Types of folklore. Types of Russian Folklore

The topic of oral folk art in Russian literature is unusually diverse, there are numerous genres and types of folklore. All of them have been shaped gradually, as a result of the life and creative activity of the people extended for several hundred years. Currently there are specific types of folklore in the literature. Oral folk art is the unique layer of knowledge, on the basis of which thousands of classical works were built.

Interpretation of the term

Folklore is an oral folk creativity, endowed with ideological depth, highly artistic qualities, to him include all poetic, prosaic genres, customs and traditions, accompanied by verbal artistic creativity. Folk genres are classified in different ways, but mostly allocated several genre groups:

1. Labor songs - formed in the process of work, for example, sowing, plowing, and hay. Present a variety of croutons, signals, tunes, side facilities, songs.
2. Calendar folklore - conspiracies, signs.
3. Wedding folklore.
4. Funeral inflation, recruit bias.
5. The non-stop folklore is small folklore genres, proverbs, affection, signs and sayings.
6. Oral prose - legends, legends, fastching and visuals.
7. Children's folklore - Pestushki, sweepers, lullabies.
8. Song Epos (heroic) - epics, poems, songs (historical, military, spiritual).
9. Artistic creativity - Magic, household fairy tales and fairy tales about animals, ballads, romances, chastushki.
10. Folk Theater - Raek, Vertips, Radiation, Presentations with dolls.

Consider the most common types of popular folklore in more detail.

Labor Songs

This is a song genre, whose distinctive feature is mandatory support of the employment process. Labor songs are a way to organize collective, social work, asking rhythm with a simple melody and text. For example: "Wow, doubt more friendly to become more fun." Such songs were helped to start and finish the work, they fucked the working friend and were spiritual assistants in the serious physical work of the people.

Calendar Folklore

This type of oral folk creativity belongs to the ritual traditions of the calendar cycle. The life of a peasant working on Earth is inextricably linked with weather conditions. That is why there was a huge number of rites, which were committed to attract good luck, well-being, a large range of livestock, successful agriculture, etc. The most honored calendar holidays were considered Christmas, Maslenitsa, Easter, Baptism and Trinity. Each celebration was accompanied by songs, shallows, conspiracies and ritual actions. Recall the famous custom of singing songs blocks on the night before Merry Christmas: "Footage is not a misfortune, a wheelchair is knocking into the house. Christmas to the house goes, many joy is carrying. "

Wedding folklore

In each separate location, there were their types of folk folklore, but they were mainly due to the sentences and songs. Wedding folklore includes song genres that accompanied three main rituals: walling, farewell to parents with the bride and wedding celebration. For example: "Your product, our merchant, just a miracle well done!" The ritual of the bride's transfer to the bride was very colorful and always accompanied both long and short fun songs. At the wedding of the song, they did not stop the song, they mourned a holly life, wanted love and family well-being.

Non-stop folklore (small genres)

This group of oral folk art includes all kinds of small genres of folklore. However, such a classification is ambiguous. For example, many of the species belong to the children's folklore, such as Pestushki, Lullaby, Riddles, Pestes, Teases, etc. At the same time, some researchers share all folk genres into two groups: calendar and unjugible.

Consider the most popular types of small genres of folklore.

The proverb is a rhythmized expression, a wise saying that is generalized thought and has a conclusion.

Signs are a brief verse or an expression that tells about those signs that will help predict natural phenomena, weather.

The saying is phrase, often with a humorous bias, illuminating the phenomenon of life, the situation.

The sentence is a small verse-appeal to the phenomena of nature, living beings surrounding objects.

Speaking - a small phrase, often rhymed, with difficult words for pronunciation, is designed to improve diction.

Oral prose

Oral prose includes the following types of Russian folklore.

Traditions - a story about historical events in folk retelling. Heroes of legends are soldiers, kings, prince, etc.

Legends - myths, epic narrations about the heroic exploits, people who have received honors and glory, as a rule, this genre is endowed with Paphos.

Byilichki - small stories that tell about the hero meeting with any "evil spirits", real cases from the life of a narrator or his acquaintances.

Casuals - a summary of the actually happened once and with someone, while the narrator is not a witness

Children's folklore

This genre is represented by a variety of forms - poetic, songs. Types of children's folklore - what accompanied the child from birth before his growing.

Pestushki-corded poems or songs accompanying the very first days of the newborn. With the help of them, nursed, children were singing, for example: "sings, sowing a sleepwashushka, pretty, and fitting."

Pestees - small municipal poems designed to play with babies.

Palegushki, strikes,

Rotok - talks,

Handles - wrapped,

Feet-waders.

Schelli - poetic, song handling nature, animal. For example: "Summer Red, Come, Introducing Heat Break".

Supported - a small poem-fairy tale, a child, a short narrative of the environment.

Lullabies - short songs that flew parents for the night of a child for lulling.

Riddle - poetic or prosaic proposals requiring attenuation.

Other types of children's folklore are counted, teasers and non-residents. They are extremely popular and in our time.

Song Epos.

The heroic epos demonstrates the most ancient types of folklore, he talks about events that occurred in a song form.

The epic - an old song, told in a solemn, but leisurely style. He glorifies the heroes and tells about their heroic exploits for the benefit of the state, the Fatherland of Russian. About Dobryna Nikitaych, Volga Buslaivaich and others.

Historical songs - some transformation of the epic genre, where the style of presentation is less eloquent, but the poetic form of the narrative is preserved. For example, "Song of the mean Oleg".

Artistic creativity

The epic and song genres, created in the spirit of people, artistic creativity, entered this group.

The fairy tale is a brief or long epic story, one of the most common genres of oral folk creativity about fictional events, heroes. All this folklore, the types of fairy tales in it are found as follows: Magic, domestic and reflect those ideas about the world, good, evil, life, death, nature that existed in the folk medium. For example, good always wins evil, and in the world there are wonderful mythical creatures.

Ballads - poetic songs, genre of song and musical creativity.

Jokes are a special kind of epic narration of comic situations from the life of people. Originally existed not in the form in which we know them. These were stories finished in meaning.

Escape - a brief story of impossible, incredible events, what was invention from beginning to end.

A chastushka is a small song, usually quadruples with humorous content telling about events, incident situations.

Folklore Theater.

Street ideas were very common among the people, the plots were various genres for them, but most often a dramatic nature.

Verp - a kind of dramatic work, intended for the street puppet theater.

Rajak is a type of picture theater, adaptation in the form of a box with replacing drawings, told stories at the same time reflected oral species of folklore.

The presented classification is most common among researchers. However, it is worth understanding that the types of Russian folklore mutually complement each other, and sometimes do not fit into the generally accepted classification. Therefore, when studying the issue, a simplified version is most often used, where only 2 groups of genres - ritual and non-stop folklore are distinguished.