Interesting facts about Plato's philosophy

Plato's work belongs to the classical period of antique philosophy. Their feature is to combine problems and solutions that previously developed predecessors. For this Plato, Democritus and Aristotle, are called systematics. Plato The philosopher was also ideological opponent of a democritus and the founder of objective.

Biography

The boy known to us under the name Plato was born in 427 to our era and was named aristoclon. The city of Athens became the place of birth, but scientists still lead disputes about the year and the city of the birth of a philosopher. His father was Ariston, whose roots were applied to the king of the Code. The mother was a very wise woman and wore the name of Parilation, she was a relative of Solon's philosopher. His relatives were prominent ancient Greek politicians, and the young man could go through them, but the activity of "for the benefit of society" was pretty. Everything that he took advantage of birth was the opportunity to get a good education - the best available at the time in Athens.

The youth period of Plato's life is poorly studied. Information to understand how his formation passed - not enough. More studied the life of the philosopher from the moment of acquaintance with Socrates. At that time Platon was nineteen years old. Being a well-known teacher and philosopher, it was unlikely that he would have been for the training of a non-noticeable young man, like peers, but Plato was already a prominent figure: he took part in the National Pythi and Istimian Sports Games, engaged in gymnastics and power sports, was fond of music and poetry. Platon belongs to the authorship of epigrams, works belonging to the heroic epic and the dramatic genre.

The biography of the philosopher contains the episodes of his participation in hostilities. He lived during the Peloponess War and fought under Corinth and Tanagra, practicing philosophy in interruptions between battles.

Plato became the most famous and beloved of Socrates. Respect for the teacher is impregnated by the work of "apology", in which Plato vividly drawn a portrait of a teacher. After the death of the latter from the voluntary adoption of poison, Plato left the city and left for Megara Island, and then in Kyrena. There he began to take lessons at the farrow, studying the basics of geometry.

After graduating from learning there, the philosopher moved to Egypt to learn from the priests of mathematical science and astronomy. In those days, the Egyptian experience was popular among philosophers - Herodotus, Solon, Democritus and Pythagoras were resorted to this. In this country, the Presentation of Plato on the division of people on the estate was formed. Plato was convinced that a person should fall into one or another Casta according to his abilities, not origin.

Returning to Athens, at the age of forty years, opened his own school, which was named academy. She treated the most influential philosophical educational institutions not only Greece, but also all the antiquity, where the students were Greeks and Romans.

The peculiarity of the works of Plato is that he, unlike the teacher, told thoughts in the form of dialogues. Taking, he used the methods of questions and answers more often than monologues.

The death of the philosopher at the age of eighty. His buried next to his brainchild - the Academy. Later, the tomb was dismantled and today it is unknown to anyone where his remains are buried.

Ontology Plato

As a systematics, Plato synthesized the achievements committed by philosophers to him, into a large holistic system. He became the founder of idealism, and in his philosophy, many questions are affected: knowledge, language, upbringing, political system, art. The basic concept is an idea.

According to Plato, under the idea should be understood as the true essence of any subject, its perfect condition. To comprehend the idea, it is necessary to use not feelings, but intelligence. The idea, being a form of a thing, is not available for sensory knowledge, she is disembulant.

The concept of ideas is placed in the base of anthropology and plato. The soul consists of three parts:

1. reasonable ("golden");
2. volitional beginnings ("silver");
3. warent part ("copper").

The proportions in which people are endowed with the listed parts may be different. Platon suggested that they should form the basis of the social structure of society. And the society itself should have three estates:

1. rulers;
2. guards;
3. roots.

The last class was supposed to include merchants, artisans and peasants. In accordance with this structure, each person, a member of society, would have been engaged only to what he had a predisposition. The first two estates do not need to create a family and private property.

The mansion is the ideas of Plato about two types. In accordance with them, the first view is the world that is eternal in its immutability, submitted with genuine entities. This world exists regardless of the circumstances of the external, or material world. The second type of being is average between the two levels: ideas and matter. In this world, the idea exists by itself, and real things are becoming shadows of such ideas.

In the described worlds there are male and women's starts. The first is active, and the second is passive. The thing materialized in the world has matter and an idea. She is obliged to be the last, the eternal part. Sensual things are distorted mappings of their ideas.

Teaching about the soul

Arguing about the soul of a person in his teaching, Plato cites four evidence in favor of what she is immortal:

1. The cyclicity at which the opposites exist. They cannot exist without each other. Since the presence of greater implies the presence of a smaller, the existence of death speaks of the reality of immortality.
2. Knowledge is actually memories of past lives. Those concepts that people do not teach - about beauty, faith, justice - are the eternal, immortal and absolute, famous soul at the time of appearance. And since the soul has an idea of \u200b\u200bsuch concepts, it is immortal.
3. The duality of things leads to opposition to the immortality of souls and mortality of tel. The body is part of the natural shell, and the soul is part of the Divine in man. The soul is developing and knowing, the body wishes to satisfy low-lying feelings and instincts. Since the body cannot live in the absence of a soul, the soul can be separate from the body.
4. Each thing has unchanged nature, that is, the white color will never become black, and even - odd. Therefore, death is always the process of tension, which is not inherent in life. Since the body is smoldering, his essence is death. Being the opposite of death, life is immortal.

These ideas are described in detail in such works of an ancient thinker as "Fedr" and "State".

Teaching about knowledge

The philosopher was convinced that only individual things could be comprehended by feelings, while essentials are familiar with mind. Knowledge is neither sensations nor correct opinions nor certain meanings. Under true knowledge is the knowledge that penetrated the ideological world.

Opinion is part of things perceived by feelings. Sensual knowledge is inconstant, as things exposed to him differ variability.

Part of the learning to know the concept of memories. In accordance with it, the human souls remember the ideas known to her until reunited with this physical body. The truth opens to those who can close the ears and eyes, remember the Divine Past.

A person who knows something does not have the need for knowledge. And nothing knows that I should find what I should look.

The theory of knowledge of Plato is reduced to history - the theory of memories.

Dialectics Plato

The dialectic in the writings of the philosopher has a second name - "Science of Trust." Active thought that is devoid of sensory perception has two ways:

1. ascending
2. downward.

The first way implies the transition from one idea to the other until the discovery of the highest idea. Touching her, the human mind begins the descent in the opposite direction, moving from general ideas to the private.

Dialectics affects being and non-existence, one and much, peace and movement, identical and otherwise. The study of the last sphere led Plato to the removal of the formula of matter and idea.

Political and Legal Teaching Plato

Understanding the device of society and the state led to the fact that Plato paid them a lot of attention in his teachings and systematized them. Real problems of people were placed in the center of political and legal exercise, and not the naturalophilosophical ideas about the nature of the state.

The ideal Plato calls the type of state that existed in antiquity. Then people did not have the need in the blood and devoted themselves to philosophical research. After, they faced the struggle and began to need tools for self-preservation. At the moment when joint settlements were formed, a state emerged as a way to introduce a division of labor to meet the diverse needs of people.

Negative Plato calls such a state that has one of the four forms:

1. timocracy;
2. oligarchy;
3. tyranny;
4. democracy.

In the first case, power holds people who have a passion for luxuries and personal enrichment. In the second case, democracy is developing, but the difference between rich and poor classes is colossal. When democracy, the poor rebel against the power of the rich, and tyranny is a step towards the degeneration of the democratic form of statehood.

Philosophy of Politics and Plato's Law also allocated two main problems of all states:

• incompetence of senior officials;
• corruption.

Negative states have on the basis of material interests. So that the state becomes ideal, the moral principles should be stood at the head of the corner, which citizens live. Art should be subjected to censorship, wormless - punish death. State control should be carried out over all the spheres of human life in such a utopian society.

Ethical views

The ethical concept of this philosopher is divided into two parts:

1. social ethics;
2. individual, or personal ethics.

Individual ethics is inseparable from improving morality and intelligence through the harmonization of the soul. The body is opposed to her, as relevant to the world of feelings. Only the soul allows people to touch the world of immortal ideas.

The human soul has several sides, each of which is characterized by a specific virtue, briefly can be represented as follows:

• reasonable side - wisdom;
• volve - courage;
• affective - moderation.

Listed virtues are congenital and are steps on the way to harmony. Plato sees the meaning of the life of people in climbing the perfect world,

Plato's students developed his ideas and passed them to subsequent philosophers. By affecting the spheres of public and individual life, Plato formulated many laws of development of the soul and substantiated the idea of \u200b\u200bher immortality.