Sports physiology licorice solodor download pdf. Read online "human physiology

Tutorial for higher educational institutions of physical culture. 7th edition

Massed by the Ministry of the Russian Federation in physical culture and sports as a textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture

The publication was prepared at the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health. P. F. Lesgafta, St. Petersburg

Reviewers:

V. I. Kuleshov,dr. Honey. Sciences, prof. (Nameda them. S. M. Kirov)

I. M. Kozlov,dr. Biol. And Dr. Ped. Sciences, prof. (NSU them. P. F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg)

Solodkov Aleksey Sergeevich - Professor of the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health. P. F. Lesgafta (for 25 years Head of the Department 1986-2012).

Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Petrovskaya Academy of Sciences and Arts, Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Sports Physiology section and a member of the Board of SPb of Physiological Society. I. M. Sechenov.

Sologub Elena Borisovna - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor. Since 2002 he lives in New York (USA).

At the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health. P. F. Lesgaft worked since 1956, from 1986 to 2002 - in the post of professor of the Department. An academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences was elected, an honorary employee of Russia's higher education, a member of the Board of Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmologists. I. M. Sechenov.

Preface

Human physiology is the theoretical basis of a number of practical disciplines (medicine, psychology, pedagogy, biomechanics, biochemistry, etc.). Without an understanding of the normal flow of physiological processes and characterizing their constants, various specialists cannot correctly assess the functional state of the human body and its performance in various conditions of activity. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of regulation of various functions of the body is important in understanding the stroke of reducing processes during and after intense muscle labor.

Revealing the main mechanisms that ensure the existence of a holistic organism and its interaction with the environment, physiology allows us to find out and explore the conditions and nature of changes in the activities of various organs and systems in the process of human ontogenesis. Physiology is a science exercising systems approachin the study and analysis of diverse intra- and intersystem relationships of a complex human body and minimize them in specific functional formations and a single theoretical picture.

It is important to emphasize that in the development of modern scientific physiological representations, a significant role belongs to domestic researchers.Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for the correct understanding of the place, the role and importance of the discipline in the content of the socio-political status of the Company, its influence on this science, as well as the influence of the science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, consideration of the historical pathway for the development of individual sections of physiology, mention of the most striking representatives and analysis of the natural science base, on which the basic concepts and submission of this discipline were formed, make it possible to estimate the current state of the subject and determine its future promising directions.

Physiological science in Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries is represented by Pleialy Brilliant Scientists - I. M. Sechenov, F. V. Ovsyannikov, A. Ya. Danilevsky, A. F. Samoilov, I. R. Tarkhanov, N. E. Vvedensky and Dr. But only I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov belongs to the merit of creating new directions not only in the Russian, but also in world physiology.

Physiology as an independent discipline began to teach from 1738 in the academic (later St. Petersburg) university.Significant in the development of physiology belongs to the Moscow University founded in 1755, where in its composition in 1776 the Department of Physiology was opened.

In 1798, a medical and surgical (military medical) academy was founded in St. Petersburg, which played an exceptional role in the development of human physiology. The Department-created physiology was consistently headed by P. A. Zagorsky, D. M. Wellane, N. M. Yakubovich, I. M. Sechenov, I. F. Zion, F. V. Ovsyannikov, I. R. Tarkhanov, and . P. Pavlov, L. A. Orbel, A.V. Lebedinsky, M. P. Brestkin and other outstanding representatives of physiological science. Each named name is discoveries in physiology having world importance.

Physiology has been included in the training program in physical education universities from the first days of their organization.At the created P. F. Lesgafet in 1896 the highest courses of physical education immediately opened the Cabinet of Physiology, the first leader of which was academician I. R. Tarkhanov. In subsequent years, Physiology was taught by N. P. Kravkov here, A. A. Walter, P. P. Rostovtsev, B.Y. Chavets, A. G. Ginzinsky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, L. A. Orbeli, I. S. Beritov, A. N. Krestovnikov, G. V. Folation, and others.

The rapid development of physiology and acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the country led to the appearance in the 1930s of the XX century of the new independent section of the physiology of a person - the physiology of sports, although individual works on the study of the functions of the body during physical exertion were published at the end of the XIX century (and . O. Rozanov, S. S. Gruzdov, Yu. V. Blazhevich, P. K. Gorbachev, etc.). It should be emphasized that systematic research and teaching of the physiology of sports began in our country earlier than abroad, and were more focused. By the way, we note that only in 1989, the General Assembly of the International Union of Physiological Sciences decided to establish the Commission "Physiology of Sports" with it, although such commissions and sections in the USSR Academy of Sciences, AMN of the USSR, All-Union Physiological Society. I. P. Pavlova of the USSR Goskomport existed in our country since the 1960s.

Theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of the physiology of sports were created by the fundamental works of I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlova, N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili, K. M. Bykov and others.However, the systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began significantly later. Especially great merit in the creation of this section of physiology belongs to L. A. Orbel and his student A. N. Crossnikov, and it is inextricably linked with the formation and development of physical culture university. P. F. Lesgafta and his departments of physiology - the first similar department among physical education universities in the country and in the world.

After creating the Department of Physiology in 1919 at the Institute of Physical Education. P. F. Lesgafta Teaching this subjectl. A. Orbeli, A. N. Crossovnikov, V. V. Vasilyeva, A. B. Gandelsman, E. K. Zhukov, N. V. Zimkin, A. S. Mozhukhin, E. B. Sologub, and . S. Lododkov et al. In 1938, A. N. Krestovnikov was published in our country and in the world of "Textbook of Physiology" for the Institutes of Physical Culture, and in 1939 - the monograph "Physiology of Sports". An important role in the further development of the teaching of the discipline was played by three editions of the "textbook of human physiology" edited by N. V. Zimkin (1964, 1970, 1975).

UDC 612: 796.01 BBK 58.0

Solodkov A. S., Sologub E. B. Sport Physiology:

Tutorial / SPBGAFC them. P. F. Lesgafta. St. Petersburg, 1999. 231 p.

The manual presents modern data on the main sections of the general and private physiology of sports. Materials meet the physiology curriculum for physical culture universities and the requirements of the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education.

The manual is intended for students, graduate students, researchers, teachers, coaches and doctors who study and developing the problems of sports physiology and monitoring persons who are engaged in physical culture and sports.

Table. 9. Bibliogr. 13.

Reviewers:

V.I. Kuleshov, Dr.. honey. Sciences, prof. (Nameda); O. S. Nononkin, Dokk. honey. Sciences, prof. (SPBGAFK them. P.F. LESGAFTA).
St. Petersburg State Academy of Physical Culture. P. F. Lesgafta, 1999

Preface

The rapid development of physiology and acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the country led to the appearance in the 1930s of our century a new independent section of human physiology - physiology of sports, although individual works devoted to the study of the functions of the body during the fulfillment of physical exertion were published at the end of the last century (I. O. Rozanov, S. S. Gruzdev, Yu. V. Blazhevich, P. K. Gorbachev, etc.). It should be emphasized that systematic research and teaching of the physiology of sports began in our country earlier than abroad and were more focused. By the way, we note that only in 1989, the General Assembly of the International Union of Physiological Sciences decided to establish the Commission "Physiology of Sports", while such commissions and sections in the USSR Academy of Sciences, AMN of the USSR, All-Union Physiological Society. I. P. Pavlova and the USSR State Committee existed in our country since the 1960s.

Theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of the physiology of sports were created by the fundamental works of I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlova, N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili, K. M. Bykov, etc. However, the systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began significantly later. Especially great merit in the creation of this section of physiology belongs to L. A. Orbel and his student A. N. Grussetnikov, and it is inextricably linked with the formation and development of the Academy of Physical Culture, P. F. Lesgafete and its Department of Physiology - the first similar department among Physical universities of the country.

The formation of sports physiology was largely due to the wide conduct of fundamental and applied research on the subject. The development of any science sets all new and new practical tasks to representatives of many specialties, which the theory is not always and immediately can give an unambiguous answer. However, as witty to D. Kravor (1970), "... scientific research possess one strange feature: they have a habit sooner or later to have useful for someone or something." Analysis of the development of educational and scientific areas of physiology of sports is clearly confirmed by this provision.

Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for the correct understanding of the place, the role and importance of discipline in the content of the socio-political status of the Company, its influence on this science, as well as the science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, consideration of the historical path to the development of the physiology of sports, mention of the most striking representatives and the analysis of the natural-scientific base, on which the basic concepts and submission of this discipline were formed, make it possible to estimate the current state of the subject and determine the promising directions for its further development.

To date, there are significant actual materials on the physiology of sports, set out in the relevant textbooks and teaching aids. However, in recent years, new data has appeared on some sections that have not included in the previous editions. In addition, due to the ever-changing and complementary curriculum, the content of previously published sections of the discipline does not comply with modern thematic plans, according to which teaching in the physical education universities of Russia is underway. Taking into account the above, the presentation of the supplemented and a number of new materials under today's training and scientific information and is devoted to the present tutorial, in which the general and private part of the physiology of sports are allocated. The relevant sections of the benefits include the results of their own studies of the authors.

The authors realize that with a brief statement of the material, part of the issues did not find a full and comprehensive idea of \u200b\u200bthe benefit. They will gratefully accept all comments and suggestions aimed at his further improvement.

PART ONE

General physiology sports

Physiology of sports -

Educational and scientific discipline.
Physiology sports it is both educational and scientific discipline. Its study is carried out in all higher and secondary physical education institutions, at the faculties of physical education of pedagogical universities, as well as on individual departments of state universities and medical universities. In the teaching of the subject, practical activities of coaches, physiologists and sports doctors, materials obtained in the implementation of research works, which are carried out in the relevant Research Institute, laboratories and departments.

Physiology of sports, its content and task.

Physiology sports - This is a special section of human physiology that studies changes in the functions of the body and their mechanisms under the influence of muscle (sports) activities and justifying practical measures to increase its effectiveness.

Physiology of sports in its place in the training system of specialists in physical culture and sports is associated with three groups of educational and scientific disciplines. The first group is the fundamental sciences on which based Physiology of sports, it uses their theoretical achievements, research methods and information about the factors of the environment with which the athlete's body interacts in the process of training and competitive activity. Such disciplines include biology, human and animal physiology, chemistry and physics.

The second group includes educational and scientific disciplines, interacting with the physiology of sports in such a way that they mutually enriched or complement each other. In this regard, the physiology of sports is closely related to anatomy, biochemistry, biomechanics, hygiene and psychology.

And finally, the third group of disciplines with which the physiology of sports is associated is those of them that use its scientific achievements and research methods for their own purposes. These include the theory and technique of physical culture, pedagogy, sports and pedagogical disciplines, sports medicine, therapeutic physical education.

Physiology of sports includes two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected parts. Content of the first - general Sports Physiology - The physiological foundations of adaptation to physical exertion and the reserve capabilities of the body, the functional changes and conditions of the body during sports activities, as well as the physical performance of the athlete and the physiological basis of fatigue and restoration in sports. The second part of - private sports physiology - includes the physiological classification of physical exercises, mechanisms and patterns of formation and development of motor qualities and skills, sports health in special conditions of the external environment, the physiological features of the training of women and children of different ages, the physiological basis of mass forms of health physical culture.

One of the important tasks of sports physiology is a scientific substantiation, development and implementation of activities that ensure the achievement of high sports results and the preservation of the health of athletes. Hence, physiology of sports - science applied and mainly preventive Since, exploring and taking into account the reserve capabilities of the human body, it substantiates ways and means of improving performance, accelerating reducing processes, preventing overwork, overvoltage and pathological shifts of the body's functions, as well as prevention of various diseases.

A distinctive methodical feature of the physiology of sports is that its materials can only be obtained on a person, where the use of a number of classical physiology methods is impossible. In this regard, only certain clarifying experiments, as a rule, in order to study the mechanisms of physiological shifts during exercise are carried out on animals. It is also important to emphasize that the main task of the physiology of sports is a comparative study of the functional state of the human body, i.e. The study is carried out before, during and after motor activity, which in full-scale conditions is very difficult. Therefore, special load tests have been developed that allow you to dose physical activity and register the appropriate changes in the functions of the body in different periods of human activity. For this purpose, a cyergometer, running track (Tredban), steps of different heights, as well as various devices allowing to register the functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and central nervous system at a distance, passing the corresponding indicators through telemetry channels.

The physiology of sports occupies an important place in the theory of physical culture, making the foundation of the knowledge necessary to coach and the teacher to achieve high sports results and preserving the health of athletes. Therefore, the coach and teacher should be well aware of the changes in the physiological processes occurring in the body of an athlete during training and competitive activities so that it is reasonable to build and improve this work to be able to argue their orders and recommendations, avoid overwork and overvoltage and do not harm health Training. They also need to understand the essence of changes arising in the body of an athlete in the rehabilitation period in order to actively and competently affect them, accelerating reducing reactions.

Thus, outlined it follows that physiology of sports as educational and scientific discipline, solves two main problems. One of them consists in the physiological substantiation of patterns of human health With the help of physical exercises and increase the stability of its body to the action of various adverse environmental factors (temperature, pressure, radiation, air and water pollution, infection, etc.), as well as in preserving and restoring health, obstacles to the development of early fatigue and correction psycho-emotional overloads in the process of human professional activity. These tasks of sports physiology are solved within the framework of mass forms of physical culture.

The second problem of the physiology of sports is the physiological substantiation of activities aimed at achieving high sports results, especially in great sports. These two problems do not fully coincide, since to achieve the highest results in the process of training in some cases such loads are used that can lead to a decrease in the body's stability to adverse effects of the external environment, deterioration of health status and even to the occurrence of diseases.

Based on all the above, it becomes obvious that the physiological features of the body functions should be studied and evaluated separately both in terms of mass physical culture and physical training of special contingents (servicemen, firefighters, geologists, students, schoolchildren and some other categories) and for various Sports, especially the sports of higher achievements.

Department of Physiology SPBGAFK them. P. F. Lesgafeta and its role in the formation and development of the physiology of sports.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars dated October 22, 1919, on the basis of the highest courses of physical education, the Institute of Physical Education was created. P. F. Lesgafta (in 1929. Transformed into the Institute of Physical Culture. P. F. Lesgafta, and in 1993 - to the Academy) with the establishment of a number of departments, including the Department of Physiology ~ the first such department among the physiological universities of the country

An organized department from 1919 to 1927 was headed by Leon Abgaarovich Orbelli, subsequently a real member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, AMN of the USSR and An Armenian, Hero of Socialist Labor, Winner of the USSR State Prizes, Colonel-General of the Medical Service, a Honorary Member of a number of foreign academies. Already in those years under the direction of L.A. Orbells performed the first research work on the influence of physical exertion on the body. However, the subject was mainly taught under the program of medical institutions in the form of lectures and performing individual laboratory classes at the rate of general physiology with some focus on the "Muscle Physiology" section. Only separate medical issues related to the influence of physical exercises on the body were covered in the applied plan. Such a content of discipline reflected at that time an objective state of scientific knowledge in the field of physiology of muscle activity both in our country and abroad. This was the initial, first, period of the formation of the physiology of sports.

After leaving the institute of L. A. Orbel, Alexey Nikolayevich Crossovnikov, who headed the Department of Physiology for 28 years - from 1927 to 1955 was elected. During this period, staff members conducted great work on the collection of functional performance of the body of athletes under the influence of various exercise and analyzing their changes. The generalized material allowed Professor A. N. Crossovnikov to publish the first physiology textbook in our country for the institutions of physical culture (1938) and the first monograph on the physiology of sports (1939). The publication of these books made it possible to allocate and finally form a new educational and scientific sections of the subject in human physiology - the physiology of sports. From that time begins second, transitional, period of development of the physiology of sports (1930-1950s) as educational and scientific discipline. From 1955 to 1960, the Department is headed by Professor Evgraf Konstantinovich Zhukov.

Modern, third, period of development of the physiology of sports (1960-1990s) is characterized by the creation of a systematic educational and scientific sections of the discipline corresponding to the new tasks of the preparation of highly qualified, competent specialists in physical culture and sports. The curriculum of this period reflects two interrelated parts of the subject (general and private sports physiology). Since that time, sports physiologists begin to study not only the impact of individual physical exertion on the function of the body, but also the influence of systematic training and their features on the functional state of athletes, especially in the process of achieving higher sports skills.

Professor Nikolay Vasilyevich Zimkin, headed by the Department of Physiology from 1961 to 1975 played an important role in the formation of a modern course of physiology of sports. and issued three publications of the textbook "Physiology of Human" under his editors (1964, 1970, 1975). Studies in the field of blood circulation, neuromuscular apparatus, electroencephalography are developing intensively, the physiology of stressful states in sports is studied. Doctoral dissertations defend V. V. Vasiliev. E. B. Sologub, Yu. 3. Zakhangianz. In the period 1975-1984 The department heads the Honored Worker of Science of the RSFSR, Professor Alexander Sergeevich Mozhukhuk. The main focus of research work is to study the functional reserves of an athlete. Throughout 1984-1986. The responsibilities of the department temporarily performs an honorary worker of higher education in Russia, Professor Elena Borisovna Sologub. Since 1986, the Department has been headed by the Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, Professor Alexey Sergeevich Lododkov. The scientific interests of the team focus on the problem of physiological adaptation of the body of athletes to physical exertion.

Having a highly qualified staff of the staff, the Department of Physiology made a great contribution to the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel and drawing up curricula, textbooks and textbooks for institutions and technical schools of physical culture. So, since 1935 (when the dissertation was imposed) to 1998, 13 doctoral and 160 candidate dissertations were successfully defended under the leadership of the department (including foreign graduate students from Cuba, China, India, Egypt and Poland).

Employees of the department participated in the preparation of all published from 1938 to 1990. 11 curricula and 10 textbooks on physiology for institutions of physical culture. At the same time, the editors of 8 curricula and 6 textbooks were the head of the Department of Physiology of the GDOFK them. P. F. Lesgafta. In 13 textbooks on sports and pedagogical disciplines, chapters on the physiological characteristics of physical exercises were also written by the staff of the Department of Physiology. The department prepared and published 8 methodological benefits in the form of workshops on laboratory classes in physiology, 7 special teaching aids were published for students of the correspondence department and 4 for technical cultural technical schools. More than 30 lectures were published on various issues of physiological characteristics of exercise.

The research work of teachers covered all the main sections of physiology: nervous and muscle systems, organs of feelings, blood circulation and respiration, allocation, internal secretion, as well as special problems of sports physiology: adaptation to physical exertion, functional reserves of the body athlete, fatigue and recovery, etc. . Dozens of scientific works are printed annually on various issues of sports physiology. From 1939 to 1990, the staff of the Department published 20 monographs directly related to the physiology of sports, some of them were transferred abroad (Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Greece, Czechoslovakia).

A highly qualified team of staff of the Department of Physiology constantly attracted the attention of the teaching staff of other institutions, especially newly educated. Starting with pre-war years, teachers of a number of institutions of physical culture and faculties of physical education of pedagogical institutions, institutions of physical culture of socialist countries and some medical universities were in danger. Over the past 5 years, about 40 people passed such an internship at the department. In addition, improving the qualifications of teachers from these institutions on the specialization "Physiology" is regularly carried out in the IPC and the PC of our university.

The role of employees of the department and in the field of organizational activities is essential. So, A. N. Sadovnikov until 1955 headed the Methodological Commission on the physiology of the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports at the Council of Ministers of the USSR, N. V. Zimkin from 1962 to 1976, along with the management of this commission, was the Chairman of the Scientific Commission on Physiology , biomechanics, morphology and biochemistry of sports, chairman of the Coordination Commission for the Teaching of Medical and Biological Disciplines and a member of the Presidium of the Scientific Council under the USSR Goskomport. A. S. Mozhukhin, from 1976 to 1985, consisted of a member of the Methodological Commission of the USSR State Sports Committee and was the Chairman of the Council of the Department of Physiology of the Institutes of Physical Culture of the RSFSR, and A.S. Solodkov - a member of the Scientific Council of the State Sports Committee of the USSR on the Biological Sciences, Chairman of the Sports Physiology section of the Problem Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and AMN of the USSR, and is currently the section "Physiology of Sports" of the St. Petersburg Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmologists. I. M. Sechenov and consists of a member of the board of this society.

In recent years, the Collection of the Department has been larger to restructuring and improving the teaching of physiology and conducting scientific research. In accordance with the new curriculum and a new program in physiology, work programs and thematic plans of lectures and laboratory classes on the subject are redone. Taking into account the fact that the number of lecture hours in the new program is significantly reduced, lectures are predominantly problematic. Laboratory classes are conducted in such a way that they contribute to the understanding of the essence, mechanisms and features of the regulation of physiological processes in muscular activities, mastering research methods, instilling research skills to students.

The implementation of the new curriculum on the multi-level structure of higher physical education requires the creation of special educational and professional programs in physiology, taking into account the training of bachelors, certified specialists and masters of sciences. The solution of these tasks is especially important and priority for the department because our Academy has developed its own version of the curriculum on the implementation of the multi-level structure of higher physical education in Russia.

For the successes achieved in educational and scientific work and in connection with the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Department in April 1995, by the decision of the Academy's Academy, the name of Professor A. N. Crossnikova was assigned, and two of his name scholarships were established for students.

1.3. State and prospects for the development of sports physiology.

The main educational and scientific developments on the physiology of sports for the first time began and inextricably linked with the history of the Department of Physiology of the Institute of Physical Culture. P. F. Lesgafta. A feature of the Department of Physiology was the creation of scientific laboratories under the main sections of the physiology of sports.

The studies performed in these laboratories allowed to obtain new data on sports bioenergy and carry out the classification of sports exercises, taking into account their energy characteristics (A. B. Gandelsman); A method of non-invasive determination of the composition of skeletal muscles was developed and mechanisms for the development of motor skills (N. V. Zimkin) were opened; The phenomenon of synchronization of potentials on electromograms during fatigue (EK Zhukov) was revealed; The features of vascular reactions in athletes of various specializations are identified (V.V. Vasilyeva); The original method of registration of electroencephalograms is created directly in the process of highly intensity muscle work and the cortical mechanisms for the regulation of athletes movements (E. B. Sologub) were investigated; Emotions of competitive activities (S. A. Razumov) were studied; The idea of \u200b\u200bthe physiological reserves of an athlete (A. S. Mozzhukhin); The doctrine of the functional system of adaptation of athletes (A. S. Lododkov), etc.

In the future, the study of various problems of sports physiology in our country significantly expanded and deepened, but in most cases the methodological approaches developed at the Department of Physiology IFC were used. P. F. Lesgafta. Currently, research is conducted in all educational and research institutes of physical culture, in many universities, medical and pedagogical universities. The role and significance of all physiological systems of the body during muscular activity, as well as priority for the physiology of sports problems: adaptation to physical exertion, performance, fatigue and restoration of athletes, functional reserves of the body, etc.

Clarifying the issue of extrapolation processes in the central nervous system is essential to substantiate the variability of loads in the process of sports training. Only on the basis of this concept can be properly built by a training process, in which the amount, speed and intensity of loads should vary, which is not always taken into account by doctors, coaches and athletes. It is also necessary to take into account the age-related dynamics of human locomotor functions.

The priority directions of further studies of the physiology of the CNS are the clarification of the features of the formation and mobilization of the functional reserves of the brain of athletes and the study of the rearrangements of the cortical functional systems of interconnected activity in the process of adapting them to specialized loads. Significant attention should be paid to the studies of the caused activity of the cortex of large hemispheres and the spinal cord, as well as the role of functional asymmetry and sensory systems in the formation of some special motor skills.

In recent years, a new direction of sports physiology has been developing related to the development of sports genetics and considering the features of the hereditary influences and training of various physiological indicators and physical qualities and, first of all, the role of congenital individual-typological features of the body for sports orientation, selection and prediction of achievements in sports .

Favorable changes occurring in the body, and in particular, in the cardiovascular system in physical culture and sports are obvious. However, not all questions of this section of sports cardiology are solved, and the study of functional shifts cannot be considered complete. Requires further research the possibility of developing pathological changes in the heart (pathological sports heart, in F. Langa), which may arise primarily due to excessive training loads exceeding the possibilities of a particular athlete. Difficulties in the study and prevention of a number of diseases in athletes are that there are currently no developed and scientifically based on the pathological physiology of sports, the need for which is very obvious.

To date, there are no data regarding the effectiveness of different combinations of the rate of movements and the frequency of respiration in various sports, as well as the nature and degree of arbitrary corrections of external respiration.

Until now, the question of the recovery duration after intense training and competitive load remains a controversial.

Referring to some special theoretical issues that have and undoubtedly applied in sports should first of all specify the problems of adaptation to physical exertion, functional reserves of the organism, sports biorhythmology, psycho-physiological and medical selection and professional orientation of athletes. In particular, the nearest tasks are to determine the quantitative criteria for various stages of adaptation, the analysis of adaptive functional systems formed under various types of sports activities, differentiation of adaptation changes from pre -tological conditions and the study of compensatory reactions.

For many years, studies have been conducted by various functions of the body of athletes. However, comprehensive surveys are relatively rare, and the analysis of their results is associated with long-term processing of the data obtained. In this regard, the so-called express methods are of great importance in the physiology of sports, allowing to evaluate the functional state of an athlete not only after, but also in the process of training and competitions. The important tasks of sports physiologists are also the substantiation, development and implementation of express methods in order to study the functional systems of adaptation that are formed to various types of physical exercises. The use of computers will make it possible to quickly analyze and summarize the results obtained by various research methods, and the most important and informative immediately implement into practice.

Speaking of mass physical culture, you need to consider the following. The loads used should cause changes corresponding to only the stages of increasing non-specific stability (adaptation) of the organism. It is also necessary to prevent injury opportunities. All this also applies to the physical preparation of special contingents: servicemen, rescue teams, etc. Special attention deserves exercise of physical culture with children, women, disabled and persons with weakened health. Further development and scientific substantiation of a number of physiological problems associated with the age and biological characteristics of these contingents of persons, the nature of their adaptive rearrangements are required.

In the coming years in mass physical culture, questions should be resolved on the minimum volume of exercise with different combination of their combination and the necessary duration of occupation, which in the aggregate will allow to obtain a sufficient wellness effect on the sustainability of people to the action of adverse environmental factors and the preservation of high mental and physical performance. This kind of research is complex, volume, but they are extremely necessary. At the same time, the minimum standards of load and time in exercise classes will obviously, there will be no way for people of different ages, health, gender, profession, which will require a differentiated approach to research of different groups of the population. At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize that until now the main attention of researchers has been drawn to the sport, especially the sport of higher achievements. The physical culture of a massive nature is on the side, and functional changes, adaptive restructuring are underway to a lesser extent.

Intensively developing practices of physical culture and sports requires the fastest implementation of applied areas of sports physiology. At the same time, once again it should be reminding the well-known position that without developing deep theoretical problems and without conducting fundamental research, we will constantly lag in practice. It is useful to remind the words of the famous Italian physics and physiologist Alessandro Volta, spoken in 1815: "There is nothing more practical than a good theory."

2. Adaptation to physical exertion and reserve capacity.
One of the most important problems of modern physiology and medicine is the study of the patterns of the body's adaptation process to various factors of the medium. The adaptation of a person affects a wide range of oversized patterns, the interests of workers of various scientific disciplines and are associated primarily with self-regulation of multicomponent functional systems. It is not by chance that the human adaptation problem is one of the main sections of an extensive international biological program.

Currently there are a number of adaptation definitions. In our opinion, the concept of physiological adaptation, given in the third edition of the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, given in the third edition of the Big Soviet Encyclopedia: "Adaptation of the physiological - a set of physiological reactions underlying the body to change the environment and aimed to preserve the relative constancy of its internal environment - homeostasis. (M., 1969. T.]. P.216).

The value of the adaptation problem in sports is determined primarily by the fact that the body of the athlete must adapt to physical exertion in a relatively short time. It is precisely the speed of adaptation and its duration largely determine the state of health and an athlete's training. In this regard, a significant scientific interest for the practice of sports is the development of a systemic justification for the adaptation of the body in the process of achieving higher sportsmanship. At the same time, it is well known that the morphofunctional features of the human body, formed over a long period of evolution, cannot be changed with the same speed, which the structure and nature of training and competitive loads in sports changes. The inconsistency in time between these processes can lead to the occurrence of functional disorders that are manifested by various pathological disorders.

2.1. Dynamics of the body functions when adapting and its stage.
The definition of functional changes arising during the period of training and competitive loads must first of all for assessing the process of adaptation, the degree of fatigue, the level of training and operation of athletes and is the basis for improving rehabilitation activities. Only on the influence of physical exertion per person can be judged only on the basis of a comprehensive accounting of a combination of the reactions of a holistic organism, including reactions from the central nervous system, hormonal apparatus, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, analyzers, metabolism, etc. It should be emphasized that the severity of changes in functions should be emphasized The body in response to physical activity depends primarily from the individual characteristics of the person and the level of its training. Changes in the functional performance of the body of athletes can be properly analyzed and comprehensively appreciated only when considering them in relation to the adaptation process.

The textbook was prepared in accordance with the new program on physiology for physical culture universities and the requirements of the State Standard of Higher Professional Education. The textbook is intended for students, graduate students, researchers, teachers, coaches and doctors working in the field of physical culture.

Methods of physiological research.
Physiology - Experimental Science. Knowledge of the functions and mechanisms of the body's activities are built on experiments conducted on animals, observations in the clinic, surveys of healthy people in various experimental conditions. At the same time, with respect to a healthy person, methods not related to the injuries of its tissues and the penetration of the body are so-called non-invasive methods.
In general, physiology uses three methodological research: observation or a "black box" method, acute experience and chronic experiment.

The classical methods of research were the methods of removal and methods of irritation of individual parts or entire organs, mainly used in animal experiments or during the operations in the clinic. They gave an approximate idea of \u200b\u200bthe functions of remote or irritable organs and body tissues. In this regard, the method of conditional reflexes developed by I. P. Pavlov was a progressive method of studying a holistic organism.

In modern conditions, electrophysiological methods are the most common, allowing electrical processes, without changing the current activities of the studied organs and without damage to the cover tissues - for example, electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography (registering electrical activity of the heart, muscles and brain). Development of radiotelemetry allows you to transfer these received records for considerable distances, and computer technologies and special programs - provide a subtle analysis of physiological data. The use of photographing in infrared rays (heat out) allows you to identify the most hot or cold parts of the body observed at rest or as a result of activities. With the help of so-called computed tomography, without opening the brain, you can see the morphofunctional changes in different depths. New data on the work of the brain and individual parts of the body gives the study of magnetic oscillations.

CONTENT
Preface 3.
Part I General Physiology 7
1. Introduction. History of physiology 7.
1.1. Subject of physiology, its connection with other sciences and value for physical culture and sports 7
1.2. Methods of physiological research 8
1.3. Brief history of physiology 9
2. General patterns of physiology and its basic concepts 10
2.1. The main features of excitable tissues 11
2.2. Nervous and humoral regulation of functions 12
2.3. Reflex mechanism of activity of the nervous system 13
2.4. Homeostasis 14.
2.5. The emergence of excitement and its holding 15
3. Nervous System 18
3.1. The main functions of the central nervous system 18
3.2. The main functions and interaction of neurons 19
3.3. Features of nervous centers 22
3.4. Coordination of activities CNS 26
3.5. Functions of the spinal cord and subcortex brain departments 30
3.6. Vegetative nervous system 35
3.7. Lymbic system 38.
3.8. Big Hemispheres Corn Functions 39
4. Higher nervous activity 44
4. 1. Conditions of formation and varieties of conditional reflexes 44
4.2. External and internal braking of conditional reflexes 47
4.3. Dynamic stereotype 48.
4.4. Types of higher nervous activity, I and II signal system 48
5. Nervous Muscular Apparatus 50
5.1. Functional organization of skeletal muscles 50
5.2. Mechanisms of reduction and relaxation of muscle fiber 52
5.3. Single and Tetanic cut. Electromogram 54.
5.4. Morphofunctional Muscle Power Basics 57
5.5. Muscle modes 60
5.6. Muscular reduction energy 62
6. Arbitrary movements 64
6.1. Basic principles of organizing movements 64
6.2. The role of various CNS departments in the regulation of post-tonic reactions 67
6.3. The role of various CNS departments in the regulation of movements 70
6.4. Downlive motor systems 73
7. Sensory systems 75
7.1. General Plan for the organization and functions of sensory systems 75
7.2. Classification and mechanisms for excitation receptors 76
7.3. Properties receptors 77.
7.4. Information coding 79.
7.5. Spectator Touch System 80
7.6. Hearing Touch System 85
7.7. Vestibular touch system 87
7.8. Motor sensory system 90
7.9. Sensory skin systems, internal organs, taste and smell 93
7.10. Recycling, interaction and value of sensory information 95
8. Blood 99.
8.1. Composition, volume and blood function 100
8.2. Forming blood elements 101
8.3. Physico-chemical properties of blood plasma 105
8.4. Blood coagulation and transfusion 107
8.5. Regulation of blood system 110
9. Circulation 111.
9.1. Heart and his physiological properties 111
9.2. Blood movement by vessels (hemodynamics) 116
9.3. Cardiovascular Regulation 120
10. Breathing 123.
10.1. External breathing 124.
10.2. Gas exchange in the lungs and their transfer of blood 126
10.3. Respiratory regulation 129.
11. Digestion 131.
11.1. General characteristics of digestive processes 131
11.2. Digestion in various departments of the gastrointestinal tract 133
11.3. Suction food digestion products 139
12. Meaning of substances and energy 140
12.1. Protein exchange 140.
12.2. Carbohydrate exchange 141.
12.3. Lipid exchange 142.
12.4. Water exchange and mineral salts 143
12.5. Energy exchange 145.
12.6. Regulation of metabolism and energy 147
13. Allocation 149.
13.1. General characteristics of excretory processes 149
13.2. Kidneys and their functions 149
13.3. The process of urica and its regulation 151
13.4. Gomeostatic kidney function 153
13.5. Urea and urination 154
13.6. Potting 154.
14. Thermal exchange 156
14.1. Human body temperature and isothermia 156
14.2. Heat formation mechanisms 157.
14.3. Heat transfer mechanisms 158.
14.4. Regulation of heat exchange 159.
15. Internal secretion 160
15.1. Overall characteristics of the endocrine system 160
15.2. Functions of the glands of the internal secretion 163
15.3. Changes in endocrine functions at different states 173
Part II Sports Physiology 178
Section General Sports Physiology 178
1. Sports physiology-scientific and scientific discipline 179
1.1. Sports physiology, its content and tasks 179
1.2. Department of Physiology SPBGAF. PF Lesgaft and its role in the formation and development of sports physiology 181
1.3. State and prospects for the development of sports physiology 185
2. Adaptation to physical exertion and the reserve capacity of the body 188
2.1. Dynamics of the functions of the body when adapting and its stage 189
2.2. Physiological features of adaptation to physical exertion 193
2.3. Urgent and long-term adaptation to physical exertion 195
2.4. Functional Adaptation System 198
2.5. The concept of organism physiological reserves, their characteristics and classification 201
3. Functional changes in the body during exercise 203
3.1. Changes in the functions of various organs and body systems 203
3.2. Functional shifts with constant power loads 205
3.3. Functional shifts during variable power loads 206
3.4. Applied value of functional changes to assess the performance of athletes 208
4. Physiological characteristics of the state of the body during sports activities 209
4.1. The role of emotions in sports activities 209
4.2. Present states 213.
4.3. Workout and triggering 215
4.4. Sustainable condition for cyclic exercises 217
4.5. Special conditions of the body during acyclic, static and exercises of variable power variable 218
5. Physical performance athlete 219
5.1. The concept of physical performance and methodical approaches to its definition 220
5.2. Principles and methods for testing physical performance 221
5.3. Communication of physical performance with the direction of the training process in Sport 227
5.4. Physical Response Reserves 228
6. Physiological basics of fatigue of athletes 233
6.1. Definition and physiological mechanisms for the development of fatigue 233
6.2. Factor factors and condition of the body functions 236
6.3. Features of fatigue under various types of physical exertion 239
6.4. Preturation, chronic fatigue and overwork 241
7. Physiological characteristics of regenerative processes 243
7.1. General characteristics of recovery processes 244
7.2. Physiological mechanisms of restoration processes 246
7.3. Physiological patterns of recovery processes 248
7.4. Physiological measures to improve recovery efficiency 250
Section II Private Sports Physiology 253
8. Physiological classification and characteristics of exercise 253
8.1. Various Criteria for Exercise Classification 253
8.2. Modern classification of exercise 254
8.3. Physiological characteristics of sports poses and static loads 256
8.4. Physiological characteristics of standard cyclic and acyclic movements 259
8.5. Physiological characteristics of non-standard movements 263
9. Physiological mechanisms and regularities of the development of physical qualities 266
9.1. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms condom development 266
9.2. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves of speed of speed 270
9.3. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves of endurance development 273
9.4. The concept of agility and flexibility; Mechanisms and regularities of their development 278
10. Physiological mechanisms and patterns of the formation of motor skills 279
10.1. Motor skills, skills and methods of their research 279
110.2. Physiological mechanisms for the formation of motor skills 280
10.3. Physiological patterns and stages of the formation of motor skills 283
10.4. Physiological Basics Improvement of Motor Skills 289
11. Physiological basis for the development of training 292
11.1. Physiological characteristics of training and conditioning status 292
11.2. Testing of the functional preparedness of athletes alone 294
11.3. Testing of the functional preparedness of athletes with standard and limit loads 297
11.4. Physiological characteristics of overtraining and overvoltage 300
12. Sports efficiency in special conditions of the external environment 303
12.1. Effect of temperature and humidity of air on sports health 303
12.2. Sports efficiency in conditions of a changed barometric pressure 305
12.3. Sports efficiency when changing belt-climatic conditions 309
12.4. Physiological changes in the body when swimming 310
13. Physiological Basics of Women's Sports Training 313
13.1. Morphofunctional features of the female organism 313
13.2. Changes in the body functions in the process of training 320
13.3. The effect of the biological cycle on the performance of women 324
13.4. Individualization of the training process, taking into account the phases of the biological cycle 327
14. Physiology-genetic features of sports selection 329
14.1. Physiological and genetic approach to sports selection issues 330
14.2. Hereditary influences on morphofunctional features and physical qualities of man 332
14.3. Accounting for physiological genetic characteristics of a person in a sports selection 336
14.4. The importance of genetically adequate and inadequate selection of sports specialization, competitive activity and sensing dominance 343
14.5. The use of genetic markers to search for high and fast trained athletes 347
15. Physiological foundations of improving physical culture 350
15.1. The role of physical culture in the conditions of modern life 350
15.2. Hypokinesia, hypodynamine and their influence on the human body 353
15.3. Neriva-mental tension, monotony of activity and their effect on the human body 355
15.4. The main forms of health physical culture and their influence on the functional state of the body.358
Part III Age Physiology 364
1. General physiological patterns of growth and development of the human body 364
1.1. Periodization and heterochrony of development 364
1.2. Sensitive periods 366.
1.3. The effect of heredity and environment on the development of the body 369
1.4. Acceleration Epochal and Individual, Biological and Passport Age 371
2. The physiological features of the organism of children of preschool and younger school age and their adaptation to physical exertion 375
2.1. Development of the central nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory systems 375
2.2. Physical development and musculoskeletal system 382
2.3. Blood features, blood circulation and breathing 383
2.4. Features of digestion, metabolism and energy 386
2.5. Features of thermoregulation, the processes of allocation and activities of the glands of the internal secretion 388
2.6. The physiological features of adaptation of children of preschool and younger school age to physical exertion.391
3. The physiological features of the body of children of middle and older school age and their adaptation to physical exertion 411
3.1. Development of the central nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory systems 411
3.2. Physical development and musculoskeletal system 416
3.3. Blood features, blood circulation, breathing 419
3.4. Features of digestion, isolation and endocrine system 422
3.5. Features of thermoregulation, metabolism and energy 427
3.6. Physiological features of adaptation of children of medium and older school age to physical exertion 429
4. Physiological features of the lesson of physical culture at school 448
4.1. Physiological rationale for the rationing of physical exertion for school children 449
4.2. Changes in the functions of the body of schoolchildren at the lesson of physical culture 451
4.3. The influence of physical culture on the physical, functional development, performance of schoolchildren and their health of 453
4.4. Physiological and pedagogical control over the physical culture and physiological criteria for the restoration of the body of schoolchildren 460
5. Physiological features of the organism of people of mature and elderly and their adaptation to physical exertion 465
5.1. Aging, lifespan, adaptive reactions and organism reactivity 465
5.2. Age peculiarities of the musculoskeletal system, vegetative and sensory systems 468
5.3. Age Features of regulatory systems 473
5.4. Physiological features of adaptation of people of mature and elderly to physical stress 476
6. Physiological features of information processing in athletes of different ages 487
6.1. Meaning for the sport processing processes and their age features 487
6.2. The physiological basis of processes of perception, decision making and programming of response 489
6.3. The speed and efficiency of tactical thinking. Brain bandwidth 492
6.4. Noise immunity of athletes, its age features 495
7. Functional asymmetries of athletes of different ages 496
7.1. Motor asymmetries in humans, their age features 496
7.2. Sensory and mental asymmetries. Individual profile asymmetry 498
7.3. Manifestation of functional asymmetry in athletes 501
7.4. The physiological basis for managing the training process, taking into account the functional asymmetry 505
8. The physiological foundations of the individual-typological features of athletes and their development in ontogenesis.507
8.1. Individually-typological features of man 508
8.2. Development of typological features of Wontogenesis 510
8.3. Individually-typological features of athletes and their read in the training process 512
8.4. Individually-typological features of biorhythms and their impact on human performance 515
Conclusion 520.

Alexey Lododkov, Elena Sologub

Human physiology. Total. Sports. Age

Tutorial for higher educational institutions of physical culture. 7th edition

Massed by the Ministry of the Russian Federation in physical culture and sports as a textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture

The publication was prepared at the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health. P. F. Lesgafta, St. Petersburg

Reviewers:

V. I. Kuleshov, Dr. Honey. Sciences, prof. (Nameda them. S. M. Kirov)

I. M. Kozlov, Dr. Biol. And Dr. Ped. Sciences, prof. (NSU them. P. F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg)

* * *

Sologub Elena Borisovna - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor. Since 2002 he lives in New York (USA).

Preface

Revealing the main mechanisms that ensure the existence of a holistic organism and its interaction with the environment, physiology allows us to find out and explore the conditions and nature of changes in the activities of various organs and systems in the process of human ontogenesis. Physiology is a science exercising systems approach in the study and analysis of diverse intra- and intersystem relationships of a complex human body and minimize them in specific functional formations and a single theoretical picture.

It is important to emphasize that in the development of modern scientific physiological representations, a significant role belongs to domestic researchers. Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for the correct understanding of the place, the role and importance of the discipline in the content of the socio-political status of the Company, its influence on this science, as well as the influence of the science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, consideration of the historical pathway for the development of individual sections of physiology, mention of the most striking representatives and analysis of the natural science base, on which the basic concepts and submission of this discipline were formed, make it possible to estimate the current state of the subject and determine its future promising directions.

Physiology as an independent discipline began to teach from 1738 in the academic (later St. Petersburg) university. Significant in the development of physiology belongs to the Moscow University founded in 1755, where in its composition in 1776 the Department of Physiology was opened.

Physiology has been included in the training program in physical education universities from the first days of their organization. At the created P. F. Lesgafet in 1896 the highest courses of physical education immediately opened the Cabinet of Physiology, the first leader of which was academician I. R. Tarkhanov. In subsequent years, Physiology was taught by N. P. Kravkov here, A. A. Walter, P. P. Rostovtsev, B.Y. Chavets, A. G. Ginzinsky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, L. A. Orbeli, I. S. Beritov, A. N. Krestovnikov, G. V. Folation, and others.

Theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of the physiology of sports were created by the fundamental works of I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlova, N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili, K. M. Bykov and others. However, the systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began significantly later. Especially great merit in the creation of this section of physiology belongs to L. A. Orbel and his student A. N. Crossnikov, and it is inextricably linked with the formation and development of physical culture university. P. F. Lesgafta and his departments of physiology - the first similar department among physical education universities in the country and in the world.

After creating the Department of Physiology in 1919 at the Institute of Physical Education. P. F. Lesgafta Teaching this subject L. A. Orbeli, A. N. Crossovnikov, V. V. Vasilyeva, A. B. Gandelsman, E. K. Zhukov, N. V. Zimkin, A. S. Mozhukhin, E. B. Sologub, and . S. Lododkov et al. In 1938, A. N. Krestovnikov was published in our country and in the world of "Textbook of Physiology" for the Institutes of Physical Culture, and in 1939 - the monograph "Physiology of Sports". An important role in the further development of the teaching of the discipline was played by three editions of the "textbook of human physiology" edited by N. V. Zimkin (1964, 1970, 1975).

The formation of sports physiology was largely due to the wide conduct of fundamental and applied research on the subject. The development of any science sets all new and new practical tasks to representatives of many specialties, which the theory is not always and immediately can give an unambiguous answer. However, as witty to D. Kraft (1970), "... scientific research possess one strange feature: they have a habit sooner or later to be advantageous for someone or for something." Analysis of the development of educational and scientific areas of physiology of sports is clearly confirmed by this provision.

Inquiries of theory and practices of physical education and training require the physiological science to disclose the characteristics of the body's functioning, taking into account the age of people and the patterns of their adaptation to muscle activities. Scientific principles of physical education of children and adolescents are based on the physiological laws of the growth and development of a person at different stages of ontogenesis. In the process of physical education, not only to increase motor preparedness, but also to form the necessary psycho-physiological properties and personal qualities, ensuring its readiness to work, to active activities in the conditions of the modern world.

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Alexey Lododkov, Elena Sologub
Human physiology. Total. Sports. Age

Tutorial for higher educational institutions of physical culture

Edition 6th, corrected and complemented

Massed by the Ministry of the Russian Federation in physical culture and sports as a textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture

The publication was prepared at the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health to them ·, P.F. LESGANFTA, Saint Petersburg

Reviewers:

IN AND. Kuleshov, Dr. Honey. Sciences, prof. (Namred them. S.M. Kirov)

THEM. Goats Dr. Biol, and Dr. Ped. Sciences, prof.

(NSU them. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg)

Preface

Human physiology is theoretical basis of a number of practical disciplines (medicine, psychology, pedagogy, biomechanics, biochemistry, etc.) · Without an understanding of the normal course of physiological processes and characterizing their constants, various specialists cannot correctly assess the functional state of the human body and its performance in various conditions Activities. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of regulation of various functions of the body is important in understanding the stroke of reducing processes during and after intense muscle labor.

Revealing the main mechanisms that ensure the existence of a holistic organism and its interaction with the environment, physiology allows us to find out and explore the conditions and nature of changes in the activities of various organs and systems in the process of human ontogenesis. Physiology is a science exercising systems approach in the study and analysis of diverse intra- and intersystem relationships of a complex human body and minimize them in specific functional formations and a single theoretical picture.

It is important to emphasize that in the development of modern scientific physiological representations, a significant role belongs to domestic researchers. Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for the correct understanding of the place, the role and importance of the discipline in the content of the socio-political status of the Company, its influence on this science, as well as the influence of the science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, consideration of the historical path of development of individual sections of physiology, mention of the most striking representatives and the analysis of the natural science basis, on which the basic concepts and presentation of this discipline were formed, make it possible to assess the current state of the subject and determine its further promising directions.

Physiological science in Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries is represented by Pleialy Brilliant Scientists - I.M. Sechenov, F.V. Ovsyannikov, A.Ya. Danilevsky, A.F. Samoilov, I.R. Tarkhanov, N.E. Introduced and others. But only I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov belongs to the merit of creating new directions not only in the Russian, but also in world physiology.

Physiology as an independent discipline began to teach from 1738 in the academic (later St. Petersburg) university. Significant in the development of physiology belongs to the Moscow University founded in 1755, where in its composition in 1776 the Department of Physiology was opened.

In 1798, a medical and surgical (military medical) academy was founded in St. Petersburg, which played an exceptional role in the development of human physiology. The department created with it was consistently headed by P.A. Zagorsky, D.M. Wellane, N.M. Yakubovich, I.M. Sechenov, I.F. Ion, F.V. Ovsyannikov, I.R. Tarkhanov, I.P. Pavlov, L.A. Orbelli, A.V. Lebedinsky, M.P. Brestkin and other outstanding representatives of physiological science. Each named name is discoveries in physiology having world importance.

Physiology has been included in the training program in physical education universities from the first days of their organization. On the created pf Lesgafete in 1896, the highest courses of physical education were immediately opened by the Cabinet of Physiology, the first leader of which was academician I.R. Tarkhanov. In subsequent years, physiology was taught by N.P. Kravkov, A.A. Walter, p.p. Rostovtsev, V.Ya. Chavets, A.G. Ginzinsky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, L.A. Orbelli, I.S. Berit, A.N. Crosses, G.V. Folation and others.

The rapid development of physiology and acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the country led to the appearance in the 1930s of the XX century of the new independent section of the physiology of a person - the physiology of sports, although individual works on the study of the functions of the body during physical exertion were published at the end of the XIX century (and . O. Rozanov, S.S. Gruzdev, Yu.V. Blazhevich, P.K. Gorbachev, etc.). It should be emphasized that systematic research and teaching of the physiology of sports began in our country earlier than abroad, and were more focused. By the way, we note that only in 1989, the General Assembly of the International Union of Physiological Sciences decided to establish the Commission "Physiology of Sports" with it, although such commissions and sections in the USSR Academy of Sciences, AMN of the USSR, All-Union Physiological Society. I.P. Pavlova of the USSR State Sportsport existed in our country since the 1960s.

Theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of sports physiology were created by fundamental works by I.M. Sechenova, I.P. Pavlova, N.E. Vvedensky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili, KM Bykov and others. However, the systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began significantly later. Especially great merit in creating this section of physiology belongs to L.A. Orbel and his student A.N. Crossovnikov, and it is inextricably linked with the formation and development of physical culture university. PF Lesgafta and his departments of physiology - the first similar department among physical education universities in the country and in the world.

After creating the Department of Physiology in 1919 at the Institute of Physical Education. PF Lesgaft teaching this subject carried out L.A. Orbelli, A.N. Crossovnikov, V.V. Vasilyeva, A.B. Gandelsman, E.K. Zhukov, N.V. Zimkin, A.S. Moszhukhin, E.B. Sologub, A.S. Licorice et al. In 1938 A.N. Keetovnikov was published in our country and in the world of the "Textbook of Physiology" for the Institutes of Physical Culture, and in 1939 - the monograph "Physiology of Sports". An important role in the further development of the teaching of the discipline was played by three editions of the "human physiology textbook" edited by N.V. Zimkin (1964, 1970, 1975).

The formation of sports physiology was largely due to the wide conduct of fundamental and applied research on the subject. The development of any science sets all new and new practical tasks to representatives of many specialties, which the theory is not always and immediately can give an unambiguous answer. However, as witty to D. Kraft (1970), "... scientific research possess one strange feature: they have a habit sooner or later to be advantageous for someone or for something." Analysis of the development of educational and scientific areas of physiology of sports is clearly confirmed by this provision.

The formation of various organs and systems, motor qualities and skills, their improvement in the process of physical education can be successful under the condition of the scientifically based use of various means and methods of physical culture, as well as if necessary intensification or reduction of muscle loads. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account age and sexual and individual features of children, adolescents, mature and older people, as well as the reserve capabilities of their body at different stages of individual development. Knowledge of such patterns by experts will protect the practice of physical education from the use of both insufficient and excessive muscle loads, dangerous to people's health.

To date, significant actual materials are accumulated on sports and age physiology set forth in the relevant textbooks and teaching aids. However, in recent years, new data has appeared on some sections that have not included in the previous editions. In addition, due to a constantly changing and supplemented curriculum, the content of previously published sections of discipline does not comply with modern thematic plans, according to which teaching in physical education universities of Russia is underway. Taking into account the above, in the proposed textbook set out systematized, supplemented and in some cases, new materials under today's training and scientific information on the subject. The relevant sections of the textbook include the results of their own studies of the authors.

In 1998-2000 A.S. Licorkov and E.B. Sologub was published three teaching aids on common, sports and age physiology, which were widely demanded by students, approved by teachers and served as the basis for the preparation of a modern textbook. The textbook published in 2001 corresponds to the new program on the discipline, the requirements of the State Standard of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation and includes three parts - general, sports and age physiology.

Despite the large circulation of the first edition (10 thousand copies), in two years there was no textbook in stores. Therefore, after making some corrections and additions, in 2005 the textbook was reissued by the same circulation. However, by the end of 2007, it was impossible to purchase it somewhere. At the same time, from various regions of the Russian Federation, the CIS countries at the Department of Physiology regularly receive proposals on the need to regularly reprint the textbook. In addition, some new materials appeared at the disposal of the authors that comply with the requirements of the Bologna process to specialists in physical culture and sports.

In the third publishing of the textbook, along with the registration and implementation of individual comments and suggestions of readers, two new chapters are also included: "Functional state of athletes" and "The influence of genome on the functional state, performance and health of athletes." For the last chapter, some materials were represented by Professor of the Department of Biology of the University of Saint-Jones in New York N.M. Koneeva-Hanson, for which the authors are sincerely grateful to Natalia Mikhailovna.

All comments and suggestions and on the fifth edition, aimed at improving the quality of the textbook, the authors will be adopted with gratitude.

Part I.
General physiology

Any coach and teacher for successful professional activity requires knowledge of human body functions. Only the accounting of the peculiarities of its livelihoods can help correctly manage the growth and development of the human body, preserving the health of children and adults, maintaining performance, even in old age, the rational use of muscle loads in the process of physical education and sports training.

1. Introduction. History of physiology

The date of the formation of modern physiology is 1628, when the English doctor and physiologist William Garvey published the results of his research on circulatory In animals.

Physiology science of features and mechanisms of activity of cells, fabrics, organs, systems and the whole organism as a whole. The physiological function is the manifestation of the life of the body having an adaptive value.

1.1. Subject of physiology, its connection with other sciences and significance for physical culture and sports

Physiology as science is inextricably linked with other disciplines. It is based on knowledge of physics, biophysics and biomechanics, chemistry and biochemistry, general biology, genetics, histology, cybernetics, anatomy. In turn, physiology is the basis of medicine, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, theory and techniques of physical education. In the process of the development of physiological science from general physiology Aligned different private sections: Labor physiology, physiology of sports, aerospace physiology, underwater physiology, age physiology, psychophysiology, etc.

General physiology is the theoretical basis of the physiology of sports. It describes the basic patterns of the organism of people of different age and gender, various functional states, mechanisms for the work of individual organs and systems of the body and their interaction. Her practical value It consists in the scientific substantiation of the age stages of the development of the human body, the individual characteristics of individuals, the mechanisms of manifestation of their physical and mental abilities, features of control and the possibilities of managing the functional state of the body. Physiology reveals the consequences of harmful habits in humans, justifies the prevention of functional disorders and maintaining health. Knowledge of physiology helps the teacher and coach in the processes of sports selection and sports orientation, in predicting the success of the competitive activity of the athlete, in the rational construction of the training process, in ensuring the individualization of physical exertion and discover the use of functional reserves of the body.

1.2. Methods of physiological research

Physiology - Experimental Science. Knowledge of the functions and mechanisms of the body's activities are built on experiments conducted on animals, observations in the clinic, surveys of healthy people in various experimental conditions. At the same time, with respect to a healthy person, methods not related to damage to its tissues and penetration into the body are so-called non-invasive methods.

In general, physiology uses three methodological research: observation or the "black box" method, acute experience and chronic experiment.

Classical methods of research were removal methods and irritation methods Separate parts or entire organs, mainly used in animal experiments or during operations in the clinic. They gave an approximate idea of \u200b\u200bthe functions of remote or irritable organs and body tissues. In this regard, the progressive method of studying a holistic organism has become conditional reflexes method, Designed by I.P. Pavlov.

In modern conditions, the most common electro-physiological methods Allowing to register electrical processes, without changing the current activities of the studied organs and without damage to the covering tissues, for example, electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography (registration of electrical activity of the heart, muscles and brain). Development radiotelemetry allows you to transfer these received records for considerable distances, and computer technologies and special programs Provide a subtle analysis of physiological data. Using photography in infrared rays (heat out) Allows you to identify the most hot or cold parts of the body observed at rest or as a result of activities. With the help of the so-called computed tomography, Without opening the brain, you can see the morphofunctional changes in different depths. New data on the work of the brain and individual parts of the body gives the study magnetic oscillations.

1.3. Brief history of physiology

The observations of the body's livelihood was made from time immemorial. In the XIV-XV centuries BC e. in Ancient Egypt In the manufacture of mummies, people acquainted well with the internal human bodies. In the tomb of the doctor Pharaoh Unasa depicts ancient medical instruments. IN Ancient China Only on the pulse was surprisingly subtly distinct up to 400 diseases. In the IV-V century BC. e. There was a developed teaching about the functionally important points of the body, which was currently the basis for modern developments of reflexotherapy and acupuncture, su-joke therapy, testing the functional state of the skeletal muscle athlete in the magnitude of the electric field of the skin in bioelectrically active points over them. Ancient indium It became famous for its special plant recipes, exposure to the body exercises of yoga and respiratory gymnastics. IN Ancient Greece The first ideas about the functions of the brain and heart expressed in the IV-V century BC. e. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC. Er), and in Ancient Rome in the second century BC e. - Doctor Galen (201-131 BC. E.).

As experimental science physiology emerged in the XVII century, When the English doctor of V. Garvey opened circles of blood circulation. In the same period, the French scientist R. Descarten introduced the concept of reflex (reflection), describing the path of external information into the brain and the opposite path of the motor response. Works of the genius Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov and German physics of the city of Helmholtz on the three-component nature of color view, the Treatise of Czech G. Proshazki on the functions of the nervous system and observations of the Italian L. Galvana about animal electricity in nerves and muscles are marked XVIII century. IN XIX century The representations of the English physiologist Cheri Sherngton about integrative processes in the nervous system, set forth in its known monograph in 1906 were the first studies of the fatigue of Italian A. Mosso. Detected changes in permanent skin potentials in irritation in humans I.R. Tarkhanov (Phenomenon Tarkhanov).

In the XIX century the works of the "Father of Russian Physiology" · THEM. Sechenov (1829-1905) The basics of the development of many areas of physiology are laid - the study of blood gases, the processes of fatigue and "active recreation", and the main thing - the discovery of braking in the central nervous system in 1862) and the development of the physiological basis of human mental processes , showing the reflex nature of human behavioral reactions (brain reflexes, 1863). Further development of ideas IM. Sechenov walked in two ways. On the one hand, the study of subtle mechanisms of excitation and braking was carried out at the University of St. Petersburg I.E. Introduced (1852-1922). They created an idea of \u200b\u200bthe physiological lability as a high-speed characteristic of the excitation and the doctrine of parabitades as a common reaction of neuromuscular tissue for irritation. In the future, this direction was continued by his student A.A. Ukhtomsky (1875-1942), which, studying coordination processes in the nervous system, discovered the dominant phenomenon (dominant focus of excitation) and the role in these processes of assimilation of the rhythm of irritation. On the other hand, in a chronic experimental experiment on a holistic body I.P. Pavlov (1849-1936) for the first time created the doctrine of conditional reflexes and developed a new chapter of physiology - the physiology of the highest nervous activity. In addition, in 1904 for their work in the field of digestion I.P. Pavlov, one of the first Russian scientists, was noted by the Nobel Prize. The physiological basis of human behavior, the role of combined reflexes was developed V.M. Bekhterev.

A major contribution to the development of physiology was made by other outstanding domestic physiologists: the founder of evolutionary physiology and adaptology Academician L.A. Orbell; We studied the conditionally reflex influences of the cortex on the internal organs of Acad. KM Bulls; The creator of the doctrine of the Acad functional system. PC. Anokhin; Founder of domestic electroencephalography Acad. M.N. Lebanon; Developer of Space Physiology - Acad. V. V. Paria; Founder of physiology of activity N.A. Bernstein and many others.

In the field of muscle physiology, it should be noted the founder of the national physiology of sports - prof. A.N. Crossman (1885-1955), who wrote the first textbook on the human physiology for the Physical Universities of the country (1938) and the first monograph on the physiology of sports (1939), as well as well-known scientists - prof. E.K. Zhukova, V.S. Farfel, N.V. Zimkin, A.S. Moragukhina and many others, and among foreign scientists - P.O. Astranda, A. Hill, R. Granite, R. Margaria, etc.

2. General patterns of physiology and its basic concepts

Living organisms are so-called open systems (i.e., not closed in themselves, but inextricably linked with the external environment). They are consist of proteins and nucleic acids and are characterized by the ability to authorize and self-reproduction. The main properties of a living organism are the metabolism, irritability (excitability), mobility, self-reproduction (reproduction, heredity) and self-regulation (maintaining homeostasis, adaptability adaptability).

Sports physiology licorice solodor download pdf. Read online "human physiology

Preface

PART ONE

Alexey Lododkov, Elena Sologub Human physiology. Total. Sports. Age

Preface

Part I. General physiology

1. Introduction. History of physiology

2. General patterns of physiology and its basic concepts

Alexey Lododkov, Elena Sologub
Human physiology. Total. Sports. Age

Part I.
General physiology