Australia (country)

Australia.

The initial chapter of Australia's artistic culture was the art of Australians-Aboriginal. However, the art of immigrants from the UK at first developed independently of him, continuing European neoclassical and romantic traditions. The first was prevailed in colonial architecture (the visible reference F. Greenway), the second - in the art of the landscape, was prevailed in the beginning of the 19th century), the second - in the art of the landscape, always playing an important role in local painting. For a change in early, purely topographical fixations by the mid-19th century were more poetic images of K. Martens, and later A. L. Burellota. In the painting of artists, the so-called Heidelberg school (Ch. Condera, F. McCabbina, T. Roberts and A. Streeton) Romance gained the national flavor, often conjugate with the motives of the pristine "life in Bush". A satirical household genre appeared (S.T. Gill).

The rapid growth of cities in the 2nd half of the 19th century facilitated the spread of regular planning (with park zones in the suburbs). For the so-called style of boom, originally due to the "gold fever", were characterized by the buildings of an eclectic architecture with openwork cast-iron structures of extensive veranda (the most stable element of the traditional Australian house). From the USA, a trigger style was imported, from the UK - the principles of the "Art and Crafts" movement, which served as an incentive for the Australian Modern (architectural creativity of H. Anneara-Desborough, A. Norta, R. Haddon).

In the middle of the 20th century, along with Art Deco, an international style was established, whose largest master became Austrian H. Zaydler. Foreigners, including the American U. B. Griffin (according to the plan of which in 1913-27, the city of Canberra was built) and Danchanin Y. Rod (author of the draft Sydney Opera, built in 1959-66 and became the most famous building of Australia) , contributed to the process of updating architecture a significant contribution; Over time, the positions of the local school, presented in the last quarter of the 20th century, presented in the last quarter of the 20th century by the names of D. Jackson, F. Koky, K. Madigan, Markatta, J. Andrews and other masters, combining high-tech style with regional traditions. In painting and graphics of Australia, Modern (S. Long, H. Heissen) was transformed in the late 1910s to abstract art (R. de Mester, R. Wayclin); In the sculpture (the leader of which was in the first decades of the 20th century E. B. McCennal) for a long time dominated more conservative canons. In the 1930s, the painting and sculpture of the Russian emigrant D. Vasilyeva, Creativity of Portreerty W. Dobella became a major phenomenon of avant-garde. In the surrealistic manner, he worked in the middle of the century S. Nolan, whose paintings dedicated to the legendary robber N. Kelly were widely known. The interest in the creativity of the Aboriginal (manifested, in particular, in the abstract painting of J. Olsen), the indigenous residents of the country (Watercolor A. Namatzhira, etc.) were increasingly launched. Some of the Australian Arts is characterized by a socially engaged character: paintings and graphics N. Kunikhana, the uninterrupted creativity of the group "Antipodes" (since 1959; A. Boyd, etc.), pop art of the 1970s and 1980s. By the beginning of the 21st century, in connection with the increased emigration from Asia, a specific oriental component intensified in Australia's artistic culture.

Lite: Freeland J.M. Architecture in Australia: A HISTORY. HarmondSworth, 1974; Creating Australia: 200 Years of Art, 1788-1988. Sydney, 1988; Apperly R., Irving R., Reynolds R. and Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture. Sydney, 1989; McCulloch A. Encyclopedia of Australian Art. Honolulu, 1994; SMITH V., SMITH T. Australian Painting, 1788-20. 4th ED. Melb.; OXF., 2001.

M. N. Sokolov.

Music

Musical culture is represented by the traditions of Australians-Aboriginalov, Angloavralians, migrants of European and Asian origin. In the syncretic culture of Aboriginal, the music was part of the rites system (initiation, healing, love magic, etc.), there was a musical mythology. In Northern Australia, Aboriginal music developed in contact with the cultures of New Guinea, in the 14th and 15th centuries experienced immigrants from Asia (from the Malay Archipelago, etc.). Since the end of the 18th century, modern European-type culture began to develop. Sydney Philharmonic Society (1833), first musical and educational institutions, private opera companies, Symphony Orchestra (1906) were organized.

In 1847, the first Australian Opera "Don John Austrian" Opera A. Nathan (English Emigrant) was delivered to Sydney. In the 1920s, the "Opera League" was founded (N. Melba sang in it), foreigners (F.I. Shalyapin, 1929; Yu. Ormandi, 1944) began to tour. In the early 1950s, 2 major opera companies were worked: National Theater in Melbourne and the National Opera of the New South Wales in Sydney. Elizabetinsky Theater Trust (1954) contributed to the formation of the Australian Opera company (since 1969 an Australian opera company) with branches in all states and a number of musical and educational institutions. In 1935, a guild of composers of Australia was created (since the 1970s SC). The most prominent composers: A. Hill, P. Granger (also a pianist), K. Douglas, J. Antill (ballet "Corrobori", put in 1947 in London), M. Williamson, N. Mil, L. Sitki. Among the performers are the famous singer J. Sutherland. Since the late 1940s, a mass culture began to spread.

The Music and Theater Complex "Sydney Opera-House" includes the opera and ballet theater (opened in 1973 by the opera S. S. Prokofiev "War and Peace", Conductor E. Downs), State Theater in Melbourne (1985), State Opera South Australia in Adelaide (founded in 1974 as a new opera of South Australia). The largest symphony orchestras: Sydney (founded in 1932 under the Australian radio corporation; in 1957-61 he was headed by N.A. Malko), Melbourne (1934), Queensland (in Brisbane, 1947), Tasmanian (in Hobart, 1948), symphony Adelaide Orchestra (1936, modern name since 1975), Symphony Orchestra Penrit (1988); String quartettes: Adelaid (1964), Melbourne (1972); Choir "Melbourne Choral" (1965). The Australian Music Center is functioning (1976). In Canberra, the Australian Institute for the Study of Aborigines was opened; Aboriginal Art Committee (1973) conducts musical festivals. In Sydney, Brisbane, Canberra, Hobart, Adelaide, Melbourne are open to the conservatory, with a number of universities - the musical department.

Lit.: Hausman R.L. Australia: Traditional Music In Its History. NORTH QUINCY (MASS.), 1975; Edwards R. G. AUSTRALIAN FOLK SONGS. Folcroft, 1978; Australian Composition In The Twntieth Century. Melb.; N. Y., 1978; Love N. The Golden Age of the Australian Opera. Sydney, 1981.

Traditional Australian Australian Dances played a big role in everyday life, were an integral part of the festivals and rites. From the beginning of the 19th century, they were included in the form of intermenids in the first theatrical representations of local colonists. In 1833, a dance school was opened in Sydney. In the same years, foreign tourists began to come to Australia. In the 1870s, the ballets were rarely rarely, in the repertoire of theaters were predominantly musical comedies and operetta. Ballet schools, organized by M. Eversett in Melbourne (1897) and Sydney (1909). Gastello performances A. Female (1913) and M. Allan (1914) were of great importance, but only the troupe A. P. Pavlova (1926 and 1929) and the Russian ballet Levitov (1934) with the participation of O. A. Svetivtseva and A. and . Viltzaka caused an authentic interest in ballet art. Some European artists stayed in Australia as teachers; M. Burlakov and L. Lightfoot in 1929 founded the first Australian ballet troupe ("First Australian Ballet"). Ballet troupes were created: in 1937 - "Modern ballet Adelaide", in 1941 - Truppe E. Kirsova in Sydney, in 1945 - "Australian Ballet Society", in 1946 - "Melbourne Ballet Club", then named "Ballet Guild "

For the formation of the national ballet, the activities of Trupps E. Borovovsky (Melbourne, 1940), who operated (with interruptions) before 1960 was of great importance. In the 1930-1950s, the growing interest in the dance of Modern stimulated the appearance of a troupe: "Ballet of Western Australia", "Ballet troupe of Queensland", "Studio Bodenvizer" (later "Bodenvizer Ball"). In 1962, the choreographer and the dancer P. Van Prag founded the Australian ballet (headed until 1978), which included artists of Borovovsky's troupe. In the repertoire, in addition to the classic productions ("Giselle" A. Adana and "Coppelia" L. Delibe in the resumption of Van Prag; Cinderella S. S. Prokofiev, choreographer F. Ashton; "Raymond" A. K. Glazunova, choreographer . Nureyev), Ballets of Australian choreographers R. Powell were held a significant place ("Only the fun for the music of D. D. Shostakovich), Helcha (" Illyry "to the music of P. Tahurdin," Othello "to the music of J. Goldsmith). Among other dance troupe Modern - "Australian Dance Theater", "Victoria Ball", Australian choreographic ensemble, dance troupe Sydney. Since the late 1990s, interest in the dance culture of Australia's aboriginal, as well as to the classic Indian style dance of Bharata-Natyam and the Japanese modern dance of Boto. Leading ballet schools of the country: in Melbourne - Australian ballet school and ballet academy Hard, in Sydney - Salley School - Borovansky and Dance Center Bodenvizer.

Lit.: Van Praagh R. Ballet in Australia. Melb., 1965; Pask E. Ballet in Australia: The Second Act, 1940-1980. Melb., 1982.

V. M. Peppe.

Theatre

The first theatrical ideas in Australia (by the forces of colonists and condemned from England) belong to the 1780s. In the 1830-40s in Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide, constantly acting theaters began to create Melbourne. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, theaters united into trusts, which were headed by J. Koppin, J. Williamson, A. Garner, D. Beadico Jr., and others, subsequently became famous theatrical figures. Theaters raised the works of Australian authors, the European and American classics, seeking to copy foreign productions. In 1910-30, the activities of literary and theatrical associations, who put the plays of national playwrights, as well as French, English, Russian and other European authors played a large role in the formation of the National Theater. In 1936, workers amateur theatrical teams arising in the 1930s, united in the "League of the New Theater", whose activities contributed to the emergence of "new theaters". Created in 1954, the state Elisavtian Theater Trust set the task of developing a professional theater, but subsidies were provided mainly to ballet troupe. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, R. Lowler, P. White, D. Williamson, H. Reison, E. Ekuort, H. Bell, and others were made to develop a significant contribution to the development of national drama, D. Williamson, H. Reyison ; In 1987, the first National Conference of Aboriginal Dramatours, established the National Aboriginal Foundation. The leading role in the modern theater process belongs to the theaters of Sydney (State Theater, Sydney Tieter Company, etc.) and Melbourne (State Theater, Melbourne Tieter Company, Ryjgent Tieter, etc.). In the repertoire, classical dramaturgy, plays of modern foreign and national authors. The Institute of Dramatic Art works in Melbourne.

Lit.: Kardoss J. Theater Arts in Australia. Sydney, 1960; Rees L. A History of Australian Drama: In 2 Vol. Sydney, 1973-1978; IDEM. Australian Drama, 1970-1985. Sydney, 1987.

Movie

The first gaming film "Early Christian Martyrs" in 1900 shot J. Perry. In 1906-14, 90 films came out. Then began a gradual reduction in filmmaking, which lasted until the end of the 1960s. The main reason for the protracted crisis is the capture of cartoon American and English rolling companies. Among the most significant Australian films of this period: "Sentimental guy" (1919), "Australia calls" (1923), "Forest tramps" (1925) - all directed by R. Longford. The first sound film is "from the world of the shadows" A. R. Harwood (1930). In the 1930-50s, documentary and species films were developed. In 1955, one of the leading Australian directories Ch. Chauell was removed by the first color film "Jedda" about the problems of aborigines. High mastery was distinguished by S. Holmes ("three in one", 1957, etc.). In 1970-80, due to state support and the creation of the Australian Cinematic Commission, the rise of cinema began. Among the films of this period: "Picnic with a hanging cliff" P. Weira (1975), "Cuddy" D. Kromby (1976), "Song Jimmy Blacksmith" F. Shepisi (known as Squire) (1977), "My brilliant career »J. Armstrong (1979)," Dundee on nicknamed Crocodile "P. Faiman (1986). Success on the international rental of these films, as well as works by B. Beresford, J. Daigena, J. Miller, F. Neys, P. J. Khogan attributes the attention of American companies invited to Hollywood leading cinematographers of Australia (among them - B. Brown, M. Gibson, D. Davis, N. Kidman, E. Morse, J. Rush).

Created by Australia, together with New Zealand and France, the film "Piano" (1993, director J. Campion; 3 Oscar Prizes, Grand Prix of the International Film Festival in Cannes, etc.) Fipressi recognized one of the outstanding film sedate decades.

Permanent frame outflow abroad is a distinctive feature of national cinematography. However, it is precisely this makes it possible to reveal to young talents. Works B. Lurmann ("Only in the Dance Hall", 1994), S. Elliot ("Adventures of Priscillas, Queen of the Desert", 1994), P. Cox ("Diaries of Waclav Nizhinsky", 2001) and others have become an event in world cinema. Many cinemakers working in other countries make films and homeland (Beeb "Miller, 1998;" fence from rabbits "Neys, 2002, etc.). Every year in Australia, an average of 10-15 films is produced. The Australian School of Cinema and TV is engaged in the preparation of creative personnel. In Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberre, Melbourne, Sydney and other cities are held film festivals.

Lit.: Pike A., Cooper R. Australian Film, 1900-1977. Melb., 1998.

I. A. Zhigintseva.

The circus

Circus art in Australia arose in the 19th century, when foreign circus troupes began to come on tour. In 1832, in Sydney D. Ashton built the first Circus-Shapito, in 1850 D. Malcolm founded the Royal Amphitheater (now the Royal Circus). Australia employs several mobile circuses (Eston Circus, Circus Brothers Bullens, etc.). Circus schools are open in Melbourne and Sydney.