How to independently learn Latin language. Latin language

Latin (or just Latin) for beginners and "from scratch" at the European Education School - training is carried out on Skype.

Two languages \u200b\u200bleave their roots in the history of European civilization - these are ancient Greek and Latin. They are still often called classic.

Ancient Greek language was the most important factor in the development of the civilization of Europe in the various spheres. It was the Greeks that laid the foundation of philosophy, a base for natural and humanities, gave direction in the literature, and also the first to demonstrate complex socio-political ties and relations. It was the Greek language that became the first European language having his writing. The antique civilization begins in Greece, but then the Roman Empire picks up the relay. In Western Europe, Rome brings further development, but no longer a Greek language is a language of civilization, and Latin.

The Latin language belongs to the Indo-European family (along with the Greek, English, German and other German languages), and in the future, on its basis, Romanesque languages \u200b\u200barise: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and others.

Latin Latin's language was in the period from the 6th century BC. to VI n. e. To use Latin, the first began one of the Italian peoples - Latini. Latinians inhabited the central part of Italy - Latium (Latium). Starting with VIII BC. e. Rome becomes their cultural and political center.

Throughout his millennial existence, Latin, as well as any other living language, changed and replenished with new words and rules.

In the modern world, the Latin language is considered dead (i.e. it is no longer used for live communication).

Today, Latin is needed by students of philological faculties, medicine workers, lawyers, politicians, philosophers and representatives of some other professions. In addition, Latin terminology is taken as the basis of other languages, remaining in its original form or give birth to certain changes. It should be noted that in mathematics, physics and other sciences still use the conditional notation, which often serve as a reduction in Latin words. In biology, medicine, pharmacology and today use a unified international Latin nomenclature. Along with the Italian language, Latin is the state language of the Vatican.

Since Roman science was built on the foundation of Greek, modern scientific terminology contains a significant Greco-Latin component.

Latin language for beginners is a fairly widespread concept, because his study pursues various purposes. Our school teachers will help you clearly define the structure of the work and build a course that will be maximally focused on your goals and wishes. Even if many is one target, the path to its achievement can be different. Since we are all different, we have a different perception and understanding of the structure of the language, different storage schemes, etc. The teacher is trying to take into account the individual features of each student when preparing for classes, which greatly facilitates the process of mastering a certain topic in general. For example, if you are a student of the medical faculty, then for you will surely be relevant topics such as Latin language and basics of medical terminology, Latin for physicians, Latin to study pharmaceutical terminology, short anatomical dictionary, Latin terminology in the course of human anatomy, etc. d.

For each profession, there are programs and topics for studying, which can be changed and supplemented in accordance with the wishes of the student.

Latin language for beginners is better than an hour and a half, and on days when you do not have classes, fix the material by shorter approaches. On the weekend, you can devote a little more time to the study of the Latin language. It should be remembered that work with the teacher is only part of the path. To achieve the result, it is necessary to apply a lot of effort and independent work.

Latin phonetics is quite simple, as it is based on the letters that everyone familiar to us (the Latin alphabet is the basis of almost all languages \u200b\u200bof Europe). For beginners, it is difficult to master the reading rules in Latin. If you want to learn to understand the language, and not just learn a couple of Latin proverbs and phrases, you need to master grammar. Understanding the meaning of Latin texts is simply impossible without the knowledge of grammar. The fact is that the lifting and other transformation parts of the speech occur according to certain rules, therefore, in the initial stages, textbooks often contain explanations and footnotes to the texts in order to facilitate understanding and perception of the meaning of read.

It should also be remembered that the Latin course for beginners is not aimed at mastering the spoken Latin language (since Latin has not been used for a long time in spoken speech). Latin's course for beginners will help master the grammar and the vocabulary needed in your field.

WikiHow works on the principle of wiki, which means that many of our articles are written by several authors. When creating this article above its editing and improvement, including anonymous, 15 people (a) worked.

You can independently learn Latin, if you correctly come up with this issue. All you need is a set of regular textbooks, exercise and writing practice in Latin. Most likely, your relatives and friends will not be able to talk to you in Latin, but the practice of oral language will help you improve the knowledge of Latin as a whole. If you try, you can speak Latin as well as Pope, and in the shortest possible time.

Steps

1. Take a book for beginners with a lot of exercises and answers to them. Answers are important because you have no one to check.

   • Wheelock "s Latin - This is a well-known book with answers. This is perhaps the best choice for independent learning. The book presents a huge number of exercises, as well as on-learning groups.
   • There are several publicly available books with answers, for example:
     • Choosing the right dictionary is important for what you will read. If you are interested in classic Latin, use Elementary Latin Dictionary or Oxford Latin DictionaryIf you can buy it. If you are interested in late Latin, Middle Ages, Renaissance and Neo-Latin, you better use the Lewis and Short "S Latin Dictionary, however, it is expensive. Otherwise, you will have to use Cassell, which is not very useful and not small in size. Unfortunately, choose the right and not expensive vocabulary will not be easy. If you understand French, then the dictionary Grand Gaffiot. It will be a good choice.
     • While you are still trained in the textbook, you will have to remember a lot: declining, leasing, lexicon. There is no short path. In this case, your moral mood is very important.
     • Latin is a language with poor lexicon, in other words, one word can have several values. It also means that in the Latin language a lot of Idiom, which you will also have to follow. You will reach the moment when you understand every word, but the sense of proposals in general will not be clear to you. This is because you are thinking into the meaning of each word individually. For example, expression hOMINEM E MEDIO TOLLERE means "kill a person", but if you do not know this phrase, then it is literally translated "to remove a person from the center."
     • Avoid poetry, while still learn prose. You would not recommend reading Shakespeare to someone who teaches English, without knowing how to read the newspaper. The same applies to the Latin language.
     • Teach words. Carry a list of words or cards to see the bus, toilet, or somewhere else.
     • Write to Latin. Even if you want to learn to read, do not avoid the transition exercises from English to Latin.
     • Do not hurry. One lesson every few days - this will be enough. If you hurry, you will not have time to remember the information you need. On the other hand, do not hesitate. Try to do at least once a week.
     • If your answers do not coincide with the answers of the textbook, most likely you missed something. Return to the lesson and re-read.

Instruction

Study Latin needs to be started with the study of the alphabet. In the Latin alphabet of 25 letters. Six letters (A, E, I, O, U, Y) transmit 12 vowel sounds of the Latin language. Also in Latin 4 difthong. You need to know that there are long and short vowels in Latin. The brevity and longitude are denoted with the help of a fellow signs: ā - "a" long, ă - "a" brief. The emphasis in Latin words is never put on the last syllable. In double words, the emphasis is put on the initial syllable. In three-sided and multiple words, the emphasis is placed on the second syllable from the end, if this second syllable is long. On the third syllable, the emphasis is placed if the second syllable is brief. For example, in the word Transformatio, the emphasis is placed on "A".

Further, in Latin 4. At first hide, the base ends at "a" long (ā). For example, "Ornāre", in which "Ornā" is the basis, and "Re" - suffix. The suffix may also be "ERE". The second lining includes verbs, the foundations of which ends on "E" long (ē), for example, "habēre". The third conjunction includes verbs, the base of which ends on the consonant, "u" brief and "i" brief (ŭ and ĭ), for example, "tangere" (the basis is "Tang"). The fourth conjugation includes verbs on "I" long (ī), for example, "Audīre", where "Audī" is the basis, and "Re" - suffix.

The verbs in Latin have the following grammatical categories: time (six times: present time, the future is the first, future, imperfect, perfect, pligrine), inclusion (expressive, subjunctive and imperative), pledge (valid and), number (the only and multiple ), face (1, 2 and 3 person). Of course, it is necessary to study every section gradually. However, it should be started with something, for example, for more than four correct lifting. Consider how the verbs of the I-IV of the leasing are changed in the present time of the expressive inclination of the actual pledge.

The verb of the Hinding Ornāre: Orno, Ornas, Ornat, Ornāmus, Ornatis, Ornānt. Tacēre taceo taceo, Tacētis, TACENT, TACētis, TACENT. TANGERE III III III: Tango, Tangĭs, Tangĭt, Tangĭmus, Tangĭtis, Tangŭnt. Verb IV Looking Audīre: Audio, Audis, Audit, Audīmus, Audītis, Audiuŭt.

Let's talk a little about nouns in Latin. They have a category of kind (male, female, medium), numbers (the only, multiple). In Latin, 6 cases: Nominativus (nominative case), Genetivus (genitive case), Dativus (Conductive case), Accusativus (accusative case), ablativus (squeezing case), Vocativus. Nouns in Latin 5 decline. First include nouns with the basis for ā and ă. To the second - on ŏ and ĕ. By the third - on the consonant and ĭ. To iv - on ŭ. To the fifth - on ē.

So, we learned a little about the Latin verb and nouns. It is important that now that we can already distinguish them a little, with the help of a dictionary you can translate some Latin sentences;

Fortuna Caeca EST - Fortune Slepa;
Epistula Non Erubescit - Paper does not blush;
Mala Herba Cito Crescit - Bad Grass is growing rapidly;
Amicitia Vitam Ornat - Friendship Decorates Life;
Amat Victoria Curam - Victory loves care;
Terra Incognita - Unknown Earth;
COGITO ERGO SUM - I think, therefore, exist.

Good day! Today we will get to know Latin, find out why he needs a doctor in any country, as well as try to learn several important Latin terms.

So, Latin language. To be honest, I really liked it to learn for a number of reasons:

• On the pairs of this subject, the feeling was created as if I would touch for some secret ancient knowledge. This is explained, because we are talking about the language on which the great doctors of antiquity said;
• You will learn in Latin. Therefore, good knowledge of Latin will make an exhaustion of anatomy for you with a relatively simple case;
• Latin terms (especially medical) is very, very cool sound;
• To the place of a used term in Latin during a conversation or a report eloquently indicates your erudition. Maybe this is not entirely so, but I have always been an impression.

Why do you need a latin language? He is needed to doctors to ensure that the doctors speaking different languages \u200b\u200balways have been able to understand each other. Of course, it is impossible to imagine anatomy without Latin. He needs biologists, chemists and pharmacists due to the use of one terminologywhich greatly facilitates the classification of medicines, animal species, etc.

Clinical terminology is also built in Latin. For example, if the name of any medication ends at "Ying", we can with a high probability to assume that we are talking about antibiotic - amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin. If the names of the disease there is a subfix "Ohm", they say, of course, about the tumor - hemengiome, sarcoma, lipoma. If the suffix "IT" is present - this is inflammation. For example, stomatitis, bronchitis, colitis.

Latin study for physicians has its own specifics. At the end of the course of this subject in Medulvice, you can hardly talk to Latin with your friend on the phone. You are also likely to be able to easily pronounce on the new learned language in your artist phrase like "Though a lover of the comic universe Marvel, but the director Zack Snider is so good that I loved movies about Superman and Batman more than anything else." All you need from this subject is to be able to understand and call anatomical terms, diagnoses of diseases, as well as be able to write recipes on Latin.

From my own experience I will say - the Latin terms learned in advance, before starting study at a medical university, give several advantages at once:

1. Firstly, you are much faster in the subject and new topics for you much easier.
2. Secondly, you quickly win a good attitude of the teacher to yourself. Your Latin teacher will accurately consider you a capable student if you will be best answered on the first pairs.
3. Well, in third, having a good vocabulary, you are to some extent can compensate for your grammar lag, if this suddenly happens. That was how I was and I was very good for me, but the grammar was given very hard. But I got into the list of applicants for a cherished "automatic" precisely because of the vocabulary stock - at least I said so the teacher said.

When I created this selection of Latin words, I focused, first of all, at the very beginning of the first semester of the first course. Therefore, if you have already arrived exactly, but they wanted to find out how to prepare for the medical university in advance - this article is for you. After all, it is best to start training with Latin in such a situation.

Actually, Latin's lesson

Let's try to remember a few simple words with pronunciation. Immediately make a reservation that in our first selection I will not specify the genus, the variation of writing the word in the parental case or in a plural, as is customary to do in the dictionaries.

For our first lesson in the Latin language, I offer to remember the two simple rules that we will use right now:

1. In Latin, the emphasis on the last syllable is never put;
2. The sound of the letter "L" is always softened. The word "Clavicula" (Clavicle) will never sound the "keylog". We will read it as "Klyavikul". Similarly, like "Scapula" (blade) - it will sound correctly like this: "Skapul".

So, we begin to teach Latin for doctors. Our lexical minimum on this occupation:

• Caput. (Cuput) - Head;
• Cranium. (Cranium) - Skull. Frequently common word. There is even a craniology science, which studies the structure of the human skull in the norm;
• Basis Cranii. (Basis KRANI) - the basis of the skull;
• Fornix Cranii. (Foreniks KRANI) - Skull arch, i.e., the skull lid;
• Maxilla. (MAXIA) - upper jaw. Do not forget our second rule and read as "Maxille";
• Mandibula. (Mandibul) - lower jaw. The mandible will sound correctly;

I used the classic illustration of Da Vinci to show you what was discussed. The red dotted line I stated the border between the Skull Core (fornix Cranii) and its base (Basis Cranii). The rounded part top is the arch. Below is the basis.

I highlighted the top jaw (Maxilla), and the green jaw (mandibula).

• Cervix. (Cervix) - Neck;
• Vertebra (Vertaba) - vertebral;
• Columna vertebralis (Vertebralis Vertebralis) - vertebral pole. It is he who consists of the vertebrae;
• Corpus Vertebrae. (Vertebre Corps) - the body of the vertebra. Mistoring Latin is very simple on associations - often, especially in sports, the body of a person is called "body". Boxers say so: "Blow on the body";
• Arcus Vertebrae. (Arkus Vertebre) - vertebral arc. Also for no accident, an architectural figure in the form of an arc is called "Arch";

This is what the vertebral pillar looks like:

Next word block:

• Thorax (thorax) - chest. The same term is the chest - an anatomical formation, inside which is breastfeeding.
• Cavum Thoracis (Kavum Toracis) - Breast cavity. It is limited to the sternum, ribs and vertebrae, that is, the chest.
• Sternum (Stearnum) - Greet. One of the coolest bones in terms of study. Just a few elements need to be remembered, the main thing is ...
• Corpus Sterni. (Starny Corps) - Body Breasts. I think you already know the translation of this word, by analogy with the body of the vertebra;
• Costa. (Costa) - edge;
• Caput Costae. (Coupon Coupon) - Rib Head. Yes, I myself first thought that the human head and the head of any anatomical education have different names, it turns out no
• Corpus Costae. (Bone Cover) - the body of the rib. I think you have already remembered well what Corpus is;

In this illustration you can see the chest, front view. Ground is a long vertical bone located in front. Here even signed the body of the sternum, only in English - Body of Sternum. By the way, Latin and English have a large number of similar words.

And the last block of Latin words today.

• Cingulum Membri Superioris (Zinggulyum Membrary Superioris) - belt of the upper limb. The word Superior, like his opposite, Inferior, will meet you very often throughout the anatomy.
• Superior. (Superior) - upper. Simple association. "Super" - above all others;
• Inferior. (infeor) - lower. Also easy to remember. "Inferno" is another name of hell. "Infernal" - hellish, devilish. Stereotypical hell is always downstairs;
• Scapula. (Skapul) - the word already disassembled today. As you remember, it is translated as a "blade";
• Clavicula. (Klyavikul) - Clavicle. We also disassembled. By the way, for me it was very surprising for me on anatomy, the belt of the upper limbs consists of only two bones - blades and clavicle. I thought there was full of bones.

I highlighted the clavicle with red, and the shovel was green.

Here is such a list. I would recommend you to teach it parts. Write several times each term, say it out loud, and then tell a few learned terms with the translation into Russian to your household or a friend on the phone (I periodically told the cat).

On this we will finish our first (I hope not the last) lesson in the Latin language for physicians. If you teach several expressions a week before the start of study, you will become a very skill student on the pairs of Latin. Good luck to everyone, study and love science!

The course will provide you with the opportunity to touch the wealth of the Latin language, which influenced the formation and development of several European, such as French, Italian, Spanish, English and others. Therefore, Latin's study will facilitate the development of new foreign languages \u200b\u200bin the future or reveal unexpected faces in already known. Just like logic and mathematics, the practical skills of linguistic analysis of Latin texts will have a positive effect on any research activities.

Latin language has long been the basis of the scientific terminology of various branches of knowledge, and therefore it is necessary for those who study jurisprudence, medicine, biology, philology, history, philosophy and other disciplines.

Since Latin language today is not a native native for one people, that is, does not apply to "alive", during classes we will concentrate not in colloquial practice, but on translation and analysis of texts. Course compilers have made efforts to ensure that you learned how to read, understand and translate with a dictionary, both separate offers and adapted prose texts. In the classroom, you will also master the ability to transfer simple Russian proposals to Latin, which will help better realize and consolidate the grammatical categories of the language studied.

In the process of classes, you will definitely get acquainted with the winged Latin expressions, which included in the treasury of world culture, as well as with the fate of Latin words in Russian and other European languages.

Requirements

Finished secondary education.

Course program

Introductory lecture

I. 1. Alphabet. Reading rules

2. Verb - general information. Main forms, basics, personal endings of the actual pledge

3. Praessens Indicativi Activi. Imperativus Praesenis Activi. Forms of prohibition

4. Noun Nouge - General. Cake. First declination

5. Personal pronouns. Return pronoun

II 1. Second declination (male genus)

1. 2.The consumption (medium genus). Middle Rule rule

3. Adjectives of I-II decline. Possessive pronouns

4. Praise. Personal endings of the suffering collateral. Praessens Indicativi Passivi. Infinitivus Praesenis Passivi.

5. Actual and affectionate design. Ablativus auctoris. Ablativus Instrumenti.

III 1. The pronouns of ILLE; ISTE; IPse.

2. Imperfectum Indicativi Activi Et Passivi

3. Pronouncement IS, EA, ID. Played adjectives

4. Futurum Primum Indicativi Activi Et Passivi

5. Potted Glages with "ESSE"

IV 1. Third decline: consonant type

2. Third decline: vowel type

3. Third declination: mixed type

3. Third decline: adjectives

4. Features of the third decline

5. Participium Praesentis Activi

V 1. Infinitive functions. ACCUSATIVUS CUM INFINITIVO:

2. Turnover Nominativus Cum Infinitivo (Start)

3. Perfectum Indicativi Activi

4. Participium Perfecti Passivi. Perfectum Indicativi Passivi.

5. Pronoun Qui, Quae, Quod

VI 1. Plusquamperfectum Et Futurum Secundum Indicativi Activi et Passivi.

2. ABLATIVUS Absolutus.

3. Comparative degree of comparison of adjectives and inferior. Ablativus compararationis.

4. Excellent degree of comparison of adjectives. Genetivus Partitivus.

5. Fourth declination

VII 1. Fifth declination

2. Propheate HIC, HAEC, HOC

3. Participium Futuri Activi. Infinitives

4. Accusativus Cum Infinitivo turnover (continued)

5. Nutritive

VIII 1. Gerundium.

2. Gerundivum as definition

3. Coniugatio Periphrastica. Descriptive lifting.

4. Wrong verbs - EO, FERO

5. Wrong verbs - VOLO, NOLO, MALO

IX 1. MODUS ConiUnctivus - formation of forms

2. ConiUnctivus in independent sentences

3. Student hymn "Gaudeamus"

4. The rule of paragraphs in the subordinate proposals with the conjunctival

5. An indirect question

Results of learning

Upon completion of this course, students will

Be able to:

1. Translate into Russian connected adapted texts and individual offers with a dictionary.

2. Translate simple proposals for Latin with a dictionary.

3. Use the Latin-Russian and the Russian-Latin dictionary.

Know:

1. Basics of Latin morphology.

2. Basics of Latin syntax.

3. Basics of grammatical terminology.

Own:

1. Skills of reading texts and staging.

2. Translation skills from Latin to Russian.

3. Translation skills from Russian to Latin.

Food competencies

OK-1 - readiness for critical understanding of social and cultural life phenomena; ability to perceive, analyzing, summarizing information, setting the goal and choosing to achieve it

OK-2 - willingness to respect the historical heritage and cultural traditions, tolerantly perceive social and cultural differences

OK-3 - the ability to use in cognitive and professional activities Basic knowledge in the field of humanitarian, social and economic sciences

OK-4 - possession of the culture of thinking, the ability is argued and clearly build oral and written speech

OK-5 - ability to use in the social sphere, in cognitive and professional activities work skills

PC-1 - the ability to demonstrate knowledge of basic provisions and concepts in the field of theory and history of literature (literature) and the main studied language (languages), the theory of communication, philological analysis and interpretation of the text, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe history, modern state and the prospects for the development of philology

PC-3 - possession of basic skills for collecting and analyzing literary and linguistic facts using traditional methods and modern information technologies

PC-6 - the ability to apply the knowledge gained in the field of theory and history of literature (literature) and the studied foreign language (languages), the theory of communication, philological analysis and interpretation of the text in their own research activities

PC-13 - possession of the transformation skills of various types of texts (mainly scientific and journalistic) from a foreign language and a foreign language; Annotation and referencing of scientific works and artistic works in a foreign language