Antonyms - what are they? Antonyms Action antonym.

Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “ speak" - "be silent".

Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

Proper names, pronouns, and numerals do not have antonyms.

1Typology of antonymic relations

2Antonyms in poetry

3Sm. Also

4Notes

5Literature

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contradictory correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead.

contrarian correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one entity in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.

vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.

Conversions are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.

enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: lend someone money - borrow money from someone, surround someone with tea - treat and not treat.

pragmatic - words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

According to the structure, antonyms are:

different roots (forward - back);

single-root - formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);

contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - half copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.

In terms of action, antonyms are:

proportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poor);

disproportionate - action and lack of action (in a broad sense) (light - extinguish, think - change your mind).

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech with opposite lexical meanings.

Word antonym came from the Greek. anti- against + onyma- Name.

Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast.

Example:

hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close

Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.

Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

Example:

soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sudden movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.

Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.

The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes Not-,without-,anti-,counter- and etc.

Example:

experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution

Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Example:

You rich, I am very poor; You prose writer, I poet; You blushI am like the color of poppies, I am like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)

This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.

Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum meaningful unit of language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of language (morphemes and words):

when replacing one phoneme with another, you get a different word (<д>om -<т>ohm);

changing the order of phonemes will also result in a different word (<сон> - <нос>);

when you remove a phoneme, you will also get another word (i.e.<р>he is the tone).

The term “phoneme” in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N.V. Krushevsky and I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay who worked in Kazan (after Krushevsky’s early death, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed out its priority).

The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, speech sounds are infinitely varied; a sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, stressed [á]). However, while all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly recognize and distinguish words, the sound [á] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.

Phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays an important role in solving such practical problems as developing alphabets, spelling principles, etc.

The minimal unit of sign languages was previously called a chireme.

In meaning, but words belonging to the same part of speech. They have different spellings and sounds. It is very easy to determine the meaning of one antonym through another; it is enough to give it the form of negation. For example, a direct antonym for the word talking is not being silent, sad is not cheerful and so on. In this article we will take a closer look at the concept of “antonyms” and find out their types.

General information

Due to the richness of the Russian language, there are many nuances and subtleties in any part of speech. It is not without reason that numerous textbooks on linguistics are studied in schools and some higher educational institutions.

It is noteworthy that due to polysemy, antonyms of the same word differ in different contexts. For example: old boar - young boar, old car - new car, old cheese - fresh cheese and so on.
Not every lexical unit has antonyms. For example, words do not have them sew, institute, book and so on.
The main feature is the opposition of words that can mean:

signs of an object ( smart - stupid, evil - good);
social and natural phenomena ( talent - mediocrity, heat - cold);
states and actions ( disassemble - collect, forget - remember).

Types of antonyms

They vary in structure.

Single-root antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning, but have the same root. For example: love - dislike, progress - regression. They are formed by attaching prefixes (not-, without/s-, re-, de-, and so on).
Different-root antonyms are words that are polar in meaning and have different roots. For example: big - small, black - white.

In turn, the first type is also divided into: antonyms-euphemisms (loyally express the opposite, difference, for example: significant - insignificant) and enantiosemes (express opposition with the same word, for example: view(in the sense of seeing) and view(in the sense of skipping).

Another group is also distinguished: contextual antonyms are words that differ in meaning only in a specific case. For example, in the author's performance: she had not the eyes- A eyes.

The meaning of antonyms is as follows.

Opposite: they denote the polarity of actions, phenomena or signs. As a rule, between such antonyms you can put a word with a neutral meaning: joy- apathy - sad, positive- indifference - negative.
Vector: they denote multidirectional actions: put on - take off, open - close.
Contradictory: indicate the polarity of objects, phenomena and signs, each of which excludes the other. It is impossible to put a neutral word between them: right left.

Functions of antonyms

In a sentence, antonyms play a stylistic role and are used to make speech more expressive. They are often used as an antithesis (opposition, contrast). Example: “He who was nobody will become everything.” Sometimes antonyms form an oxymoron (combining the incompatible). Example: "Hot Snow", "Living Corpse".

Antonyms are widely used not only in the titles of works, but also in proverbs and sayings.

Antonyms are words, belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.

One part of speech is not the only condition under which words of opposite meaning can be called antonyms. There must be some common feature between these words. That is, both concepts must describe a feeling, or time, or space, or quality and quantity - and in this case they will be antonyms.

Examples of antonyms.

Let's look at this definition with examples.

Antonym for the word "Before".

The antonym for the word “before” is the word "now". Both words are adverbs - “when? before" and "when? now". Both of them are united by a common feature - a description of time. But while the word “formerly” describes a situation or event that took place sometime in the past, the word “now” refers to the present. Thus, the words are opposite in meaning and are antonyms.

Antonym for the word "Friendly".

The antonym for the word "friendly" is the word "unfriendly". Both concepts refer to the same part of speech - adverb. As the rule requires, they are united by a common feature - that is, they describe an emotional tone. But if the word “friendly” denotes joy and pleasure (for example, from someone’s presence), then “unfriendly” has the exact opposite meaning - someone whose appearance or speech is characterized by this word is clearly not happy about anything.

Antonym for the word "Tears".

The antonym for the word “tears” is the word “laughter.” Both concepts are nouns; they both describe an emotional action. But if in the first case the emotion is clearly negative - tears of grief, tears of sadness, tears of pain - then the word “laughter” means joy, happiness and fun. The words are opposite in meaning - and therefore are antonyms.

Other popular antonyms.

Below we provide a list of words and their antonyms.

The word “Synonym”, antonym – “Antonym”.
The word “Interesting”, the antonym is “Boring”.
The word “Wind”, the antonym is “Silence”.
The word “Find”, the antonym is “Lose”.
The word “Fresh”, the antonym is “Spoiled, stale.”
The word “Beautiful”, the antonym is “Disgusting, terrible.”
The word “Snow”, the antonym is “Rain”.
The word “Waited”, the antonym is “Sudden, unexpected”.
The word “Neatly”, the antonym is “Carelessly”.
The word “Sun”, the antonym is “Moon”.
The word “Day”, the antonym is “Night”.
The word “Fast”, the antonym is “slow”.

We hope you now know what an antonym is.

Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent.

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contradictory correlates- such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead.
contrarian correlates- antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.
vector correlates- antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
conversions- words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find.
enantiosemy- the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: lend someone money - borrow money from someone, surround someone with tea - treat and not treat.
pragmatic- words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

According to the structure, antonyms are:

multi-rooted(back and forth);
single-rooted- are formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

linguistic(usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
speech(occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - half copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.

In terms of action, antonyms are:

proportionate- action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poor);
disproportionate- action and lack of action (in a broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - reconsider).

Antonyms, or words with opposite meanings, have become the subject of linguistic analysis relatively recently, and interest in the study of Russian and Tatar antonymy is growing noticeably. This is evidenced by the emergence of a number of special linguistic studies on antonymy and dictionaries of antonyms.

Antonyms in poetry

Here we are entering August, oh,
don't go to the forest rare, and in thick,
where is Judas from the aspen tree?
hung without a murmur and moved away.
August is more tangled than a knot,
How good in captivity evil,
he has flowers under his feet,
often similar to running boards.

Notes

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Synonyms
Anthem of Bulgaria

See what “Antonyms” are in other dictionaries:

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Antonyms - what are they? Antonyms Action antonym.

Typology of antonymic relations

Examples of antonyms.

Antonym for the word "Before".

Antonym for the word "Friendly".

Antonym for the word "Tears".

Other popular antonyms.

Antonyms in poetry

see also

Notes

See what “Antonyms” are in other dictionaries: