Arabs. The emergence of Islam and the unification of the Arabs The new religion of Islam helped the unification of the Arabs
1. Nature and occupations of the population of the Arabian Peninsula. 2. Reasons for the formation of a single Arab state. 3. Muhammad is the founder of Islam. 4. Arab conquests. 5. The Arab Caliphate and its collapse. 6. Culture of the countries of the caliphate. 2/1/2018 2
“HAPPY” ARABIA SETTLED ARAB AGRICULTURE One of the oases of Oman GRAIN CROPS SUGARCANE COTTON
Population - Arabs Peninsula - Arabian Climate - dry and hot Occupations - cattle breeding (Bedouins), agriculture (oases, south and west) The largest city is Mecca. Caravans - India, Iran, Byzantium. Annual fairs Beliefs before the adoption of Islam were paganism.
INEQUALITY. CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR THE NECESSITY TO REFLECT EXTERNAL ENEMIES THE DESIRE TO CAPTURE THE WEALTH OF NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES INTERTRIBAL AND RELIGIOUS Strife
610 – THE BEGINNING OF MUHAMMED’S PREACHING ACTIVITIES 622 – MUHAMMED’S REMOVEMENT FROM MECCA TO MEDINA. BEGINNING OF THE MUSLIM COUNCIL (HIJRA) 630 – CAPTURE OF MECCA BY THE MUSLIM. THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE
BELIEVE THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE WITNESS OF FAITH GOD IS ALLAH AND MUHAMMED IS HIS PROPHET PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY PRAYER (PERFORM NAMAZ) DONATE A FIFTH OF YOUR INCOME DONATION FOR ALMS KEEP FAST A MONTH FAST A YEAR FROM DAWN TO DUSK AT LEAST ONCE IN YOUR LIFE HAJJ ON PILGRIMAGE TO HOLY PLACES (MECA, MEDINA)
SHARIA IS THE RIGHT PATH Studying the Koran in a madrasah BAN DO NOT KILL USURY ENCOURAGE DO NOT STEAL DO NOT LIE TRADE CONDEMNATION OF LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOR THEFT RESPECT THE BAN OF WINE, PARENTS OF GAMBLING
FIGHTING YOUR PASSIONS ELIMINATING SOCIAL INJUSTICE CONSTANT DILIGENCE IN THE SPREAD OF ISLAM WAGING WAR AGAINST AGGRESSORS IN THE NAME OF ALLAH
PLACE FOR COLLECTIVE PRAYER PLACE FOR EDUCATION PLACE FOR MEETINGS AND DISCUSSION OF IMPORTANT ISSUES PLACE FOR PROVIDING MEDICAL CARE
SUNNIS SHIITES consider it legitimate to believe that power in the successor community should belong to the first four caliphs - Abu, exclusively his Bakr, Umar, Uthman and descendants (the children of Ali, Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, and Ali, he is recognized, along with his cousin) by the Koran, legends (sunnah) about the prophet Muhammad
After the death of the prophet in 632, the Arabs chose rulers from among his companions and relatives. They received the title of caliphs - the prophet's deputies. The caliphs concentrated spiritual and temporal power in their hands.
Arabic script Arabs settled in many conquered lands and mixed with the local population. Gradually, the Arabic language became more widespread. The Koran played a major role in the spread of the Arabic language among the conquered peoples, the translation of which from Arabic was strictly prohibited.
Arab conquerors enter the palace of the Persian Shaheenshahs. For a long time, the conquerors did not close Christian and other temples on the conquered territory and did not prevent residents from performing their religious rites. However, all non-Muslims were subject to heavy taxes and had to support the army at their own expense.
Residents of the conquered countries did not have the right to carry weapons, had to differ from the Arabs in clothing, and rode only mules. They were not allowed to testify in court against Muslims. Only those who converted to Islam were exempt from taxes. Therefore, gradually many became Muslims.
After several centuries, such once Christian countries as Egypt, Syria, and Palestine became Islamic, and their inhabitants began to speak Arabic. The population of Iran, Central Asia, and North-West India became Muslim, but local languages were preserved here.
SCIENCE Harun al-Rashid In the 8th-9th centuries, the scientific works of ancient Greek, Iranian, and Indian scientists were translated into Arabic. Especially many translations were made under Harun ar-Rashid and his son. The “House of Wisdom” was then founded in Baghdad - a repository of manuscripts where books were translated and rewritten.
SCIENCE Arab mathematicians were familiar with the works of Pythagoras, Euclid and Archimedes, Indian astronomers and mathematicians. They created algebra and began to use Indian numerals. Gradually, these numbers began to be called Arabic, and their accounts penetrated into Europe.
SCIENCE There were observatories in Baghdad and Damascus. Using sophisticated instruments, astronomers were able to approximately calculate the circumference of the Earth and describe the position of visible stars in the sky.
SCIENCE Written history was born among the Arabs along with Islam. Legends and messages appeared about Muhammad, his biography, and information about how Islam arose. Historians glorified the conquests of the Arabs and summarized the history of Roman, Byzantine and Iranian rulers.
SCIENCE Geography was held in high esteem by the Arabs. The proverb speaks about this: “Whoever sets out on a journey for the sake of science, the doors of heaven open to him.” Geographers not only studied reports about other countries, but also sought to visit them, making long journeys at the risk of their lives.
SCIENCE Medicine developed successfully. The great scientist Ibn Sina (980 - 1037) lived in Central Asia; in Europe he was called Avicenna. He was a very versatile thinker - philosopher, astronomer, geographer, physician, poet. He owns more than a hundred scientific works.
LITERATURE Merchants and camel drivers brought wonderful tales from other countries. They were told in the palaces of the caliph and the nobility, in the bazaars, streets and houses of Baghdad. Many listeners loved stories about amazing travels and adventures.
LITERATURE Ordinary people told funny stories about cunning people who cleverly deceived judges and officials. From these tales, the world-famous collection “A Thousand and One Nights” was later compiled, which absorbed the traditions and legends of many peoples.
LITERATURE Ferdowsi reads the poem “Shahnameh” One of the most famous poets was Ferdowsi (934-1020). For more than 30 years he worked on the poem “Shahnameh” (“Book of Kings”). It tells about the struggle of the Iranian people against the conquerors, glorifying the exploits of legendary heroes.
ART Of all types of art, architecture was most developed in the caliphate. Builders erected magnificent palaces, tombs and fortresses for the caliphs. The whole world knows the Alhambra - the emir's palace in the Spanish city of Granada. Alhambra Palace
ART Mosques were built in cities. The mosque served not only as a place of prayer, but also as a courtroom, a repository for books, as well as money collected for the poor, and simply a club where one could talk with friends.
ART Compared to a Christian church, the decoration of the mosque is the simplest: there is no furniture, no expensive utensils, no musical instruments. The floor is covered with carpets, on which visitors are seated, having previously left their shoes behind the doors; the walls are painted with sayings from the Koran
ART One or several high tower minarets were erected near the mosque, from which special ministers called believers to prayer five times a day.
ART Arab buildings were richly decorated with stone carvings, tiles, and mosaics on the walls and floors. The walls of the buildings were covered with arabesques - complex geometric patterns of intersecting and intertwining lines. The depiction of people and animals is prohibited by Islam.
1. How did Islam arise and what are the foundations of its teachings? 2. What were the reasons for the Arab conquests and the consequences of the formation of the Arab Caliphate? 3. Find on the map the territories conquered by the Arabs. 4. Why did the Arab Caliphate collapse? 5. How did the flourishing of Arab culture manifest itself? What cultural achievements did Western Europe borrow from the Arabs?
Target : consider the peculiarities of the life of Arab tribes and trace the ways of the emergence of the state among the Arabs, form in students an idea of the new world religion that arose in the 7th century - Islam, consider Islam as one of the world religions; develop students’ ability to work with a historical map and textbook text; continue to develop in students a sense of respect for the culture of other peoples; religious tolerance, tolerance.
Equipment: textbook by I.M. Likhtey “History of the Middle Ages,” map “Arab Caliphate in the 7th-11th centuries,” computer presentation “Arab Caliphate.”
Lesson type: learning new knowledge
Basic concepts: Islam, Allah, Muhammad, Koran, Sharia, Arabs, Bedouins, fellahs, Kaaba, prayer, zakat, shahada, mosque, minaret.
Throughout the lesson, the teacher switches presentation slides on the interactive whiteboard, corresponding to each part of the material being explained.
During the classes.
IOrganizing time.
IIUpdating students' basic knowledge
Looking at pictures of Arabs - what do you think is the topic of our lesson today? Who are the Arabs?
IIIMotivation for learning activities
Slide 1. Currently, there are more than two dozen Arab states that occupy the territory of Western Asia and North Africa from Mesopotamia to the Strait of Gibraltar. In the 7th-8th centuries, a powerful state existed on this vast territory - the Arab Caliphate. Today we have to learn about the emergence of Islam, how the state of the Arab Caliphate was formed, and trace its fate.
Slide 2 . In the East, the border of Byzantium was in close contact with the territories where Arab tribes had long lived. In the 7th century, previously unnoticed nomads united into a powerful state and became a real threat to other powers. How can one explain the sudden successes of the desert nomads, what external and internal factors influenced the organization of the Arab state? This is exactly the question we will try to answer in our lesson.
IVLearning new material
1 . Nature and occupations of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula.
Teacher's story
Slide 3. The climate of Arabia is dry and hot. In most areas there are steppes and deserts. There is little land suitable for farming
Slide 4. Only a small part of the Arabian Peninsula was suitable for agriculture. Sedentary Arabs in the oases in the south and west of Arabia. They grew cotton, cultivated orchards, vineyards, date palms, sugar cane and bread.
Slide 5. The main occupation of the population was nomadic cattle breeding. Nomadic Arabs - Bedouins moved with their herds across the steppes. They bred camels, sheep, and horses. The camel was the inseparable companion of the Bedouin. Camels gave them almost everything they needed for life. Their milk and meat were used for food, wool was used to make fabrics and ropes, skins were used to make leather for waterskins and other utensils, manure was used for fuel, and even urine, when there was a lack of water, was used for washing.
A camel is the best vehicle in desert conditions. In Arabic, the words "camel" and "beauty" come from the same root.
Slide 6. An ancient trade route from Byzantium to Africa and India ran along the shore of the Red Sea. In the oases along this route, trading settlements and cities with bazaars, inns (caravanserais) and sanctuaries of local deities arose. One of the largest is the city of Mecca.
So, - How did the nature and geographical location of Arabia influence the occupations of its population? (students answer the question). + drawing up and filling out a diagram
Decomposition of the clan system among the Arabs
Slide 7. The Bedouins lived in tribes and clans. The tribes were led by chiefs. They led warriors during raids, chose places for nomads, and settled disputes between fellow tribesmen. Usually the leader was chosen from a wealthy family so that he could feed the poor and ransom captives when needed. The tribes grew in number, and they became cramped in their former pastures. There were many poor people and people expelled from the tribe for any offenses. The tribes began to fight among themselves. And these wars sometimes lasted for decades.
Why did the tribes fight?
Because of the best pastures.
The custom of blood feud.
Each tribe worshiped its own deities.
Brainstorming method- What could stop constant wars?
Gradually, a desire for unification arises among the Arabs. The following reasons contributed to this:
Ending tribal enmity among themselves.
Fighting external enemies.
Decline of trade.
The nobility wanted to unite the tribes in order to strengthen power over the poor.
The nobility sought to unite the tribes with the aim of capturing and conquering neighboring countries.
The unification of the Arab tribes was also helped by the emergence of a new religion - Islam.
2. The emergence of Islam. Prophet Muhammad.
Slide 8. The further history of the Arabs is connected with the name of Muhammad. Notebook entry: 570-632 - years of life of Muhammad
Student's message about the Prophet Muhammad
Writing in a notebook– Prophet Muhammad (570-632)
Slide 9. 610g. - beginning of sermons
The people of Mecca were hostile to Muhammad's preaching. In 622, the Prophet fled with his supporters to the neighboring city of Yathrib. This event was called hijra, from which the Muslim calendar begins.
Notebook entry: 622 - year Hijras.
The people of Yathrib accepted the teachings of Muhammad. Yathrib was renamed the City of the Prophet - Medina. The first house of prayer for fans of the teachings of Muhammad was built in Medina - mosque.
Slide 10. In 630, Muhammad conquered Mecca, and by the time of his death in 632, most Arabs had accepted the new religion and the new government.
An Arab state was formed on the Arabian Peninsula.
Slide 11. -What contributed to the unification of the Arabs?
Do we have Muslims in Ukraine?
Today Islam is practiced by about 1.5 billion people around the world. Prophet Muhammad remains the most revered prophet. Islam does not endow him with supernatural traits. The Koran repeatedly emphasizes that the messenger of God is a person like everyone else. Unlike previous prophets, he performed almost no miracles. However, for every Muslim, the Prophet Muhammad is a perfect man, and His life is the best example to follow.
Fundamentals of Muslim faith
Slide 12. The thoughts and prophecies of Muhammad were recorded in the holy book of Muslims - the Koran. Write new words in your notebook: Koran
The Koran consists of 114 sections \ suras \ of different lengths, the length of the suras decreases towards the end of the book, the suras are divided into verses, and each verse is called an “ayat”, i.e. a miracle.
The language of the Koran is considered divine, so for a long time the Koran was not translated into other languages. The first translations in Europe date back to the 12th century.
The Koran says that Allah created the world in six days. Having created living beings, on the sixth day Allah created the first man, Adam, from clay, and Eve, from his rib. And the seventh day - for Muslims it is Friday - is considered a day of rest. Sunnah - recording of sayings ( hadiths) Prophet Muhammad
Slide 13. The first of the Quran's surahs, al Fatiha, plays the same role as the Christian prayer “Our Father.” – video fragment
Hasidim (sayings and instructions) of the Prophet Muhammad
1. Anyone whom prayer does not restrain from bad deeds has strayed far from God.
2. The pleasure of little is inexhaustible wealth.
3. Heaven is under the feet of mothers.
4. Shame comes from faith.
5. Dry eyes are a sign of a hard heart.
6. The best of you are those who call you to good.
7. It is a great betrayal if you did not say anything to your brother, and he (believing) confirmed what you said, and you lied to him.
8. To become a liar, it is enough to repeat everything you hear.
9. To become ignorant, it is enough to say everything you know.
10. Friendliness to people is half the mind.
11. Asking well is half knowing.
12. Seek knowledge even in China, the pursuit of knowledge is the duty of every Muslim man and woman.
13. Teacher and student are friends in good deeds.
14. Everyone who died defending his property is a holy martyr.
15. The property of a Muslim is the blood of a Muslim.
16. Poverty is the threshold of disappointment, and envy can change a person’s purpose.
1. What is your attitude towards the teachings of Muhammad?
"Five Pillars" of Islam
According to Islam, a Muslim has five main duties.
Work in small groups
The game “Restore the sentence” - you need to restore the correct order of words in sentences - and write it down. (words on cards are scattered)
1)Shahadah- believe in the existence of one god - Allah and Muhammad - his prophet.
***Devotion to Islam is confirmed by pronouncing a short formula: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God.” Saying the Shahada three times in front of witnesses is the main part of the ritual of accepting Islam by an adult (not a Muslim from birth)
2)Namaz– perform the obligatory prayer five times a day; (in the morning, around noon, in the afternoon, after sunset, and before bed).
3) Ramadan– adhere to a mandatory fast once a year - from dawn to sunset; (9th month according to the Muslim lunar calendar) for one month of the year.
4)Zakat– alms and special tax for the benefit of the poor (1/5 of profits)
5)Hajj– make a pilgrimage to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina once in your life. (In Saudi Arabia).
Slide 14 task check
Working with a historical document
Jihad - Holy war against infidels is another duty of Muslims
Slide 15. customs and morals of Muslims
3. Arab Caliphate.
Teacher's story
Slide 16. After the death of Muhammad, his relatives and associates stood at the head of the Islamic state. The state was directly headed caliph - "deputy prophet." The first four caliphs were his closest relatives and disciples. The state itself received the name Caliphate.
Slide 17. Statement of a problematic question - Why were the Arab conquests successful?
Working with historical documents ( read - draw conclusions about the reasons for military successes Arabs)
A) an excerpt from Ibn Ishaq’s essay on the beginning of the Arab conquests
“They say that Abu Bekr, the first righteous caliph who became the head of the Arabs after Muhammad, decided to send troops to Syria. He called on the inhabitants of Mecca and all the Arabs of Taif, Najd, Yemen, and Hijaz to go to the holy war. Abu Bekr promised them rich booty. And people hastened to him, some to earn the favor of Allah, others wanting to receive earthly blessings.”
B) The Arab army in the 6th-8th centuries consisted of separate tribal and clan units.
The cavalry in the Arab army was several times inferior in number to the infantry - not every Arab could purchase and maintain a horse. To speed up the transport of infantry, camels or horses were usually used. High mobility was a feature of the Arab army. Given this quality, the command widely applied the principle of surprise.
Camels were used not only to speed up the march of infantry, but also for combat. For this purpose, camel riders armed themselves with long spears.
The best and main part of the Arab army was the cavalry. From the 9th century it begins to be divided into light and heavy. The heavy cavalry had long spears, swords, clubs, battle axes and defensive weapons - lighter than those of the knights of Western Europe. The light cavalry was armed with bows and long thin javelins.
Slide 18. Arab conquests - video clip
The task is to remember the countries captured by the Arab conquerors.
Thus, during the 7th and first half of the 8th century, a huge Arab state was formed - the Arab Caliphate with its capital in Damascus. The possessions of the caliphate stretched from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the borders of India and China.
Slide 19 The Battle of Poitiers is a solution to a chronological problem. If the Europeans had this battle in 732, in what year did the Arabs?
Slide 20. Notebook entry: 661-750. – Umayyad Caliphate
The Arab Caliphate was a state created as a result of the conquests of different peoples. It was possible to keep them in obedience only by force. For this purpose, the caliphs created a huge standing army - up to 160,000 soldiers, and for their own protection - a palace guard. According to Arab laws, all the land belonged to the caliphs; they only temporarily ceded it in parts to their servants.
Emirs- Viceroys of the Caliphs
Slide 21. In 750, the Abbasid dynasty came to power - the descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas. Baghdad became the capital of the new Caliphate.
Notebook entry: 750 - 1258 - reign of the Abbasid dynasty.
The reign of Harun al-Rashid (768-809) is considered the heyday of the Baghdad Caliphate. He was the hero of the collection of fairy tales “A Thousand and One Nights”. In them, Harun appears as a just sovereign. In fact, he was a treacherous and cruel despot. His subjects hated him, he was afraid to live in Baghdad and settled in a fortress outside the city.
Collapse of the caliphate
Slide 22. All non-Muslims in the caliphate were heavily taxed and had to support the army at their own expense. Residents of conquered countries did not have the right to bear arms and had to dress differently from Arabs. They were not allowed to testify in court against Muslims. In the 8th-9th centuries, a wave of popular uprisings against the rule of the Arabs swept through the caliphate, which undermined the strength of the caliphate. - one of the reasons for the collapse. What about others?
To find out the second reason, we suggest remembering why the empire of Charlemagne collapsed.
4.Culture of the Arab Caliphate.
Slide 23. Although we call this culture Arab, this is not entirely true, because it absorbed the cultures of the peoples conquered by the Arabs. The Arabs showed a rare ability to assimilate the knowledge and traditions of the conquered peoples. Moreover, they were able to combine the cultural achievements of different countries into one whole based on Islam and the Arabic language.
The caliphate included many countries with high ancient culture: Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia. Islam spread widely in these countries, and with it the Arabic language. It was called the “Latin of the East.” But unlike Latin in the Middle Ages, Arabic was a living, spoken language for many peoples of the East. It was used in court cases and studied in schools. Arabic became the language of science and literature.
Every noble person wanted to have as many outstanding poets, scientists, and Koran experts in his circle as possible. The more famous people he was surrounded by, the higher his prestige and fame were. Writers and scientists most often lived in the palaces of caliphs and emirs, received support and gifts from their patrons, glorified them for this, and dedicated their works to them.
Slide 24 . “The most important adornment of a person is knowledge,” says an Arabic proverb. In Baghdad, Cordoba, and Cairo there were higher schools - madrasahs, in which secular sciences were studied along with the Koran. These universities became models for future Western European universities. There were huge libraries (Cairo, Cordoba, etc.), where thousands of books were collected. The rapid spread of books was facilitated by the fact that in the 8th century. The Arabs borrowed the art of paper making from China.
Slide 25. Development of scientific knowledge - watching a video clip
Compare the level of development of science in Western Europe and the countries of the caliphate?
Slide 26, 27. It is interesting that al-Biruni’s task has survived to this day. Over time, its content has changed somewhat, this is what this task sounds like now. I suggest you solve it.
Slide 28. Finally, for all times and peoples, the “A Thousand and One Nights” remains an unsurpassed attraction of Arabic literature, incorporating tales of different peoples of the Arab-Muslim world.
Various genres of poetry developed rapidly. One of the most famous poets was Ferdowsi. He created the huge epic "Shahname" ("Book of Kings"), which describes the deeds of the Persian shahs. Ferdowsi highly valued knowledge: “You look for ways to understand words, go through the whole world to gain knowledge.”
Slide 29 .The heyday of the Arab Caliphate was distinguished by significant construction. Majestic mosques, the palace of the caliphs, mausoleums, tombs, and fortresses were built.
The main structure of the Muslim east was mosque. Externally, mosques often resembled fortresses, surrounded by blank walls with a minimum of decoration. High ones were attached to the walls of mosques minarets, from which believers were called to prayer five times a day. However, a completely different picture opened up upon entering the mosque. At first, believers found themselves in a rectangular courtyard surrounded by arched galleries. A fountain for ablution was often placed in the center of the courtyard. The prayer hall was combined with the courtyard. The ceiling of the hall is supported by rows of columns. The famous Cordoba mosque (VIII-X centuries) has about a thousand marble columns. It was illuminated by 250 chandeliers out of 7000 lamps. The Cairo Mosque (XIV century) is considered beautiful. The holy place in the mosque is the fur rab - a niche in the wall facing Mecca and much decorated with carvings or mosaics. Those praying are always turned towards the fur of the slave. There are no icons in the mosques. No frescoes. Islam prohibits the depiction and worship of God by any image. However, the interior of the mosque is richly decorated with arabesques - intertwined lines, geometric shapes and flowers. Arabesques are made with mosaics, carvings, and inlays. Along with the ornaments on the walls of mosques there are many inscriptions (sayings from the Koran), which themselves resemble the ornament (ligature). This is the art of calligraphy, which the Arabs mastered masterfully.
V Reinforcing the material learned
Slide 31.
– graphic dictation
Most of the Arabian Peninsula is desert. (Yes)
Northern Arabs were engaged in agriculture. (No)
The founder of Islam is Muhammad. (Yes)
The holy book of Muslims is the Sunnah. (No)
“The Faithful” was the name given to Christians. (No)
Caliphs are “Deputies of the Prophet.” (Yes)
Caliph Harun ar-Rashid is only the hero of the Arabian Nights fairy tales. (No)
The Arabs achieved outstanding success in science. (Yes)
Arabesque is the ability to write letters beautifully. (No)
The minaret is the city where Muhammad was born. (No)
Muslims are people who practice Islam (Yes)
Solving a problematic lesson question
Is it possible to say that Islam contributed to the unification of Arab tribes (according to the “Press” method)
VIIHouse. exercise –Slide 32.
§11 (retelling), written: “Compare the basic duties of Christians and Muslims.”
The Arabs are a Semitic people, their relatives are Jews, Assyrians, and Phoenicians. They consider their ancestor Ishmael, the son of Abraham (the common ancestor of Jews and Arabs). Geography of its settlement: Mediterranean Sea, Asia Minor Peninsula, Red Sea of Persia, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea.
Most of it is the Arabian Desert, where they live Bedouins- nomadic pastoralists. The southwestern and western coasts - Yemen and Hijaz - oases - the most developed parts where settled agriculture and trade flourished (the trade route from Byzantium to Africa and India lay through them.
Social system and beliefs of the Arabs
The Bedouins lived in tribes, which were divided into clans and families. They had nobility - sheikhs and Said, who had large herds, slaves and received a large share of the spoils during wars. All members of one tribe considered themselves relatives. Sheikhs were elected, their power was limited by the council of the clan nobility. The principle of blood feud applies. Consequently, the social system is defined as transitional from primitive communal to early feudal with vestiges of tribal relations.
Beliefs are pagan. Most Arabs worshiped various tribal gods: there was no single religion among them. Among the revered ones were the god of war and fertility Astar, the Moon Goddess Sin, and the Mother Goddess Lat. The Arabs considered man-made stone idols and natural stone pillars to be personifications of their gods.
An ancient trade route from the Mediterranean to Africa and India ran through the Hijaz, along the Red Sea, on which large trading centers arose and turned into cities - Mecca, Yathrib, etc. Mecca was especially important because it arose at the main stopping place for caravans. Its inhabitants lived in large stone houses. Every year in Arabia, in the spring, wars and banditry attacks ceased for four months and universal peace was established. Currently, all Arabs could visit the main sanctuary of Mecca - Kaaba(Translated from Arabic as “Cube”), a black meteorite was embedded in the wall. At the same time, various competitions and a large fair were held in the city.
North Arabian tribes and state formations. On the periphery of the large states of Mesopotamia and the small principalities of the Eastern Mediterranean coast there was a vast territory of the Syrian-Mesopotamian steppe and Northern Arabia, inhabited in ancient times by tribes: the Aribi, Kedrei, Nabateans, Thamud, etc., who led a nomadic lifestyle. The main occupation of the population is cattle breeding (horses, donkeys, large and small cattle, camels). They led a nomadic economy. Tribal alliances and small states dominated. It is possible that some of them were principalities (Nabatea). Their rulers in Assyrian documents were usually called “kings” or, more correctly, “sheikhs”. The Arab tribes gradually developed their own military organization, tactics, and elements of military art. They did not have a regular army; all adult men of the tribe were warriors. The Arab nomads had their own battle tactics: unexpected raids on the enemy and quick disappearance in the vast desert. Being adjacent to the strong ancient eastern kingdoms of Egypt and Assyria, as well as to the small states of the East Mediterranean coast, which were often attacked by powerful powers, the North Arab tribal unions and principalities were often involved in the international contradictions of that time (9-7 centuries BC. ) – Arab-Assyrian clashes (mid-9th century BC). Arab tribes united and entered into alliances with Egypt and Babylon against Assyria.
The rise of the Persian state and the development of its plans of conquest led to the establishment of contacts between the Persians and the Arabs of the northern part of the peninsula, but the Arabs were never under the yoke of the Persians; according to Herodotus, they participated in the Greco-Persian wars on the side of the Persians (5th century BC) , resisted the Greek-Macedonian troops during the campaign of A. the Great to the east (4th century BC).
South Arabia. In the south and southwest of the Arabian Peninsula, on the territory of the modern Yemen Arab and Yemen People's Democratic Republic, in ancient times there existed a number of state entities that were the most important centers of ancient Yemen civilization. The northernmost was Main (with centers - the cities of Yasil and Karnavu). To the south of Main was Saba, with its center at Marib. To the south is Kataban with its capital in Timna. To the south of Qataban is Ausan with its center in Miswar, and to the east is Hadhramaut with its capital Shabwa.
The emergence of the most ancient states dates back to the 10th-8th centuries. BC. The states of Main, Qataban, Aswan, Hadhramaut and Saba in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. enter into a struggle for dominance.
In the 3rd-1st centuries. BC. - Kataban's dominance. In the 1st century BC. - Sabaean kingdom. At the end of the 2nd century. BC. a new Himyarite state emerged with its capital Zafar, which was previously part of Qataban. By the beginning of the 4th century. BC. she established her hegemony over all of southern Arabia. From the middle of the 1st millennium BC. and until the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Arabia was in close contact with Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt and the Roman Empire. Military clashes in Axum (Ethiopia).
The economy is associated with the development of irrigation land tenure and nomadic cattle breeding, as well as crafts. Directions for the development of trade: exchange between agricultural and pastoral tribes of Arabia; international trade in incense with many countries of the ancient Eastern and ancient world; transit trade with the Middle East in Indian and African goods. But at the end of the 1st millennium BC. a number of factors led to severe shocks in the economy of southern Arabia: changes in trade routes (the establishment of direct sea routes between Egypt, Turkey, Persia, India), as well as climate change towards greater aridity and the encroachment of deserts on fertile oases and agricultural zones, the destruction of irrigation structures , natural disasters (repeated failures of the Marib Dam). The infiltration of Bedouins into settled agricultural zones increased. Thus, the complication of the domestic and foreign political situation and constant wars led to the decline of the South Arabian states.
Social relations and political system. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. and the South Arabic linguistic and tribal community began to identify large tribal unions: Minaan, Kataban, Sabian. At the end of the 2nd millennium - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. As a result of the development of productive forces, productive relations began to change. Early class slave-owning societies arose on the territory of Ancient Yemen. Noble families emerged, which gradually concentrated political power in their hands. Social layers were formed: the priesthood and the merchant class. Land, as a means of production, was owned by rural and urban communities, which regulated water supply, carried out divisions between community members who owned plots of land, paid taxes and performed duties in favor of the state, churches, and community administration. The main economic unit was a large patriarchal family (large family community).
A special category of land consisted of very extensive temple estates. A lot of land was in the hands of the state. The conquered population worked on state lands, performing a number of duties and being essentially state slaves. Free people, persons dedicated to one or another deity, and temple slaves worked in the temple premises to fulfill their duties. The slaves were mainly prisoners of war; debt slavery was not widespread. Documents indicate the presence of slaves in private and temple households, in the household of the ruler and his family, in large patriarchal families they were equated with younger family members.
The system of political structure of the South Arabian peoples can be illustrated by the example of the Sabaean kingdom. It consisted of 6 “tribes”, of which 3 were privileged, and 3 others occupied a subordinate position. Each tribe was divided into large branches, the latter into smaller ones, and these, in turn, into separate clans. The tribes were ruled by Kabiri leaders who came from noble families; perhaps the tribes had councils of elders.
Privileged tribes chose eponyms from representatives of noble families for a certain period of time - important officials of the state who performed priestly duties associated with the cult of the supreme god Astara, and also carried out astronomical observations and drawing up a calendar. The highest officials who had executive power and administered the state were until the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC. mukarribs. During the war, the mukarribs could assume the functions of leadership of the militia, and then they received for a time the title “malik” - king. Gradually, the Mukarribs concentrated the prerogatives of royal power in their hands, and at the end of the 1st millennium BC. their position actually turned into a royal one. The supreme body of the state was the Council of Elders. It included the Mukarrib and representatives of all 6 Sabian tribes, with the unprivileged tribes entitled to only half representation. The Council of Elders had sacred, judicial and legislative functions, as well as administrative and economic ones. Other South Arab states had a similar arrangement.
Gradually, in the South Arab states, along with tribal division, territorial division arose. It was based on cities and settlements with adjacent rural districts, which had their own autonomous system of government. Each Sabaean citizen belonged to one of the blood-related tribes and at the same time was part of a certain territorial unit.
1. Nature and occupations of the population of Arabia.
Arabs have long lived on the vast Arabian Peninsula
in South-West Asia. Most of it is dry
steppes and arid deserts. Suitable for agriculture
only small oases in the south and west of Arabia. They lived there
settled Arabs. Nomadic Arab Bedouins (which means
"steppe people") moved with their herds across the steppes.
ran ancient
trade route from Byzantium to
Africa and India. In the oases
along the way there were
trading settlements and cities
with markets, inns
courtyards (caravanserais)
and local sanctuaries
deities The largest of
them was the city of Mecca.
Mecca 2. Muhammad is the founder of Islam.
Unification of Arab tribes
contributed to the new religion -
Islam. Founder of Islam - resident
Mecca Muhammad (in Europe his
called Mohammed) remained six years
orphan; the poor took care of him
relatives, and he tended their goats and sheep.
He had visions - he said,
that hears the voice of God. Approximately at
610 Muhammad spoke with
preaching a new religion. He
claimed that there are no other gods,
except the omnipotent one God -
Allah, and called himself
"messenger of God" - his Prophet.
Muhammad called on the Arabs to accept
one faith. In his sermons, Muhammad denounced the “unjust
making wealth”, called on the rich to help the poor
and orphans, ransom and free slaves. His
supporters saw him as a messenger from heaven.
Everyone who accepted the new religion called themselves
Muslims, that is, “submissive to God.” Muhammad in the cave
after leaving Mecca
The influential Meccan nobility were hostile to
sermons of Muhammad. Fearing for his life, in 622
Muhammad and his supporters moved to a neighboring oasis,
later named after him Medina - "city
Prophet." The year of migration - Hijra - became the initial year
Muslim date. Followers of Muhammad converged on Medina from all sides. In the fight against
Mecca they gradually gained the upper hand. In 630 the nobility signed with
Muhammad made an agreement and opened the gates of Mecca for him.
Most Arab tribes accepted Islam and recognized the government
Muhammad. Mecca, like Medina, has become the holy city of all
Muslims Muhammad became the head of the Arab state. Great Mosque in Mecca Kaaba
Sacred stone of Kaaba
An ancient sanctuary was located in Mecca - the Kaaba Temple
(meaning “cube”), which served as a holy place for all Arabs. Kaaba Temple 3. Koran
Koran, 9th century
Koran, 13th century.
Muhammad expressed his thoughts as "revelations"
given to him by God. His speeches were recorded by his students
palm leaves and stones, learned by heart. After
after the death of Muhammad, these records were revised and
compiled the holy book of Muslims, the Koran (translated
means "reading"). Handwritten page
QURAN.
The text of the Koran consists of
short phrases that
like spells. Their
easy to remember. Koran
consists of 114 chapters,
called suras.
In the Koran (as in the Old
Testament of the Bible) it is said that
Allah created the world in 6 days.
After all living things
Allah on the sixth day
created the first from clay
man - Adam and from him
ribs - Eve. And the seventh day
- for Muslims it is Friday -
became a day of rest. It was believed that all laws and rules of behavior of Muslims
set forth by Muhammad and his closest companions.
Therefore, the state should not issue new laws, but
only to fulfill the will of Allah as conveyed by Muhammad and
written in the Koran. Based on the Koran, lawyers developed
rules of conduct - Sharia (“right path”). Tried
Muslims are experts in the Koran, spiritual judges - qadis. Praying
Muslim
Muslim morality, like Christian morality, prescribes
to the believer: do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, love your neighbor,
respect your parents.
A Muslim must be humble and patient,
courageously endure life's difficulties and adversities, pay
debts.
The Koran prohibits usury but encourages trade.
Muslims are prohibited from drinking wine, gambling,
since both interfere with daily prayer. Five pillars of Islam
1) “There is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad the Messenger
Allah"
2) Canonical
prayer (namaz) is five
daily mandatory
prayers. Particularly important
considered midday
prayer performed in
mosques on Fridays.
3) Keeping a monthly fast
Ramadan
4) Zakat - alms, in
benefit those in need
5) Hajj - pilgrimage to
Mecca. Koran fixed
male dominance in
family and custom
polygamy, allowing
Muslim to have 4
wives (but no more),
if he can them
contain.
Wife doesn't bring
dowry Against:
relatives issued
women, even
minors, married to
payment - kolym,
actually sold
they were given away in full
husband's power. Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 7th century AD. Blue Mosque in Istanbul 4. Arab conquests
Arabs enter
to the captured city
After the death of Muhammad
Arab state
ruled by caliphs
(“deputies” of the Prophet).
The first four caliphs were
his closest
relatives and students.
Under the first caliphs
numerous detachments
Arabs have gone beyond
Arabian Peninsula.
So during the seventh and first
half of the 8th century
a huge
Arab state -
Arab Caliphate
with its capital in
Damascus.
