Publication of a new university charter. University reform Academic Committee development of the charter 1863

The reign of Nicholas I ended with an inglorious defeat in the Crimean War. Essentially, it was retribution, in the words of the outstanding Russian historian S. M. Solovyov, “for thirty years of lies, thirty years of pressure from everything living and spiritual, the suppression of popular forces.” The defeat in Crimea was the result of political despotism and obscurantism, the omnipotence of the bureaucratic and bureaucratic class.

With the accession of Alexander II to the throne in Russia, the era of great reforms begins, which, by analogy with those in Western countries, can be called the Age of Enlightenment. “The essence of this phenomenon, as defined by V.I. Zhukov, is the emergence of a philosophical, worldview, ideological and theoretical movement that opposes feudal absolutism, serfdom and church obscurantism, on the one hand, and for the affirmation of spiritual values, respect for the dignity of the individual, denial the omnipotence of power (both secular and ecclesiastical) - on the other.”

Alexander II

Without a doubt, the pinnacle of the system of reforms affecting all aspects of the life of Russian society was the abolition of serfdom (1861) and the introduction of zemstvo self-government (1864). But in terms of the spiritual emancipation of man and society, the moral and ideological foundation of socio-economic reform, reforms in the field of public education and education played an equally outstanding role.

A broad discussion of the problems of public education began with the article of the great medical scientist and citizen Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, “Questions of Life,” published in 1858 in the journal “Morskoy Sbornik.” The article affirmed the idea of human dignity, revolutionary for that time, regardless of class, social and property status. According to the brilliant surgeon, professional training should be preceded by general education, the purpose of which is to educate a moral person.

Russian universities remained the centers of education, enlightenment and science in the country. In the second half of the 19th century. To the six existing (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Dorpat, Kazan, Kharkov and Kyiv) universities, three more were added - Novorossiysk (Odessa, 1865), Russian Warsaw (1869) and Tomsk (1888). The progressive development of university education in the era of the “Russian Renaissance” was largely determined by university charter 1863 G.

Discussions about the new university charter began long before its adoption. Many prominent scientists took part in it. The adoption of the new charter took place in a very difficult socio-political situation. On the one hand, the government was under pressure from liberal sentiments in society and student unrest that swept almost all universities in Russia, and on the other hand, resistance to innovations from the conservative part of society, especially the bureaucracy, was no less stubborn. The radical sentiments of, for example, Kazan students were evidenced by the expulsion of the reactionary professor Bervy, already described above. Also forever in the history of Kazan University, as an example of resistance to the reactionary actions of the authorities, will remain the student gathering in connection with the execution of the peasants in the village of Bezdna on April 12, 1861, when students of the university and the Theological Academy organized a memorial service for the dead peasants at the Arskoye cemetery. The fiery speech of professor-historian A.P. Shchapov, delivered at this memorial service, was heard throughout Russia.

In the late 50s - early 60s. In the 19th century, during the era of the beginning of the great reforms of Alexander II, the great Russian chemist A.M. Butlerov played an important role in the life of Kazan University. He was rector of the university from February 1860 to May 1863. The university council, led by him, persistently sought to improve the level of education of all classes and called for equal opportunities for women to have access to higher education. On his initiative, biochemist V. Ya. Danilevsky and therapist N. A. Vinogradov, classics of Russian medicine, were invited to work at Kazan University.

On June 18, 1863, Emperor Alexander II approved the long-awaited university charter. This document marked the beginning of broad autonomy for universities. Thus, in particular, he expanded the powers of the university council and the rector. The Council again acquired the right to elect the rector and deans. In addition, he approved the distribution of subjects, the order of their teaching in all faculties, as well as decisions on the division of faculties into departments, the connection and division of departments. At the same time, it was not always easy to fully realize these rights, since all the most important decisions of the council had to be approved either by the trustee or the minister of public education. In addition, the charter significantly expanded the powers of the trustee. In particular, he acquired the right to approve the election of associate professors and lecturers. The contradiction between the autonomy of the university and the essentially unlimited power of higher officials (trustee and minister) became the cause of a number of acute conflicts. The most famous of them is the so-called “Lesgaft story”. Since it directly concerns the history of the medical faculty of Kazan University, we will dwell on it in more detail below.

During the era of the functioning of the charter of 1863, positive changes occurred in the development of Kazan University. First of all, the number of students enrolled increased noticeably (from 346 people in the 1863/64 academic year to 904 in 1883/84). Kazan University finally emerged as a major center of science, education and culture of the Russian Empire. Kazan scientists took leading positions in the world in the field of chemistry (A. M. Butlerov, V. V. Markovnikov, A. M. Zaitsev), successfully worked in the field of mathematics (V. G. Imshenitsky), astronomy (M. A. Kovalsky ), mineralogy and geology (N.A. Golovkinsky, A.A. Shtukenberg), biology (N.P. Wagner), linguistics (I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay), etc. University scientists initiated the organization a number of scientific societies: the Society of Doctors of Kazan (1868), the Society of Naturalists (1869), the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography (1878), the Kazan Legal Society (1879).

The reason for the publication of a new university charter was the student riots in the spring of 1861 at St. Petersburg University. The new Minister of Public Education A.V. Golovnin saw their main reason in the shortcomings of the university charter of 1835, primarily in the alienation of the professors from the students. Under his leadership, based on the opinions of Russian liberal professors and taking into account foreign experience, a draft of a new university charter was prepared. It was considered by a special commission headed by the former trustee of the Moscow educational district, gr. S.G. Stroganov, a supporter of turning universities into closed aristocratic educational institutions. It has significantly reduced the innovations offered. After this, the project was approved by the State Council and approved by Emperor Alexander II on June 18, 1863.

The Charter of 1863 significantly expanded university autonomy. In particular, universities began to independently adopt budgets. The university court was restored and received disciplinary functions. At the same time, the significant powers of the trustees of educational districts introduced by the charter of 1835 were preserved. Secular disciplines were removed from the curriculum: fencing, music, drawing. In return, the teaching of science was expanded. The salaries of professors were increased, and the institute of private assistant professors was introduced, which made it possible to improve the training of teachers. The appearance of volunteer students at universities was legalized and at the same time limited. They were not provided for by the charter of 1835, but from the beginning of the 60s. attended the university in significant numbers. Golovnin's draft gave university councils the right to authorize the creation of official student organizations, but Stroganov's commission withdrew the relevant provisions.

The Charter of 1863 was in force until the publication of the University Charter of 1884 (see) and is given in full.

Chapter I. General provisions.

§1. Each university consists of faculties as components of one whole.

§2. The faculties that make up the universities are: historical and philological, physics and mathematics, law and medicine.

§3. Each university, under the main command of the Minister of Public Education, is entrusted to the trustee of the educational district.

§4. The immediate management of the university belongs to the rector.

§5. The components of university governance, in addition to faculties, are: 1) the university council, 2) the university board, 3) the university court, 4) the vice-rector or inspector.

Chapter II. About the faculties.

Section I. Personnel.

§6. Each faculty consists of a dean, ordinary and extraordinary professors, associate professors and lecturers, according to the staff. In addition, universities are allowed to have private assistant professors in an unlimited number.

§7. Faculties, at the discretion of the University Council and with the approval of the Minister of Public Education, may be divided into departments.

§8. Deans are elected in the meetings of their faculties for three years, from ordinary professors, and if there are less than three of them in the faculty, then from extraordinary ones, and are approved by the Minister of Public Education.

Note 1st. The selection of deans by faculties is made in the presence of the University Council; if the election does not take place, they are nominated by the Council.

Note 2. The procedure for determining other teachers is set out below in Chapter VII.

§9. Each faculty has its own meetings, convened by the dean as needed.

§10. The faculty meeting consists, under the chairmanship of the dean, of all ordinary and extraordinary professors of the faculty, among whom one holds the position of secretary. Other members of the faculty can also be invited to its meetings, but with the assignment of a vote in them: associate professors - only after two years of service in this rank, and other teachers only a) when deciding issues related to the science they teach and b) when testing from it for the academic degree of a candidate or for the title of a full student.

§eleven. In the absence of the dean, the faculty meeting is presided over by the senior-ranking member of the faculty.

Division II. Composition and distribution of teaching.

§12. The sciences included in university teaching are distributed among faculties and departments in the following order:

§13. In the historical and philological departments there are the following departments with 12 professors and 7 associate professors: 1) Philosophy: a) Logic, b) Psychology and c) History of Philosophy; 2) Greek literature: a) Greek language and interpretation of authors, b) History of Greek literature, c) Greek antiquities; 3) Roman literature: a) Latin language and interpretation of authors, b) History of Roman literature, c) Roman antiquities; 4) Comparative grammar of Indo-European languages; 5) History of the Russian language and Russian literature; 6) History of general literature; 7) Slavic philology: a) Slavic dialects, b) History of Slavic literatures, c) Slavic antiquities; 8) General history; 9) Russian history; 10) Church history; 11) Theory and history of art.

§14. The Faculty of Physics and Mathematics has the following departments with 16 professors and 3 associate professors: 1) Pure mathematics; 2) Mechanics: a) analytical, b) practical; 3) Astronomy and geodesy; 4) Physics; 5) Chemistry: a) experimental, b) theoretical; 6) Mineralogy; 7) Physical geography; 8) Geognosy and paleontology; 9) Botany: a) morphology and systematics of plants, b) anatomy and physiology of plants; 10) Zoology: a) comparative anatomy and taxonomy of animals, b) human anatomy and animal physiology; 11) Technical chemistry; 12) Agronomic chemistry.

Note. Agronomic chemistry and technical chemistry can be replaced by agronomy and technology.

§15. The Faculty of Law has the following departments with 13 professors and 6 associate professors: 1) Encyclopedia of Law: a) encyclopedia of legal and political sciences, b) history of legal philosophy; 2) History of the most important foreign legislations, ancient and new; 3) History of Russian law; 4) History of Slavic legislations; 5) Roman law: a) history of Roman law, b) dogmatics of Roman civil law, c) Byzantine law; 6) State law: a) theory of state law, b) state law of the most important foreign states, c) Russian state law; 7) Civil rights and civil justice system and legal proceedings; 8) Criminal law and criminal justice system and legal proceedings; 9) Police law: a) the doctrine of safety (laws of decency), b) the doctrine of welfare (laws of improvement); 10) Financial law: a) theory of finance, b) Russian financial law; 11) International law; 12) Political economy and statistics; 13) Church jurisprudence.

§16. The Faculty of Medicine has the following departments with 16 professors and 17 associate professors, counting among the last two prosectors: 1) Medicinal chemistry and physics: a) physiological chemistry, b) pathological chemistry, c) laboratory exercises. d) applied physics; 2) Anatomy of a healthy person; 3) Embryology, histology and comparative anatomy; 4) Physiology: a) systematic, b) experimental; 5) Pharmacognosy and pharmacy; 6) General pathology: a) systematic, b) experimental; 7) General therapy and medical diagnostics; with her: history of medicine and encyclopedia; 8) Special pathology and therapy; with it: a) a systematic and clinical presentation of the doctrine of nervous and mental illnesses, b) a systematic and clinical presentation of the doctrine of skin rashes; 9) Pathological anatomy: a) systematic presentation, b) pathological dissections; 10) Theoretical surgery; with her: a) ophthalmology with a clinic, b) the doctrine of syphilitic diseases and diseases of the urinary and genital organs, with a clinic; 11) Theoretical and experimental pharmacology; with it: a) recipe, b) doctrine of mineral waters; 12) Faculty Surgical Clinic; with it: a) operative surgery, b) applied anatomy, c) the study of bandages and machines, d) exercise in operations on a corpse; 13) Therapeutic Faculty Clinic; 14) Obstetrics and women's diseases with a clinic; with her: childhood diseases with clinic; 15) Forensic medicine with toxicology, hygiene and medical police; with it: a) hospital forensic medical department, b) forensic medical autopsies, c) teaching on epizootic diseases and veterinary police; 16) Hospital therapeutic clinic; 17) Hospital surgical clinic. In addition, the departments of: a) medicinal chemistry and b) pharmacy have one laboratory assistant each. Faculty and hospital clinics each have two residents; There is a midwife at the obstetric clinic.

§18. For students of the Orthodox confession of all faculties, there is a special department of theology at each university.

§19. For the latest foreign languages: 1) German, 2) French, 3) English and 4) Italian, all universities rely on special lecturers.

§20. Departments are distributed between ordinary and extraordinary professors, but can also be entrusted to associate professors, however, for no more than three years.

§21. The number of professors and associate professors on staff can be increased according to the needs and resources of the university.

Division III. Department items.

§22. The closest supervision over the teaching of faculty subjects belongs to the deans.

§23. The subjects of the faculty meetings are:

A) Subject to approval by the government’s own authorities: 1) measures to strengthen the educational activities of students; 2) programs for competitions for occupying vacant departments; 3) approval of works published by the university; 4) teaching programs.

B) Submitted for consideration and approval by the Council: 1) election of the dean and secretary of the faculty; 2) taking measures to temporarily and permanently replace professorial and other teaching vacancies that have opened in the faculty; 3) distribution of subjects and the order of their teaching; 4) assumptions about dividing the faculty into departments, connecting and dividing departments and replacing some of them with others, and determining which subjects of teaching should be mandatory for students; 5) selection of persons to remain at the university as scholarship holders; 6) election of persons intended to be sent abroad to prepare for a professorship; 7) approved or not approved dissertations for academic degrees; 8) selection of problems assigned for competition for prizes from the university for general scientific works, as well as annual problems proposed for students to solve, and judgment on the solutions presented for these; 9) assigning scholarships and awarding medals to students; 10) distribution of amounts allocated throughout the state for teaching aids by faculties; 11) cases proposed by the Council for preliminary discussion in the faculty.

§24. The Faculty Meeting does not begin to consider and resolve cases if at least two-thirds of the existing members are not present at the meeting.

§25 Each member of the faculty is given the right to submit one proposal regarding academics and academic subjects to the Assembly.

Chapter III. About the Trustee.

§26. 1) The trustee of the educational district takes all necessary, at his discretion, measures to ensure that places and persons belonging to the university fulfill their duties, and, in emergency cases, is authorized to act in all ways, even if they exceed his authority, with responsibility only for such cases to be brought to the attention of the Minister. 2) The trustee makes proposals to the Council, when he considers it necessary, both on the affairs of the university and on the affairs of the educational district. 3) The trustee allows, within the limits determined by the Charter, representations on matters exceeding the authority of the university, or makes representations to the Minister of Public Education on such matters.

Chapter IV. About the rector.

§27. The Rector is elected by the Council for four years from ordinary professors of the university and is confirmed in this title by the Highest Order.

§28. The rector, having immediate concern for the improvement of the university, monitors: 1) that the places and persons belonging to it fulfill their duties, 2) that university teaching proceeds correctly and in due completeness, in accordance with the programs that will be approved by the faculties.

§29. The rector, in cases of important and urgent urgency, takes all necessary measures, even if they exceed the rights granted to him, with only them immediately brought to the attention of both the Council or the Board of the university, as appropriate, and the trustee.

§thirty. The rector enters with representations to the district trustee, and communicates with outside authorities and departments by messages; keeps the large university seal, and opens papers received by the university. The governor and secretaries of the university office are directly subordinate to the rector.

§31. The Rector appoints, opens and closes meetings of the University Council and the Board and presides over them.

§32. The rector gives teachers leaves for vacation periods or for periods of up to 29 days, by his own authority, and for longer periods - with the permission of the trustee. The rector also grants leave to other persons in the service of the university for 29 days by his own authority, and beyond this period - with the permission of the trustee.

§33. The rector accepts requests for admission to students or for the admission of outsiders to listen to lectures, for the transfer of students from one faculty to another, or for their dismissal from the university, and gives, on the basis of the rules drawn up by the Council and approved by the trustee, permission in all these cases , bringing this to the attention of the Council.

§34. The rector has the right to make comments and reprimands to officials who depend on him, as well as to students and outside listeners; he reports, at his discretion, about malfunctions or improper actions of teachers to the University Council or faculty meeting, and in important cases to the attention of the trustee. The rector is allowed to apply through the trustee for awards to outstanding teachers and other persons serving at the university.

§35. The rector, together with one of the deans, as appropriate, signs diplomas issued by the university. These diplomas are first sealed by the Secretary for Student Affairs.

§36. In case of illness or absence of the rector, his position is performed by the vice-rector, and where the latter is not present, by one of the deans, upon the preliminary election of the Council and the approval of the minister.

Chapter V. About the Council, Board, Court and Chancellery of the University.

Section I. About the University Council.

§37. The University Council is composed, under the chairmanship of the rector, of all ordinary and extraordinary professors of the university. The Rector may invite associate professors and other teachers to meetings of the Council; but they have an advisory voice only when the Council considers it necessary to require explanations or opinions from them on any particular issues.

§38. Ordinary meetings of the Council must certainly take place once a month, and extraordinary meetings - as needed, or at the request stated in writing by at least 10 members of the Council. In the latter case, a meeting of the Council must be convened no later than three days after the statement made by the members. Before each meeting of the Council, agendas are sent to its members on behalf of the rector, indicating the items to be discussed at that meeting.

§39. All members of the Council are required to attend its meetings. If this is not possible, they notify the rector of the reasons for their absence, which is entered into the journal.

§40. Those who are not present at the meeting lose the right to vote on matters decided in this meeting. Excluded from this are cases of election of university officials decided by ballot; Those who do not appear before the latter may transfer their ball to one of the members present, having notified the rector in writing of such transfer before the start of the ballot, so that the authorized person can have no more than one ball by proxy.

§41. The Council does not begin to consider and decide cases if at least two thirds of the existing members are not present at the meeting. During vacations, he may hold extraordinary meetings on matters that cannot tolerate delay; but no candidates can run for office at this time.

§42. The Council's subjects are:

A) Subject to approval by the Council: 1) distribution of subjects and the order of their teaching in all faculties; 2) awarding medals and scholarships to students; 3) awarding prizes for scientific works on problems proposed to be solved by scientists on behalf of the university; 4) confirmation of academic degrees and the rank of full student; 5) distribution of amounts allocated throughout the state for teaching aids by faculties; 6) leaving fellows at the university to prepare for the professorship; 7) orders for the publication of scientific works on behalf of the university; 8) decisions on programs for competitions for occupying vacant departments; 9) consideration of the financial estimate of the university, as well as consideration and approval of the annual estimate of income and expenses of special funds that constitute its property; 10) approval of decisions of the university court, in appropriate cases.

B) Submitted for approval by the trustee: 1) measures and means leading to strengthening the scientific activities of the university; 2) election of associate professors, lecturers, laboratory assistants, curators of classrooms and museums and assistant dissectors and vice-rector, or inspector; 3) admission of private assistant professors to lectures; 4) election of honorary members, a librarian and his assistants, an accountant of the Board, a treasurer, an architect, an executor, an archivist and secretaries of the Council, the Board and for student affairs and other persons named on the staff; 5) election of judges and candidates for university judges; 6) dismissal and removal of all the above-mentioned officials; 7) instructions for the actions of the vice-rector or inspector; 8) rules: a) on the procedure for collecting, distributing and using the amount collected for listening to lectures, b) on admitting students to the university, c) on allowing unauthorized persons to listen to lectures and on collecting fees for these lectures in accordance with the note to §105- mu, d) about the responsibilities of students and about the order at the university, e) about penalties for violation of these duties and order, and f) about record keeping in the university court.

B) Submitted, through the trustee, for approval by the minister: 1) election of the rector, deans, vice-rector or inspector and professors; 2) dismissal and removal from the university of deans, vice-rector or inspector and professors; 3) dividing faculties into departments, connecting and dividing departments and replacing some of them with others, and determining which of the subjects taught should be mandatory for students; 4) sending young people abroad to prepare for taking up departments; 5) assumptions about the establishment of scientific societies; 6) drawing up rules on the timing and procedure for testing for academic degrees and titles.

§43. The Council's activities also include discussions of trustee proposals affecting both the university and the school district.

§44. The Chairman opens and closes meetings and ensures that order is maintained; he, after proper discussion of the matter, manages the collection of votes, starting with the junior members of the council.

§45. Matters in the Council are decided by a majority of votes; if they are equal, the vote of the chairman gives the upper hand.

Note. In matters of the Council that are subject to the approval of the highest authorities, the opinion of a minority of members is also attached.

§46. Balloting, or closed voting, is used: 1) when electing all those persons whose choice is given to the Council; 2) when teachers remain at the university for a certain period of service; 3) when judging the sending of young people abroad to prepare for occupying departments; 4) for all issues that require at least ten members of the council to decide by voting.

§47. The Council shall submit all its minutes to the trustee, attaching a special opinion on the extent to which the minutes may be printed, in full or in extract. In matters for which the Charter provides for the approval of the trustee, the Council does not print its minutes until after their approval.

§48. At the end of the year, the Council draws up a full report on the main actions and orders of the university. This report is submitted, through the trustee, to the Minister of Public Education, and is published for general information.

§49. The Council appoints annually a day for a solemn meeting of the university, at which, in addition to reading and extracting from the report, medals are distributed, honorable mentions are announced to the students for the arguments they have presented, and speeches are given.

Division II. About the University Board.

§50. The board, chaired by the rector, consists of: deans of all faculties and the vice-rector, inspector, in those universities where he replaces the vice-rector (§63), participates in board meetings, with the right to vote only on student affairs.

Note. The Management Board of Moscow University includes, in addition, an economic adviser, elected and approved by the trustee of the educational district from outsiders.

§51. The subjects of the Board's studies are:

A) subject to approval by the Board: 1) production, within the boundaries of the estimate for each item of purpose, of excess expenditure per item, not exceeding 300 silver rubles; 2) concluding contracts for contracts and supplies up to 5,000 rubles; 3) proceedings on student cases and penalties from those responsible in cases determined by university rules; 4) bringing those responsible to the university court in appropriate cases.

B) Submitted for approval by the Council: an estimate of the annual income and expenses of special funds of the university.

B) Submitted for approval by the trustee: 1) assignment of benefits to poor students; 2) a petition from the Board for exemption from tuition fees for worthy but poor students, for a deferment or for a reduction thereof; 3) permission from special fundsUniversity of excess expenses for one subject in excess of 399 silver rubles per year; 4) concluding contracts for contracts and supplies over 5,000 rubles; 5) assumptions regarding business improvements.

D) Submitted, through the trustee, for approval by the minister: 1) conclusion of contracts for contracts and supplies over 7,000 rubles; 2) permission from special funds of the university for excess expenses for one subject in excess of 1000 rubles per year.

§52. The board receives the amount determined for the maintenance of the university within the time limits set according to the annual schedule, and also accepts money contributed for listening to lectures and other income of the university; is responsible for the integrity of these amounts; disposes of them in accordance with the staff and budget; issues scholarships and benefits; concludes conditions for contracts and makes payments, observing, in relation to both the expenditure of amounts and the reporting thereof, the procedure prescribed by general laws and special orders of the Minister of Public Education.

§53. The board has as its main management the university property, oversees the decency and order in the university buildings, keeping them clean and in good repair and protecting them from damage and fire.

§54. The Board meets at least once a week and reports monthly to the Board and to the Trustee a summary of the University's cash position.

§55. The treasurer, architect, executor and his assistant (at Moscow University) are under the authority of the Board.

Division III. About the University Court.

§56. The Council annually elects three judges from among the professors and, in case of illness or absence of any of them, three candidates. Those elected are confirmed in office by the school district trustee. At least one of the judges and one of the candidates must belong to the law faculty.

§57. The court is presided over by the member who belongs to the Faculty of Law, and if there are more than one among the judges, then the one who received more votes when running for office. Of the remaining judges, one, at the proposal of the chairman, corrects the duties of the secretary.

§58. The university court is subject to the cases transferred to it from the Board regarding students: 1) about their violation of the order in the buildings and institutions of the university, established by the special rules of each of them; 2) about a clash between students on the one hand, and teachers and university officials on the other, even if they occurred outside the building and institutions of the university.

§59. The rules on penalties imposed on students by the vice-rector or inspector, the rector, the Board and the court, as well as on the procedure for office work in the university court, are drawn up by each university and approved by the trustee (§42, b, paragraph 8).

Section IV. About the University Chancellery.

§60. The Chancellery of the University consists, under the direction of the Secretary of the Council, of state officials and salaried employees. The following are considered full-time officials: 1) Secretary of the Board; 2) secretary for student affairs; 3) accountant of the Management Board; 4) archivist.

§61. Secretaries of the Council and Student Affairs, as well as the secretary and accountant of the Board and assistant secretaries, are elected by the Council and approved by the trustee of the educational district.

§62. Hired employees are identified and fired by the rector.

Chapter VI. About the vice-rector or inspector.

§63. The closest supervision at the university over the implementation of the rules established for students and other students is entrusted to a special person elected by the Council from among its members or from third-party officials. In the first case, it is called vice-rector, in the second, inspector.

§64. The vice-rector is elected for three years from among the professors and approved by the Minister of Public Education.

§65. The inspector is elected solely from among those who have completed a full university course, and is also approved indefinitely by the minister.

§66. Both the vice-rector and the inspector act according to the instructions given to them by the Council, approved by the trustee and based on the relevant paragraphs of this Charter. If the matter is urgent, they make arrangements with the permission of the rector, who then brings the whole matter to the attention of the University Council. The vice-rector and the inspector are obliged to accept complaints and requests from students within the limits of their authority and give them, if they are sound, the proper course of action, or terminate the case, limiting themselves, if necessary, to a remark or reprimand to the offenders.

§67. To assist the vice-rector and the inspector, several assistants are appointed to monitor order, and a secretary for student affairs is appointed for office work (§60). These persons are elected by the Council and approved by the trustee of the educational district.

Chapter VII. About teachers and persons affiliated with educational and auxiliary institutions of the university.

§68. No one can be an ordinary or extraordinary professor without having a doctorate in the category of science corresponding to his department. To obtain the title of associate professor, you must have at least a master's degree; Candidates who have presented a dissertation (pro venia legendi) in the department of the faculty in which they intend to teach and defended it publicly in the presence of the faculty can also be private assistant professors. Language lecturers are determined by the Council's prior certification of their knowledge and ability to teach.

Note. Prosectors at the Faculty of Medicine, reaching these ranks, on the basis of general regulations on the medical side, as well as astronomer-observers at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics enjoy the rights of associate professors.

§69. Title seekersprofessors, associate professors, or privat-docents, but unknown to the faculty for their teaching abilities, in addition to the conditions set forth in §68, must give publicly, in the presence of the faculty, two trial lectures: one on a topic of their own choosing, and the other as assigned by the faculty meetings.

§70. Upon opening of a vacancy for a full-time teacher, each member of the faculty, depending on the vacancy, can nominate a candidate. All proposals are nominated for a seat in the Faculty Assembly. The faculty reports the results of the election to the Council, enclosing a list of candidates. All proposed candidates are entered into a special book designated for this purpose, and at the first meeting of the Council they are again put to the ballot in the order in which they are recorded. The candidate who receives the largest number of ballots, constituting an absolute majority, i.e. more than half of the closed votes of Council members participating in the election are considered elected.

Note 1st. If none of the candidates receives an absolute majority during the first ballot, then this is repeated between the candidates who received more electoral votes compared to others.

Note 2. Secondary voting is also allowed in case of equality of votes.

§71. If none of the proposed candidates is elected by the Council by an absolute majority of votes, or if the Council does not have in mind a candidate worthy of taking the open teaching position, then a competition is announced according to the program, especially for this subject, drawn up by the faculty and approved by the Council.

§72. Professors, upon election by the Council, are approved by the minister, and associate professors and lecturers are approved by the trustee of the educational district. In cases where a vacant department at a university is not filled within a year by a candidate elected from the University Council, the minister may appoint as a professor, at his election, persons who meet the conditions required of a professor. In addition, it is up to the minister to appoint at all times supernumerary professors from persons who are distinguished by their scholarship, gift of teaching and who satisfy other conditions required of a professor, requesting each time in accordance with the procedure established in the Highest rules on the preparation, consideration and approval of estimates, permission to produce the content necessary for such a supernumerary professor.

§73. Persons seeking the title of Privatdozent and who have satisfactorily fulfilled the requirements set out in §§68 and 69 are admitted by the University Council, with the approval of the trustee, to teach courses at the university in their chosen sciences as Privatdozents.

§74. Privat-docents are not entitled to state-defined content; but the University Councils may, according to the proposals of the faculties, give them remuneration commensurate with their labors from the special funds of the university.

§75. Privat-docents are each allowed, according to their own faculty: a) to select subjects for their readings according to approved programs (in §23 lit. a, clause 4); b) use of offices, laboratories, clinics and other teaching aids by agreement with the persons in charge of them; c) participation in the tests of persons seeking an academic degree as a candidate or the title of a full-time student, and d) the right to credit the time of their teaching position, in the event of their entry into active service and the approval of the university and the trustee, into the length of service for a pension.

§76. Persons affiliated with educational and auxiliary institutions of the university, such as: the librarian and his assistants, assistant dissectors, curators of classrooms and museums, laboratory assistants, pharmacists and their assistants, are elected by the Council and approved by the trustee of the educational district.

§77. Requests for dismissal from service of professors and associate professors, as well as persons named in the previous paragraph, are submitted to the Council by the rector. Once the petitioners have handed over the units entrusted to them, they are dismissed in the same manner as they were appointed to the position.

Note. Privatdozents, as those who are not in active service, are required, in the event of their termination of lectures, to make only a simple statement to the rector.

§78. Professors and other teachers, as well as all other persons who, by virtue of §145, regarding pensions, enjoy the rights of an educational service, are retained in it, after length of service, with a full pension, not otherwise than by new election in the Council. This new election is valid for five years, after which, for further continuation of service, the professor and all the above-mentioned persons are again subject to a new election, also for no more than five years, etc. Each of such elections is considered valid if at least two-thirds of the votes are cast in favor of the person being elected. Otherwise, the seat occupied by the candidate is declared vacant.

§79. Professors and other teachers retired from the university with a pension have the right, with the permission of the Council and the trustee, to use university benefits and give lectures.

§80. A professor, after twenty-five years of service as a full-time teacher at the university, is awarded the title of emeritus professor.

§81. The Council, in case of negligence of professors and other teachers, as well as other persons serving at the university, and if the comments made by it on its behalf are unsuccessful, is obliged to submit their removal from positions, not otherwise, however, than by a verdict approved at least , by two-thirds of the closed votes.

§82. Full-time teachers are obliged to: give a detailed report on their teaching to faculty meetings, carry out assignments of the faculty and the Council in connection with their academic studies, and take part in testing candidates for various teaching positions, as well as home teachers and female teachers.

Note. The responsibilities of private assistant professors are determined by their voluntary agreement with faculty meetings, which is approved by the district trustee.

§83. Full-time teachers must spend as many hours per week teaching their subject as, based on the considerations they present and after considering all the circumstances, the faculty assigns to them with the approval of the Council.

§84. One teacher cannot occupy two departments, except in extreme cases, but even then for no longer than one year. For the second department, from the salary assigned to it, he receives, in this case, at the discretion of the Council, with the permission of the trustee, a remuneration in an amount not exceeding half the salary.

Chapter VIII. About the students.

Section I. About admission to the University.

§85. Young people who have reached the age of 17 and have successfully completed a full gymnasium course, or who have satisfactorily passed a full test in this course in one of the gymnasiums and received the established certificate or certificate, are accepted as university students. At the same time, the University Council is provided, in cases where, regardless of the certificate or certificate issued from the gymnasium, it considers it necessary to check the level of knowledge of those wishing to enroll as students, subject them to a new test on the basis of special rules drawn up by the University Council and approved by the trustee of the educational district.

§86. Pupils of higher and secondary educational institutions of various departments, who have successfully completed the general course of study in them, if this latter is recognized by the Ministry of Public Education as corresponding to the gymnasium course, also have the right to enroll as university students on the grounds set out in the previous §. Those of them who have not studied any subjects included in the gymnasium course are required to pass a preliminary test in these subjects at the gymnasium.

§87. Students are admitted once a year, before the start of the academic year.

§88. Those accepted as students enjoy all the rights of those who have completed a course at a gymnasium, even if they have not previously studied there.

§89. Admission to the university of students transferring from other universities of the empire is carried out on the basis of rules approved at each university by the trustee.

§90. In addition to students, outsiders are also allowed to listen to lectures, according to the rules drawn up by the Council of each university and approved by the trustee.

Division II. About the duration of the training course, tests and incentive measures for studying.

§91. The full course of university teaching is distributed across the Faculty of Medicine over five academic years, and across other faculties over four years.

§93. To acquire an academic degree or title and the rights associated with them, students are tested on the basis of §§110–118 of this Charter and special regulations on this subject. These tests, regarding the timing and order of their execution, are distributed at the discretion of the university councils.

§94. Students who complete full examinations with excellent success are awarded, upon submission of a dissertation and upon approval by the faculty, a candidate's degree. Students who have achieved only satisfactory results in the tests, or, although they have achieved excellent results, have submitted dissertations that do not deserve approval, receive the title of a valid student.

Note. Students awarded a medal or honorable mention (§96) receive a candidate's degree without submitting a dissertation.

§95. Students who leave the university before passing the final test for an academic degree may be subjected to one of the individual subjects and receive a certificate of success in these subjects.

§96. To encourage students to pursue academic pursuits, faculties annually offer tasks, with the awarding of a gold or silver medal, or an honorable mention, for satisfactory essays on them, depending on their merit.

Note. The number of tasks and medals depends on the discretion of the Council.

§97. Essays awarded a gold medal are published, as determined by the Council, at the expense of the university.

§98. For the same purpose, to encourage students to engage in science, not enough of them successfully engaged in science may be assigned, on the proposal of faculties and with the approval of the University Council, one-time allowances and scholarships from university funds, in such amounts and for such periods as how the Council finds this possible. In case of poor student success or disapproving behavior, the scholarship is terminated.

§99. Each university is given the right to establish over students' classes the method of control that the University Council, with the approval of the trustee, for pedagogical reasons and local conditions, finds to be the most convenient and valid.

Division III. Student responsibilities.

§100. Students and outside listeners are required to obey university authorities and observe the order established by student-specific rules in university buildings and institutions. Each university is authorized to draw up and submit these rules for approval to the trustee, indicating in them both the actions prohibited and the penalties corresponding to them. Upon admission to the university, each student and outside listener is obliged to subscribe to comply with the stated rules.

§101. Unauthorized persons, for violating university rules, may be prohibited, by order of the vice-rector or inspector, from further entry into the university. Those dissatisfied with their order may complain to the Board. In the event of important disturbances caused in the university by any unauthorized person, the Council's prohibition of such person's entry into the university may be published in the gazette.

§102. If a student’s violation of university rules was accompanied by any criminal offense, then, after the university court has expelled the culprit from among the students, he is sent, with a copy of the university verdict, to an ordinary criminal court to deal with him according to the laws.

§103. Outside the buildings and institutions of the university, students are subject to police regulations on a general basis.

§104. If students are detained outside the university for crimes and misdemeanors subject to criminal justice, the police are required to immediately notify university authorities.

Note. Before the new procedure comes into force, which cancels deputies from estates or departments, in such cases a deputy from the university is assigned to the investigation; the position of such a deputy is corrected by the vice-rector, or one of the persons serving at the university, as appointed by the rector.

Section IV. About payment for listening to lectures.

§105. Each student is charged for listening to lectures: in capital universities - 50, and in others - 40 rubles per year.

Note. Outsiders admitted to listening to lectures, on the basis of §90, pay for the benefit of the professor or teacher, the lectures they attend, a fee established by the Council and approved by the trustee.

§106. Fees for listening to lectures are paid in advance for six months. Those who have not paid it within two months from the beginning of the semester are dismissed from the university, but can be readmitted upon payment of a fee for the entire semester. Those transferring from one university to another are exempt from paying fees at the latter for the half-year for which they had already paid fees at the first.

§107. To facilitate insufficient students, universities are given the opportunity to either defer the payment of fees, or reduce it to half, or completely waive it. The exemption is valid for one year but can be renewed. The university awards a student one or another of the calculated benefits only on the basis of evidence of poverty and as a result of satisfactory academic performance; Moreover, for those newly entering the university, the high school diploma or certificate is taken into account.

Note. The form of the certificate of poverty is established by the Ministry of Public Education and, after adapting it to the local circumstances of each university, is communicated to those places and persons on whom the issuance of these certificates depends.

§108. Without submitting a certificate of poverty, the following are exempt from paying tuition fees: a) boarders of the Sovereign Emperor and persons of the Highest family; b) scholarship holders of the university and c) scholarship holders of individuals and societies, if the choice of these scholarship holders is provided to the university.

§109. The amount for listening to lectures collected from students, as well as other special funds of universities, constitute their inalienable property and are intended for such university expenses, which are primarily aimed at the development of their scientific activities. Accordingly, special funds from universities are used: a) to establish special courses; b) to print, with the permission of the Council, works of scientific content, awarded to this by the faculties; c) for prizes and awards for solving problems offered by the university; d) for medals given to students for essays on problems proposed by faculties; e) for the remuneration of professors and other teachers according to the rules drawn up by the Council and approved by the trustee of the educational district; f) to establish scholarships and benefits for the most talented students; g) for salary and payment in excess of the regular position; h) for scientific travel and business trips; i) for unforeseen expenses.

Chapter IX. About academic degrees and honorary members.

§110. University councils, based on the recommendations of faculties and on the basis of their awards, have the right to approve the rank of full student and academic degrees, which in all faculties except medicine are: candidate, master and doctor.

Note. Academic degrees and titles in the Faculty of Medicine are acquired on the basis of general medical regulations.

§111. The title of full student is acquired by probation, and the degree of candidate by probation and a dissertation approved by the faculty. The master's degree seeker is required, in addition to the new oral test, to publicly defend a thesis. Masters are awarded the doctorate degree only upon presentation and public defense of their dissertation.

§112. The test for the title of a full student and for the degree of candidate covers all subjects determined for students studying at the university of the department of the faculty in which the examinee is seeking the mentioned titles or degrees, counting among the test subjects for those belonging to the Orthodox confession and theology. A person seeking a master's degree is tested only in some of these subjects, according to a special regulation on the production of tests for academic degrees.

§113. Academic degrees are acquired in progressive order within specified periods: a candidate after a year can seek a master's degree, and a master can seek a doctorate after a year.

Note. Universities are, however, given the right: a) to elevate famous scientists who have gained universal fame for their scientific works to the highest academic degree directly and without testing, and b) to admit scientists who have a doctorate degree from foreign universities, at the discretion of the faculty, to test directly for the degree master's degree

§114. Academic degrees can be acquired by both Russian citizens and foreigners.

§115. Listeners of university lectures and outsiders are allowed to take the test only for the candidate’s academic degree, and not otherwise than upon presentation of a certificate of the test they have passed in the subjects of the full gymnasium course.

§116. Tests for academic degrees and titles are carried out within the time limits determined by each faculty: for the title of full student and for the candidate's degree - in commissions chaired by deans, from members of the faculty, as appointed by him, and for the master's degree - in the full meeting of the faculty.

§117. Detailed rules for testing for the title of full student and for academic degrees are determined by a special regulation approved by the Minister of Public Education.

§118. Moreover, universities have the right to elevate to the rank of honorary members persons known for their patronage of the sciences, or who are famous for their talents and merits, and issue them diplomas for this title, with the approval of the trustee.

Chapter X. On the means for developing the scientific activities of universities.

§119. Universities are granted, with the permission of the Minister of Public Education, to establish, to improve through the combined efforts of any specific part of the sciences and to consult on ways to raise their level in universities, scientists of the society, and also propose, with the approval of the University Council, annually to solve the problem, the subject of which should be new questions related to one or another science, and issue established prizes for solving these problems.

§120. The charters of learned societies and the rules defining the procedure for assigning tasks and issuing bonuses for solving them are approved by the Minister of Public Education.

Chapter XI. Educational and support institutions.

§121. The number and composition of teaching aids, institutions and meetings at universities are determined by the state; but they can, on the recommendation of the Council and with the permission of the Minister of Public Education, be increased according to need and means. These benefits and institutions include: 1) Library. 2) Astronomical observatory, with a collection of astronomical tables, ephemerides or monthly books, etc. 3) Cabinet of practical mechanics. 4) The physics office and physics laboratory are quite accessible to the teacher of applied physics at the medical faculty and are replenished in this part, according to the instructions of this teacher. 5) Chemistry room and laboratory, with separate workrooms for each teacher, and with a special department for work on physiological and pathological chemistry, toxicology and practical exercises for students of both the mathematical and medical faculties. 6) Mineralogical office and laboratory. 7) Physical geography office. 8) Meteorological observatory. 9) Geological and paleontological office. 10) Botanical garden with greenhouses and greenhouses. 11) Botanical office with work rooms for practical training of students. 12) Zoological office and laboratory for dissecting and stuffing animals. 13) Zootomicoffice and laboratory. 14) Physiological office. With him: a collection of instruments and apparatus for performing vivisections and other experiments, both in the department of physiology itself and in the department of general pathology. 15) Office and laboratory for teaching technical chemistry. 16) Office and laboratory for teaching agronomic chemistry. 17) Museum of Physiological Anatomy. With it: an amphitheater, workrooms with special applications for microscopic studies, injection production, etc.; a collection of anatomical instruments and a warehouse for corpses.

Note. The same institution, albeit on a smaller scale, with the exception of the museum, which has the same volume, should be created jointly for the departments of pathological anatomy and forensic medicine.

18) A collection of specimens from the sciences included in the Department of Histology, with a sufficient number of microscopes. 19) At the Department of Pharmacy there is a work room with medicines and necessary utensils and tools for preparing medicines. 20) Collection of funds necessary for carrying out experiments in the Department of Pharmacology. 21) Surgical office, with a complete collection of surgical, ophthalmic instruments, machines and dressings and with the necessary anatomical instruments. 22) Office of obstetrics of women's and children's diseases with the instruments and devices belonging to it. 23) Hospital department for the study of various forensic cases at the Department of Forensic Medicine. 24) clinics: 1) faculty: a) Therapeutic, b) Surgical and c) Obstetrics, women's and children's diseases with a smallpox vaccination department; 2) hospital: a) Therapeutic and b) Surgical.

Note. In addition to faculty and hospital clinics, special clinics can be established with special funds from the university: a) nervous and mental diseases, b) skin rashes, c) ophthalmological, d) syphilitic and diseases of the urinary and genital organs, and e) childhood diseases. The first two make up the therapeutic department, and the second two make up the surgical faculty or hospital clinic; The children's clinic merges with the obstetrics clinic.

25) Museum of Antiquities and Arts (casts and copies of works of ancient and modern art) at the Department of Theory and History of Art. 26) Collection of coins and medals.

§122. The library is headed by a librarian and his assistants, the number of which depends on the size of the library. Other institutions are administered either by the teachers to whose departments they belong, or by specially appointed persons who are dependent on these teachers.

Chapter XII. Rights and benefits of universities.

Section I. Rights proper to universities.

§123. All universities are under the special patronage of His Imperial Majesty and bear the name of the Imperial.

§124. Universities have their own seals, large and small, with the image of the state coat of arms and with the inscription: Imperial So-and-so University.

§125. Universities enter with representations only to the trustee, but communicate with all other places and persons through relationships.

§126. Universities are free from paying weighted money for letters and parcels sent on their business, when the latter weigh no more than a pound.

§127. Universities are free from the use of stamp paper and from the payment of serfdom and other duties for acts performed on their behalf and, in general, for all matters relating to them.

§128. Universities have their own censorship for theses, arguments and other scientific and literary content of works and collections published by them.

§129. Universities are given the right to freely and duty-free issue all kinds of teaching aids from abroad. Bales and boxes of these things addressed to universities are not opened at border customs, but only sealed, and then certified at universities in the presence of a customs or police official.

§130. Books, manuscripts and temporary publications received by universities from foreign lands are not subject to censorship.

§131. University buildings are exempt, on the grounds set out in existing regulations, from housing charges, both in rent and in money, as well as from monetary fees in favor of the city. This rule does not apply to those buildings owned by the university that generate income by renting them out.

§132. Universities can publish periodical works of scientific content and have their own printing houses and bookstores, on a general basis.

§133. Universities that have a medical faculty are allowed to maintain their own pharmacies.

§134. If a teacher and, in general, an official of the university dies in service without leaving heirs and without making the appropriate disposition of his property, then the university is obliged to inform the local provincial government about this, to call the relatives of the deceased, and if, within the period prescribed by law, there are no heirs, then the property left behind by the deceased becomes the property of the university.

§135. Universities are allowed to acquire movable and immovable property with full ownership rights.

Division II. Advantages of persons belonging to the university.

§136. Employees at universities, being considered, as long as they are in their positions, in the classes assigned to them by state, generally enjoy the benefits specified in the Code of Laws (ed. 1857) T. III of the Constitution. about the servant according to def. from the government.

§137. Professors, associate professors, dissectors and their assistants, lecturers, astronomer observers, the librarian, his assistants, assistant vice-rectors and laboratory assistants are promoted to two ranks above the class assigned to their positions.

§138. Privat-docents are not considered in the civil service, but as long as they remain in office, they enjoy the benefits of class officials.

§139. If a teacher or university official is arrested for reasons other than participation in or suspicion of a criminal offense, he is immediately forwarded, with a statement of his offense, to the rector; otherwise, the university is notified that the perpetrator has been detained.

Note. Before the new legal procedure comes into force, a deputy from the university will dress up during the investigation.

§140. Teachers invited from foreign lands have the right, upon their first entry into the state, to bring with them or to order thereafter, within a year, various things and belongings duty-free, for a duty amount of 900 rubles. This amount does not include duties on things brought by the teachers themselves that are subject to duty-free passes for passengers entering from abroad, as well as on teaching aids, consisting of books, instruments, geographical maps, etc., which are allowed without any restrictions to bring from abroad both to foreign scientists called to universities, and to Russian university teachers returning to their homeland, and in general to university students traveling in foreign lands at the expense of the government.

§141. Foreign teachers, upon dismissal from universities, have the right to travel abroad at any time without paying duties for their own property.

§142. Those awarded academic degrees are approved, in case of entry into the civil service, in the following classes: doctor - in VIII, master - in IX, candidate - in X. Current students receive, on the same basis, XII class.

Note. Academic degrees and titles in medical and pharmaceutical fields are subject to the general regulations for these parts.

§143. The rights of candidates and active students to enter military service and to later become officers are determined by the rules existing in the military department.

§144. Persons coming from a tax-paying state who have acquired academic degrees enjoy, on the basis of Art. 577 clause 1 and art. 583 clause 1 of the laws on states (St. Law 1857 T. IX), the rights of personal or hereditary honorary citizenship, even if they did not enter the public service.

Division III. About pensions and benefits for service at the university.

§145. Professors, associate professors, lecturers, astronomer-observers, vice-rectors, their assistants, laboratory assistants, assistant vice-rectors, librarians and their assistants, curators of offices and museums, or conservators, enjoy, regarding pensions and one-time benefits, the rights set forth in Art. 467–529 Constitution, on pensions and one-time benefits (St. Zak., ed. 1857, T.III).

Note 1st. The service of private assistant professors, if they are accepted into one of the positions shown here, is due, when calculating the length of service of a pension, to this last position.

Note 2. Pensions for professors and university teachers, as well as one-time benefits for those who have not yet completed their pensions, are paid in the same amount, i.e. with the adoption as the basis for calculating pensions and lump-sum benefits of the salary that was received according to the rules that existed before the approval of this Charter.

§146. Residents, pharmacists and paramedics at clinics, doctors and paramedics at hospitals for students, pharmacy students and midwives at obstetric clinics enjoy the rights to pensions and one-time benefits set out in Art. 755–792nd Const. about pence. and united allowance (St. Law, ed. 1857, Vol. III).

§147. All other persons employed at universities receive pensions and one-time benefits according to the rules set out in Art. 1-243rd St. Zak. the same volume and charter.

Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 2. T. 38. Department I. No. 39752. St. Petersburg, 1836. P. 618-638

Shcherbatov-Kavelin project

Preparations for a new university reform in the Russian Empire began in 1856 and continued until the early 1860s. progressed slowly. In February 1858, the trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district, Prince G. A. Shcherbatov, with the participation of Professor Konstantin Kavelin, drew up a preliminary draft of a new charter for St. Petersburg University from 6 chapters containing 245 paragraphs. On April 30, 1858, the draft charter of Shcherbatov-Kavelin was submitted for consideration to the Council of St. Petersburg University. In 1859-1860 this project was also discussed at Moscow and Kiev universities. The project was criticized for being utopian and giving scientists excessively free rights.

Korf Project

Imperial Commission Project

Von Bradke considered it necessary not to rush into introducing a charter for all universities at once, and suggested that the project be tested initially at one of the universities. Minister of Public Education Golovnin proposed another way of verification: on January 31, 1862, he issued an order to discuss the text of the charter in the university environment. In addition, Golovnin ordered the texts of the draft charter to be translated into German, French and English and sent to famous scientists and professors in Germany, France, Belgium and Great Britain with a request to make their critical comments to them. Golovnin also sent Professor Kavelin to France, Switzerland and Germany in February 1862 in order to study experience and collect information about the structure and functioning of the main universities in Western Europe. Throughout 1862-1863. The Journal of the Ministry of Public Education published a series of works on the history and current state of Western European universities. A number of students completing their studies were sent to European universities for internships in order to gain skills in working under the new system in the period before the adoption of the statute.

Since June 1862, regular meetings of the Academic Committee of the Main Board of Schools began to take place on issues of adoption of the charter. There was a heated discussion between the boards of trustees of different universities; the councils of Moscow and Kharkov universities offered a particularly active position and a large number of proposals for changes to the project. Decisions to make changes were made collectively.

The university charter is divided into 12 chapters:

Basic provisions

Each University in the Russian Empire was supposed to have 4 faculties: historical and philological, physics and mathematics, law and medicine (§ 2 of the document). Only in St. Petersburg, instead of the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Oriental Studies was established. The immediate management of the University belonged to the rector (§ 4). The university administration was represented by the University Council, the University Management Board, the University Court and the Vice-Rector or Inspector (§ 5).

About faculties

With the approval of the University Council and the Minister of Public Education, faculties could be divided into departments (§ 7). Each faculty had its own Assembly (§ 9) chaired by a dean (§ 10). Any teacher on issues of academics and educational subjects could participate in this Meeting (§ 25). Deans of faculties were elected in Faculty Assemblies for three years (§ 8). The number of professors could be increased according to need and funds (§ 21).

About the trustee

The school district trustee took the necessary measures to ensure that the universities fulfilled their responsibilities; in case of violations, he undertook to inform the Minister of Public Education about the incident; had the right to present his proposals on the affairs of the university and educational district at the University Councils (§ 26).

About the rector

The rector was elected once every 4 years by the University Council (§ 27). The rector had the right to open and close the University Council and the Board, where he himself presided (§ 31). The duties of the rector were to monitor the educational process and order (§ 28), issue reprimands and comments (§ 34), and reward those who distinguished themselves (§ 34).

About the council, board, court and chancellery of the university

University Meetings should be held once a month, only in emergency cases - as necessary (§ 38). Matters in the University Assembly were decided by a majority vote. In case of equality of votes, the decision was made by the rector himself (§ 45). All minutes of the Meeting were to be submitted to the school district trustee once a year (§ 48), who had the right to publish the document in whole or in part (§ 47). The University Board provided the University Assembly with an estimate of expenses for the year (§ 52 b). The University Council elected once a year three teachers to the University Court, and at least one of them had to belong to the Faculty of Law (§ 56). The University Court tried troublemakers at the university and resolved disputes between students and teachers (§ 58).

About the vice-rector and inspector

Vice-rectors or inspectors were elected by the University Council for three years (§ 64) from the teaching staff or officials and were approved by the Minister of Public Education (§ 64). Vice-rectors or inspectors kept order (§ 63) and received complaints and suggestions from students (§ 66). Vice-rectors or inspectors could have several assistants (to keep order) and a secretary (for student affairs) (§ 60, 67).

About teachers and persons affiliated with educational and auxiliary institutions of the university

University professors were elected. First, each member of the faculty nominated their candidate, then their candidacies are considered in the Faculty Assembly. After this, the elections themselves took place at the University Council (§ 70). Professors were approved by the Minister of Public Education, and associate professors and lecturers were approved by the Trustee of the educational district (§ 72). Retired professors could, with the permission of the University Council and the Trustee of the educational district, lecture at the University and use University benefits (§ 79). If a professor worked at the University for more than 25 years, then he was awarded the title of Emeritus Professor (§ 80). In cases of negligence of professors and their ignoring of comments, they could be removed from this position (§ 81).

About students

A student could become a young man who had reached the age of 17 and graduated from a gymnasium or passed an exam there and received a certificate, as well as graduated from a higher or secondary educational institution (§ 85, 86). Study at the Faculty of Medicine lasted five, and at other faculties - four academic years (§ 87). If a student has committed a criminal offense, he is first expelled from the University by the University Court, and then the case goes to the criminal court (§ 102).

About academic degrees and honorary members

All faculties (except medical) had the following academic degrees: Candidate, Master and Doctor (§ 110). Both Russians and foreigners could receive an academic degree (§ 114).

On means for developing the scientific activities of universities

With the permission of the Minister of Public Education, the university could organize an Academic Society (§ 119).

Educational and support institutions

The university was supposed to have a library with a librarian and his assistants (§ 122), museums, thematic rooms, an observatory, a botanical garden, etc. (§ 121).

Rights and benefits of universities

All Universities were solely under the care of the Emperor and bore the name of the Imperial (§ 123). Universities could import textbooks from abroad duty-free (§ 129), and they were not subject to censorship (§ 130). Teachers, Associate Professors, Prosectors and his assistants, Lecturers, Astronomers and other university employees were promoted to two ranks above the class assigned to their positions (§ 137).

Results

The new charter gave universities more independence in matters of internal management and expanded the ability to take into account local conditions for their development, created more favorable conditions for scientific and educational activities, increased the attractiveness of teaching work at universities for young people and contributed to the establishment in the future of a sufficient number of qualified university departments. teachers, and also provided for a number of special measures to encourage students to master the sciences.

Notes

Links

Tomsinov V. A. University reform of 1863 in Russia // Preparation and implementation of the university reform of 1863 / Compiled and author of introductory articles by V. A. Tomsinov.. - Moscow: Zertsalo, 2012. - pp. LXVIII–CXVII. - (Great Reforms).
Shatilova V. P. Dynamics of the use of infrastructure for research activities in Russian universities of the 19th century // Man and education: scientific pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical journal of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. - 2012. - V. 1 (30). - pp. 151-157. - ISSN 1815-7041.
Posokhov S. I. Images of universities in Russian journalism of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries // Library Newsletter: scientific, theoretical and practical magazine. - 2004. - P. 13-21. - ISSN 1029-7200.
Posokhov S. I. Statutes of Russian universities of the 19th century in the assessment of their contemporaries and descendants // Education issues. - 2006. - V. 1. - P. 370-381. - ISSN 1814-9545.

Primary school reform

On July 18, 1864, the “Regulations on Public Schools” were adopted. The main feature of this provision was the abolition of the state and church monopoly on education. After the reform of the education system, public institutions and private individuals could also open primary schools. The duration of primary school education did not exceed 3 years.

Primary schools were now of the following types:

Sundays.
Church and parish.
Zemsky.
Private.
State.

Secondary school reform

On November 19, 1864, the “Charter of Gymnasiums and Pro-Gymnasiums” was adopted. It was the gymnasiums that were the main link of secondary school. All gymnasiums were divided into 2 types: classical and real. The classical ones prepared for admission to higher institutions, and the real ones - to technical educational institutions.

In all gymnasiums the duration of study was 7 years. After 1871, the period of study in classical gymnasiums was 8 years. In fact, the education reform of 1864 divided people into classes according to the type of education received: classical gymnasiums - people with higher education, real gymnasiums - industrialists and traders.

An important feature of the reform is that absolutely any person in the Russian Empire could enter the gymnasium. True, in fact, education still remained available only to the nobles, since the cost of education in gymnasiums was very high, and most of the population could not afford it.

In 1862, women's gymnasiums first appeared in Russia. Thus, for the first time in the history of the country, women received the right to secondary education. True, we need to make a reservation - the training program in women's gymnasiums was much inferior to men's gymnasiums.

Reforming higher education

On June 18, 1863, the University Charter was adopted. The education reform under Alexander 2 actually began this year with this document and continued in 1864. The main thing in the new charter is that autonomy was returned to universities. Each university had a "council of professors" that elected a rector and a dean. It was the rector, dean and council of professors who were fully and solely responsible for education:

Decisions were made on hiring and dismissing teachers.
The training program was approved.
Approved and edited curricula and disciplines.
All financial issues were resolved.

At the same time, women in Russia have the opportunity to obtain higher education. Women's gymnasiums, of course, did not give the right to enter a regular university, so higher women's courses were created in the country. It was possible to study them in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv and Kazan. Further reforms opened the way for women to regular universities, but even so they were admitted there under a special status - auditors. The reform in the field of education of 1864 served as an impetus for this.

Significance for the country

The educational reform of Alexander 2 pursued two main goals:

Make education accessible to everyone.
Eliminate the monopoly on education.
To bring order to the system of gymnasiums and pro-gymnasiums.

The advantages and disadvantages of reforms in the field of education should be interpreted from the point of view of the achieved results and goals. The second point of the goals was incidental and not fundamental. “Private” schools eventually appeared, but they did not take root and soon disappeared completely. As for the other goals, they were achieved on paper, but not in reality. Universality of education affected only primary schools (grade 3). Even secondary schools and gymnasiums were inaccessible for 90% of the population due to the high cost of education. Naturally, higher education was therefore also inaccessible. Therefore, in this reform it is necessary to clearly distinguish between what was on paper and what actually happened.

There was also a time bomb in the reforms - complete independence of universities. In fact, they were not controlled by the state: their own rules, their own distribution of funding, independence in determining the program and subjects of study, independence in choosing personnel. This was later actively used by revolutionaries and those who today can be called liberals.

Preparations for the university reform began in 1856 and proceeded without much haste until the early 1860s. Meanwhile, the situation required urgent measures. This was connected not only with the crisis of the universities themselves, but also with unrest among students. In particular, after student riots at St. Petersburg University in 1861, the highest order followed to temporarily close this university until the University Charter of 1835 was revised.

On June 18, 1863, Emperor Alexander II, by personal decree, approved the new General Charter of Imperial Russian Universities. On the same day, all faculties of St. Petersburg University were opened and the Ministry of Public Education was reorganized, enshrined in the “Establishment of the Ministry of Public Education.” The coincidence of the appearance of the new University Charter and the reform of the Ministry of Education is hardly accidental. Changes in universities were impossible without changing their management system. The new University Charter was only one step in the reform of university education in Russia, a reform that was designed to stop the decline of Russian universities, create conditions for their development and rise to a qualitatively new level.

“Interests of universities and science in general”

The most famous provision of the University Charter of 1863 - the introduction of the election of university rectors and professors - is often seen as almost a political liberalization of university life. This has nothing to do with reality. The government was extremely sensitive to any manifestations of politicization of the university environment and set as its goal the fight against such phenomena. Therefore, it is better to consider all transformations from the standpoint of the need to overcome the decline of universities and the need for more intensive development of science in them.

According to the Charter of 1863, the main role in the management of the university belonged to the University Council, i.e., the meeting of all ordinary and extraordinary professors of the university. The University Council had fairly broad powers, and, in particular, elected the rector (for “the immediate management of the University”) and the vice-rector. It is curious, but the Charter required the mandatory participation of professors in meetings of the University Council, i.e. participation in the management of the university was considered not as a right, but as an obligation. Faculty meetings (i.e., meetings of faculty professors) also played an important role, which, in particular, elected deans.

What is very important is that professors were also elected. Each member of the faculty could nominate a candidate, after which elections were held at the faculty meeting, and then again at the University Council. Such a two-stage election system was needed in order to familiarize the members of the University Council with the opinion of the faculty. The candidate chosen by the University Council was approved by the Minister.

The Charter proposed a number of mechanisms to provide faculties with qualified teaching staff. Thus, the University Council had the right to leave “scholars at the University to prepare for the professorship.” He could also petition the Minister to “send young people abroad to prepare for occupying departments.” At foreign universities, candidates for professors not only listened to lectures, but also actively participated in scientific activities. Overall, this expensive method of training new professors was extremely successful. Finally, the institution of private assistant professors, i.e., freelance teachers, was introduced. This was both a way to attract additional teachers and a way to test their teaching abilities. Many professors began their careers as private assistant professors.

To attract new professors to the opening and empty departments, measures alone to prepare young people for teaching were, naturally, not enough. The most important reason for the staff shortage was low salaries, which forced many teachers to look for additional income on the side. The tsarist government had an understanding of this, so Alexander II, on the same day when he approved the new Charter, also approved the “Staff of Imperial Russian Universities.” According to this document, the annual salary of teachers was increased by two or more times compared to pre-reform.

For normal teaching and scientific activities, it is necessary not only to have highly qualified personnel who have the opportunity to spend their time on their main work without being distracted by part-time jobs. It is also important that conditions for work are created. The Charter stipulated the need for the university to have a library, museums, clinics, and laboratories for practical training.

In addition to infrastructure, the issue of fast and uninterrupted supply is important for the normal development of science. In this regard, the fragment of the Charter related to customs is striking. Let us quote it in full: “Universities are given the right to freely and duty-free issue all kinds of teaching aids from abroad. Bales and boxes of these things addressed to universities are not opened at border customs, but are only sealed and then certified at universities in the presence of a customs or police official.” Not to mention the fact that “books, manuscripts and temporary publications received by universities from foreign lands are not subject to censorship.” In fact, the Charter established a special supply regime for universities, which may be the envy of many modern Russian scientists who are in the habit of speaking unflatteringly about customs.

Finally, the Charter gave universities the right to create “learned societies.” True, the creation of such societies required the permission of the Minister, who also approved the charters, but this did not greatly limit local initiative. Twenty years after the reform, commenting on the permission to create scientific societies, D. I. Mendeleev will say: “The liberation of the peasants, one might say, coincided with the liberation of Russian science.”

The end of reforms

The university reform was part of a larger education reform initiated by the government of Alexander II. In turn, education reform was a necessary link in the chain of reforms that were designed to radically transform the country. The Charter of 1863 revived the scientific and educational life of universities, but did not solve all the problems. The sphere of education and science does not allow rapid changes. It is necessary to consistently and methodically change the entire system, which is what was planned to be done in the future.

Like all other reforms of Alexander II, the education reform was subject to powerful criticism. The reforms carried out from above were received with hostility by society. At some point, a paradoxical situation arose - the tsarist government carried out one reform after another, and society, which verbally criticized the current situation and seemed to want changes, vigorously fought both the reforms and the reformers. All this played into the hands of conservatives who wanted to stop the reforms and go back.

On April 4, 1866, former student of Kazan and then Moscow University D.V. Karakozov made an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander II. The assassination attempt revealed the widespread prevalence of revolutionary teachings among young people, and on April 14, 1866, A. V. Golovnin was dismissed from the post of Minister. The new Minister of Public Education was the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, D. A. Tolstoy, whose candidacy was associated with hopes for strengthening the religious and moral education of the younger generation in order to counter nihilism and other revolutionary movements. But the stop of reforms led precisely to the flourishing of radical revolutionary groups, which ended in rampant terrorism. At the end of his reign, Alexander II would dismiss D. A. Tolstoy and initiate new reforms, but the tragedy of March 1, 1881 would cross out all plans and hopes.

In 1884, a new University Charter came into force, which would end the autonomy of Russian universities.

38. Counter-reforms of the 80–90s. XIX century in Russia.

1. General provisions Since the mid-70s. XIX century The peasant movement is growing again; on March 1, 1881, Emperor Alexander II was killed by the Narodnaya Volya. The tsarist government switched to reactionary policies.

Counter-reforms 1880-1890 in Russia, this is a change in domestic policy, a revision of a number of significant provisions established during the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. XIX century

Counter-reforms begin with the adoption in 1881 of the Regulations on Measures to Preserve State Order and Public Peace. This document provided for the introduction of a state of enhanced or emergency security in a particular area or throughout the country in the event of attacks against the state system or the safety of individuals. At the same time, full power was transferred to the governor general, the rights of the police and gendarmerie were expanded, the rights of citizens were limited, punitive and repressive measures were used against offenders, etc.

2. Zemstvo chiefs. In 1889, the Regulations on Zemstvo district chiefs were adopted, which abolished the principle of separation of the court from the administration.

According to the Regulations in the counties, instead of justices of the peace, the institution of zemstvo district chiefs was introduced. They were entrusted with police, judicial and administrative functions: exercising control over rural and volost self-government bodies, managing the police, supervising the activities of volost courts, etc.

Candidates for the position of zemstvo chief had to meet a number of requirements: have a higher education, work experience, high property qualifications, and the title of hereditary nobleman. The appointment was made by the governor and was subject to approval by the Minister of the Interior.

The situation dealt a serious blow to the system of magistrates' courts, their numbers began to decline, and by 1913 they disappeared completely.

3. Zemstvos In 1890, the Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions were revised. According to the new Regulations, the curial election system was preserved. However, in the first curia, instead of the qualification principle of formation, the class principle was established: it included only hereditary and personal nobles. At the same time, in the second, urban, curia, the property qualification was significantly increased. In relation to the peasant curia, the control of the administration increased - the governor himself appointed vowels from among the peasant electors. Thus, the influence of the nobility in zemstvo bodies increased significantly.

Control over zemstvos was strengthened, carried out by the governor and provincial presences on zemstvo affairs. The governor and the minister of internal affairs had the right to suspend or cancel any decision of the zemstvo self-government bodies.

4. City government.In 1892 a new City Regulation was adopted. In accordance with this document, the property qualification was increased, which led to the exclusion of the petty and part of the middle bourgeoisie from elections to city dumas.

Only those townspeople who owned real estate, as well as owners of commercial and industrial enterprises who had guild certificates, had voting rights. Thus, the representation of the nobility and big bourgeoisie in city councils increased.

Control over the activities of city government bodies was strengthened: decisions of city councils were subject to approval by provincial boards.

For small towns, the Regulations established “simplified governance”: a meeting of city householders elected a meeting of commissioners, and it elected a city mayor.

5. Attack on the judicial system With the growing reaction in the country, a system of administrative repression began to develop. The note to Art. played a certain role. 1 of the Charter of Criminal Proceedings, which allowed for cases in which the administrative authority takes measures in accordance with the procedure established by law to prevent and suppress crimes and misdemeanors.

Corporal punishment, although abolished by the Decree of 1863, continued to be used in practice by decision of the Committee of Ministers.

In 1871, the rights of the gendarmerie in the field of inquiry and investigation of state crimes were expanded. Inquiries into such cases were carried out by the gendarme corps. The collected materials were transferred to the Minister of Justice, who forwarded them to the courts or took measures to resolve the case administratively.

Since 1872, all the most important cases of political crimes began to be considered by the Special Presence with the participation of class representatives.

In 1866, cases of the press were removed from the jurisdiction of the jury, in 1874, cases of illegal communities and participation in them were removed from the jurisdiction of general courts, and in 1878, cases of counteraction or resistance to the authorities. All these and many other cases were transferred to the military district court) In 1887, the court was given the right to consider “delicate” and “secret” cases behind closed doors.