Emphasis. Stressed and unstressed vowel sounds – Knowledge Hypermarket

Visual and auditory warning dictations.

Enemies, doctors, eyes, rooks, heat, gardens, herds, country, basins, grass, clocks, steps, balls, scarves, sides, water, wave, mountain, thunderstorm, rains, houses, boards, yards, firewood, blackbirds, goat, bark, braid, ears, ring, moles, seas, bridges, leg, knives, hole, window, they, wasp, fruits, rafts, fields, floors, horns, dew, elephants, resin, owl, catfish, pine, pillars, tables, side, crowd, trail, hills, passages, banks, bucket, spring, scales, nest, affairs, tree, ruffs, hedgehogs, star, link, earth, grain, snake, forests, broom, furs, swords, lake, autumn, feather, shoulder, river, candle, village, saddle, sister, traces, snow, glass, arrow, wall, bread, stable, flowers, screws, mushrooms, winter, game, whales, fox, sheets, face, saw, letter, slab, pig, number, ridge, balls, spot, rows, core, egg.

Jam, cook, skating rink, horse, workshop, playground, tanker, hospital, fighter, homemade, carpet, feeding trough, kitten, moose cow, calf, sailor, lodging, autumn, bad, clearing, starling, birdhouse, carpenter, dining room, path, spring, top, tip, wooden, forester, chick, snowflake, snowballs, steppe, lives, animal, fox cubs, silence, cleanliness, fives.

1. Grandfather’s leg hurts. 2. There is a clock on the wall. 3. The chick squeaks in the nest.

1. In the meadow, children picked flowers. 2. Gophers are enemies of the fields. 3. Leningrad has wonderful bridges. 4. Whales live in the seas and oceans.

1. Nina has brown eyes. 2. There was a lot of rain this spring. 3. The sister glued the pages in the book. 4. The students did exercises with balls.

1. Herds graze on the mountainside. 2. The evening star lit up in the sky. 3. Alenka’s whole face turned red. 4. The water in the river was muddy.

1. Elephants live in herds. 2. Yasha brought a full bucket of water. 3. The sound of a saw is heard in the forest. 4. There is a large greasy stain on the apron.

1. Brother writes a letter to his sister. 2. In spring, the gardens put on a white outfit. 3. Resin drips from the pine tree. 4. Blackbirds peck berries.

1. My dog ​​is white with a black spot on his side. 2. The fields and hills are covered with a snow carpet. 3. Grain was poured into the chickens. 4. Birch trees have slender trunks and white bark.

1. The feeder is a bird's dining room. 2. The gardener gave us red tulips. 3. The swallow made a nest above the window. 4. The summer rain passed quickly. There are a lot of mushrooms in the forest.

1. Moles dig holes in the ground. 2. We played the game “Ring, come to me.” 3. What number is divisible by three? 4. In a mountain lake, the water is like glass.

1. I have a goose feather pillow. 2. The goat has sharp horns. 3. In the silence, the watchman’s steps are heard. 4. The firewood was put in the barn.

1. The pig has piglets. 2. The goat has kids. 3. An owl has owlets. 4. The rook has rooks.

1. The tables are made by a carpenter. 2. The cook is preparing soup. 3. The sailor serves in the navy. 4. The fighter is on duty.

1. In the morning I eat an egg and drink tea. 2. Ripe fruits bent the branches to the ground. 3. The grass is wet from dew.

1. The boat was rocking on the waves. 2. Masha’s entire dress is in flowers. 3. Marina has an A in her diary today.

There is an old maple tree by the river. There, at the top, is a rook's nest. Every spring, rooks fly to their nest.

For mushrooms.

Early. There is dew on the grass. Hurry to the forest! Lena and Vera are looking for mushrooms in the forest.

In class.

The classroom is bright and beautiful. There are three windows on the left. There is a portrait of Lenin on the wall. The teacher is at the table. She dictates the words. We write: Moscow, Kremlin, Red Square.

Sparrow and swallows.

Spring came. The swallow made a nest. A sparrow saw a nest and occupied it. The swallow called her sisters for help. Together they drove the sparrow out of the nest.

An old pine tree grows in the forest. There is a fox hole under the pine tree. There are fox cubs in the hole. The fox's hole is clean and warm.

The blizzard swept away all the red leaves. She lay down under a bush to rest. Suddenly he sees another large leaf. Only it was not a leaf, but a red fox.

Fox and geese.

Geese were grazing in the meadow. They were nibbling grass. A fox came out of the forest. The geese did not notice the fox. The cheat is very close. She grabbed the goose. She took it to her children in the hole.

Our friends.

Birds are our friends. They eat harmful insects. Birds protect fields, gardens, forests, and vegetable gardens. Schoolchildren take care of birds. He hangs birdhouses in the gardens. Guys, don't destroy birds' nests!

A beautiful young birch tree in spring! The birch tree grows in our forests. Russians love this tree. The white birch tree is also sung about in folk songs.

Spring came. The sun began to warm the earth. There is a goat with kids in the meadow. And then the forest. There is lush grass in the forest. The kids run into the forest.

The guys came to the forest. There is morning dew on the grass and bushes. Birds are singing. Woodpeckers knock with their noses. A fluffy squirrel chews on pine cones. She has baby squirrels in her nest.

The little moose is so funny. The lips are thick. The legs are long and thin. The elk calf runs after the moose cow. The moose cow is still feeding him milk. In summer, the elk calf chews bitter aspen twigs. In autumn it eats mushrooms.

The sun drove the snow from the fields. There are fresh stems in the grass. The buds on the trees put out young leaves. A bee woke up from its winter sleep. She cleared her eyes with her furry paws. The bee sees the bright sun shining. Everywhere is light and warm. She got out of the hive and flew to the flower.

Forest kitten.

I'm walking through the forest with a gun. I look: a kitten is walking in the clearing. The tail is short. The eyes are stupid. The kitten either runs after a fly or hits a flower with its paw. Then a bumblebee caught my eye. The bumblebee kitten hit the bumblebee with its hind paw. He is strong. The forest kitten will grow up and become a lynx.

Feeders.

Winter covered the fields with snow. Covered the ground with a white carpet. Hungry birds fly to housing. I feel sorry for the children's feathered friends. They hung feeders in gardens and parks. They poured grains and crumbs. They put some berries. Sparrows, titmice, and bullfinches flock to the feeders. They chirp joyfully, as if they are thanking the guys.

How to identify vowel sounds?
What letters represent vowel sounds in writing?

Differences between a vowel and a consonant:

• the vowel sound consists only of the voice;

• when pronouncing a vowel sound, air passes through the mouth freely, without obstructions;

• a vowel sound forms a syllable: u | cha | ta .

Note! The word vowel is formed from the obsolete word glas (voice). Therefore, we can say that a vowel sound means “vocal”.

Spelling words with an unstressed vowel sound at the root.

Remember! A vowel sound in a stressed syllable (under stress) is called stressed. A vowel sound in an unstressed syllable (without stress) is called unstressed.

Note! Words tiger and tigers, birch and birches are forms of the same word. The words tiger and tiger cubs, birch and birch are words with the same root.

Note! The same vowel sound in an unstressed syllable can be represented by different letters.

[a] [a] [a] [a]
Shafts, rooks, tables, dew.

Note! An unstressed vowel sound in the root of words with the same root and forms of the same word is denoted by the same letter that denotes a stressed vowel sound in the same root: snow - snow - snowman - Snow Maiden.

Word being checked - this is a word in which the spelling of the letter denoting an unstressed vowel sound is checked: To oh ver , page e la , P and smo .
Test word - this is a word in which the letter being tested indicates a stressed vowel sound: To o scream , arrows , arrow , letters .

To choose a test word to indicate by letter unstressed vowel sound at the root, you need:

a) or replace the form of the word (m o rya - sea, by the sea) ;
b) or choose a single root word (tr and vá - grass, green - green) - so that the unstressed vowel sound becomes root percussion.

In the test and test words, vowels in the stressed and unstressed syllables of the root spelled the same.

Note! If the letter e is written under stress at the root of a word, then the letter e is written without stress in the forms of the same word and in words with the same root: tears - tears, bee - bee, sisters - sister.

When do you need to remember the spelling of letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds at the roots of words?

Remember! There are words in the Russian language in which the spelling of the letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound in the root is can't be verified: l O pata, k A artina, p A lto, O hope The spelling of such words is necessary either remember, or check according to the spelling dictionary.
At school such words are sometimes called vocabulary. But this is not a scientific name. In each class you will be introduced to new vocabulary words.

Note! We have already talked about words in which letters are highlighted or missing. These are spelling letters. Their writing follows the rules that you learn in Russian lessons.
Spelling we will call letter, which needs to be written check or remember.

The letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound at the root of a word is an orthogram. Its spelling must be checked or memorized.

The formation of vowel sounds, their difference from consonants, weak and strong positions of vowel sounds, stressed and unstressed vowel sounds and their designation by letters, syllable formation, vowel spellings.

In Russian there are 10 vowels 10: AND I, O-YO, U-YU, Y-I, E-E and everything
6 vowel sounds : [A], [O], [U], [Y], [E], [I ] .

When pronouncing vowels, exhaled air freely exits through the larynx and oral cavity between the vocal cords and does not encounter obstacles. Vowel sounds consist of voice in the complete absence of noise.

Consonant sounds differ from vowels in that when consonants are formed, air encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity, creating noise. Consonants consist of voice and noise (voiced) or only noise (voiceless).

If a word consists of several syllables, one of them sounds stronger, more clearly, than the rest. Such is called stressed, and pronouncing a syllable with greater force and duration is accent.
The vowel sound of a stressed syllable is percussion sound, vowels of unstressed syllables - unstressed vowels.

Stressed position - strong position for vowels. Here the vowels are pronounced clearly. There are 6 main vowel sounds that are emphasized under stress: [A], [O], [U], [Y], [E], [I].

Stressed vowel sounds and the letters by which they are designated.

Sound	Letters	Example
[A]	A	excitement[excitement]
	I	crumpled [m'al]
[O]	O	nose [nose]
	e	carried [n’os]
[y]	at	tour [tour]
	Yu	bale [t’uk], parachute [parachute]
[And]	And	type [t’ip]
[s]	s	soap [soap]
	and after w, w, c	lived [lived] awl [shilo] circus [circus]
[e]	uh	mayor [mayor]
	e	forest [l’es]

Position of vowels in unstressed position - weak position.
In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced differently than stressed syllables, weakened, more briefly. The sound is modified and may not correspond to the letter that is used to write the word, so unstressed vowels are .
Without stress, fewer vowel sounds are distinguished than under stress - only 4 unstressed vowel sounds: [A], [U], [Y], [I] .

The quality of an unstressed vowel depends on the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant. The same unstressed vowel sound can be represented by different letters in a letter.

In an unstressed position, the sounds [o], [e] and those indicated by the letter cannot be pronounced I sound [a] after soft consonants. The letter o denotes the sound [a] in an unstressed syllable; the letters e, e and i - in unstressed syllables the sound between [i] and [e].

Unstressed vowel sounds[a], [y]. [and], [s] and the letters by which they are designated

sound	letters	Condition	Example
[A]	A	at the beginning of a phonetic word, after firm agreement	artist[artist]; cow [carOva]; shocked [shak'iravan]
	I	after steamy soft ones, after [th’]	excitement[excitement]
	O	after hard ones, at the beginning of a phonetic word	toma [tama]; shocked [shak'iravan]; window [akno]
[y]	at	at the beginning of a word after hard and soft ([h’], [sch’])	lesson [lesson]; arc [arc]; make noise [noise’et’]; miracles[ch'ud'esa]
	Yu	after steamy soft ones, unpaired solids, after [th’]	loves [l’ub’it], jury [zhur’i] ([zhur’i]), huddle [y’ut’itsa]
[s]	s	after firm agreement (except w, w), after c	wash [washed’], gypsy [gypsy]
	e	after firm agreement	T e stirate [t s st'iravat'], and e fly [f s lt’et’], sixth [shystoy’]
	A	after hard hissing and c	Losh A dey [lash s d'ey']
	And		and And here [w s Here], lump [lump], circus performer [circus performer’]
	O	after hard hissing and c	chocolate[shikalat], Tsokotuha[tsikatuha]
[And]	And	at the beginning of the background word, after soft consonants	game [game], pie[p’irOk]
	uh	at the beginning of the background words	floor [itas]
	A	after soft consonants	watch [h'isy]
	e		lie down [l’izhat’]
	I		rows [r’ida]

• A, O, U, Y, E - letters that represent one sound; the consonants before these letters (except for the always soft [ch’], [sch’]) are read firmly: lama [lama], kora [kara], bud [ b uton], life [life]; But, [ h' A sch' a], watch [ h'iWith s].
• I, Yo, Yu, I, E - letters that indicate the softness of the previous consonant (except for the always hard [zh], [sh], [ts]): mile [ m'il'a], turn [ t'orn], loving [l ‘ dec 'A], lazy [l ‘ eneif]; BUT, cone [shishka], yellow [zholtye], circus [ ts yrk].
• Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotized. Can represent one or two sounds:
  • If these letters appear after consonants, then they indicate the softness of the previous consonant (except for [zh], [w], [ts]) and give one vowel sound : m cell[m 'A h], turn [t 'O rn], tulle [t ‘y l’], foam [p ‘ uh on the].
  • These letters are a consonant sound [th’] and the corresponding vowel sound ( I - [y'a], yo - [y'o], yu - [y'u], e - [y'e]), if they are worth
    • at the beginning of the word: poison [y’at], hedgehog [ y'o sh], cabin boy [y’ung], huntsman [ye ‘ger’];
    • after vowels: militant [bai'ev'ik], clown [pay'ats];
    • after separators Kommersant And b signs: volume [aby’om], monkey [ab’iz’y’ana], congress [with y'e st].
  • [th’] - consonant, always voiced, always soft sound.
  • In transcription (in the designation of sounds) letters I, Yo, Yu, E are not used. The sounds [e], [e], [yu], [ya] do not exist.
• Letter AND after b denotes two sounds: whose [h’ y'i], fox [fox’ y'i]

Spellings - vowels:

• unstressed vowels in the root:
  • verified by stress;
  • alternating;
  • unverifiable (dictionary);
  • vowels And And s at the beginning of the root after to consonants.
• Vowels in prefixes:
  • in consoles pre - And at — ;
  • in other consoles.
• Vowels (not after sibilants) in suffixes of different parts of speech:
  • nouns;
  • adjectives;
  • conjugated forms of the verb;
  • participles.
• Vowels at the end of words:
  • in nouns and numerals;
  • in adjectives, numerals and participles;
  • in verbs.
• • in the roots;
  • in suffixes and endings:
    • under stress;
    • no accent.
• Vowels after sibilants, ы and и after ц in different parts of the word:
  • in the roots;
  • in suffixes and endings:
    • under stress;
    • no accent.

References:

1. Babaytseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5th - 9th grade: textbook for in-depth study. studied Russian language. / V.V. Babaytseva. — 6th ed., revised. — M. Bustard, 2008
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Russian language Olympiads. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. – 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - MSU, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
4. Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011

Repetition

To remember the topics we have already covered in the Russian language, let’s solve a crossword puzzle. To do this, we will write words vertically in empty cells, guessing them by meaning.

Rice. 1.Crossword

1. I hear sounds, but will I hear letters?...
2. Emphasizing a syllable in a word by using stronger voice or raising the tone.
3. Sounds that form a syllable.
4. Icons for recording sounds.
5. We write and read letters, and we pronounce and hear...?
6. The smallest pronunciation unit.
7. A collection of words arranged in alphabetical order, with explanations, references, interpretations, and translations into other languages.

Let's check ourselves.

Rice. 2. Completed crossword puzzle with code word

In the selected horizontal cells we have the word RULE.

Let us repeat: speech consists of sounds. The sounds are vowels and consonants. They help each other. Vowel sounds combine consonants into syllables. And words are built from syllables, like bricks. In every word one brick is the most important. This is a stressed syllable. If the emphasis is placed incorrectly, the word will be difficult to understand.

Stressed and unstressed vowels

Let’s complete the task: look at the photos and name what is shown on them.

Rice. 3()

Flowers, pine, balls. Let's put stress in the words and show the vowels that are in an unstressed position by emphasizing them. Flowers, from sleep, ball. Let's read these words not syllable by syllable, but quickly. It is noticeable that unstressed vowels were pronounced less clearly.

Vowels under stress - stressed vowels - are in strong position. Vowels without stress, they are called unstressed - in weak position . Letters that represent sounds in weak positions are called spellings. Spelling - (from the Greek orthos - correct and gramma - writing) - writing words according to some spelling rules.

Spelling - (from the Greek word: “orthos” - correct, and “grapho” - “write”) - rules of written speech (i.e. writing words). In Russian they say "spelling".

Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

Let's look at the words:

mushrooms, flowers- I hear And what should I write? I or E?

water, grass- I hear A, what should I write? A or O?

balls, rows- I hear an unclear sound. And what should I write? I? E? AND?

Conclusion - in the unstressed position we do not hear a clear sound and can make a mistake when writing.

In the modern Russian language there is a law - in unstressed syllables the sound O is not pronounced. The sound A works instead. And it will return to its place only when it becomes percussive. This is how sounds work in turn. Compare : sea - seas, table - tables, elephant - elephants. Other vowel sounds behave the same way: in unstressed syllables, each of them is replaced by some other one.

Unstressed syllables do not have the vowel sound E. Say the word floors. It is not pronounced as it is written. It is not difficult to notice that the sound U in words is not dangerous; it is pronounced well and clearly even in an unstressed position.

For competent writing, it is very important to learn to identify unstressed vowels by ear without errors in order to anticipate the place in the word where a mistake can be made. Sometimes they say - find a dangerous place in a word. Let's write down the proposals.

The squirrel was on a twig. We hear unstressed sounds clearly and understand all words.

Children play with a ball. It is not clear what the children are playing with: a ball or a sword.

Checking an unstressed vowel

To understand written language, it is important to learn how to write words without errors. There is a law in the Russian language: check a weak position with a strong one.

Let's read the sentences and find a clue in them.

The cat - to? Daddy. Cat - Oh, that means kittens are also Oh.

The tiger has t? dirty. Tiger - And, that means the cubs are also I.

Here's an elephant. Does he have sl? Nyata. Elephant - Oh, that means baby elephants are also Oh.

Remember the rule: To check the spelling of a weak position, you need to change the word. How to do it?

Step 1: Say the word being tested.

Does it have vowels in unstressed syllables?

If there are, what are they?

Step 2: Choose a test word, change the word so that the sound being tested is stressed.

Step 3: Write the vowel letter in accordance with the sound that is heard under the accent.

Step 4: Check what you have written, read the word syllable by syllable.

Now we will go to the zoo. All animals are listed here so visitors know what they are looking at. Here are different birds. Let's sign their names.

This owl. Impact sound A. How to write without error - owl or sava ? How will we proceed? Let's select a test word, change the word owl on With O You, Now under the accent O, that means we’ll write owl. Then we proceed in the same way.

Rice. 11. Crane ()

Crossbills? Blackbirds? Cranes? Rooks?

What to do with words sparrow, nightingale, crow, magpie?

Using a spelling dictionary

Worth taking advantage spelling dictionary , with which you can check spelling.

Rice. 17. Spelling dictionary ()

You just need to know the secrets of the dictionary and remember the alphabet well. Very often, short spelling dictionaries can be found at the end of Russian language textbooks. If you don’t have a dictionary at hand, ask an adult or a teacher for the spelling. Remember, the main thing is not to write with an error. It is better to leave space for the letter, marking it with a dot, and enter the letter when there is no doubt at all.

Let's draw a conclusion. The position of an unstressed vowel sound in a word is a danger that requires proof. Unstressed vowels cannot be trusted. Today in class we learned how to check them in different ways: by a strong position, i.e., by selecting a test word, and by using the dictionary, if there is no test word. Remember this:

Unstressed vowel sound
Causes a lot of pain.
So that there is no doubt,
We put emphasis on the sound. Or check it using a spelling dictionary.).

Tutrus.com ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 26, ex. 2; Page 28, ex. 3.
2. Finish the word. Which letter will you insert? Fur hat - what kind of hat? (m.khovaya- E). Here is the garden, what kind of strawberries grow there? ( garden- A). Here is the forest, what kind of strawberries are there? ( forest- E).
3. Read words with unstressed vowels. Select test words, name the vowel: s.va, star, sh.ry, b.ly, ts.kidney. (Sl.va - word- Oh, the stars - the stars- E, sh.ry - ball- A, b.ly - pain- Oh, c.kidney - chain- E.)
4. * Using the knowledge acquired in the lesson, compose 5 sentences with missing unstressed vowels in words, explain the spelling.

Vowels are sounds that, unlike consonants, arise when a tone is formed without the participation of noise. In addition, unlike consonants, vowel sounds are capable of forming a syllable and participating in the formation of stress. It must be said that there are languages ​​where syllables can also be formed by some consonants, mainly sonorant ones.

There are six basic, stressed, vowel sounds in the Russian language: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. Moreover, there are ten letters denoting vowels, since

i, ё, yu, e, denoting the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], also have additional functions (indicating the softness of a consonant or the sound [j] in writing).

The differences in vowels we hear are related to the shape of the oral cavity - the resonator, which changes depending on the movement of the tongue up, down, forward, backward - and the opening formed by the lips. Depending on this, vowels of different rise (the back of the tongue moves up or down), row (the tongue moves forward or backward), as well as labialized or rounded (the lips are pulled out into a tube) and non-labialized or unrounded (the lips are not pulled forward) are distinguished. These are the main characteristics of vowel sounds.

Stressed vowel sounds perform a semantic distinguishing function. Compare the words mal, mole, mule, soap, which we distinguish by ear only due to differences in vowels.

In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced less energetically. As a result, vowel reduction occurs, i.e., a change in sound. These changes affect only the strength and duration of the sound (chipmunk [chipmunk]) or can be more significant: the quality of the sound changes, then one vowel sound, losing its characteristics, becomes indistinguishable from another vowel (lesa - fox [l "isa], compare: forests - fox [l "esa = l "isa]). Hence the difficulties that arise when writing words with unstressed vowels. It is clear that if only the strength and duration of the pronunciation of a sound changes, then it retains the ability to perform a meaningful function (empty [empty] - wait [pastoj]), and if its quality changes, then this function is lost and (if all other sounds in words coincide) homophones may arise ([l'isa] - forests - [l'isa] - fox).

Vowel sounds, the characteristics of which have changed so much that they are no longer comparable in sound to any stressed vowel, are denoted in Iranian interpretation by the signs [ъ] (a strongly reduced vowel sound after a hard consonant: to the dates [gdat'm]) and [ь] (a strongly reduced vowel sound after a soft consonant: for children [d'et'm]). An unstressed sound that is similar to one or another stressed sound can be denoted by the same sign, but without an accent symbol (vina [v’ina] - wine [v’ino]).

The degree of change in the vowel sound (reduction) depends on the syllable in which it is located in relation to the stressed one (drum [drum]).