We are talking about a food tax or tax in kind. Right there. p.246-247.

120. Lenin V.I. Speech at the III All-Russian Food Conference on June 16, 1921. Ibid. p.350-360.

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126. Sverdlov Ya.M. About the committees of the village poor. Speech before the interdepartmental commission on October 14, 1918. Right there. p.222-226.

127. Sverdlov Ya.M. Speech at the first All-Russian Congress of Land Departments, Committees of the Poor and Agricultural Communes. December 11, 1918. Right there. pp.241-245.

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529. Pereverzev A.Ya. The Great October Revolution and the transformation of the village: (The experience of the revolutionary transformative activities of the RCP (b) in the village of Chernozem, center of Russia. 1917-1921). Voronezh, 1987.

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566. Dissertation research

567. Avrekh A.L. Party organizations of the black earth center in the struggle for bread during the period of foreign military intervention and civil war (1918-1920): Author's abstract. dis. candidate Sci. M., 1978.

568. Bodrenkov K.A. Voronezh Bolsheviks in the struggle for the implementation of Lenin’s decree on land in 1917-1918: abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. M., 1951.

569. Brychkina V.A. The struggle of the Communist Party for the creation and strengthening of state farms in the first years of Soviet power (1918-1920) (Across the European provinces of the RSFSR): Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. L., 1960.

570. Gatsoev A.E. Cultural, educational and mass political work of the Bolshevik Party during the Civil War (1918-1920) Based on materials from the central regions of the Soviet Republic: Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. M., 1966.

571. Gobelko E.I. Activities of the Bolshevik organizations of the Black Earth Center to create the Armed Forces of the proletarian revolution and defend the gains of October (March 1917 March 1919): Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. Voronezh, 1981.

572. Donkov I.P. Activities of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to defeat the international counter-revolution in the countryside during the transition from civil war to peaceful construction (On the example of the liquidation of Antonovism): Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. M., 1970.

573. Druzhinina T.A. Soviet historiography of the 60-70s of the policy of the Communist Party towards the middle peasantry (October 1917 March 1919): Abstract. dis. candidate ist. Sci. M., 1980.

574. Kilseev E.I. The experience of the RCP (b) in the deployment of agitation and propaganda work during the period of the fight against Denikin (July 1919 - March 1920): Author's abstract. dis. candidate ist. Sci. Gorky, 1982.

575. Kochekosov R.Kh. Totalitarianism: a philosophical and political study: Abstract of thesis. Doctor of Historical Sciences Rostov-on-Don, 1992.

576. Levin A.A. Creation and organizational strengthening of local party organizations in the first years of Soviet power (October 1917 -1920) Based on materials from the provinces of the Central Black Earth Region: Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. Voronezh, 1971.

577. Protasov S.L. Party building in the provinces of the Central Black Earth Region during the Civil War (1918-1920): Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. Gorky, 1989.

578. Sapronov A.A. Activities of the Oryol party organization to mobilize workers to defeat Denikin: Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. M., 1970.

579. Sivovolov D.V. The struggle of the Voronezh provincial Bolshevik organization for the creation and strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus (1917-1920): Abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. Voronezh, 1968.

580. Starostin E.H. Agitation and propaganda work of the organizations of the RCP (b) of the Central Black Earth Region in the village during the civil war (1918-1920): Author's abstract. diss. . candidate ist. Sci. Bryansk, 1994.

581. Teplyakov M.K. Problems of atheistic education and overcoming religion in the practical activities of the Voronezh organization of the CPSU (1917-1970): Abstract of thesis. dis. Doctor of History Sci. Voronezh, 1972.

582. Troshkina L.G. Rural organizations of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the western provinces of central Russia in 1918-1920. (Bryansk, Kaluga, Oryol, Smolensk provinces): Author's abstract. diss. . candidate ist. Sci. Bryansk, 1992.

583. Fefelov V.M. The struggle of the Voronezh Bolshevik organization to establish the power of the Soviets and carry out the first land reforms in the Voronezh province (October 1917 June 1918): Author's abstract. dis. . candidate ist. Sci. Voronezh, 1963.

584. Fefelov S.B. Political work of the Communist Party among the peasantry. Summer 1918-1920 (Based on materials from the province. Center of the Black Earth Region): Author's abstract. diss. candidate ist. Sci. M., 1990.

585. Folyankov P.M. The role of the workers of the Voronezh province in the defeat of the White Guard gangs of Mamontov and Shkuro near Voronezh and Kastornaya in 1919: Author's abstract. diss. . candidate ist. Sci. Kyiv, 1956.