World Countries - Hungary - Budapest
History
In the first century BC e. At the site of Budapest existed the Celtic settlement of AK-Inc., which was a trade and craft center. After the arrival of the Romans in 89 n. e. The territory was included in the Roman province of Panonia. In 106, Ak-Inc. was renamed Aquincum and made an administrative center. The city housed the Roman garrison and there were about 20 thousand inhabitants. To date, an archaeological park has been preserved: the ruins of public buildings, private houses and aqueduct. Until IV century, Aquinkum was the capital of the province of Lower Panonia. The city stood the Roman Legion Legio II Adiutrix.
By 450, the Romans were ousted by Ostrogas and Huns, and Panonia became the center of the Hun Empire.
Modern foot was called Contra Aquincum (against Aquinkum) and was a small settlement. The word "Pest" or "Pest" comes from the Bulgarian (Turkic) language. The city was founded during the time of Khan Krum (796-814).
Then Slavic tribes and Avars lived on the site of modern Budapest.
Around 895, the Hungarian tribes came to the Danube, Aquinkum was renamed to I will (later I will be a log in) and became the first political center of Hungary. The century later proclaimed the Hungarian state.
In the XII century. [The source is not specified 282 days] there have been a settlement on the left bank of the Danube - Pest. There were immigrants from Germany and France in the city.
As a result of the Mongolian invasion in 1241, Buda and Pest were broken. After that, in 1247, the king of Bela IV in the fortress grief built a fortified royal castle - I will. In 1361, Buda was proclaimed the capital of the Hungarian kingdom.
In 1473, in Bud, Andrsha Hess printed the first Hungarian book, which became the "Hungarian chronicle".
In 1541, Buda and Pest were occupied by the Turks. There was a decline of the city and a decrease in its population. In Bud, there was a residence of Turkish Pasha, the city was the capital of Vilayet. Only in 1686, the Buday fortress managed to take the storm after almost 40 days of siege. The city was released by Austrian troops under the leadership of Evgenia Savoy from the Ottoman Empire and is attached to the possessions of the Habsburgs. In the XVIII century, the rapid development of the foot as a shopping center began. By 1800, the population of the foot exceeded the population of Buda and the exit, combined. In the next century, the population of Pest has increased 20 times and amounted to 600 thousand people, while the population of Buda and the logging rose only 5 times. The union of three cities was first taken during the revolution 1848-1849. However, the restoration of Habsburg after the defeat of the revolution again led to the separation. The final union of the three cities in one called Budapest occurred on November 17, 1873 after the formation of a separate Hungarian royal government (Austro-Hungarian compromise). The city began to grow rapidly. In 1896, in Budapest, a large-scale celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the foundation of Hungarians is held. In 1900, the population of the United Kingdom was 730 thousand people.
In the middle of the XIX century, the Hungarian Railways began to develop. From Buda and Pest lines diverged in all directions - to Northern Europe, Vienna, Balkans and Carpathians.
In 1873, the city streets began to illuminate electric lamps, in 1887 trams appeared in the city, in 1885 - the city phone, and in 1896 the first metro on the European continent.
In 1918, the country was proclaimed by the Republic, in 1919 - the Soviet Republic. Then Admiral Miklos Horti, declared regent, came to power in Hungary. At the beginning of the 20th century, the main increase in the population took place in the suburbs, such as Uypest and Kishet. By 1930, the population of the city was about 1 million people, and the population of the suburbs is about 400 thousand after the removal of Hortie from power, in March 1944 Budapest was occupied by Germanic troops. Later, the city besieged the Red Army, the siege lasted 102 days, the central regions of the city during the fighting turned into ruins. On February 13, 1945, Budapest was taken by storm, all bridges and a quarter of all buildings were destroyed. About 38,000 people. Died in this battle. Most of the Jewish population of Budapest (250 thousand people before the occupation) was destroyed during the Holocaust. The story of the Swedish diplomat Raul Valenberg, who saved in Budapest many Jews in Budapest.
In the postwar period, January 1, 1950 the area of \u200b\u200bthe city was significantly expanded. Big Budapest was formed. The restoration of the city continued in 1950-1960. During the uprising in October 1956, Soviet troops were introduced in Hungary, which remained there before the fall of the communist regime.
Unrest in the fall of 2006
In September-October 2006, mass anti-government performances took place in Budapest. These unrest were provoked by the publication of the speech of the Prime Minister of the newly elected government of Hungary from the Socialist Party of Ferenz Durcian, in which, in the closed meeting of the faction, he acknowledged a lifetime of data on the economic situation to elections in the spring of 2006.
Geographical position
Budapest is located in the lowland Carpathian basin, limited by Carpathians, Alps and South Slavic mountain ranges. Danube divides the city into two parts: hilly and green I will and the plain poney. The highest point of Budapest - the Buday Mountain Mount Yanosa is 527 m high. From a geotectonic point of view, Budapest is located on the site of the fault, which explains the presence of numerous thermal sources, which brought the city the fame of the resort.
Transport
Air Transport
Budapest International Airport Feriemed has 3 passenger terminals. The airport is located east of the XVIII district. The airport was opened on May 7, 1950. Initially, the length of the takeoff band was 2500 m, and in 1961 it was increased to 3010 m. In 1985, a new terminal was opened and the second runway was built with a length of 3706 m. The Malev's Hungarian airline (Malév) began to change his air fleet in 2003.
Autotransport
Budapest leads the main highways of Hungary. Of the four highways and four roads (except for the eighth), seven begin in Budapest. Road signs coincide with road signs in all other EU countries. Long-distance buses arrive at the bus station "Disabled", to the Arpad Bridge and the ETELE Square in Buda. Between 1990 and 1994, the urban streets were renamed, the names that existed from the end of the XIX century were returned. During the communist regime, many streets had ideologized names.
City public transport
Mostly, public transport Budapest belongs to the company BKV. The network of social movement consists of 180 bus routes, 14 trolleybus, 29 tram and three metro lines. All metro lines intersect at Deak Ferenz Ter Station. Budapest metro is the oldest on the European continent. The first line was laid by Andrassy Avenue from Wöhnushmart Square to the Heroes Square. This line is functioning at present (yellow line - Vöröshmarti Square - Mexico City Avenue). Along the line walk trains stylized under the old days. On other lines are trains of Russian production (Mytishchinsky plant). The fourth subway line is currently being built, according to preliminary plans, the first trains will go in 2010.
Tram lines in Budapest are the most downloaded in the world. The interval at the rush hour is 60 - 90 seconds.
Budapest uses the longest trams in the world - articulated low-profil trams like Combino Supra. The length of one such tram is 53.9 meters. A total of forty such trams were ordered.
Special transport includes the funicular, gear railroad and children's railway. Buda Funicivor rises from the foot of the hill, from Adam Clark Square at the chain bridge to the fortress. The length of the path is 100 m. The difference in height between the lower and the upper station is 48 m. The funicular was built on the initiative of the Count Eden of Seching and commissioned on May 2, 1870. Initially, the wagons were driven by a steam engine.
Railway
Rail transportation are carried out mainly by the Hungarian Public Railways (MÁV). In Budapest, there are three railway stations: Kareti East Station (Weng. Keleti Pályaudvar), Nyugati West Station (Veng. Nyugati Pályaudvar) and South Delhi Station (Weng. Déli Pályaudvar). Nyugati station building built on the project of Gustav Eiffel. Budapest was one of the main stations of oriental express. In addition, there are suburban trains Hév.
Water transport
Danube proceeds through Budapest - one of the main water arteries of Europe. The river is navigating. On the island of Chepel is the trading port.
In Budapest, a pleasure water transport is developed. Pretty common river trams of the type "Moscow" of Soviet production.
Districts of the city
District I is a small part of the central Buda (Western), including the Buday Fortress.
District II - also part of Buda (NORTORSTVO)
District III - extends along the northern part of Buda
District IV - Located in Pesta (East and North)
District V - is located in the heart of Pest
Areas VI, VII, VIII and IX - are east and south
The X Area - is still east, also in Pest
Areas of XI and XII - located in Buda, north.
Areas of XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX (mainly the external parts of the city) - form a semicircle in the southern part of Budapest
District XXI - extends in the direction of the Danube (the northern tip of the island of Chepel) south
District XXII - located in southwest Buda
District XXIII - it's southern Pest's Color
Islands
Within Budapest on the Danube there are seven islands. Hyodyari Siege, Margitsigt and Chapel Sigeth (part of the XXI district). Pallies-Cigarette (in fact - Peninsula), Nepysiguet, Horosho-Cigarette and Molnar Cigarette are part of the regions of III and XIII.
Margit Island
Margarita Island is named after the daughter of King Bella IV - Margarita (Hungarian - Margit). The island has a length of 2.5 km and an area of \u200b\u200b0.965 km². The main part of the island is the park and wellness institutions. The island is located between the bridges of Margit (in the south) and Arpad (in the north). On the island there is a water park, a fitness center, bicycle paths and other places of entertainment. In the XIII century, the monastery of the Dominican Order was founded on the island, where margitis was launched. Margit is canonized under the name of St. Margarita.
Later, the island came to the launch, and only in the XVIII century the Palace was built on the island, and the island itself was planted with rare rocks of trees and flowers. The ruins of the monastery and the chapel were preserved to this day.
sights
Avenue Andraha
Andraha Avenue is the most representative street of Budapest. It connects Erzsébet Tér (Erzsébet Tér) with an area of \u200b\u200bheroes and with the Varoshleget city park; On the avenue, many buildings in the neo-source style, one of the most striking examples of which is the Opera House, which was built on the project of the architect Miklosh Ibl and was opened in 1884. The construction of the avenue was started in 1872 and was completed, mainly by 1884 . In 1885, the avenue was named after Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary Dewlya Andraha. Avenue is listed on UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The main sights of Andrash Prospect
Museum of mail
Hungarian State Opera House
Drexler House
Ferrency Leaf Square
Mora Yokai Square (Jókai Mór Tér)
Oktogon Square
Terror Museum
House Museum Ferrency Sheet
Music Academy Ferrency Sheet
Codai Golden Museum
Puppet Theatre
Old Palace of Art
Hungarian University of Fine Arts
Far East Art Museum
Square Heroes
Armenian Catholic Church
Buda fortress (fortress area)
In the area there are the Royal Palace, the National Gallery, the National Library, the Cathedral of Matiash, the fishing bastion, a labyrinth, a plastic column and the funicular. The facade of the Royal Palace extended along the Danube, its length is 300 m. In the southern part there is a wing of Maria-Teresia, built in the Baroque style. The palace was damaged during World War II, after restoring the National Gallery was opened in it. Mantisha's Cathedral (Buday Church of the Virgin Mary) also suffered during World War II. His gothic tower and a roof covered with the tiled "Zholnai", and fishing bastion are the most photographs of the city. The name "Rybatsky Bastion" appeared like this: on the eastern slope of the fortress mountain, and along the Danube lived, mostly fishermen, from here and the name of the district: "Water City". They sold their catch on the fish market, located near the Cathedral of Mantisha, therefore Bastion - the defensive structure of the fortress was to protect the shop of fishermen. Bastion was rebuilt in a neoroman style at the end of the XIX century, during the preparations for the Millennium Hungarian Millennium, for resting citizens.
City Park
The park is located in the Sixeni Bath, the castle of Vaidakhunyad, Zoo, Circus and amusement park. The complex of buildings called "Vaidakhunyad Castle" was built in 1896, to the 1000th anniversary of the foundation of the Motherland Hungary. At first he was erected from a tree, but so liked the citizens, which later, in 1904-1908. It was rebuilt in stone. The complex consists of 21 copies of buildings from different ends of Hungary, representing different architectural styles, including the castle of the Huyadi family from Transylvania, from which the complex and got its name. Bathing "Secheny" (Széchenyi-Gyógyfürdő) are the largest in Europe. Water comes from two hot mineral springs with a temperature of 74 ° C and 77 ° C. The bathing was built in 1913 in the style of Narokokko. In the city park Budapest there are circus, a zoo, a few museums and the famous restaurant "Gundel".
Embankment Danube
At the embankment there are interesting buildings, such as the Vigado Concert Hall, Grass Palace (now the hotel "Four Seasons"), a statue of a girl in a carnival costume. Building Vigado is the second in size by the concert hall of Budapest. Built on the project of Architect Friddlez Feslav in 1859. The Vigado Hall was built on the site of another concert hall, destroyed during a fire in 1848. The building was seriously damaged during World War II. Recovery occupied 36 years. In 2006, the facade was renovated. The Pesta Panorama of the Danube is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The chain bridge of the section (opened in 1849) was the world's largest architectural achievement of his time.
Mount Hellert.
It is worth paying attention to the bathing of the hotel "Gellert", a monument to gellete, a chapel in a cave, a citadel and a monument of freedom. Initially, the monument was devoted to the liberation of Budapest by the Soviet army. In the early 90s of the XX century, the figure of the liberator was removed from the composition.
The mountain is named after St. Herard Hungarian (St. Gellert) (OK 977, Venice - 1046, Budapest), cross Hungarians, and killed by the barbaric way: he was rebelled from the aforementioned mountain in a barrel, covered with nails and drowning in the Danube. Bathing "Gellert" were built in 1912-1918. In the style of sessesion (ar-nouvo). Bathing includes swimming pools with hot mineral water and sauna. In the outdoor pool, artificial waves are created every 10 minutes. Medical services and therapeutic massage are available.
Central Market and Bridge of Freedom
The Central Market (NagycSarnok) is located in the IX district and is the largest market of the city. On the market you can find a large selection of vegetables, fruits, cheese and meat. The roof was renovated and tiled Zholnai.
The Liberty Bridge (Szabadság Híd) leads from Pest to the foot of the Gellert Mountain in Buda - from the Gellert Square to the building of the Central Market. The bridge was built in 1896 on the project Janosa Feketehazi. Bridge - chain type. The bridge was opened in the presence of Franz Joseph Austro-Hungary emperor and was named after him. Length of the bridge - 336 m, width - 20 m.
Square Heroes
Heroes Square is one of the main squares of the city. She is at the end of Andrassy Avenue, next to the city park. The area is framed by two buildings: the museum of fine arts on the left and exhibition hall of Müchanok on the right. The Square is the Embassy of Serbia (before - the Embassy of Yugoslavia, where in 1956 the head of the uprising Imre Naga was hidden). The central part of the area is occupied by the 1000th anniversary of the homeland acquisition with the statues of Hungary leaders from the IX century and others. Significant figures of Hungarian history. The monument was laid in 1896 and was completed in 1929. The length of the column - 85 m. The height of the central column, crowned with the image of the Archangel Gabriel, is 36 m. The center is the sculpture of the leader of the Hungarian tribes - Arpad (the work of the sculptor Diefloy). On June 16, 1989, 250,000 people gathered on the square to reburial the remains of Imre Nadia (executed in June 1958).
Big Synagogue on Dohan Street and Holocaust Museum
A large synagogue on Dohan Street is the largest in Europe and the second in the world. It accommodates up to 3,000 praying. The length of the building is 75 m, width - 27 m. The synagogue was built in 1854-1859. In the Mauritan style for the project of architect Ludwig Förster. The interior was performed on the Fridesh Fales project. The square in front of the synagogue is the name of Theodore Herzl, who was born in the house, on the spot where the Jewish Museum of Budapest is now.
Raul Wallenberg Memorial Park in the courtyard of the synagogue is devoted to the memory of 600 thousand Hungarian Jews who died during the Holocaust. In the center of the Memorial, a metal tree was installed (weaving IVA), on the leaves of which the names of the dead were knocked out.
Houses of Parliament
Seven years after the climbing Buda, Pest and the exit, in 1880, the State Assembly decided to build the Parliament Building to emphasize the sovereign right of the Hungarian nation. A competition was announced, who won the architect Imre Stendl, but some ideas of two other contest participants were also implemented - in the building of the Ethnographic Museum and in the Department of Agriculture. In 1885, construction began, the first meeting of the State Assembly was held in the building in 1896, during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the acquisition of the Motherland. The construction of the parliament was completed only in 1906. It should be noted that by the time the construction of the project is the architect of the project. Thousands of people worked on construction, 40 million bricks and 40 kg of gold were used. Like the building of the British Parliament, the building style is neogenic. The building covers an area of \u200b\u200b18000 m². The length of the building is 268 m, the width is 123 m. Its interior includes 10 courtyards, 13 elevators, 27 gates, 29 stairs and 691 rooms. The height of the building is 96 m, it is one of the highest in the city. The main facade is addressed to the Danube. The facade placed the sculptures of the Hungarian kings and leaders. (total 88). The main entrance ("Lion gates") goes to the Square of Lyosh Koshut.
Basilica St. Ishthan
Basilica St. Istvana (Weng. Szent István-Bazilika) is named after the first king of Hungary Ishthan. The construction of the cathedral began in 1851 under the leadership of the architect Jozhef Hilda. After his death, the construction of the cathedral was led by Miklash Ibl. Construction was completed in 1905. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Cathedral is 4730 m², the diameter of the dome is 22 m, and the height is 96 m. Along with the building of the parliament, Basilica is the highest building of the city. In the basilica there is a chapel with relics (Desna) St. Ishthan and stained glass windows with Hungarian saints.
Freedom Square
Not far from the Naberezhnye Danube and the Parliament Buildings is the Freedom Square (Venge. Szabadság Tér). On the square there are buildings of the Hungarian radio television company, the US Embassy and the National Bank. In the center of the square there is a monument to the warriors of the Soviet Army, which fell during the liberation of Budapest from fascism.
Waci Street
Wazi Street (Veng. Váci UTCA) is the heart of the city. Street begins at the pl. Wölshmarti and ends at the Furum Square (near the Central Market). On the street there are many shops and restaurants (for example, cafe Gerbo). On many facades of buildings there are cast iron decorations and mosaic.
Neighborhood Budapest
One of the most interesting places in the vicinity of Budapest is the town of Centendre (Venge. Szentendre), located in the Uzmitne Danube. The distance to Budapest is 20 km away. The city is a colony of artists and masters of applied art. The settlement in this place existed already in the times of ancient Rome, it was called Ulcisia Castra (Wolf Fortress). In 214, he was attended by Emperor Karkalla. In the XVII century, refugees from Serbia settled in the city. Currently, the Serbian community, Orthodox Church, is currently in Spender. Of particular interest is the Museum of Marzipan, in which you can see sculptures from marzipans and chocolate and the process of making candies.
Budapest - Resort City
Budapest is the only capital of the European state - the resort thanks to numerous hot mineral sources. The remains of the Roman Couples of the II century were found within the city. However, the Culture of Culture began to truly develop only during the Turkish invasion in the XVI-XVII centuries. 26 purchased in Budapest. The largest - "sechens", "Gellert", "Kirai" and "Rudash"
Famous residents of Budapest
Ignac Embrellas - (Him. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis; July 1, 1818, Buda - August 13, 1865, near Vienna) - Austrian Medic
Theodore Herzl - (Heodor Herzl; May 2, 1860 Budapest - July 3, 1904 Edlah, Austria, buried in Jerusalem) - Austrian writer of Jewish origin, journalist. The founder of the ideology of Zionism. Israel is more known as Benjamin Zzeev Herzl (IvR. בנימין-זאב הרצל)
Dieurd Lukach (Weng. Lukács György; April 13, 1885, Budapest - June 4, 1971, Paris) - Hungarian philosopher and literary critic, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Bela Bokok - (Weng. Bartók Béla, March 25, 1881, Nadsentmiclos, Transylvania, - September 26, 1945, New York) - Hungarian composer, pianist and musicologist-folkloride
Ferenz Pushkash - (Venge. Puskás Ferenc, April 2, 1927, Budapest - November 17, 2006, Ibid) - Famous Hungarian football player
George Soros (GEORGE Soros) - (Eng. George Soros, Weng. Soros György; 1930) - American financier, investor and philanthropist. Supporter of the theory of an open society and an opponent of "Market Fundamentalism".
Erno Rubik (Weng. Rubik Ernő, born. July 13, 1944 - Hungarian inventor, sculptor, professor of architecture. Known as the inventor of the Rubik Cube
Eugene Wigner (Weng. Wigner Pál Jenő; November 17, 1902, Budapest - January 1, 1995, Princeton) - Hungarian physicist and mathematician, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963
