The textbook, aimed at developing students' skills in modern English oral and written speech, in accordance with the course program, consists of five sections, each of which contains thematically selected texts, situationally oriented dialogues, cultural notes, grammatical reference material, exercises; At the end of the book there is a short English-Russian dictionary.
For students of secondary vocational educational institutions. It may also be useful for school students and teachers.

Sales Tax.
Cities and states in the USA have the right to charge an additional percentage of the cost of some goods.
In most places, the sales tax is from 5 to 10 per cent of the price of goods you buy. You should pay the sales tax for many non-food items, such as technical equipment, books, records, household products, appliances, cameras and films. You will pay a sales tax for prepared food, for example, when you are in a restaurant. You must remember that the prices listed on items in stores do not include sales tax - a cashier will add it to your bill.

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“PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION A. P. Golubev, A. P. KorzhAvy, and. b. Smirnova English for technical specialties ENGLISH for TECHNICAL COLLEGES textbook...”

-- [ Page 1 ] --

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

A. P. Golubev, A. P. KorzhAvyy,

And. b. SmirnovA

English language

for technical

Federal State Autonomous Institution

"Federal Institute for Educational Development" (FSAU "FIRO")

as a tutorial to use

in the educational process of educational institutions,

implementing vocational training programs in all technical specialties

4th edition, stereotypical UDC 802.0(075.32) BBK 84.2Eng-9ya723 G621

Authors:

A. P. Golubev - general edition, section II (theoretical material);

A. P. Korzhavy - section II (practical part), section III;

I. B. Smirnova - sections I and IV

REVIEWERS:

Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages, Kaluga Branch of Moscow State Technical University named after. N.E. Bauman I.V. Zhuravleva;

teacher of the Kaluga Technical School of Electronic Devices O. I. Ievleva Golubev A. P.

English for technical specialties= G621 English for Technical Colleges: textbook for students. institutions prof. education / A. P. Golubev, A. P. Korzhavyi, I. B. Smirnova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2014. - 208 p.

ISBN 978-5-4468-0713-0 The textbook was created in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of Secondary Vocational Education in Technical Specialties, OSSE.03 “Foreign Language”.

It presents the main commonly used conversational topics, dialogues and tasks for them. An accessible presentation of the basics of phonetics and grammar in Russian, the presence of exercises for training allows you to use the textbook for beginners. A separate section - “Professional activity of a specialist” - consists of topics directly related to the future work of graduates of an educational institution.

For students of secondary vocational education institutions.

UDC 802.0 (075.32) BBK 81.2Eng-9ya723 The original layout of this publication is the property of the Publishing Center "Academy", and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Golubev A.P., Korzhavyi A.P., Smirnova I.B. , 2012 © Educational and Publishing Center "Academy", 2012 ISBN 978-5-4468-0713-0 © Design. Publishing center "Academy", 2012

PREFACE

This textbook was created in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard and the foreign language program in technical specialties for institutions of secondary specialized education.

A foreign language for technical specialties in the classifier approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation belongs to the cycle of general humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines (OGSE).

The textbook consists of four sections.

Based on the fact that one of the training requirements is the development of basic communication skills, the authors considered it necessary to start the textbook with a short introductory and remedial phonetic course, since correct pronunciation is one of the essential conditions of communication.

The next section, “Fundamentals of Practical Grammar,” contains brief theoretical information, test questions on the main topics of grammar, educational texts and exercises for them.

The authors considered it inappropriate to extend the study of grammar throughout the entire course. In their opinion, it is better to give a fairly brief and complete picture of English grammar from the very beginning, which can later be supplemented with the necessary details.

The third section, “Professional activity of a specialist,” examines topics directly related to the future work of graduates of an educational institution. The main goal of this block is to develop the ability to conduct conversations on professional topics and read specialized literature. Each topic repeats grammatical phenomena studied in the previous block.

In the fourth section, “Business English,” instead of tasks from previous blocks related to general everyday or special topics, students are given narrower business tasks.

The material in all sections is divided into lessons for greater convenience. The concept of “lesson” here is thematic, i.e. it unites a certain range of issues, and does not at all mean “one hour”

or “one lesson.” The specific number of hours allocated to each lesson can be determined by the teacher, taking into account the whole and the level of preparedness of the group.

SECTION I

INTRODUCTORY-CORRECTIVE

PHONETICS COURSE

–  –  –

There are 44 sounds in the English language (12 vowels, 24 consonants and 8 so-called diphthongs, that is, sounds consisting of two vowel elements). Please note: the number of sounds is not equal to the number of letters of the English alphabet, of which there are 26!

–  –  –

Transcription is the designation of sounds with conventional signs.

In this case, each transcription sign corresponds to one sound.

Transcription is usually written in square brackets.

International transcription signs

–  –  –

Main features of English articulation and pronunciation Before starting to work with individual sounds of the English language, let us note some differences between English articulation and Russian.

1. The British do not articulate vigorously with their lips, do not round them strongly, do not stretch or protrude.

2. In a neutral position, Russians’ lips are more relaxed, the corners of their lips are lowered. The British have more tense lips and the corners of the lips are raised, which slightly resembles a smile.

3. When articulating English consonants, the tongue is moved back more, and is in a lower and flatter position than when articulating Russian consonants. Therefore, they are not softened and pronounced firmly, with the exception of: [S], [Z], , , and also [l] before the vowels i, e, u.

4. When pronouncing English vowels, the tongue is often in the back. oral cavity, and when pronouncing Russian - mainly in the front.

This leads to some characteristic features of the sounds of the English language.

Vowels

1. Vowels of the English language, unlike Russian ones, are divided according to quantitative criteria into long and short. Long vowels are pronounced more intensely than short ones. For example: [I] - , live - leave . But not all short vowels have a paired long sound.

2. Diphthongs and vowels are characterized by sliding articulation from one element to another. There are no such sounds in the Russian language.

Reduction of vowel sounds

In English, as well as in Russian, an unstressed vowel sound is pronounced indistinctly: either the quality of the vowel changes, or its length is reduced, or the sound is completely dropped: interval ['Int@v@l], pencil ['pens@l], begin , nickel , away [@'weI].

Consonants

1. English voiceless consonants are pronounced more energetically than Russian ones.

2. For English speech, the distinction between final voiceless and voiced consonants is important, since it is semantic. For example:

cap - cab leaf - leave back - bag hat - had One of the most common mistakes Russian students make is deafening English final voiced consonants.

3. Consonants [t], [d] and nasal [n] in English are pronounced with the tip of the tongue on the alveoli, and not on the upper teeth, like Russian [t, d, n].

4. Voiceless consonants [p], [t], [k] are pronounced aspirated.

The usual unaspirated [p] in Russian in English can in some cases make it difficult to understand. Aspiration [p], [t], [k] is noticeable before the long vowel of a stressed syllable.

With a preceding [s], these sounds are pronounced almost without aspiration:

park - speak tea - stay course - skate

Accent

In English, just like in Russian, the stress in a word can fall on different syllables. Stress in transcription is indicated by the sign (’), which is placed before the beginning of the syllable: possible [’ps@b@l], impossible.

In English polysyllabic words there can be two stresses of varying strength: main and secondary. The icon for the main stress is placed at the top, and the secondary stress at the bottom: possibility ["ps@’bIlItI].

Many English words have two main stresses: fifteen [’fIf’tn], ice-cream [’aIs’krm], to get up.

Stress in English, as well as in Russian, performs a different function between some verbs and nouns:

contact - to contact; interact contact [’knt(kt] - contact; interaction

In English, stress can be used to distinguish between phrases and compound words:

blackboard [’bl(kbd] - blackboard black board [’bl(k ’bd] - black board

–  –  –

1. Declarative sentences usually use a descending tone:

I feel well.

2. In incentive sentences expressing an order or prohibition, a descending tone is used:

3. In incentive sentences expressing a request, a rising tone is used:

Spell the word, please.

4. Exclamatory sentences are pronounced with a descending tone:

–  –  –

1. In a general question, a rising tone is usually used:

[(m aI leIt] Is he busy?

2. In an alternative question, the first part is pronounced with a rising tone, the second with a falling tone:

Is it Thursday or Friday?

3. A special question is pronounced with a descending tone:

4. In dissected questions, the narrative part of the sentence is pronounced with a descending tone, the interrogative part with a rising tone:

The room isn’t light, is it?

If the speaker does not doubt the correctness of his statement, he speaks with a descending tone:

Peter is eight, isn’t he?

Lesson 1 Sounds and letters: Front vowels. Consonants Text: Family Front vowels Let's start learning the sounds of the English language with the front vowels (the tongue is in front), [I], [e], [()].

The long vowel is a wider, more open sound than Russian [i]. This means that the middle back of the tongue rises to the hard palate somewhat less than for Russian. The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the lips stretch, slightly exposing the teeth.

Example: eat [t] [I] The position of the speech organs is approximately the same as for, but the middle back of the tongue curves upward a little less. The desired shade of sound lies between Russian [i] and [e].

Example: bit [e] The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth. The middle back of the tongue bends forward and upward, but not as high as for [I]. The corners of the lips are pulled to the sides. The mouth opens a little wider than for [I].

Example: egg [()] Traditionally considered a short vowel. But in the words sad, bad, bag, jam, man it sounds long. The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the front of the tongue lies lower than for [e]. The distance between the jaws is wide. This sound lies between Russian [e] and stressed [a] before a soft consonant.

Example: ax [(ks]

–  –  –

Noisy stops [p], [b] The lips are more tense than for Russian [p] and [b], and are slightly stretched. They close tightly for a moment, immediately open, and the air escapes noisily ([p] before a long stressed vowel is accompanied by aspiration).

Examples: pen, boot [t], [d] With English [t], [d], the tongue moves back and its tip touches the alveoli. With Russian [t] and [d], he touches the upper front teeth ([t] is accompanied by aspiration).

Examples: tent, dog

–  –  –

[T], [D] The tip of the tongue is loosely pressed against the cutting edge of the upper incisors, but can also be placed between the front upper and lower teeth. These sounds are not “whistling”, like Russian [s], [z], but “lisping”.

Examples: thin, then [s], [z] In English [s], [z] the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli, the tongue moves slightly back (in Russian [s] and [z] it is lowered). Therefore, [s], [z] have a less whistling character than the corresponding Russian ones.

The lips are slightly rounded.

Examples: sack, zoo [z] [S], [Z] When articulating [S], [Z], only the front part of the tongue rises: its tip - to the posterior slope of the alveoli, and the middle back - to the hard palate; whereas with Russian [ш], [ж] the back of the tongue also rises. Therefore, [S], [Z] have a softer color than [w], [z]. The lips are slightly extended and rounded.

Examples: ship, garage ['g(rZ], The stop beginning goes into the gap. Such sounds are called affricates. They should be pronounced more firmly than Russian [h]: the back of the tongue does not rise so high to the palate. When pronouncing, a voice is added to this articulation.

Examples: chair [е@], jug [g] [h] A guttural sound formed by the friction of an air stream against close but not tense vocal cords. When setting [h], you need to start with the structure of the tongue for the subsequent vowel and then give this vowel an aspirated beginning. The back of the tongue does not rise to the palate, as with Russian [x].

Example: hat Sonants Nasals [m], [n], (soft palate lowered) [m] Compared to Russian [m], in English [m] the closed lips are more tense and slightly stretched. The air stream passes through the nose.

Example: mail [n] The tongue is moved back somewhat, the blunt end is pressed against the alveoli, but not lowered, as with Russian [n].

Example: nest To make the sound, it is recommended to inhale through your nose with your mouth wide open. And while maintaining this position, give a voice as you inhale. When the back of the tongue closes with a lowered soft palate. The tip of the tongue is lowered.

Example: king Slit sonants [l], [j], [w], [r] [l] The tip of the tongue is pressed tightly against the alveoli, whereas with Russian [l], [l’] it is pressed against the inner surface of the upper teeth. At the end of words and before consonants, a harder shade [l] is pronounced. Hard [l] is pronounced softer than [l]. Soft [l] is pronounced harder than [l’].

Example: log [j] The middle back of the tongue rises to the hard palate a little less than for Russian [th]. Therefore, it has much less noise than Russian. The lips are stretched, the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth.

Example: yacht [w] There is no such sound in Russian. The tense lips are strongly rounded and moved forward somewhat, forming a narrow round slit, and immediately move to the position required for the next vowel. You must make sure that the lower lip does not touch the upper teeth, otherwise you will get [v].

Example: well [r] English [r] is pronounced with the tip of the tongue close to the alveoli. The lips are slightly rounded. Only between vowels and after [T], [D], when pronouncing [r], the tip of the tongue contacts the alveoli, producing one blow.

Example: rag EXERCISES

–  –  –

1. What is phonetic transcription?

2. What classes of sounds are distinguished in the English language?

3. What are the main features of the pronunciation of English vowels?

4. What are the main features of the pronunciation of English consonants?

5. What are the features of stress in English?

6. What intonation is typical for narrative, exclamatory, and incentive sentences?

7. What intonation is typical for different types of interrogative sentences?

HOME TASK

1. Write in spelling the words from the lesson text, written down in transcription.

[S] [h] , , , [’verI], , [’sev@n], , , [’prItI], , , , , [’bIzI]

2. Translate into English and read aloud.

Small, neat, happy, sad, big. He teaches. He eats. He drinks. He is talking. He helps.

3. Write out words with stressed vowels [I], , [e], [()] from the lesson text in four columns.

4. Learn any two short stories from the lesson text.

–  –  –

Back vowels (the tongue is behind) include: , , , , , [V], [u], [:], [@].

Example: all [l] The back of the tongue is curved towards the soft palate a little less than for . The lips are slightly rounded, but do not protrude.

Example: ox Vowels of the back row advanced forward (the tongue is not moved so far):

, , [V], [:], [@] The vowel is similar to the Russian sound [a] in an unstressed position.

The rise of the tongue is medium, the tip of the tongue is located behind the base of the lower teeth. Lips stretched.

Example: cup English is not as deep as Russian [u]. The tongue is pulled back further than with. A significant space remains behind the lowered tip of the tongue. The rise of the tongue is high. The mouth is not open wide. The lips are strongly rounded, but protrude slightly.

Example: moon [V] The tongue is not pulled back as far as for . But there is also a significant space left from the tip of the tongue to the lower teeth. The rise of the tongue is high. The lips are noticeably rounded, but hardly protrude forward.

Example: look [:] There is no such sound in the Russian language. The tongue is raised, but the back is flat. The tip of the tongue is lowered. The corners of the tense lips are stretched. The teeth are barely visible. The mouth opening is narrow.

Example: earn [:n] [@] This vowel is called neutral. It is heard only in an unstressed position. It has a different timbre, depending on its position in the word.

Sometimes it may appear:

– in final position close to: drama

– in other positions it resembles [@]: perform

–  –  –

[a:], , , [:):l"redi], , , , , lf:):t], [:):) ], , , , , , ["hlzb.-шd] ["tз: n;:J], ["wз:k;:J], ["ыst;:J], [fldr;:Jn] ["vil;:J], [blu:], ["bju:t1bl], [~ndru:], Translate and read aloud.

Small (in size), beautiful, red, black, green, blue, tall (about a person), low, large (numerous), already, too, in total, very.

–  –  –

A diphthong consists of two vowel elements, but is pronounced with one accent and forms one syllable.

English diphthongs have stress on the first vowel, the second is pronounced weaker and less distinct. The length of the diphthong is equal to the long vowel.

–  –  –

Read the tongue twisters.

Not zealously sought to sell the snake to the zoo.

This is a thick stick. ["o1s IZ ;) "81k "st1k]

1.11. Read the phrases there is (there is, there is - singular) and there are (there are, there are - plural) in different forms (narrative, interrogative, negative). These phrases are very common in English. They should be remembered well right away.

–  –  –

1.3. After closing the transcription, read the examples aloud.

Read the columns of words horizontally. Pay attention to the alternation of vowels.

–  –  –

In this lesson you will learn how to create and design a business card.

Read aloud, using transcription, samples up to 2.1.

documents and the words needed to complete them.

The following symbols are used on a business card:

a) addresses:

–  –  –

PhD Doctor of Philosophy ["dukt;: ;:v "fr"lus;:fr] Doctor of Philosophy DSc Doctor of Science ["dukt;: ;:v "sar;:ns] Doctor of Natural or Exact Sciences LitD Doctor of Letters [ "dukt;: ;:v "let;:z] Doctor of Philology The formatting of an address in English does not coincide with the form to which they are accustomed in Russia.

Compare:

–  –  –

When writing Russian titles and names, use the rules of transliteration. Transliteration is the replacement of letters of the Russian alphabet with corresponding letters or combinations of letters of the English alphabet.

The letter correspondence table is as follows:

–  –  –

Read the words, taking into account the type of syllable or vowel position 3.

nogo in letter combination.

Cat, we, week, term, plan, weak, plane, hate, wet, West, East, card, play, not, Spain, her, gulf, part, jump, team, tune, herd, eat, yard, bum, hair, hare, seem, nor, pure, North, stream, hop, here, serve, loss, sphere, went, share, dune, hut, fair, mend, disk, nice, cry, tone, note, early, sing, sun, fire, skirt, use, cord, forge, gentle, dress, meet, eam, hurt, simple, single, since, cure, pearl, dure, shirt.

Write the words above in transcription.

–  –  –

The previous lesson said that reading vowels is mainly determined by the type of syllable. However, when combined with certain consonants, the vowels can be read in a special way. The table shows the most common such combinations.

–  –  –

Read colloquial expressions containing reduction 3.1.

shaped forms of words. (The full form is given in brackets in italics, which is reduced in colloquial speech.)

–  –  –

To confidently handle English nouns in practice, you need to know well:

using an article with a noun;

1) formation of the plural of nouns;

3) possessive case of nouns.

–  –  –

Indefinite article:

comes from the numeral one and means one, some, any;

Indicates that the object belongs to the class of homogeneous objects and is not distinguished from their number:

–  –  –

Friendship is based on Friendship is based on mutual respect. woman

Snow is white.

Before nouns that already have other determiners (pronoun, numeral, etc.):

–  –  –

In some cases, the definite article is used with proper names.

These include:

Names of oceans, seas, rivers, canals, groups of islands, mountain ranges, deserts:

–  –  –

Possessive:

It is used mainly with animate nouns and expresses ownership;

Corresponds to the Russian genitive case (when it expresses ownership): the book (whose? whom?) of a student (genitive case) is formed by adding an apostrophe to the noun and

–  –  –

Note 2. Nouns such as earth, water, sun, top, world, ocean, ship can be used with an apostrophe; nouns denoting cities and countries: the ocean's resources, the world's popularity, the ship's crew, London's population; sometimes the names of machine parts: the plane's propeller, as well as nouns denoting time and distance: a tile's distance, a day's joumey (but a four-day joumey), a year's absence, a tonth s Zeave It is not affiliation that is expressed here, but a measure.

If belonging to several nouns is expressed at once, then the apostrophe is placed at the end of the group:

–  –  –

to tiY - tried - tried

3. If the indefinite form ends in -e, then with the addition of the suffix -ed this letter is dropped:

to translate - translated - translated

With the addition of the suffix -ed, the final consonant is doubled:

For monosyllabic verbs ending in one consonant:

to stop - stopped - stopped

For polysyllabic verbs ending in one consonant,

–  –  –

contained in reference books and dictionaries. You need to know them by heart, since there are many such verbs in the texts of the following lessons, but they are not listed in the lesson dictionary.

Conjugating verbs in the present tense In addition to the three main forms, you need to know the conjugation of verbs in the present tense.

In the present tense, verbs (both regular and irregular) behave as follows:

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. What are the basic rules for using articles?

2. How are the plurals of nouns formed?

What is the purpose of and how is the possessive case of nouns formed?

4. How are the main forms of the verb formed?

How does the verb change in the present tense?

How are verb tenses formed? What do they mean?

READING PRACTICE

Learning foreign languages ​​lt"s good to leam foreign languages! It helps us to explore the wor1d.

We leam more about different countries and their traditions, and we can communicate with people who don"t know your native language.

Learning foreign languages ​​helps us to become good specialists. One can read different texts about physics, engineering, economics that tell about the latest results in these fields.

Let's list to different students:

Hello! My name is Mike! I"m 17. 1 am and student of the college of electronic devices. I"m fond of English. It"s the language No 1 in the language and in high technologies. 1 like reading and watching Шms in English too! It"s fantastic!

Hi! I"m Jane! I"m 18. I"m a student of a college of mechanical engineering.

1 like to study English! It"s interesting to listen to music in English and to fmd friends via the Intemet. 1 want to tell them about my country and my town and for tbls I must know the language well. And on every product in the supermarket you see information in English. So I need it in my future work, too.

Hello! I "m Peter! I study at a college. I need English very much because our college has intemational cooperation with students from Canada and Denmark, so I study very hard to take part in the program.

These students know that English is useful for them. However, it is not so easy to study it. But, as English people say, "Well begun is half done."

So, let's not be discouraged.

Active Vocabulary because [bI"ktz] because latest last become become like adj similar, v ly begin [bx"gш] begin to beat communicate listen listen more communicate more Denmark ["denma:k] Denmark native ["nertiV] native (o language) device device need need our ["au~] our discourage obeska part part r~vate, disenchant

–  –  –

2. Find the definite and indefinite articles in the first two paragraphs of the text and explain their use.

Which article would you use with the highlighted words, 3.

translating the following sentences into English?

A man was walking down the street. Suddenly he saw a beautiful suit behind the window and stopped. He really liked the suit. He decided to go to the store and find out its price.

–  –  –

1. Distribute the nouns into three columns depending on the reading of the plural ending.

Parents, days, shops, clothes, houses, markets, sizes, bridges.

Put the nouns in the plural.

a) branch, fox, day, apple, head, habit, nationality, sumame, street, garden, car, ball;

b) tooth, mouse, oh, datum, radius, child, man.

–  –  –

Forms of the Verb

Indicate the missing verb forms:

a) travel, translated, stayed, tried, stopped, cook, worked

b) did, told, give, been, done, say, read Write a transcription of these forms of irregular verbs 2.

catch and give the infinitive. Check yourself in the dictionary.

–  –  –

must be used.

Mu / sister / coffee 1 to drink 1 every day.

The teacher / this / question / to answer / yesterday.

Yury Dolgoruky 1 in/ to found 1 Moscow / 1147.

1 / listen / tomorrow / to the radio.

The English language / always / to help/ people / in / cooperation / intemational.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Language, people, listen, like, need, explore, world, more, communicate, native, become, engineering, latest, device, high, reading, watch, via, town, because, our, Denmark, hard, part, useful, however, begin, half, discourage.

a place with many houses, shops, schools, offices and other 1) buildings a country in Europe with the capital Copenhagen 2)

3) our planet with all its countries words used in a particular country or ьу а particular group of 4) people

5) to look for some time

6) of the country (place) where you overe bom

7) men, women and children

a) from the Active Vocabulary:

College, language, people, student, Internet, world, country, specialist, technology, interesting, supermarket, Denmark, program.

b) from the text:

Listen, love, need, explore, communicate, become, begin, device, part, half, more, last, high, because, our, difficult, useful, however.

1. Russian is that _language. And French is a _language for those.

2. Where does your unc1e live? - Not lives in Ko1otna. - 1 like this _veryuch.

3. Do you like to _ _ filts or _ _ to music? - You know, 1 like to books.

4. 1 know that it "s difficu1t to study English. But it doesn"t _ _ those.

5. Our textbook has 5 _ _. P1ease find 2.

1. We leave _ different countries and their traditions, and we can communicate _ people who don't know your native language.

2. Texts tell us the latest results these fie1ds.

3. lt"s interesting to listen to music _English and to find friends _the lntemet.

4. _every product _the supermarket you can find information _ English.

5. Our college has intemational cooperation _ students _ Canada and Dentark.

Hello! My name is Lena! I am 17 years old. I am a student at a mechanical engineering college.

I really like learning English:

This is the language of mechanical cooperation and high technology.

–  –  –

Answer the following questions.

1. When did you begin to study English?

2. Why do you study English?

3. Do you need English in your everyday life?

4. Do you have English books at home?

5. How do you want to learn foreign languages?

WRITING EXERCISE

Write an essay on the following topics.

1. Why people leave foreign languages.

2. Mu English classes.

3. English in that life.

Use the following patterns:

Sequencing firstly (First of all) - firstly, first of all secondly, thirdly- secondly, thirdly first, then - first, then to my mind, in my opinion - in my opinion to crown it all, finally - in the end, in the end

–  –  –

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes time, place, manner of action, measure or degree.

Adverbs answer questions:

When? Where? How? to what extent?

Based on their form, adverbs are divided into simple, derivative, complex and compound.

–  –  –

We sometimes go there. ~ Sometimes we go there. Sometimes we go there.

We go there sometimes.

In complex verb tenses (i.e.

expressed by two or more verbs) adverbs of indefinite tense are usually placed after the first verb:

–  –  –

The verb to let can also be used in its basic meaning to allow, to allow. Then the sentence Let is read! will mean: Allow us to read! In this case, the pronoun us will receive stress.

–  –  –

There are five types of questions in English:

general (Do you go there?);

Special (When, why, how, etc. do you go there?);

To the subject (Who, what student, etc. goes there?);

Alternative (Do you go there or stay at home?);

Dividing (You go there, don't you?).

To correctly ask questions of any type, you need to clearly understand the pattern of general questions in all types of tenses. In this case, you can build on the diagram of affirmative sentences given in lesson 6. You will easily notice that in most cases the subject and predicate are simply swapped. The new element is added only in the first two lines general scheme: in the times of Simple Present and Simple Past. Here, in the formation of the question to do, an auxiliary verb form is involved in the appropriate form.

–  –  –

Knowing the scheme of forming general questions, asking a special question will not be difficult. You just need to put a question word in front (what? where? when? etc.) or a group of words, and then everything follows the same pattern.

Compare:

General question Special question

–  –  –

In such a question, the role of the subject is played by the question word itself or a group of words (Who came? What students study here?, etc.). As a result, the direct word order is maintained, i.e. the subject is followed by the predicate. In the question to the subject, you can also use the scheme for the formation of general questions, taking into account the following: in the group Siтple no auxiliary verb is used, and since the subject is in the first method, the question to the subject in the Siтple and Siтple lines of the Present Past is modeled on the affirmative proposals.

Compare:

Affirmative sentence Question to the subject

–  –  –

The dividing question has two parts. The first part is not a question as such, but is an ordinary affirmative or negative sentence. This is followed by a short general question.

If the first part was affirmative, then the question is asked in a negative form, and vice versa:

–  –  –

All negations are easily formed according to the same scheme of general questions. It is enough just to put the subject at the beginning of the sentence, and after the first auxiliary verb - the negative part

–  –  –

Didn't see them.

Nobody saw them.

Doesn't have ever seen apythпg like that.

They didn't tell him the truth.

Nobody told him apythпg.

Doesn't do kпow aпythпg about it.

Not kpows pothipg about it.

Have you any news? - 1 have by news.

Please note that a Russian interrogative sentence in a negative form corresponds to an English question that does not contain a negation.

Compare:

–  –  –

Big, expensive, beautiful, happy, pleasant.

Write the degrees of comparison of these adjectives.

sad, fat, o1d, handsome, ear1y, interesting, communicative.

Parru, big, What category do adjectives that cannot belong to? 4.

How can we form degrees of comparison? Give examples.

–  –  –

1. His unc1e speaks (kind1y) than my aunt.

3. Didn't say these words (sadly) than before.

1. Try to exp1ain this ru1e (c1ear).

2. This work is done (bad1y).

3. Don't understand this problem (wisely).

–  –  –

Imagine that you are in a workshop. Indicate where each item is located. Translate the words into Russian.

Tools: hammer, screwdriver, key, nails, nuts...

Places: table, floor, wall...

Imperative Mood (Te lтperative Mood) Find verbs in the imperative mood in the sentences 1.

NI. Translate into Russian.

1. “Write down your homework quickly and you may be free!”, said the teacher.

2. "Study well to become good specialists", said the headmaster to the school-leavers.

3. "Don't play in the street!" It"s dangerous!", said mother to her children.

4. "Open the Box! It"s a pleasant surprise for you! Narru birthday!", said the boo to his father.

5. “Tell your name,” said the director to the young worker.

Indicate in which texts the imperative appears more often 2.

mood.

–  –  –

Translate into English.

1. “Open your notebooks and write down the rule,” said the teacher.

2. Look at the photo! It's so beautiful.

3. Please send me new song via the Internet.

4. Look out the window! Winter has come!

Interrogative sentence (The Interrogative Septepse) Ask all types of questions to these sentences.

1. Yesterday he met his friend in the street.

2. The lesson of English is over.

3. The students don't study on Sunday.

Ask questions to the highlighted words in the sentences.

1. This textbook is for technical students.

2. Our teacher's name is Anna Pavlovna.

3. Your dictionary is green.

4. Can't play the guitar very well.

3. Work in pairs. One of you looks carefully at the class, then closes your eyes and answers your neighbor’s questions.

–  –  –

1. Didn’t see them.

2. Doesn't sing these songs.

3. 1 am not late.

2. Give a short yes and no answer to the following sentences.

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Teacher, sister, think, now, other, together, each, quite, plant, serious, usually, year, senior, want, sometimes, during, weekend, try, river, thing, guitar, also, since, pronounce, term, grammar, knowledge, especially, finally, everything.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) someone who teaches people

2) the rules for using the words of the language and musical instrument played by plucking its strings 3) 4) 12 months

5) with one more person or thing

7) Saturday and Sunday

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

sister, plant, river, thing, semester, knowledge, try, think, pronounce, want, now, other, everyone, quite, serious, usually, elder, during, also, since, especially, in the end , All.

1. 1 live Vladimir.

2. We already know _ _ quite well.

3. My mother is a teacher _geography _school.

My sister and 1 help her _the house.

She wants to е а teacher 5. Mathematics.

6. During the weekends we try _ spend much time together. We go _the river _summer, or we go skiing _winter.

7. 1 study English _2004.

8. But 1 hold _and say _myself: "Don"t give _!"

–  –  –

Participle 1 also corresponds to the gerund in Russian.

Participle 11 (participle 11) in regular verbs is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the stem (this was already discussed in the section Basic verb forms of lesson 6).

–  –  –

The Participle form of 11 irregular verbs needs to be memorized (this and the meaning of the Participle 11 transitive and intransitive verbs were also discussed in the section “Basic verb forms”).

–  –  –

Not suggested going to see Mike.

They couldn't help laugblng when they saw his surprise.

1 enjoyed playing golf when 1 was in Britain.

Then master English, you must practice speaking it a lot.

lf you want to leave this job, you can"t avoid speaking to him.

After verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of an action (begin, start continue, finish, stop, enalye), as well as the verbs hate, like, love, either an infinitive or a gerund can be used:

Didn't begin to play the piano. Didn't begin playing the piano.

They like to mock at each other. They like mocking at each other.

Note that in some cases the choice of infinitive or gerund affects the meaning of the sentence:

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

How Participle 1 and Participle IL 1 are formed.

What forms does the English participle have?

How is a gerund formed? What is its main meaning?

What forms does a gerund have?

How are indefinite personal sentences formed?

What is the difference between pronouns and those fulfilling the role of one they, 6.

subject in indefinite-personal sentences?

How are impersonal sentences formed?

READING PRACTICE

Weather In the moming I looked out of the window and was very surprised.

Everything was covered with snow! Snowy flakes were falling from the sky, everything was pleasant and beautiful! It was not frosty, and children were skating and making snowmen.

But look! The wind has risen! Snow is falling from the roofs to the ground. Small icicles are falling too. That's a real lizzard. It's not the best time for going out.

The Russians say "the first snow always melts". And I know that after some months winter will bе over, the trees will bе in blossom and birds will bе singing and building their nests. This is spring, the time when all the nature is awake from its winter sleep.

Then summer will come - a long period of sunshine and time of holidays for schoolchildren and students. We can go swimming, diving or mountaineering. It"s great to go cycling or hiking. We mustn"t forget to take photos: they will remind us of these exciting days.

Time flies and autumn comes. This is the period of harvest for countrymen and for me it"s the beginning of a new year of studies.

DIALOGUE English weather

Russian: "What"s the weather like in England?" Englishman: "Today it"s raining and it"s very foggy, as usual. You see there is no hot summer, and there is no cold and snowy winter." "Really? Why is it so?" "You see, Britain is near the ocean, and the water there changes its temperature slower than the ground, it has greater thermal heat capacity.

That"s why the changes are not so great." "Do you like when it rains?" "When I was a child, I liked it! Now I simply don"t notice it. I can walk without any umbrella when it "s drizzling and I never catch a cold." "Do you have central heating at home?" "Yes, I have a radiator, but I don"t have central heating yet. The weather in the world becomes more and more unusual. That's why I must think about it." "That"s a good idea. And are there any beaches in England?" "Yes, there are, mostly on the south coast, but the water isn't really warm. You'd better go to Spain. Many Englishmen do it. It"s not so far, but the weather is completely different." "Sure, I will do so." Active Vocabulary after ["a:ftе] after melt melt always [";,:lwerz] always month month any ["eru] any mostly ["meustlr] mostly mountaineering beach beach Bird [Ъз:d] bird mountaineering

–  –  –

drizzle ["dnzl] and drizzle (about rain) schoolchild, pl schoolchildren England ["rl)glend] England simply ["srmpli] simply Englishman ["rl)glrfman] Englishmen skating ["skertrl)] exciting amazing skating

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Weather, snow, after, period, roof, central heating, any, snowy, ground, icicle, condition, place, where, car, warm, remove, ice, near, England, cold, really, water, change, look, window , surprise, cover, flakes, sky, pleasant, frosty, snowman, wind, real, blizzard, always, melt, month, over, tree, blossom, bird, nest, then, sunshine, holiday, schoolchild, photo, remind, exciting , harvest, countryman, new, foggy, usual, ocean, temperature, slow, thermal heat capacity, child, like, simply, notice, walk, without, umbrella, catch, radiator, unusual, idea, beach, mostly, south, coast , Englishman, far, completely, so.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) one of the twelve parts into which the year is divided and great snowstorm 2) and child who goes to school 3) an opening in and wall to let in light and air 4)

5) to help or make somebody remember something a device that gives out heat 6) a piece of ice hanging from the roof 7) indication of how hot or cold a person or thing is 8)

9) something which happens often or all the time area ofwater bigger than the sea 10)

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Weather, bird, walk, without, umbrella, catch, unusual, idea, beach, mostly, south, coast, Englishman, far, completely, condition, place, simple, notice where, car, warm, remove, ice, near, England, cold, in fact, water, change, central heating, any, snowy, earth, period, roof, look, pleasant, frosty, snowman, wind, real, always, melt, more, tree, greens, surprise, cover, flakes, sky, harvest, villager, new, foggy, slow, heat capacity, child, similar, nest, then, sunny, light, holiday, photo, delightful, snow.

4. Insert prepositions or adverbs.

1. ln the moming 1 looked _ _ the window and was very surprised.

2. Everything was covered _snow! Snowy flakes were falling _the sky!

3. lt"s not the best time _going out.

some months winter will be over.

4. And 1 know that

5. Summer is a long period _sunshine.

6. Photos will remind us of these exciting days.

7. Britain is _ the ocean, and the water there changes its temperature slower than the ground.

8. 1 can walk _any umbrella when it"s drizzling.

9. The weather the world becomes more and more unusual.

–  –  –

Pronouns are words that point to objects and their attributes, but do not designate them.

The easiest way to remember basic pronouns is as follows:

–  –  –

The forms that, his, her, etc. are used in combination with opre 2.

divisible word. Forms tine, his, hers, etc. are used independently, that is, without a noun following it:

–  –  –

3. In modern English language there is no pronoun you. When addressing one person or many persons, the pronoun you is used, which is translated as you or you, depending on the context.

–  –  –

nie In this case, another noun follows them with the preposition of. thousands of students 1learn English.

Nouns that follow the numeral are used without a preposition: three thousand students.

Ordinal numbers are used with a definite article, even if the noun they define is not expressed,

–  –  –

In English, when denoting page numbers, chapters, etc., cardinal numerals are usually used, rather than ordinal numbers, as in Russian.

In this case, the cardinal number is placed after the noun, and the noun is used without an article:

Open your books atpage 10.

Read lesson one, part two, paragraph 3.

Years in dates are indicated by 1st numerals.

When reading, a four-digit number is divided into two words and each half is read as a separate “IISJyu:

–  –  –

It should be taken into account that the same preposition in English can serve to express several meanings and is translated into Russian, accordingly, in different ways.

Such combinations of prepositions with nouns must be memorized in their entirety in the future:

–  –  –

Other common prepositions:

with- with without- without ь- у, about, at; to (a certain time), also indicates the author, means, reason, source (a novel ь Tolstoy - Tolstoy's novel, ь by train, ь experience - by experience, etc.).

train for- for.

In English, many verbs are combined with certain prepositions. They often do not correspond to prepositions in Russian, and they must be memorized.

For example:

To Iook at look at

To hope for

Some English verbs do not require prepositions, although in Russian a preposition is required when translating them:

to answer - respond to to enter - enter into Therefore, in the future, pay attention not only to the verb, but also to what prepositions are used with it.

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. List personal, possessive, reflexive and intensifying pronouns.

2. How is the pronoun used, two forms of the possessive place it, nouns and the 2nd person form?

How are cardinal and ordinal numbers formed?

What signs are used when writing numerals?

How are fractions and decimals formed?

6. How are ordinal and cardinal numbers used in numbers (pages, houses, etc.) and dates?

7. Name the most common prepositions of place and time; indicate what basic meaning they express.

What do you know about the use of verbs with prepositions?8.

READING PRACTICE

Myday Yesterday it was a very hard day for Dima Yaroslavtsev. Didn't stand up too late and didn't have his breakfast. Didn't go to college and remembered that he had \eft his pencil-case at home. Besides, he said some unpleasant words to his friends and the Iatter was offended.

"Misfortunes never be alone," thought Andrew when he came home, "the day was spoiled." Not decided to take from his father.

Today Dima's father, Sergey Yassilievich got up at a quarter to seven, did his bed. Then he washed himself, brushed his teeth, dressed, and packed his suitcase for work. “Have you brushed your teeth?”, he asked him son "Yes, 1 have done it. I"m also ready. Let"s go and have breakfast."

The day was very good for Dima. Wasn't in college on time and he was ready to answer any question the teacher asked.

Today he had the classes of Mathematics, Russian, English, and Physics. It was very difficult to study because there were many new things. But the textbooks were good, and the tasks were clear. His group mate lgor didn't study maths well at school, so he didn't understand the new material.

But the teacher patiently explained, and everyone understood the task.

After classes the students went to different hobby groups. Dima is fond of computers, so he went to a programming club.

There are ten students in the club besides him. Today the topic was cyc\es. At home Dima rewrote one of the programs and inserted and cycle there. The program began to work better.

Mter the club Dima went home and had dinner. All the family were together, except Father, who was still at the plant. They discussed the events of the day.

Mter dinner Dima had a rest, did bls homework, read a books from the college library. Then his college friends phoned him and called him for a walk.

When he came back he had supper, got ready for the next day and went to bed.

This time he was satisfied with his day and decided to plan it carefully in the future.

Vocabulaгy Active aJone (;:J"\;:JUll] ONE pack 1p..ek l pack answer ["a:ns;:J] answer pencil-case ["pensl kers] pencil case ask ask quaгtcг l"kw:xt; :~] quarter (with besides in addition to the general time) breakfast [Ъrekf;:Jst] breakfast geаdu l"rctlrl ready brush clean hemелсг 1п"рлмь;:~ 1 remember class lesson, lesson; class уеуготе 1ri:"r:ьт 1 r. i. from gewгite clear adj clear, understandable; satisfy and purify

–  –  –

Translate 1. the following phrases into Russian.

A quarter to seven, five o"clock, half past eight, one a.m., twenty to a quarter past six, five past eleven, ten thirty p.m.

2. Tell the time in English.

10:03, 2:59, 10:00, 15:25, 3:06, 4:15, 8:45, 11:55, 16:20

3. Answer the following questions.

1. When do you usually get up?

2. When do the first essays at college start?

3. When do you have lunch?

4. When do you go home after classes?

5. When do you start doing your homework?

6. When do you go to bed?

Translate 4. the following phrases into English.

Half past nine, fifteen minutes to six, two o'clock in the morning, fifteen minutes to eight, twenty minutes to ten, two minutes to four.

bе5. What time is it now? When will the lesson over?

Active Vocabulary

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Today, ready, club, up, besides, decide, brush, tooth, ask, class, dinner, yesterday, breakfast, remember, pencil-case, say, word, latter, offend, alone, spoil, quarter, wash, pack, suitcase, answer, philosophy, difficult, textbook, task, clear, maths, material, explain, hobby, rewrite, insert, except, who, still, discuss, event, supper, satisfied, future.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

2) the first meal of the day a book that teaches somebody about a 3) subject

5) to write once again

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Today, club, up, in addition, decide, brush, tooth, ask, class, lunch, yesterday, remember, pencil case, say, word, last, offend, one, spoil, quarter, wash, pack, answer, philosophy ,task,mathematics,explain,hobbies,except,discuss,dinner,future.

4. Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs.

1. Yesterday it was a very hard day _Dima Yaroslavtsev.

2. Didn't go _college and remembered that he had left his pencil-case home.

4. Today Dima's father, Sergey Vassilievich got _ _ a quarter _ seven, did his bed, washed himself, brushed his teeth, dressed, and packed his suitcase _work.

5. Wasn't _college _time and he was ready to answer any question the teacher asked.

6. Igor didn't study maths well _school.

7. Dima is fond of _computers, so he went to _a programming club.

8. There are ten students the ciLJb him.

9. His college friends phoned him and called him _a walk.

10. This time he was satisfied _his day and decided to plan it carefully _the future.

SPEAKING EXERCISES

1. Answer the following questions.

1. Do you like to get up early in the morning?

2. Do you have time to take breakfast before lessons?

3. Do you have much free time?

1. Does planning your day help to solve all the problems?

2. What makes every day of your life interesting?

3. Free time spent together with the farnily- your experience.

–  –  –

In the last lesson we looked at personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns. Here are other categories of pronouns that are also often found in English.

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

What demonstrative pronouns exist in English?

How do they relate to Russian demonstrative pronouns?

What interrogative relative pronouns exist in AN 3.

English language? What does the name of this group of pronouns indicate?

4. List indefinite and negative pronouns.

5. In what types of sentences are the pronouns apu, anybody, anything, nobody, nothing used?

READING PRACTICE

My friends friendship means very much ip your litc. You realize it fully wheп you think how you саn live without уоу f"rірпds. lп mаn cases it"s unimaginаble. That's why the Epglisi1111CJ1 say, "And f"rieпd ip peеd is friепd ipdeed".

borderlipe between friepds аnd acquaintапces is differепt ip The Russiaп апd English culture: Russiaпs oftеп say t11at close friепds are оt уumerous. You have oplу from ope to three true friends whom you сан сопfide ip апd share all your trouьbles. All the others are just those with whom you special free time or discuss recipe new popular films.

Whereas Epglishmeп think that apuope with whom you are in good terms is you friепd. America's view of friepdship is more exaggerated.

But, as you know, "So mapy couptries, so mapy customs." Evp friepdship is differept ip differept coupletries...

As for me, all my friends and acquaintances sap bе subdivided ipto three different groups. Firstly, there are those whom 1 know for a very long time, sometimes evep before school. Those friepds are out of place, but my best friepd among them. Secoпdly, there are my school friепds. We were together for so many years that we have very much ip commop. This fact upites us. And lastly, there are my college friepds. We know each other for a short time, but still we are friepds, because our interests are similar.

For each person the classification may be different. As my father served in the army, he had friepds there. They are from all parts of our couptry! It is friepdship that makes us stropger!

1 would like to speak about my closest friend. His name is Sergey. We know each other sipce early childhood. Whеп we were boys, we weпt to the couptry together, played teпpis, swam ip the river аnd had fuп. We studied the same schoo\ and helped each other with our homework.

Whep 1 was a teepager, 1 had problems and quests without answers, and 1 always turned to Sergey for help. 1 also supported him whep he fed it.

Now we see each other not so oftep, because we don't study together.

But we are still very good friends, that will never betray each other.

Active Vocabulary

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Realize, unimaginañle, indeed, borderline, between, numerous, only, true, confide (in), share, trouèle, discuss, recent news, whereas, anyone, terms, exaggerate, custom, subdivide, among, serve in the army, betray , support.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) real or correct; telling what actually exists or happened

2) to divide again into smaller parts

3) to do harm when someone is expecting your support

4) to make something seem bigger or better or worse than it really is

5) to talk with somebody about something

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Betray, even, support, trouble, firstly, other, anyone, teenager, unimaginable, friendship, acquaintance, among, strong

4. Insert the vocabulary of the text into the following sentences.

Not is a reliable friend. Don't never me.

When Jane said that the film was popular, she _a little.

3. Did you draw a lot in your _?

4. He's so kind, he always _me and _his experience.

5. Have you heard the _news "?

I see you are in trouble. Do you nced my _?

7. Is it a _ofthis nation to get up carly in the moming?

1. There are mistakes in your dictation.

2. Not really but good friend?

3. Jack understood that he was late for the lesson.

4. The last information about him was that he had gone to late.

5. Didn't give his money as I was in a difficult situation.

6. Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs.

1. The Englishmen say, “A friend _need is a friend indeed.”

2. I can confide _all my friends.

3. Do you know each other for a long time?

4. When we were boys, we went _the country together, played tennis, swam the river and had fun.

5. Usually a person has only _one _three true friends.

6. Are you _good terms _your cousin?

7. _you know, the Earth rotates (rotates) round the Sun.

Translate I want to tell you about my friend. His name is Victor. We have known each other since school times. As a child, we often walked together, (to the cinema), went to the cinema and went swimming.

When I was a teenager, Vikgor was ready to answer any questions I had about life. Now we're in college and we're still best friends.

Friendship means a lot in my life.

SPEAKING EXERCISES

1. Does the author think that friendship means very much in your life?

2. What is the borderline between friends and acquaintances in Russian culture?

3. Where is this borderline in English culture?

4. How many groups of friends does the author divide?

5. ls the flrst group big?

6. Why does the author have much to do with the second group of friends?

7. What does the author say about his college friends?

8. Why does the author mention his father?

9. How long has the author known his best friend?

10. Do they see each other very often now?

2. Use these to retell the text.

–  –  –

If the subordinate clause is a conditional sentence belonging to the type of unlikely or unrealized (see

section Conditional Sentences):

–  –  –

Indirect speech, unlike direct speech, conveys not the speaker’s words themselves, but their content.

To correctly construct a sentence with indirect speech, you need to know three main cases that arise when translating direct speech into indirect speech:

message (He said, reported, etc. that...);

Question (He asked, wanted to know, inquired, etc...);

Request or order (He asked, commanded, commanded, etc...).

The transition from direct speech to indirect speech occurs as follows:

–  –  –

From the point of view of the rules of translation into indirect speech, all questions can be divided into two groups.

A question without a question word: conjunctions are used if, or approximately corresponding to the particle whether in Russian.

whether, Direct speech: Not asked, "Do you go there?" asked if they were there.

Indirect speech: Not Direct word order applies here (the subject comes before the predicate), as well as the law of tense agreement.

Question with a question word: in this case, the role of the connecting element will be played by the question word itself. Here, too, direct word order and the law of tense agreement apply.

asked, "When do you go there?" Direct speech: Not Indirect speech: Not asked when they were there.

3. Request or order Since the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) is used in the imperative mood, there is no agreement of tenses here.

–  –  –

In negative form:

Direct speech: Didn't say to them, "Don't go there".

Indirect speech: Didn't tell them not to go there.

If the time and place indicated in direct speech have changed during the transition to indirect speech, then the following replacement occurs with the speech of place and time, as well as demonstrative pronouns.

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

What is the rule for coordinating tenses?

What tense forms are used when agreeing tenses for 2.

expressions of simultaneous, previous and future action?

In what cases is Form 3. Past Peifect not used?

How is indirect speech constructed when conveying a message, question, request 4.

would or order?

How does indirect speech affect word order in the preposition?

How adverbs of place and time change in indirect speech, as well as 6.

demonstrative pronouns?

7. In what cases are they not replaced?

READING PRACTICE

Guests There are many holidays during the year. But besides national holidays there are family holidays. If someone in your family has a birthday, a name day, or a wedding anniversary, tbls is just the time when he receives quests and has a party to celebrate this holiday together. Your friends may invite you on one of such occasions as well. Going to a party in Russia is associated with food, presents, greeting cards and congratulations.

When you are going to have a party, it's just the time to tidy up the party. It includes polishing the floors, vacuum cleaning the carpets and dusting the fumiture. For some occasions you need to decorate the flat.

Then you must think about inviting guests. This can be done over the telephone or invitation letter. There are other ways as well. The invitation may be accepted or refused. (If it is you who are invited, and you want to refuse an invitation, you should do it very politely and tactfully.) The day before the party it"s time to go to the supermarket and buy all the products you need for cooking This day you can also start cooking something.

The next day everything must be ready and the party starts. The guests sauté, give presents to the host, and then comes the time for the meal and entertainment!

When the party is over, you have to wash the dishes. But you are not gloomy, because you know you had had a great day!

–  –  –

letter, guest, tactful, polite.

4. Insert the vocabulary of the text into the following sentences.

1. Ann has a _today. She is 10 years old - it "s her _. She has a_ today. She _ all her friends to this party. At 5 o" clock the guests here and _her on her birthday.

2. The 9th of Mau is the national _. In 2010 we celebrated the 65th _ of the victory in the Great Patriotic War. 1 _ this holiday with that great-grandfather: he is a veteran.

3. When soteone _you to a party, you can _or _this invitation.

5. Paraphrase the words in italic using the active vocabulary. Make other changes in the sentence if necessary.

The 1st of March for those means the beginning ofspring.

1 invited her to the cinema, but she said No.

Going to a picnic means a lot ofjun.

Did the teacher add you to a list of people who go on an excursion 4.

5. My brother has good manners.

6. lnsert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs.

1. There are tanу holidays _the year.

2. If you have a party, you just tidy _a root.

3. You can invite quests _the telephone or _invitation letter.

4. The quests and give presents _the host.

5. When the party is __, you have to wash up.

6. The day _the party it's time to go to the supermarket.

7. Does anyone _your family have an anniversary tbls year?

Translate 7. the following text into English.

It was Peter's birthday yesterday. He turned one year old. He invited many friends to his home, and they all celebrated together. Some friends could not come and declined the invitation, but since Petya is polite and tactful, he was not offended. It was a wonderful day!

–  –  –

not in Russian), the particle is placed after the subject, and in the abbreviated form merges with the auxiliary verb (for abbreviations, see

section Interrogative and negative sentences):

–  –  –

Some verbs in English can have both a direct object and an indirect object after them.

For example: giving something (direct object) to someone (indirect object):

We gave the students a book.

We gave the students the book.

Many of these verbs can form two constructions in the passive: direct passive (the direct object becomes the subject) and indirect (the indirect object becomes the subject):

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. How is the passive voice formed?

How is its interrogative form formed? Based on the above 2.

blitzes and rules write all time forms.

3. How is its negative form formed? Based on the given table and rules, also write all the tense forms.

4. How does the passive express the doer (or driving force) and the instrument with which the action is performed?

What is direct and indirect liability? What verbs can be formed 5.

should we use both of these constructions?

How is the passive formed with verbs that require a prepositional object 6.

7. How are passive constructions with the formal pronoun if translated into Russian?

8. What temporary forms are not used in the passive and what forms replace them?

READING PRACTICE

college Mu I would like to tell you aboLJt my collcgc.

It is a fine two-storeyed building in thc ccntrc ot· the city. It is not very new, but it is nice and comfortable. 1 study here Gog the first year.

On the first floor of the building there is a hall, a cloak-room, a canteen, a gym, and some classes. On the second floor there is a director's office, computer classes and laboratories, a big concert hall, a library and a reading-room. 1 like it.

When 1 saute to college, 1 wipe my feet, take off that coat and go to the cloak-room. After that 1 go to the title which is also in the hall. lt"s good to come to the classroot before the bell rings.

After a few classes 1 go to the canteen and have breakfast. I don't like our canteen very much, that's why 1 take some food with yourselftoo.

My favorite subjects at college are physics, IT and English. During the breaks 1 like to talk with those friends, read the college newspaper.

Our college is not only the place where we study, it"s also the place

where we stay after classes to take part in clubs. Our college is very green:

there are flowers on every window-sill. And it is very clean too. When those friends, who study in other colleges, to this place they are surprised

when they see that everything is in great order. But 1"11 reveal the secret:

this is the territory of not only the board of the college but also of the students - because it "s our second home and we must take the saga of it.

College life is difficult but 1 know it"s rewarding! That"s why I know that tomorrow 1"11 come here again!

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Hall, canteen, cloak-room, two-storeys, comfortably, gym, laboratory, reading-hall, time-table, bell, to ring, and favorite subject, and break, talk, newspaper, stay, club, flower, window- sill, clean, order.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

Бу а place where you can leave coats and bags while you are visiting а 1) building а list of the times when school Iessons take place 2) а place equipped for gymnastics 3) а room equipped for scientific work 4)

5) pleasant to use; free from worry

6) something that is studied a group of people who meet together because they are interested in 7) the same thing a short rest from work 8)

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Two-story, comfortable, loved, clean, reading room, dining room, laboratory, gym, recess, subject, schedule, window sill, make up, talk.

–  –  –

1. Look at the plan of the text you"ve read. Те sentences are in the wrong order. Put them correctly.

After-class activities

A visit to the canteen

The group floor of the college - favorite classes at college

Green and clean college

Entering the college

The exterior of the college

The first floor of the college

Rewarding college life

2. Write down the plan from 1 into your exercise-book. Use the plan to retell the text.

3. Use the plan to speak about your own college. You may add and remove some items.

4. Speak about the college as you want to see it. Is there much to be done?

5. Discuss the following proеms.

1. Do you agree that college is your second home.

2. Places to have and rest in the college.

3. College laboratories.

6. Make an excursion around the college in English for your groupmates. Let every person from the group е а guide.

7. Make up dialogue on one of the following subjects.

1. Two students are discussing what their favorite lesson is.

2. Two students discuss their time-table and say what they don't like about it.

3. Two students share their impressions about new college laboratory.

–  –  –

An infinitive together with a noun or personal pronoun can act as a single line of a sentence, the so-called (Complex Object).

my complex addition General formula When asking a question, such an addition can be conditionally represented as follows:

–  –  –

After verbs expressing physical perception: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, etc. After these verbs, the particle to with an infinitive is not used:

–  –  –

Along with a complex object, the so-called complex subject (The Comp/ex Sibject) can be used. If a noun or pronoun from a complex object becomes the subject, and the sentence goes into the passive voice, then the particle to~ is always added to the infinitive, even to the infinitive of verbs of perception, after which in the complex object the particles

to is not required:

–  –  –

The difference between a complex object with a participle and an infinitive phrase is that the participle in a complex object expresses a process, and the infinitive simply expresses the fact of an action:

–  –  –

This phrase, as a rule, consists of a noun with a participle. The participle can take different forms (passive, perfect, etc., see

Participle section):

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. How is a complex object formed with an infinitive?

2. In what cases is it used?

3. When is a particle in a complex object with an infinitive not used?

4. How are passive constructions with the infinitive formed?

5. What is the difference between a complex object with a participle and a complex object with an infinitive?

6. How is an independent participial phrase usually translated into Russian?

7. In what forms can the participle appear in it?

READING PRACTICE

Traveling People travel a lot nowadays. The means of transport are numerous and we often have much choice.

Many thousands of years ago it was not so. Figst, people traveled on foot. It is the oldest and the most natural way of travel!

Man also feels well in water. But of course, swimming is not used as a means of travelling. Still, waterways were probably the first "roads" for which the means of transport were invented: rafts, boats and ships. The ships then came into the seas, but they were sailing a long time the coastline until the man leamt to navigate looking at the stars.

One of the greatest inventions of mankind was a wheel. With the help of it appeared carts, vans, carriages, cars, and buses. This invention was a breakthrough in the transport history.

Another invention was a steam engine. It was the main reason of industrial revolution in the 19th century. It also helped to create trains. Wu the end of the 19th century a great network of railways covered our planet.

Then came the era of planes. Man at last conquered the air - the dream which was expressed as far as in the myths of Ancient Greece came true! When gyroscope was invented flying became much safer and quicker.

What are the main features of different means of travel? Traveling by air is, of course, the quickest and the most comfortable, but sometimes it's not the cheapest, and safety control is very tiresome.

Traveling by train is good because you can see the countryside and travel very comfortably. Unlike airports, railway stations are often in the center of the city. But joumey bу train often takes a lot of time, especially in Russia, and you are very close to your fellow-travellers.

Traveling bus has more disadvantages: buses are not as quick as planes and are not as comfortable as many trains. But if you travel to the country, this is the best choice!

Traveling by car is also a good choice, as you may start at any time you like and go to any place. You are limited only by the quality of the road.

So, many ways of traveling exist. Probably some more will appear in the next decades. Good luck in your choice!

Active Vocabulary ago [~·g~u] ago exist exist airport ["e~p::t] airport express v. vyraAncient Greece ["eshf~nt gri:s] To grow old, n. express

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Traveling, transport, choice, probably, main, century, end, ago, on foot, natural, feel, waterway, until, navigate, star, invention, mankind, wheel, history, steam engine, reason, industrial revolution, network, planet , era, conquer, dream, express, gyroscope, quick, feature, safety, tiresome, countryside, comfortabel, passenger, disadvantage, quick, limit, quality, exist, decade.

2. Write down all means of transport from the text and word list.

A. With the surfaces they move on:

sea ​​- river - road - railway - sky

B. With the places they stop:

railway station - bus station - airport - port

C. With the process of moving:

jlying - sailing - driving (going) D. With the time when they appeared.

3. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) a device used in navigation that keeps steady because of a heavy wheel spinning inside it

2) a period of hundred years

3) someone who travels Бу public transport done in а short time 4) а large vehicle for carrying passengers, powered Бу petrol 5)

6) the parallel metal lines that trains travel on a place where planes land and take off 7)

8) the last part of something and period of ten years 9)

10) something invented

4. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Steam engine, industrial revolution, on foot, waterway, ago, exist, appear, decade, century, express, invention, passenger, train station, planet, star, humanity, airport, feel, main, network, transport, fast , quality.

5. Insert the vocabulary of the text into the following sentences.

1) The healthiest way of traveling is on _.

2) Modem trains are very __, but the flrst ones were very s1ow.

This car is 40 years old, but it still works well. It is of good_.

3) lfyou want to _Бу train, you must go to the _ _.

5) ln what century was the telephone _?

a) 6 Make up your own sentences using the active vocabulary.

b) Translate your sentences into Russian. Read them aloud and let your group mates translate them back into English.

7. Write down all means of transport from the text and from the word list all words which denote means of transport. Divide them into two groups.

1. Means of transport by which you traveled at least once.

2. Means of transport which you never traveled.

8. Group work. Each student names the place where he was born.

Other suggest students different means of transport to go there.

Don't choose the best answer.

–  –  –

SPEAKING EXERCISES

1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. The means of transport nowadays and gs Jшmcrous, aren't they?

2. What is the most natural way of travclipg?

3. Were waterways thc first roads for which mcш1s of transpoгt were invited, according to the author?

4. The wheel was one of the greatest inventions of mapkind, wasn't it?

What is based on this invention?

5. What was the main reason of industrial revolution in the 19th century?

6. Why weren't the first planes quite safe?

7. What is the quickest way of travel?

8. What does the author say about traveling by train?

9. Is traveling by bus more or less comfortable than traveling by train?

10. If you travel by car, you are not limited by the time, are you?

2. Use the questions to retell the text.

3. What is your favorite way of traveling? Use arguments from the text to prove your point of view. Add your own arguments.

4. Discuss the following problems.

1. Difficulties of traveling (customs, for language, prices, etc.)

2. The best type of city transit.

3. Interesting places in the world to see and to explore.

5. Make up a dialogue on the following subjects.

1. Two students plan a trip abroad and choose what transport to take.

2. A tourist agent speaks to a client and suggests different tours. The client doesn't like to travel by plane.

3. Husband and wife arrive at the railway station of their home town.

They see a bus and some taxis and decide what transport to take.

–  –  –

2. Imagine you are a tourist agent who writes a booklet. You need to praise travelling bus. Write some sentences about it.

3. Write an essay one of the following topics.

1. My longest joumey.

2. The best way to spend your summer holidays.

3. The best way to travel is By Bicycle (on foot, By car...)

–  –  –

In life, there is often a need to convey various conditions (if, if, etc.). This type of sentence deserves special attention because it has a different structure than other affirmative complex sentences.

–  –  –

Sentences expressing over-alvoy or unrealized 3.

no condition in the past. In them, the Past Peifect is used in the subordinate clause, and in the main Fitire Peifect-ip-the-Past (i.e., in the Fitire Peifect the glavules shall and will change to should and would, respectively).

If he had sauté yesterday, we should have started the work.

Fitire Peifect-ip-the-Past Past Peifect If he had come yesterday, we would have started work.

–  –  –

If he had already been there, we would have gone there too.

In addition to the conjunction if, subordinate conditional clauses can, unless (if not), provided (that), be connected to the main conjunction with the conjunctions providing (that), op condition (that) (provided if, provided that), in case (that) (in case if), supposing (that), suppose (that) (if, if we assume).

–  –  –

READING PRACTICE

Sport The healthiest way of life for a person is constant movement and exercise.

When exercise stops, illnesses quickly appear. But those who don"t forget about sport have a happy and healthy life.

It is necessary to distinguish amateur sport and professional sport.

The most important difference is that professional sportsmen, on the one hand, try to win, to break records and to achieve great results because it brings them glory, fame and commercial success. Amateur sportsmen, on the other hand, go in for sport to be healthy and feel well - and not to have a sport career.

One of the simplest and most ancient sports is running. It is an exercise which doesn't make you stronger (so your muscles don't become thicker), but it makes you more resistant to stress. This sport, like many others, improves your health and even cures some illnesses.

If you are an amateur, you probably prefer jogging to running. Jogging is just like running, but here speed is not so important. Jogging is popular in Westem countries. People jog several kilometers a day and found it very healthy. Doctors wam however, that jogging for more than twenty kilometers a week may be harmful for the joints.

In this case the best solution is skiing. Skiing is a very good wintersport. Two main types of skiing are divided in this kind of sport: mountain skiing and cross-country skiing. When Russian people say skiing, they mean cross-country skiing. But Englishmen mean mountain skiing. Both kinds of sport are popular, but in order to go down the ski slopes you need more professionalism.

Besides these kinds of sports, there are games. Everyone knows such games as football, volleyball, basketball\, hockey, tennis and others.

Everyone knows them and played at least one of these games. In some ofthem only two players take part (tennis), in others- and team of several players. These games improve the velocity of reaction, ability to take quick decisions, and coordination. They arc popular with children, who follow the older sportsmen and want to е likc them.

Sport is so important for us, that lessons of physical training are included into school, col\ege and university сшriculums. Besides there are special schools, which preparc futсе sportsmen, trainers and Olympic champions.

Active Vocabulary

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Sport, sportsman, jogging, game, exercise, amateur, important, illness, professional, kilometer, mountain, cross-country skiing, player, constant, movement, quickly, necessary, distinguish, difference, win, to break a record, achieve, glory, fame, commercial success, career, muscle, resistant, stress, improve, prefer, speed, westem, to jog, harmful, joint, solution, ski slope, football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, team, velocity, reaction, ability , decision, coordination, physical training, Olympic champion.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) something that you can play, usually with rules

2) from or concerning the west an action or feeling caused by another person or thing 3) the best person in a sport or competition 4)

5) to do better than your opponents in a game an outdoor game played by two teams with curved sticks and 6) small hard cylinder

7) a team game in which players try to throw a ball through a hoop fixed three meters above the ground

8) a game played by two teams which try to kick an inflated ball into their opponent's goal

9) a very high hill

10) someone who does something because he likes it without being paid for it

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Jogging, game, amateur, important, success, break a record, decision, hockey, opportunity, distinguish.

4. Give antonyms from active vocabulary to the following words.

Amateur, slowly, to lose, useful, inabllity, unimportant.

5. lnsert the vocabulary of the text into the following sentences.

1. The sportsman wanted to _, so he ran very quickly. Didn't won and became an __. But he was very tired because he had run two _.

A record. Only the best _can do it.

2. It is very difficult to Every football player must _to stress.

4. The _Zenit won the _match yesterday.

The 9th of Mau is an _date in our history.

If you go weightlifting your _become bigger 6.

and so you become stronger.

7. Do you often have _ _ lessons?

6. Paraphrase the words in italic using active vocabulary. Make other changes in the sentence if necessary. Try to use one word.

1. At this competition ath/ete Pctrov was the best.

2. Smoking is far from good for wash l1calth.

3. The sportsman trained very wcll and his result became better.

4. Do you like to run in thc morphine?

5. We don't have R. E. lessons on Mondays.

7. lnsert prepositions og post-veгbal adveгbs.

1. _ the one hand, professional sportsmen try to win and break records. Amateur sportsmen, _the other hand, go _ _ sports to be healthy and to feel well.

2. Football and tennis are very popular _children.

3. Games improve ve1ocity _ reaction and ability to take quick decisions.

4. Why is sport to important _as?

5. In such games _ football, basketball and hockey more than two players take part.

–  –  –

1. A girl persuades her classmate to go in for swimming.

2. Two boys discuss the latest football match.

3. A student answers his classmates questions about an unusual kind of sport.

WRITING EXERCISES

1. Imagine you are a journalist. Write a report about the latest local sports competition.

2. Write an essay on one of the following topics. Use lntemet resources if necessary.

1. Professional sport: different points of view.

2. International sports competitions and their role in uniting different nations.

3. Pierre de Coubertin and his activities.

–  –  –

Complex sentences consist of a main clause (The Claise) and one or more Principal subordinate clauses (The Sibordinate Clauses).

A subordinate clause can be attached to the main clause using subordinating conjunctions that (that), if (if), hecause (because), etc. or allied words who (whose), whose (whose), (when), (where, where), etc. It is also possible to join sentences without a union when where.

–  –  –

In subordinate clauses of the goal, Sibjipctive Mood can also be used (see section Subjunctive Mood), usually lest. After the conjunction lest, the verb is used in the affirmative with a conjunctional form, since in an English sentence there is only one lest itself is a negation, and the conjunction itself is negative.

–  –  –

If the action of the subordinate clause precedes the action of the main one, then for both the verb to е and for all the others the Past Peifect form of the indicative mood is used in the meaning of the subjunctive.

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

l. What types are complex sentences divided into?

2. How is a complex sentence formed?

How is a complex sentence formed?

What are the main types of subordinate clauses?

What questions do they answer?

What does the subjunctive mood mean?

7. How are the main forms of the subjunctive mood formed?

What types of subordinate clauses use the subjunctive 8.

mood?

9. In what cases is the past tense subjunctive form of the verb е used? What form do other verbs take in these to cases?

READING PRACTICE

Health Many philosophers said wise things about health - how important it is for each person, and that one lost, it can"t be restored. lf a person is eating bad food, smoking or taking alcohol - this ruins his health, and it" s very good if he has time to stop and think.

In fact, health is something that is given to many of us since birth. But only active life and good nutrition can help us stay healthy as long as possible.

The first aspect of good health is a healthy diet. Food that you eat gives you energy, vitamins and fiber. And if it is junk food - it gives you extra weight and problems with your health.

The second aspect of good health is sport and exercises. Doctors recommend to use the stairs instead of taking a lift, and to walk during the break at school and college but not to sit at the same place. There are workers who have to sit at the working hours, but then they have problems with their kidneys, which is very serious.

What are other contributions to good health? ot · of course, it "s the absence of bad habits. But it"s also your attitude to life. lf you are full of energy, optimism and kind-heartedness, your life will be good. But if you are always angry, if it"s difficult for you to keep your temper - then the problems are on the threshold.

Finally, everything depends on us. Lifestyle is a way that leads to a happy and healthy life or to medical problems. The most important thing is to have and the map that shows us the right way.

–  –  –

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Bad, aspect, energy, philosopher, restore, smoking, ruin, birth, active, nutrition, possible, diet, eat, vitamin, fiber, junk, extra, weight, recommend, stairs, instead, lift, kidneys, contribution, absence, habit, attitude, optirnism, kind-heartedness, angry, temper, threshold, depend, lifestyle, medical, map, show.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) the ability to do things

2) each of several substances which are present in some products and wblch you need to stay healthy

3) several steps that take you from one floor to anither in a building

4) expecting things to turn out well

5) a board or stone under the doorway of a building

6) two organs in our body that remove waste products from the Blood

7) the measure of how heavy you are

8) something that you do without tblnking, because you have done it so often

9) something you give

10) to say that something is good or suitably.

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Bad, restore, philosopher, smoking, possible, additional, elevator, attitude, disposition, map, destroy, diet, together, absence, kindness, depend, show, birth, active, nutrition, eat, fiber, inferior (about food) , angry, lifestyle, medical.

4. Insert the vocabulary of the text into the following sentences.

1. Our health often _on ecology.

2. In spring our body lacks _and minerals necessary for our living.

3. Change your 1_, or you"ll ruin your _in several years!

4. Not is very active: he goes to work by bike and always uses _ instead of the stairs.

5. lfyou eat much, you"ll gain _.

5. Paraphrase the words in italic using active vocabulary. Make other changes in the sentence if necessary.

Not 1. eats balancedfood, that"s why he is so slim.

3. Not advised to watch this film.

4. And the child must have good nutrition from the first days of his life.

Ipsert prepositiops 6. or post-verbal adverbs.

1. Doctors recommend to use the stairs instead _taking a lift, and to walk _the break _school and college.

2. There are workers who have to sit _the table for hours, but then they have serious problems _thir health.

3. Your attitude _life is also a coptrihution _good health.

4. Our health depends on our eating lшhits to a great level.

7. the text into English.

Trapslate followupg Petya began to study worse than usual. decided that he needed to exercise more and lose weight. This is very useful for him, but not enough. Then he decided to buy vitamins, since fresh fruits and vegetables were still far away. And finally, he took up his studies and tried to catch up. The vitamins helped him a lot.

–  –  –

7. Make up dialogue according to one of the following situations.

1. Two students are discussing the bad effects of smoking on our body.

2. A student asks his new friend what sports he (or she) is fond of.

–  –  –

Write an essay on one of the following topics.

1. Healthy life - it's easy!

2. Going in for sports is my favorite pastime.

3. Be polite, honest and to1erant - and you'll be healthy.

–  –  –

Modal verbs are those verbs that do not themselves express an action or state, but establish a relationship between the subject and the action or state expressed by the infinitive of another verb.

Modal verbs express the possibility, ability, necessity, desirability of performing an action.

Compare in Russian:

–  –  –

Sup she sing?

Mau she sing?

Ought she to sing?

In the negative form, the particle t is placed immediately after the modal verb. The verb sap with the particle pot is written together: Not sappot do it.

In colloquial speech, abbreviated negative forms can be used:

–  –  –

The verb sap means physical or mental ability, the ability to perform an action. It is usually translated into Russian with the words maybe, possible, etc. (in the negative form with the words can’t, can’t, etc.).

–  –  –

That is, it expresses more the actual, one-time possibility of may (suddenly will do something), but rather the general possibility, the theoretical ability to do something.

In combination with the perfect forms of the infinitive, the verb may expresses an assumption (also with a tinge of doubt, uncertainty) in relation to the past tense:

–  –  –

must can also be a verb expressing probability and translated into Russian by the words should be, probably.

This expresses much stronger confidence than the verb tau:

–  –  –

In combination with the perfect infinitive, this verb is used in relation to the past tense and means that there was no need to perform actions:

–  –  –

CONTROL QUESTIONS

What verbs are called modal?

What modal verbs are there in English?

3. What is the difference between modal verbs and ordinary verb forms in the formation?

READING PRACTICE

Telephone conversation rules When you speak over the telephone, it"s important to know some simple but very useful rules, which make your communication successful.

First of all, you must greet your listener with Good morning, Good afternoon, or Good evening. If it is not a person you want to speak with, please ask to call the one you want, using a polite expression. But if it happens that you dialed the wrong number, then you must apologize.

Whenever you are calling anybody, ask whether the person you speak to has enough time for you. Mauble it is not so.

Don't speak too long. Long conversation is often and mere chattering, nothing else. Never forget why you are really phoning.

But the matters that are very important should be better discussed in person. Much information is transmitted by our gestures, but very often we don't seem to realize it.

Even if your interlocutor is rude to you, you shouldn't answer back.

Key your emotions to yourself even if it's difficult for you.

Following these rules, you speak over the telephone as naturally as in person. Telephone is a great invention, it units people, but it should be used carefully in order not to separate them.

–  –  –

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Conversation, ask, simple, communication, successful, great, listener, expression, happen, dial, wrong, whenever, call, whether maybe, mere, chattering, matter (n), transmit, gesture, seem, interlocutor, rude, emotion, following, separate.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) the person you are speaking with

2) someone who is listening

3) to welcome someone when hejshe arrives

4) not fair or morally right; incopect

5) to take thing or people away from other things or people

6) a strong feeling in your mind, such as love or fear

7) talking quickly, stupidly or too much

8) having success

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Conversation, communication, expression, gesture, deed, ask, happen, dial, call, convey, seem, simple, whenever, perhaps, no more than.

4. Insert the vocabulary of the text into the following sentences.

1. When Jack understood that he had _the wrong _, he _. Нis _answered that it was all right.

2. 1 couldn't get through (get through) for half an hour. Was it an important talk or just _?

3. "What _do you want to buy?" _the shop assistant.

4. The disk-jockey greeted his _using a polite _and announcedthat a very interesting program would be _in half a minute.

5. Mother let her child know that he must be silent.

5. Paraphrase the words in italic using active vocabulary. Make other changes in the sentence if necessary.

1. "Your answer is incorrect," said the teacher.

2. His project had great success.

3. The children were divided in 2009 and met only last year.

4. Speak to her using only polite phrases. She is very strict.

5. Probably he is right, but we must check it.

6. Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs.

1. lfit not the person you want to speak_, please ask to call the one you want.

2. Do you have enough time _me?

3. We should better discuss this matter _person. 1 can"t say anything _the telephone.

4. Even if your friend is angry, never answer _. Keer your emotions _yourself.

5. Telephone units people, but it should be used carefully _ _ not to separate them.

7. the following text into English.

–  –  –

When Dima told his father about this, he reminded him that sometimes people call their number by mistake, and you should always answer politely and with positive emotions, no matter what mood you are in.

–  –  –

1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. Must you know any ru\es when you speak over the telephone?

2. What are the typical greetings when you take the receiver?

3. What should you do if is not the person you want to speak with?

4. lfyou have dialed the wrong number, you must apologize, mustn't you?

5. Why should you ask if the person has enough time for you?

ls long conversation merely chattering, in the author's view? And 6.

what do you think?

7. Should important matters be discussed over the phone? Why not?

8. If the interlocutor is rude, what should you do?

Sap these rules help you to speak over the telephone as naturally as 9.

10. ls telephone one of the inventions that has different sides positive and negative? Prove your point of view.

2. Use the questions from 1 to retell the text.

3. What do you think of the moblle phones? Are they dangerous for our health? Give your point of view.

4. Make up dialogues in wblch one student phones to another one

Invites him to the cinema

Asks what the homework is because he"s ill

Tel\s about the latest model of a moblle phone

–  –  –

As mentioned above, the modal verbs sap, tau, tist, ought to, peed, unlike other verbs, do not have a number of forms.

So, for example, the verbs sap and tau cannot be used in the future, and the verb tist in the past and future tense.

To convey the meaning expressed by these verbs in the indicated tenses, use the corresponding equivalents:

–  –  –

What verbs can have a modal meaning?

How are interrogative and negative forms formed in this case?

What do modal constructions with the perfect infinitive mean?

What means are used to express the meaning of modal verbs 4.

must heads sap, tau and in those times where these verbs do not have their own forms?

READING PRACTICE

My hobbles The word "hobby" means a large variety of things that people do in their free time.

We can speak about hobbles in our life when we go to school. That"s the time when time of studies can be clearly distinguished from time of rest. Children go dancing, swimming, they sing, play the piano or other musical instruments. They are found of different sports and games, such as footba\1, gymnastics, figure skating and others.

This is thc first time when they collect things - for example stickers, stamps, badgcs. lt's good when the "hobby" doesn't take very much time.

If it"s so, it"s already a bad hablt. We can say so about computer games.

It's not good to become addicts.

When we are teenagers, our interests become wider. Boys become fond of digital technologies and cars; girls are often fond of flowers, different clothes and animals.

Now when we are college students, our hobbles are various. One of the boys of the group is fond of making robots with remote control and iPhone.

This is grcat! Another bу likes to draw cars and their owners. This is a very unusual "hobby"! As for those 1 learn to make computer programs and I"m sure it will be helpful for me in my work.

My parents say that when their family life began, many of their hobbies disappeared. So 1 have a great opportunity. But my mum still likes to knit, and my dad - to make furniture. These hobbles are not only interesting for them, but also useful for the whole family.

Hobbles make our life very interesting. lt"s especially good when there are people with similar interests around you. This helps us to relax from our studies or main work and do something pleasant for ourselves and the others.

–  –  –

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

1. Study the active vocabulary. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian.

Hoby, like, word, variety, clearly, distinguish, ftgеre skating, collect, example, sticker, stamp, badge, teenager, digital, animal, various, group, robot, remote, уоu, owner, disappear, opportunity, mum, knit , whole, relax.

2. Guess the word the explanation of its meaning.

1) a set of sounds or letters that has a meaning and is written with a space before and after it

2) moving about in time with music

3) a small piece of metal pained on clothes to tell people something about its owner

4) exercises and movements that demonstrate the body's agility and strength

5) to stop being visible

6) to stop working, to rest

7) a small piece of gummed paper with a special design on it

8) a label or sign for sticking on something

9) the person who has something

10) good time to do something

3. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Hobby, variety, musical instrument, example, figure skating, teenager, group, robot, animal, boy, mother, love, clear, collect, distinguish, digital, whole, distant, varied, knit.

4. Paraphrase the words in italic using active vocabulary. Make other changes in the sentence if necessary.

1. We have to go on a bus tour to Moscow this weekend.

2. My sister is the owner of collecting things: postcards, dolls, books, dresses. She says she has a rest when she 1looks at her collection.

But in fact she has according to the rest. She has a really big collection.

3. "1 see well that you must go in for sports to improve your hea1th,"

Said mother to her child.

5. Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs.

1. The word "hobby" means a large variety _things that people do _ their free time.

2. Teenagers are fond of _ digital technologies.

3. There are hobbies which are not only interesting _ you, but also useful _ the whole family.

4. Hobbies make our life interesting especially when there are people similar interests around us.

5. Can you tell me _ your hobbies?

Translate 6. the following text into English.

My friends showed me that hobbies can be very different.

My friend Igor loves to travel. He has already been to almost every continent and has traveled extensively by plane, train, bus, bicycle and on foot. My friend Nikolai loves photography. He photographs people, buildings, nature and significant events. My uncle loves to cook, although his profession has nothing to do with it. But his dishes are always very tasty, and he himself really likes to bring joy to others. And I really like collecting stamps. They carry a lot of useful information. In addition, they help to learn foreign words, because my collections are thematic.

–  –  –

1. Two friends are looking at each other's stamp collection. They decide to exchange some stamps.

2. Two friends are discussing their favorite Шms.

3. Two boys are discussing their favorite types of cars (airplanes).

–  –  –

The metallic system Physics measures such physical characteristics as time, length, mass, density, velocity, area, volume, temperature and energy. Different units of length and mass exist. Nearly all of them are interrelated. Nowadays, three main systems of measurement are widely used: the British system of unity, the metric system of units and the Intemational system of units (SI).

With a few exceptions, all the nations of the world use the metric system.

It is so easy that anyone who knows arithmetic can leam it quickly. Before the introduction of the metric system (meter-kilogram-second), the British foot-pound-second system was widely used. But the latter system (which is still in use in Great Britain and the USA) was very complicated and caused serious difficulties in the intemationa1 trade. For example, in the British system 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards, 1 yard - to feet and 1 foot- to 12 inches. This means that it"s very difficult to convert units.

But in the metric system each unit is a multiple of the following lower unit by ten. Therefore, the conversion to a higher quantity is done by moving the decimal point to the right to the required number of p1aces, and vice versa.

The idea of ​​decimal system was realized only at the end of the 18th century. In 1791, the French Academy of Science decided that the standard of length should be one ten-millionth part of the distance from the Equator to the North Pole. The two French scientists charged with the task took this distance on a line running through Paris and divided it into 10,000,000 equal parts. They called one of the parts and meter (“measure”), which became the main unit. Meter was also used to measure area and volume. Thus a square meter and a cubelc meter appeared.

The main advantage of the system is that for shorter measurements the meter is divided by ten, so a decima1 system was used. Shorter units had Latin preftxes and longer ones - Greek preftxes. So, "millimetre" is Latin for "a thousandth part of a meter" and "kilometer" is Greek for "a thousand meters".

As for the unit of mass, it was defined as the mass of a cube centimeter of water at the temperature of 4 c (the temperature of its maximum density). As we know, the name of this unit is gramme.

The SI units is derived from the metric system and was integrally accepted in 1960. Besides meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s), its basic units are Kelwin (K), ampere (a), mole (mol) , and candle (cd). This system was introduced in our country in the 1960s and every day we measure things by the units from this system.

–  –  –

1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What quantities does physics mcasure? Are most of them interrelated?

2. How many systems of measurement are widely used nowadays?

3. All the nations of the world use the metric system, don't they?

4. What was used before the metric system? Did the earlier system have any drawbacks?

5. When was the idea of ​​decimal system realized?

6. What is the main unit of the metric system? How was it measured?

7. Were the units of area and volume defined as well?

8. Do shorter units have Greek or Latin prefixes?

9. What is the unit of mass?

10. Is there a difference between the metric system and the Sl system?

11. When was the SI system introduced in the USSR?

12. What synonyms to the phrase "metric system" can you fmd in the text?

2. Study the Active Vocabulary. the missing Can you _ cube meter into cube centimeters?

2. The between Moscow and Samara is 1049 3. “Bio\ogy” is a _word, and “science” is a _one.

The teacher _ one of his pupils with a difficult task.

Newton was a great _who formulated laws of gravitation.

6. What is the _ of this swimming pool? - The swimming pool is twenty-five _long and two _deep, and ten _wide. So, 1 _ twenty-five by two and by ten and 1 get five hundred __.

7. The _of ice is more than the _ofwater as a liquid. But the _ of ice is less than the water at 4 °C.

Who was the first traveler who reached the south?

9. The _that studies stars is astronomy.

10. The _ units of the _ systems are a meter, a _and a_.

1. The British system of units, the metric system of units and the Intemational system of units (SI) are...

2. Everyone who knows arithmetic can...

3. Before the introduction of the metric system...

4. The conversion to a blgher quantity in a metric system is done...

5. In 1791 the French Academy of Science decided...

6. The two French scientists took tbls distance...

7. Meter was also used to measure...

8. The main advantage ofthe metric system is...

9. The unit of mass was defined...

10. The SI system is derived...

1. The disadvantages of the British system of units.

2. The introduction of the metric system.

3. Preflxes in the metric system.

1. The diference between the metric system of units and the international system of units (SI).

2. The origin of the British system of units.

3. The introduction of the SI units.

4. Conversion in the British system of units.

–  –  –

TECH Functions of computers Computer is one of the inventions of the 20th century that changed the world greatly. The first computers of the 1940s were enormous. But now they are in almost every family and in every office building.

Most rnachines do only one job, some are multifunctional (e.g. and TU set + + DVD player). But no device is as multifunctional as computer. The parts of the macblne (or its hardware) remain the same, you change only the program (software) and your computer immediately learns to do various tblngs. And the browser program is designed to look at pages on the Internet (you can also say to browse, tbls accounts for the word browser). And the word processor program lets you print text and then change styles of fonts and sizes of pages. A database program is used for searching and sorting records. Such program is used in shops, libraries, hospitals, accountant offices, and so on.

They make work with great amounts of data much quicker.

Computers are found everywhere and used in every sphere of life. In a plant one can make a computer model of a car or plane and check its resistance to stress. Such calculations without a computer could have taken several months. Computer is used at school: children watch films, presentations and web pages. This helps them to study effectively.

Computers also have some disadvantages. There is a famous joke that computers are designed to solve problems but half of the time they are the problem. As a computer is a complicated device, one small breakage may stop its work. Moreover, the equipment is soon out of date.

Besides, there is a problem of compatibilty. First of all, there are hardware devices which can"t work with the old operating systems, such as a processor, a hard disk drive, a video card, etc. Then, there are programs which need more resources than the computer actually lшs.

Thirdly, computers have become more and more complicated, and much effort is required to learn how to work with them. Fourthly, computer viruses cause a lot of trouble - they can spoil, remove or steal computer data, and every user knows it well from his experience.

And on top of all, computer is a multifunctional device, as we already know, so it can be used both to do work and to entertain oneself. Children often fall prey to computer and Internet: they play computer games, spend their free time chatting with friends on the Internet and doing practically nothing. This aspect can't be denied.

Then crown it all, computer is a good device like many others, designed to help people. But it's our own free will that lets us use it in order not to waste time but to get best results.

–  –  –

1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. When was the computer invented?

2. Were there many computers in the middle of the 20th century? Why do you think so? Find the possible exp1anation in the text.

3. Is a computer a mu1tifunctional device?

4. What types of programs for computer can you name?

5. In what spheres of life can computers be used?

6. Computers have many disadvantages, don't they?

7. What are the main disadvantages? Are there any that happened with your computer?

8. What are the relations between children and computer? Is there any danger?

9. Are you interested in other functions of computer?

10. Sap you add apytblng to the list of the drawbacks of computer?

11. Computer sap bе used both for good and bad purposes, sap "t it?

12. Name other things that are misused, like computer. (For examp1e: an atomic energy, a gun, te1evisiо...)

2. Study the Active Vocabulary. lnsert the missing words.

1. The _of ope computcr stoppcd thc whole work of a comput.

2. Yesterday my brother hougl1t a ~-- dcvice: it's a printer, a scanner apd a fax.

3. lfyou want to look at thc library collcction, orep this _program.

4. Then ipstall the drivcr, insert the CD ipto the appd follow the ipstructiops of the computer.

5. If you have problems with your hardwarc og ___, ask my friend lgor. Not a famous specialist, he has great _ _, he sap _ _ apu problem.

6. The hottest place ip your computer is a _.

7. Check your computer for _. They spoil your _.

8. What _ _ do you have? - Are there maps? - Yes, therc aye. But there is only a problem of _ of software.

9. Does not use the Internet only to _blmself: he listeps to the music, watches films and ipstalls programs.

10. Computer make _quicker step calculator.

3. Continue the following statements.

1. The first computers of the 1940s were...

2. And the browser program is designed to...

3. A wood processor lets you...

4. A database program is used in shops...

5. Computers age used everywhere: ip a plapt ope sap make...

6. Computer is also used at school: childreп watch...

7. There is a joke that computers are designed to solve problems but...

8. There is a problem of compatibility...

9. Computers become more and more complicated, and much effort...

10. Computer viruses cause a lot of...

11. Childreп often falls prey to computer...

12. It"s our оwп free will that lets us use the computer ip order...

4. Make a plan of the text and retell the text looking in your plan.

5. Discuss the following topics.

1. Multifunctional devices aroupd us.

2. Different types of computer programs.

3. Spheres of life where computers are flexible on days.

4. The problem of compatibilty.

5. Computer viruses аnd their iпfluепce оn our lives.

6. Find a short article in English on the topic of the lesson in one of the scientific magazines or on the Intemet. Study and discuss the article in class.

7. Write an essay on one of the following topics.

1. Advantages and disadvantages of the computer.

2. Computer as a multifunctional device.

3. Newer and newer hardware and software: modemisation of computer which has no end.

4. Children and computer: any problems?

Lesson 20 TECHT

The Urals - the center of Russian metal industry The Urals - a borderline between Europe and Asia - are a mountain chain which appeared many years ago as a result of tectonic activity. As time went on, the mountains were being destroyed by the action ofwater, sun and air. As a result, the highest mountains are only one thousand meters high. One more consequence is that the greatest deposits of ores came to the surface of the Earth. The fact that they were easily accessible stimulated the development of plants.

The Ural mining industries began during the time of Peter the First. In the 18th century the Urals, with their high quality ores and rich forests (and fuel for plants) played the greatest role in the world industry. Russia exported metal even to Great Britain.

The modemisation of the Ural industry began with Magnitogorsk plant, built near the mountain Magnitnaya, rich in metallic ores. Later, many engineering plants were built in the region. The greatest plants are situated in Magnitogorsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk.

At the beginning of the 20th century the Ural metal industry suffered a crisis because of the shortage of coal. But the delivery of coal from Kuzbass solved the problem.

lt must have mentioned that about 70 metals and minerals were first discovered in the Ural mountains. Large deposits of iron, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, titanium, wolfram and many other metals characterize the region.

Nowadays some of the deposits are exhausted, and the plants work on the ores from the new layers (Kazakhstan, Siberia). But nevertheless, the Urals are the region with great history, traditions and experience, and hopefully it will have new stages of development.

Active Vocabulary accessiБle accessible activity activity action ["rekf~n] action Asia ["eiJ~] Asia chain chain (straight, trans.) rnetallic metalliccharacterize ["krenkt~rуz] harak- rnineral ["mш~r~l] terrify mineral

–  –  –

1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. Where are the Urals located?

2. Why are these mountains not very high?

Why are the deposits of ores easily accessible?

4. When did the Ural mining industries begin? Did Russia export metal at that time?

5. Where did the modemisation of the Ural industry begin?

6. What was the reason for the crisis for the Ural metal industry?

7. How many metals and minerals were first discovered in the Urals?

What are the recent problems of the Urals?

9. Does the author of the text hope that the region will have new stages of development? And what do you think?

2. Study the Active vocabulary. Insert the missing words.

1. Fifty years ago there was a _here. Then all the trees were cut and many _ and factories were built.

2. The mountains which divides our continent into and

3. The factory can't work. We have a _ofcopper. _, we"ll have a ofit soon.

4. _of gold in Califomia were in the middle of the 19th century.

in a spaceship.

5. Gagarin was the first man who flew round the

6. The _of ores is very thick here. A plant can е bunt nearby.

7. The _ of industry means that plants stop working. But all the problems can bе _.

8. The Elbrus is the highest _in Europe.

9. These mountains are the result of tectonic

10. Irkutsk is in Siberia.

3. Continue the following statements.

1. The Urals are a mountain change which...

2. Mountains were being destroyed, and now the highest mountains...

3. In the 18th century the Urals...

4. The modernization of the Ural industry began...

5. The greatest plants are situated...

6. At the beginning of the 20th century the Ural metal industry...

7. About 70 metals and minerals...

8. Nowadays some of the deposits are...

9. Hopefully, the Urals will...

4. Make plan of the text and retell the text looking in your plan.

5. Discuss the following topics.

1. The world of the mountains.

2. Traditions and innovations in the Ural metal industry.

3. The role of the Urals in the world industry - the 18th century and the 21st century.

7. Write an essay on one of the following topics.

1. Natural resources - the wealth of our country.

2. The blstory of the Ural metal industry.

3. Problems of modern Ural.

–  –  –

Hundreds of electronic eqllipmcnts arc now used for scientific, industrial and everyday pllrposes. They l1clp to do jobs better or more rationally than before and take over jobs that coLJidn"t bе done otherwise.

So, industrial electronics plays a vcry important role today.

You can easily find many electronic additions at lume: a tape recorder, a TV set, an MP3 player, a computer and many othcrs.

The application and use of electronic eqllipments dcmands and good knowledge of their fundamentals.

In meters and lamps electricity flows in the wire. Bllt inside any transistor or microcblp (and previously, in radio tubes) electric current passes through the space (or semiconductor) separating certain parts in tbls detail. Such action is called electronic. lt"s not difficult to imagine it because the same happens in lightning. There you actually see how electricity jumps through space.

The first electronic equipments used radio lamps. They were: a radio set, a TV set, computing machines (predecessors of modem calculators), computers (wblch occupied big rooms), tape recorders.

The next stage came when transistors were invented. The devices became more powerful and much smaller. The number of devices increased greatly, some multifunctional devices appeared (radio + tape recorder).

Computers and calculators became smaller: cassette recorders and videocassette recorders appeared.

The next period was the period of microcblps. They helped to reduce big parts of devices, computers and other devices.

The latest period of industrial electronics development is the period of total digitization of all electronic devices, making them compatible with the computer. Photos are no longer made on film but on memory cards, cassettes and video cassettes are out of use. Television is also becoming digital.

Industrial electronics is a great part of our leisure time, it makes people's lives easier, and reduces their working time.

Active Vocabulary note- calculato ["krelkjuleit~]

–  –  –

everyday ["evndei] everyday tape recorder film 1. film 2. film television ["telм3~n] television flow v flow n flow total ["t~utl] full fundamental n transistor transistor base al(j fundamental tube tube undouъtedly [лn" davtidli] unimaginable to imagine increase [w"kri:s] to increase in my opinion

–  –  –

1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. For what purposes are electronic equipments used now? What do they help us to do?

2. Industrial electronics plays an important role today, doesn't it?

3. What electronic equipments are usually found at home? What can you find at home?

4. What is the difference between electric and electronic devices?

5. Where do you actually see how electricity jumps through space?

6. What were the first electronic equipments based on?

7. Did the first computers look like modem ones?

8. Did the next stage when transistors or cassettes were invented?

9. Why did computers become smaller when microcblps were introduced?

10. How is the 1st period of industrial electronics development called?

11. What devices became compatible with computer?

12. What does electronics mean in our life?

13. Do you think that electronics do only good to people?

14. What will be the next period of industrial electronics development, in your opinion?

2. Study the Active vocabulary. lnsert the missing words.

1. In lighting electricity _through _.

2. What do you like more: watching _or listening to the _?

3. 1 can"t _how people lived without _devices.

4. Do you have any _at home? No, 1 have only disks. I"m for _.

Does this camera have much_? No, this camera is not digital. lt 5.

has a 5-millimetre_

6. Devices which have _, and not tubes are much smaller and much more powerful.

7. The number of digital devices _every year. We depend on _more and more.

8. Many electronic devices are used for ___, not for work.

Computers and digital cameras are _devices. It means that they 9.

can exchange information.

3. Continue the following statements.

1. Electronic equipments are used for...

2. You can find many electronic equipments at home: and TU set...

3. Inside any transistor electric current passes...

4. In lightning you actually see...

5. The first electronic equipments used...

6. The devices with transistors become...

7. Microchips helped to reduce...

8. The latest period of industry1 electronics development is...

9. Photos are no longer made on 5-millimeter ftlm, but...

10. Industrial electronics makes people's life...

4. Make plan of the text and retell the text looking in your plan.

5. Discuss the following topics.

1. The fundamentals of electronics.

2. The first electronic equipments.

3. Transistors and microchips and their influence on the size and productivity of the electronic equipments.

6. Find a short article in English on the topic of the lesson in one of the scientific magazines or on the Internet. Study and discuss the article in class.

7. Write an essay on one of the following topics.

1. The role of industrial electronics in modern society.

2. Digitization and its influence on peop1e's leisure time.

Lesson 22 TECHT

Тhe history of buildings For many thousands of years people have lived in houses and 1iked comfortably and safe living, not so dependent on weather conditions.

Mountaineering and rock climbing Textbook Ekaterinburg UDC BBK Rece... "STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS COLLECTION OF REPORTS / KOŠICE, Czechoslovakia / MARCH 1977 CZECHOSLOVAK ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION / PRAGUE 1977 OWL ET ECONOMIC..." Technically permissible load on fifth wheel: approx. 12,000 kg Axle load: approx. 24,000 kg Technically possible load on the axle unit: approx. 27,000 kg Permitted...» Architecture of buildings and structures. Creative concepts of architectural activity DISSERTATION for the academic degree of candi... ""Scientific notes of TOGU" Volume 4, No. 4, 2013 ISSN 2079-8490 Electronic scientific publication "Scientific notes of TOGU" 2013, Volume 4, No. 4, P. 272 ​​– 277 sciences, VUNTS (Voronezh) JSC "Concern "Constellation" Associate Professor, VUNTS (Vo..." number of TC members: people. Total members present..."

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13th ed. - M.: 2013 - 3 36 p.

The textbook can be used when studying the discipline of the general humanitarian and socio-economic cycle OGSE.04 “Foreign Language” in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Professional Education for pedagogical specialties. The textbook, aimed at developing students' skills in modern English oral and written speech, consists of five sections containing thematically selected texts, situationally oriented dialogues, cultural notes, grammatical reference material, exercises; At the end of the book there is a short English-Russian dictionary. For students of secondary vocational education institutions.

Format: pdf (2013 , 336 pp.)

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Format: pdf (2009 , 336 pp.)

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Toolkit with translation of texts.

Format: doc (2010 , 107 pp.)

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CONTENT
Preface 3
English alphabet 6
I. INTRODUCTORY CORRECTIVE PHONETICS COURSE
Introduction 7
Speech organs 7
Phonetic transcription 8
International phonetic transcription signs 8
Key Features English pronunciation 9
Vowel sounds 9
Consonants 9
Word stress 10
Phrase stress 10
Reduction of vowel sounds 10
Intonation 10
Basic intonation contours of English sentence 11
Intonation of questions 11
LESSON 1. Front vowels. Consonants 14
Front vowels 14
Consonants 14
Noisy bows 15
Noisy slots 15
Sonants 16
Nasals 16
Slotted 16
Exercises 17
Text: The Whites 18
Homework 20
LESSON 2. Back vowels. Peculiarities of pronunciation of some sound combinations 21
Back vowels 21
Vowels of the back advanced row 21
Peculiarities of pronunciation of some sound combinations 22
Exercises 23
Text: The Whites (continued) 25
Homework 27
LESSON 3. Diphthongs. Combination of three vowel sounds 28
Diphthongs 28
Combinations of three vowel sounds 29
Exercises 29
Text 1: Grandmother's Week 33
Vocabulary (Words to text) 34
Text 2: Good Traditions Year by Year 34
Vocabulary 35
Homework (Note Task) 35
LESSON 4. Consonants. Vowels in different types syllable 36
Rules for reading consonants 36
1. Consonants with two reading options 36
2. Reading combinations of consonants 37
3. Combinations of consonants with two reading options 37
4. The combination ch, which has three reading options 38
Rules for reading vowels in different types of syllables 38
5. Options for reading vowels according to
with four syllable types: 38
Exercises 39
6. Reading combinations of vowels under stress 40
7. Reading combinations of vowels with the letter g 41
Topic: Visiting Card 42
Names of educational and educational institutions 44
Business card sample 45
Sample ID 45
Note Task 46
LESSON 5. Combinations of vowels and consonants. Vowels
in unstressed syllables 48
Combinations of vowels and consonants 48
Reading vowels in unstressed syllables 49
Vowel reduction 49
Reduced and full forms of function words,
pronouns and auxiliary verbs 50
Topic: Etiquette 52
Gratitude 52
Apology 53
Attracting attention 53
Questions about the state of affairs 53
Reception 53
Note Task 54
TECTI 55
P. FUNDAMENTALS OF PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
LESSON 6. Noun. Adjective. Verb. System
verb forms. Declarative sentence 60
Noun 60
1. Use of article 60
2. Formation of the plural of nouns 64
Plural nouns
not according to the general rule 65
3. Possessive case of nouns 66
Adjective 67
Education of degrees of comparison 67
Verb 68
Basic verb forms 68
Verb conjugation in the present tense 70
Verb tense system 71
Text: My Working Day 75
Active Words and Word Combinations 76
Exercises 77
The Plural Form of the Nouns 77
The Possessive Case 77
Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives 78
The Verb 79
LESSON 7. Pronoun. Adverb. Preposition 83
Pronoun 83
Demonstrative pronouns 84
Interrogative-relative pronouns 84
Indefinite pronouns 85
Adverb 85
Degrees of comparison of adverbs 86
Place of adverbs in sentence 86
Preposition 87
Text: Speaking About Friends 89
Active Words and Word Combinations 90
Exercises 91
Pronouns 91
Adverbs 92
Prepositions 93
Vocabulary 93
LESSON 8. Types of questions. Negative sentences 94
Types of questions 94
General questions 94
Special Issues 95
Questions to the subject 95
Alternative questions 96
Dividing questions 96
Negative sentences 96
Text: Choosing aPresent. Hobbies 99
Active Words and Word Combinations 100
Exercises 100
Questions 100
(a) General Questions 100
(b) Alternative Questions 101
(c) Special Questions 101
(d) Questions to the Subject 101
(e) Tag questions 101
Negative Sentences 103
Vocabulary 103
LESSON 9. Numerals. Participle. Gerund 105
Numeral 105
Some features of the use of numerals 107
Fractional numbers (prime and decimal) 107
Communion 108
Gerund 109
Formation of the gerund and its forms
Text: Getting Ready for a Party. Cooking. Shopping Ill
In the Supermarket 112
Shopping in the USA 113
Sales Tax 113
Active Words and Word Combinations 114
Exercises 114
Numerals 114
Participle I, Participle II 116
The Forms of Participle I 116
Gerund 117
The Forms of the Gerund 117
Vocabulary 118
LESSON 10. Vaguely personal and impersonal sentences. Turnover there is... 120
Vaguely personal sentences 120
Impersonal offers 120
The turnover there is and its forms 121
Texts: At Table 122
Restaurants in the USA 123
Eating Habits in the USA 124
Active Words and Word Combinations 124
Exercises 125
Indefinite Personal Sentences 125
Impersonal Sentences 125
Vocabulary 126
LESSON 11. Passive voice 128
Passive voice 128
Verb forms in passive voice 128
Texts: My House Is My Fortress 132
Houses in the USA 133
Active Words and Word Combinations 134
Exercises 134
The Passive Voice 134
Vocabulary 136
LESSON 12. Conditional sentences 138
Conditional sentences 138
Text: Traveling. Transport 140
On Traveling 141
Active Words and Word Combinations 142
Exercises 142
Conditional Clauses 142
Vocabulary 145
LESSON 13. Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood 147
Imperative 147
Subjunctive mood 148
Formation of the subjunctive mood 148
Use of the subjunctive mood 149
Text: A Visit to a Doctor 151
Active Words and Word Combinations 152
Exercises 152
The Imperative Mood 153
Vocabulary 154
LESSON 14. Coordination of tenses. Indirect speech 157
Coordination of times 157
Indirect speech 158
Message 158
Question 158
Request or order 159
Text: A Telephone Conversation 160
How to Use the Telephone in the USA 161
Calls to the Commonwealth of Independent States 161
Rates for Long-distance and Toll Calls 161
Toll-free Calls 161
Using a Coin-operated Telephone 161
Local Telephone Calls 162
Long-distance Telephone Calls 162
Short-distance Telephone Calls 162
Collect Telephone Calls 162
Active Words and Word Combinations 162
Exercises 163
Sequence of Tenses 163
Reported Speech 164
Vocabulary 165
LESSON 15. Complex addition. Constructions with infinitive and participle 167
Complex addition 167
Constructions with participle 168
Independent participial phrase 168
Texts: Sending a Letter 169
The Internet 170
Active Words and Word Combinations 171
Exercises 171
Complex Object with the Infinitive 171
Complex Object with the Participle 172
Absolute Constructions with Participles 172
Vocabulary 173
LESSON 16. Complex sentences 176
Complex sentences 176
Complex sentences 176
Basic types of subordinate clauses 176
Text: Sports 179
Going in for Sports in the USA 181
Active Words and Word Combinations 181
Exercises 182
Composite Sentences 182
Vocabulary 183
LESSON 17. Modal verbs. Verbs capable of acting in a modal meaning 189
Modal verbs 185
Meaning and use of modal verbs 186
Sap 186
May 186
Must 187
Ought (to) 187
Need 188
Verbs capable of acting in a modal meaning 189
Shall 189
Will 189
Should 189
Would 190
To be 190
To have 191
Replacing missing forms of some modal verbs 191
Text: At My College 192
Active Words and Word Combinations 193
Exercises 194
Modal Verbs 194
Vocabulary 196
A Day at School 196
TEST II 198
III. COUNTRY STUDY. CULTURE
LESSON 18. Topic: Countries 201
Text 1: Russia 201
Exercises 202
Text 2: The United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland 203
Exercises 205
Text 3: The United States of America 206
Exercises 207
Text 4: Canada, Australia, New Zealand 209
Exercises 210
Active Words and Word Combinations 211
LESSON 19. Topic: Cities 213
Text 1: Moscow 213
Exercises 214
Text 2: London 215
Exercises 216
Text 3: Washington, DC 217
Exercises 218
Text 4: New York 219
Exercises 220
Active Words and Word Combinations 221
LESSON 20. Topic: Art 223
Text: Andrew Lloyd Webber 223
Exercises 224
Text 2: Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) 224
ExcvcisG s 225
Text3: Alan Alexander Milne (1882 - 1956) 226
Lines Written by a Bear of Very Little Brain 227
YprniCJ\c 227
Text 4: liwis CargoP (1832-t8
The Jabberwocky 228
Exercises 229
Active Words and Word Combinations 229
LESSON 21. Topic: Man and Society 231
Text: British Mass Media 231
Newspapers 231
Radio and Television 231
Exercises 232
Text 2: The United Nations Organization 233
Human Rights 234
Exercises 234
Active Words and Word Combinations 235
TEST III 237
IV. PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF A SPECIALIST
LESSON 22. Topic: Education 241
Text 1: Education in Russia 241
Exercises 242
Text 2: Schools in the United Kingdom 243
Exercises 244
Text 3: Education in the United States 246
Exercises 247
LESSON 23. Topic: My Future Activities 248
Text I. Teacher's Profession 248
Exercises 249
Text 2: Reform in the System of Secondary Education in Russia 250
Exercises 251
LESSON 24. Topic: The Rights of the Child 252
Text: The Convention on the Rights of the Child 252
Exercises 253
Active Words and Word Combinations 258
ADDITIONAL TEXTS FOR READING AND DISCUSSING 260
(1) The Whipping Boy 260
(2) Tom Sawyer at School 261
(3) Arriving at Lowood Institution 262
V. BUSINESS ENGLISH
LESSON 25. Topic 1: Preparation for Studies Abroad.
Topic 2: Correspondence with the Chosen University 266
Preparation for Studies Abroad 266
Samples of drafting and execution of documents and letters 267
Personal Statement 267
Exercises 268
Correspondence with the Chosen University 268
Request for Application Materials 269
Exercises 270
Covering Letter 270
Exercises 270
Acceptance and Refusal 271
Exercises 272
LESSON 26. Topic 1: Searching for a Job Abroad.
Topic 2: Drawing up and Filling in Documents 273
Searching for a Job Abroad 273
(1) 273
Exercises 273
(2) 274
Exercises 274
(3) 274
Exercises 275
Drawing up and Filling in Documents 275
(1) 275
Exercises 276
(2) 276
Exercises 276
(3) 277
Exercises 277
LESSON 27. Topics: Business Trip Abroad. At the Airport. At the Railway
Station. At the Hotel. Currency Exchange 279
Business Trip Abroad 279
Exercises 279
At the Airport 280
At the Railway Station 281
At the Hotel 281
Currency Exchange 283
LESSON 28. Topics: Formal and Informal Correspondence. Invitations. Wishes. Business Talks. Formal and Informal Correspondece 285
Exercises 285
Letters of Invitation and Replies 285
Formal Letter of Invitation 285
Acceptance 285
Refusal 285
Informal Invitations for Dinners 286
Acceptance 286
Refusal 286
Congratulations 286
Reply to the Letter 287
Address 287
Wishes and Replies 288
Business Talks 290
Gratitude 291
APPLICATIONS
Appendix 1. List of basic irregular verbs 293
Appendix 2. A quick reference guide to word formation 295
Formation of a new word without changing the word 295
Moving the accent 295
Alternation of sounds 296
Affixation 296
The most common suffixes and prefixes 296
Appendix 3. Translation of grammatical terms and tasks for exercises 297
Appendix 4. List of some geographical names and proper names 299
Appendix 5. National anthems and patriotic songs 301
The Anthem of Great Britain 301
God Save the Queen 301
Rule, Britannia 302
The Anthem of the USA 303
The Star-Spangled Banner 303
The Anthem of Australia 304
Waltzing Matilda 304
VOCABULARY 305

GOU SPO COLLEGE OF AUTOMATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY No. 20

Guidelines

TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TUTORIAL

UNDER THE EDITION A.P.GOLUBEVA, N.V.BALYUK, I.B.SMIRNOVA
FOR STUDENTS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Compiled by: teacher of GOU SPO KAIT No. 20 L.V. Belova

Moscow, 2010

This textbook is intended for teachers and students working on the textbook “English Language” by the authors: Golubev Anatoly Pavlovich, Balyuk Natalia Vladimirovna, Smirnova Irina Borisovna for students of secondary vocational educational institutions, publishing center “Academy”, 2011.

Topic 1 – “My working day”……….. p.3

Topic 2 – “Talking about friends”……… p.10

Topic 3 – “Choosing a gift. Hobby”......p. 17

Topic 4 - “Getting ready for the celebration”….p.25

Topic 5 – “At the table”…………………..p. 33

Topic 6 – “My home is my fortress”….p. 40

Topic 7 – “Travel”……………….p.48

Topic 8 – “Visit to the doctor”………………p.55

Topic 9 – “Telephone conversation”……..p. 62

Topic 10 – “Sending letters”……… p.70

Topic 11 – “Sport”……………………… p.79

Topic 12 – “My College”…………… p. 87

In each topic you can find translations of texts into Russian, basic exercises indicating their number, the page on which they are located in the textbook, assignments in English and Russian, as well as words and expressions that students need to know on this topic. The manual includes some additional tasks that the teacher can offer strong students in the lesson.

TOPIC 1

TextMy Working Day (p75)

Hello. My name is Vlad Volkov and I am a college student. I am in my first year now.

I want to tell you about my usual working day.

It is 6.30 am and my younger brother Alexei is knocking at the door of my bedroom. "Will you jog with me today?" he asks. This is the way every morning begins for me. I went jogging last year but then I have become “lazier and Alexei uses every chance to mock at me. He goes jogging regularly and he is a “good sportsman by the way - so his coach says. Alexei goes in for tennis and he has been playing football since he went to primary school. He is the best forward in his team.

Alexei goes away and I stay in bed a little while longer. But anyway it is time to get up. I go to the bathroom and take a shower and clean my teeth, then come back to my room and switch on the television to watch the news while I am brushing my hair, shaving and putting my clothes on.

Now it is time for breakfast. All my family is at table- my mother, my father, Alexei and myself. We have scrambled eggs and bacon, a cup of tea and sandwiches. We chat and discuss news. I think it is right time to introduce my family members to you. My mother's name is Mary. She is a children's doctor. My father"s name is Alexander and he is an engineer. Alexei is still a schoolboy. He is four years my junior. Oh, I haven"t yet told you about my elder sister. Her name is Nina. She is married. Her husband and she rent a flat not far from our place.

After breakfast I look through my notes- just in case I have left something behind, put on my coat, then say good-bye to my mother and leave home. My father gives me a lift to the college in his car. He starts working later than my classes begin.

I arrive at my college just in time to say hello to my fellow-students before the bell goes. As a rule, we have three or four periods every day. We go to college five days a week. Saturday and Sunday are our days off. We have lectures and seminars. Sometimes we work in the workshops. To my mind, these are the most interesting lessons. My friends say that we will be having a test in English today. I think that writing tests in grammar is more difficult than speaking English. I hope I won't fail.

During the breaks we go to the gym and play a round or two of basketball or volleyball. My friend John and I are a fund of reading fantasy and we discuss the latest book by Nick Perumov. He asks me if I liked the book that he had given me. I tell him that I will have read the book by the end of the week.

At 1 pm we have a long break. We go to the canteen and have a roll and a cup of juice. Then there is one more period, which is Mathematics. It is my favorite subject. The classes are over at 2.40 pm. Sometimes I go to the library to study there, but today I don't.

On my way home I see my girlfriend Lena. She smiles at me and we walk together for a while. I suddenly remember that we will have been dating for a year next week. 1 will go and look for a present for her tomorrow. When we first met at a party, I told her that she was the prettiest girl in the world and I had been looking for her all my life. Now I think that she is not only the most beautiful girl, but also the best friend. I am really fond of her. She is still a schoolgirl; she is leaving school this year. Lena's dream is to enter Moscow State University.

I come to my place at about 4 pm. Mother is already at home. She is cooking in the kitchen. Soon my father and brother arrive and we have dinner together. After dinner I do my lessons for tomorrow, watch television and read. I don"t go out because the weather has become worse. I go to bed at about 11.30 pm.

TRANSLATION OF TEXT My working day (page 75)

Hello. My name is Vlad Volkov, I study in college. Now I'm in my first year. I want to tell you about my usual working day.

It's half past six in the morning, and my younger brother Alexei is knocking on my bedroom door. “Will you run with me today?” he asks. This is how every morning starts for me. I started running last year, but then I got lazy, and Alexey never misses an opportunity to tease me. He runs constantly and, by the way, he is a good athlete, as his coach says. Alexey has been playing tennis and football since he went to school. primary school. He is the best striker on his team.

Alexey leaves, and I still lie in bed for a while. But, one way or another, it's time to get up. I go to the bathroom, shower, brush my teeth, then go back to my room and turn on the TV to watch the news while I comb my hair, shave and get dressed.

It's breakfast time. My whole family is at the table - mom, dad, Alexey and me. We eat scrambled eggs and ham and tea with sandwiches. We chat and discuss the news. I think now is a good time to introduce you to my family members. My mother's name is Maria, she is a pediatrician. My dad's name is Alexander, he is an engineer. Alexey is still in school. He is 4 years younger than me. Yes, I haven't told you about my older sister yet. Her name is Nina, she is married. She and her husband rent an apartment not far from our house.

After breakfast, I look through my notes in case I forgot something, put on my jacket, say goodbye to my mom and leave the house. My dad gives me a ride to college in his car. He starts working later than my lessons start.

I arrive at college just in time to say hello to my friends before the bell rings. We usually have 3-4 pairs a day. We go to college 5 days a week. Saturday and Sunday are our days off. We have lectures and seminars. Sometimes we work in workshops. From my point of view, these are the most interesting lessons. My friends say that today we will have an English test. I believe that writing grammar tests is more difficult than speaking English. I hope I don't fail.

During breaks we go to the gym and play basketball or volleyball. My friend Zhenya and I are fond of reading science fiction and are discussing the latest book by Nik Perumov. He asks if I liked the book he gave me. I say I'll finish it by the end of the week.

At one o'clock in the afternoon we have a big break. We go to the dining room and eat a bun with juice. Then another pair - mathematics. This is my favorite subject. Lessons end at 14:40. Sometimes I go to study in the library, but today I won't go.

On the way home I meet my girlfriend Lena. She smiles at me and we walk together for a bit. Suddenly it dawns on me that next week it will be a year since we met. Tomorrow I'll go and look for a gift for her. When we first met at a party, I told her that she was the most beautiful girl in the world, and I had been looking for her all my life. Now I think that she is not only the most beautiful, but also my best friend. I truly love her. She's still a schoolgirl. Finishes this year. Lena dreams of entering Moscow State University.

I return home around four o'clock. Mom is already home. She is cooking in the kitchen. Dad and brother will come soon, we will all have lunch together. After lunch I do my homework for the next day, watch TV, read. I don’t go outside because the weather has turned bad. I go to bed around half past twelve.
Words and expressions you need to know on this topic:

Break

Be fond of - to get carried away with something

Brush one’s hair - comb your hair

Canteen - catering canteen

Chat

Coach

College

Day off

Do the make-up

Discuss- discuss

Dream

Fail - fail an exam

Get up - get out of bed

Give a lift - give a lift by car

Go in for sports

Gym

Hair

Have breakfast (lunch, dinner) - have breakfast, lunch

Introduce

Jog - jog

Knock

Leave something behind - forget, leave

Lecture- lecture

Look through

Mock at somebody - make fun of someone

Period- pair (activity, lesson)

Primary school

Put on - put on

Seminar- seminar

Shave- shave

Succeed - to succeed

Switch on/off - turn on/off

Take a shower - take a shower

Watch TV - watch TV

Workshop
Page 77 No. 2

Write plural nouns

a tooth – teeth a woman - women

a foot – feet a postman – postmen

a man – men a child – children
Page 77 No. 3

Insert articles where necessary

1. 
   My father is an engineer. He is a good engineer.
2. 
   The Earth moves around the Sun.
3. 
   I go to college. I am a second-year student.
4. 
   Mary is the best student in the group.
5. 
   Meet an English family, the Browns.
6. 
   There are many interesting books in our library.
7. 
   The Amazon is the longest river in the world. The Everest is the highest mountain.
8. 
   During the break I usually go to the canteen and have a cup of juice and a roll.
9. 
   My mother is cooking breakfast in the kitchen.
10. 
    Alexei arrives at school before the bell goes.

Page 77 No. 4

Translate phrases into Russian

mommy bag teacher journal

Yulino's ring notes boys

My Friend's Book of Children's Toys

Table leg book page

Page 77 No. 5

Translate phrases into English

1. 
   teacher's register
2. 
   teachers' books
3. 
   the door of my bedroom
4. 
   postmen's bags
5. 
   father's car
6. 
   children's names
7. 
   the words of the song
8. 
   Sam's exercise book
9. 
   pupil's answer
10. 
    my brother's coach

Page 77 No. 6

Complete the sentences using the family tree

1. 
   Ann is John's wife. Anna is John's wife.
2. 
   Stephen is David's and Kate's son. Stephen is the son of David and Kate.
3. 
   Ann is Stephen's aunt. Anna is Stephen's aunt.
4. 
   Sam is Mary's husband. Sam is Mary's husband.
5. 
   Mary is Carrie’s, Jessica’s and Stephen’s grandmother. Mary is the grandmother of Carrie, Jessica and Stephen.
6. 
   Carrie and Jessica are Stephen’s cousins.
7. 
   David is Carrie's and Jessica's uncle. David is Carrie and Jessica's uncle.
8. 
   Jessica is Mary's and Sam's granddaughter.
9. 
   Carrie is David's and Kate's niece. Carrie is David and Kate's niece.
10. 
    Jessica is Ann's and John's daughters. Jessica is the daughter of Anna and John.

Page 77 No. 6

Write comparative and superlative adjectives

Good – better – the best

Cold – colder – the coldest

Bad – worse – the worst

Heavy – heavier – the heaviest

Little – less – the least

Expensive – more expensive – the most expensive
Page 77 No.9

Put the adjectives given in brackets into the correct form

1. 
   Two heads are better than one.
2. 
   This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
3. 
   Concord is the fastest plane in the world.
4. 
   Mike is taller than Nick.
5. 
   Harrods is the most expensive shop in London.
6. 
   This is the cheapest hotel in our city.
7. 
   We discuss the latest news.
8. 
   My elder brother is 5 years old my senior.
9. 
   The first exercise is less difficult than the second.
10. 
    The weather has become worse. It looks like raining.

Page 77 No. 10

Translate into Russian.

1. 
   She is as beautiful as a rose.
2. 
   He's smart as an owl.
3. 
   My brother is not as strong as my father.
4. 
   He's not as busy as me.
5. 
   This girl is more attractive than that one.
6. 
   This student is smart like his teacher.
7. 
   My car is not as new as yours.

Page 77 No. 15

Write sentences in the past and future indefinite tense. Add the necessary adverbs.

1. 
   Vlad goes to college. Vlad went to school last year.

Vlad will go to college next year.

1. 
   She swims very well. She swam very well last year.

She will swim in the river in summer.

3. They speak English during the lesson. They spoke English yesterday. They’ll speak English during the lesson tomorrow.

4. He asks me a difficult question. He asked me a difficult question at the lesson. He'll ask me a difficult question tomorrow.

5. We jog in the morning. We jogged last year. We'll jog in the morning in summer.

6. Lena looks through the notes before the seminars. Lena looked through the notes yesterday. Lena will look through the notes before the next seminar. 7. Father gives him a lift to college every day. Father gave him a lift to college last month. Father will give him a lift to college next week.
Page 77 No. 17

Write the sentences given in the perfect tense into the simple past tense, using the necessary adverbs.

1. 
   My friend has already written the test. He wrote it yesterday.
2. 
   Boris has done his homework this evening. He did his homework two hours ago.
3. 
   I have already watched this film. I saw it last month.
4. 
   We have never seen him man. We didn’t see him near our house yesterday.
5. 
   They have just come back home. They came 5 minutes ago.
6. 
   I’ve left my book at home this morning. I left it on the table.

Page 77 No. 18

Put the verbs given in brackets in the present

simple or present continuous tense

1. 
   They speak English very well.
2. 
   She is speaking to her teacher now.
3. 
   I usually have orange juice for breakfast.
4. 
   He is taking a shower now.
5. 
   We jog every day.
6. 
   He is jogging out now.
7. 
   Mother is in the kitchen. She is cooking breakfast.

simple or continuous tense

1. He read an interesting book last month.

2. Sam read an interesting book in the morning.

3. We were discussing this film when you arrived.

4. She knocked and came in.

5. They watched TV and went for a walk.

6. The boy was watching TV at 6 o’clock.

7. My friend introduced me to his mother.
Put the verbs given in brackets in the past

simple or perfect tense

1. 
   We have just begun our lesson.
2. 
   He has already introduced us.
3. 
   I left my copybook at home yesterday.
4. 
   She got a bad mark last week.
5. 
   Mike read this exercise before the lesson.
6. 
   Sam and I met a week ago.

Page 77 No. 19

Put the verbs given in brackets into the correct grammatical form.

1. 
   I told him that I hadn’t read the book yet.
2. 
   The weather was bad yesterday, so we didn’t go out.
3. 
   Mary is standing at the blackboard now. She is answering the teacher’s question.
4. 
   I’ll have finished this task by 5 pm tomorrow.
5. 
   At 5pm tomorrow I’ll still be doing this exercise.
6. 
   If the film isn’t interesting, I shan’t watch it.
7. 
   At that time yesterday he was writing a letter to his mother.
8. 
   He asks me if we had the test the day before.
9. 
   They were playing football when their mother came home.
10. 
    She goes to college 5 days a week.

Page 77 No. 20

Translate the text into English.

Tony is Italian. He is an English college student studying mathematics.

He is now in his 2nd year. Tony lives with an English family. Their last name is Thomson. There are five of them: Mr. and Mrs. Thomson, son Andrew, eldest daughter Jane and youngest Maggie. Their home is in Oxford.

In the morning, Tony goes for a run, then has breakfast. For breakfast he drinks a glass of orange juice and eats ham and eggs. Then he goes to college. Typically he has 3 or 4 lectures or seminars. Then he studies in the library with his friends.

He comes home at 5 o'clock and has dinner with the Thomsons. In the evenings he goes to the gym and plays basketball or volleyball.

After dinner, he prepares his homework for the next day or goes for a walk if the weather is good. He usually goes to bed at 11 o'clock.

Tony is Italian. He is a student at an English college and studies mathematics. He is in his second year. Tony lives in an English family. Their surname is Tomson. There are five of them: Mr and Mrs Tomson, their son Andrew, an elder daughter Jane and younger Maggy. Their house is in Oxford.

In the morning Tony jogs, then he has breakfast. For breakfast he drinks a glass of orange juice and eats bacon and eggs. Then he goes to college. As a rule, he has 3 or 4 lectures or seminars. Then he studies in the library with his friends.

He comes home at five and has dinner with the Tomsons. In the evenings he goes to a sport hall and plays volley-ball or basket-ball.

After supper he prepares his homework for the next day or goes for a walk, if the weather is fine. Usually he goes to bed at eleven pm.