Photo: Photo archive magazine "Spark

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In the photo Soviet children in the camp

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In the photo Bombarder "Savoy-Marketti" with the Italian crew in the sky above Madrid

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In the photo, women urge citizens to stand up for repaying republican Spain

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In the photo street fighting between francist rebels and folk militia in the Madrid district of Montagnia

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In the photo, a woman brings a parcel to the "Help of Spain" of the American League of the American League against war and fascism

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In the photo folk militia fighters

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In the photo shooting from an anti-aircraft gun for insulator aircraft

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On the photo, a fascist plane shot down by the Republicans is taken on a truck

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In the photo Fighters of the Republican Army at the mortar

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On the photo the consequences of Barcelona bombing

Soon, a part under the leadership of Franco began an offensive operation, reaching the African Army of Nationalists. Some territories surrendered to the rebel without resistance. The new government of the republic, in the meantime, conducted a number of reforms, including the land in landlords and were transferred to the peasants. They also managed to establish relations from the USSR, the supply of Soviet weapons began to Spain. On October 1, 1936, Francisco Franco announced the creation of his own government - state-executive junta in the Castilian city of Burgos. Nationalists' troops were divided into a weaker southern army of General Caypo de Llano, who had to fight the Republicans in Andalusia, and a stronger northern army of General Molla, which was entrusted soon to take Madrid
In the photo Soviet children in the camp

October 2, Italian-German aviation began massive Madrid bombings. On September 29, 1936, the USSR begins to provide republicans and military assistance, including the supply of fighters and bombers
In the photo Bombarder "Savoy-Marketti" with the Italian crew in the sky above Madrid

Despite the help from the USSR by November 4, the People's Army suffered defeat. Nationalists were closer to Madrid. Feeling his rapid fall, the city left the leaders of the Republicans. Panic was brewing in Madrid. Residents of the city, disloyal nationalists, suspected each other in promoting Franco's troops. Prisoners shot political prisoners. All Madrid's men's population was mobilized. Thus, the People's Army received a numerical advantage of 30 thousand people. From 7 to 12 November, the most fierce battles for Madrid were conducted. At the same time, there was a change in international position. The regular bombing of Madrid led to this. As Franco said, "Reds still defended Madrid"
In the photo, women urge citizens to stand up for repaying republican Spain

Despite the fact that Madrid was never captured, Franco and his military were recognized by the legitimate authorities of Spain by Portugalia, Italy, Germany and some Latin American states with the right dictatorial regimes. In turn, the Republicans, despite the successful defense of Madrid, could not organize a counteroffensive on the central front. In addition, Spain was still in a crisis: most enterprises did not work, the position of the peasants worsened, there was their transition to the direction of nationalists
In the photo street fighting between francist rebels and folk militia in the Madrid district of Montagnia

Failures on the approaches to Madrid, Franco decided to step on the northern front, planning to capture Asturias, Cantabria and Basque Country - the most industrialized regions of Spain. All three parts were actually independent states with their governments, armed forces, currency. The northern front was extremely vulnerable, since the Republican government considered him insignificant and sent little weapons there, shells and food. The inhabitants of the North suffered from hunger, despite the incoming humanitarian assistance
In the photo, a woman brings a parcel to the "Help of Spain" of the American League of the American League against war and fascism

The first in North Franco attacked the Basque country. Thanks to aviation, the Basque suffered significant losses. Soon, the non-intervention committee banned support for any of the parties in the Spanish war by other states. An attempt was even attempted to international control over the execution of this decision from France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy (the USSR refused to participate in this event), which in fact did not lead to any results
In the photo folk militia fighters

Soon the Army Franco captured Cantabria and Asturia. This happened primarily due to the technical superiority of Frankists. Thus, the northern campaign of the war ended in the unconditional victory of nationalists. They managed to capture the economically important north of Spain and now controlled more than half of the population and the territory of Spain. By the end of 1937, the advantage of nationalists in the war became the obvious

To stabilize the situation in Spain, the Republicans have introduced strict regime: Under the fear of death, any strikes and rallies, prices and salaries were frozen to stop inflation, there was a redistribution of taxes in favor of the rich segments of the population, the free market was limited to the industry, the industry did not help the front, The situation in agriculture was depressing, hunger began in Spain. At the same time, on the side of Frankists there were almost all international community. Franco no longer felt the need for German support and refused to sign the Montana Plan, according to which Spain mining industry would actually become the property of German companies. In response, Germany stopped the supply of weapons for some time to supply
In the photo shooting from an anti-aircraft gun for insulator aircraft

The chief ally of the Republicans - the USSR - significantly reduced the amount of assistance. The Spanish government was more difficult to turn the course of the war. To take a serious step Republicans decided on December 15. Using frost and thick snowfall, they, unexpectedly, moved to the offensive on the Teruel. The offensive and take of Teruel ended successfully. Frankists and their allies were demoralized. The authority of Franco was under blow. However, in mid-January, Naziolanists returned themselves the initiative in the war - Teruel was repulsed
On the photo, a fascist plane shot down by the Republicans is taken on a truck

After the Teruel battle, the initiative in the war went to nationalists. Barcelona bombing began. One of the leaders of the left socialists, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Julio Alvares Del Vayo recalled: "Improper penetrated everywhere. It was already impossible to understand where our inability to fight and the intrigue of the enemy agent began and began. Anyone who wanted to listen to him, told about the hopelessness of the situation. He reported to leaving those items that we still held. He scolded and vinyl tired military-front-line. From time to time he exclaimed with the view of the winner: "We died!". In the spring, Frankists won a victory, which became a turning point - they finally captured Aragon, took part of Catalonia and Spanish Levant, coming out for the approaches to Barcelona and Valencia, cutting the Republican territory into two parts

Republicans were completely demoralized, nevertheless, released "13 points", regulating their goals, but regarded as the conditions of Republicans for a compromise with nationalists. However, those on "13 points" were not answered and prepared for a new blow to the enemy. Their goal was Valencia, to defend which the Republicans had no equipment nor aviation. Nevertheless, battles lasted long months. Valencia was not taken, but the Spanish Republic lost a huge amount of strength and lost the last chances of winning the war
In the photo Fighters of the Republican Army at the mortar

The latest goal of the Franco Army was Catalonia. Using the receipt of German technology, its capture was possible. In the meantime, the Republicans could not receive military equipment delivered to the USSR - did not miss France, to avoid any conflicts with Nazi Germany. The Republicans practically did not remain their military equipment, and the Catalonia industry due to the fall of the energy center of the Trempa region and the sea blockade actually did not give anything to the front. By the end of November 1938, the Army of Nationalists was ready for the offensive, which began on December 23, 1938, almost no resistance. The fall of the republic and the seizure of Barcelona was inevitable. Soon she was thrown, and the nationalists held a magnificent parade there, and also announced the deprivation of catalonia of autonomous status. The outcome of war was obvious
On the photo the consequences of Barcelona bombing

Photo: Gerda Taro / International Center Of Photography