Biocenosis - examples. Natural and artificial biocenoses
In the process of everyday life, not every person notices his interaction with various hurrying to work, it is unlikely that someone, except that a professional ecologist or biologist, will pay special attention to the fact that he crossed Square or Park. Well, passed and passed that with that? But this is already biocenosis. Examples of this involuntary, but permanent interaction with ecosystems each of us can remember if only thinks. We will try to consider in more detail the question of what biocenoses are what they are and from what they depend.
What is biocenosis?
Most likely, few people remember that he studied biocenoses at school. Grade 7, when biology takes place this topic, remained far in the past, and completely different events are remembered. Recall that such biocenosis is. The word is formed by the merger of two Latin words: "BIOS" - life and "cenosis" - common. Indicates this term a set of inhabiting on one territory, interconnected and interacting microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals.
Any biological community includes such biotic components:
- microorganisms (microbiocenosis);
- vegetation (phytocenosis);
- animals (zoecenosis).
Each of these components plays an important role and can be represented by individual species. However, it should be noted that phytocenosis is the leading component determining microbiocenosis and zoecenosis.
When did this concept appear?
The concept of "biocenosis" was proposed by the German hydrobiologist Möbiius at the end of the XIX century, when he studied in the North Sea the habitat of oysters. During the study, it found that these animals can live only in strictly defined conditions characterized by a depth, flow rate, salinity and water temperature. In addition, Möbius noted that together with oysters on one territory there are strictly certain types of marine plants and animals. Based on the data obtained, in 1937 the scientist introduced the concept under consideration to us for the designation of the combination of groups of living organisms, dwelling and coexisting on one territory, due to the historical development of species and a long-term contemporary concept of "biocenosis" Biology and ecology interpret somewhat differently.
Classification
Today there are several signs according to which biocenosis can be classified. Examples of classification based on sizes:
- macrobiocenosis (sea, mountain arrays, oceans);
- mesobiocenosis (swamp, forest, field);
- microbiocenosis (flower, old stump, leaf).
Also, biocenoses can be classified depending on the habitat. The following three types are recognized as the main:
- nautical;
- freshwater;
- ground.
Each of them can be divided into coented, smaller and local groups. Thus, marine biocenoses can be divided into bentic, pelagic, shelf and others. Freshwater biological communities are river, marsh and lake. Ground biocenoses include coastal and intocfactory, mountain and flat subtypes.
The easiest classification of biological communities is their separation on natural and artificial biocenoses. Among the first, primary, formed without the influence of a person, as well as secondary, which were subjected to change due to the impact of natural elements or the activities of human civilization. Consider more detail their features.
Natural biological communities
Natural biocenoses are associations of living beings created by nature itself. Such communities are natural systems that are developing, developing and operating according to their own, their own laws. German Ecologist V. Tischler allocated the following features characterizing such entities:
1. Community arise from the finished elements that can act as representatives of individual species and entire complexes.
2. Separate parts of the community can be replaceable. So, one species can be ousted and completely replaced by another, which has similar requirements for the conditions of existence, without negative consequences for the entire system.
3. Due to the fact that in biocenosis, the interests of various species are opposite, then the entire oversgan system is based and exists due to the balancing of the forces directed opposite.
In addition, in biological communities there are cameters, that is, animals or plant species that create the necessary conditions for life to other beings. So, for example, in steppe biocenoses, the most powerful edifier is the Kickl.
In order to assess the role of a species in the structure of the biological community, indicators based on quantitative accounting, such as its abundance, frequency of occurrence, Shannon's diversity index and species saturation.
