STATE STRUCTURE

Provincial and local governments. Pakistan is a federation consisting of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, Balochistan), the Islamabad metropolitan area, the tribal areas and the centrally administered Northern Areas. The highest official in the province is the governor, appointed and removed by the president. The provinces of Pakistan are divided into regions, which consist of districts, and the latter - of districts (tahsils), which unite a group of villages. (Appendix No. 5) Azad Kashmir. Part of the territory of the former Indian principality of Jammu and Kashmir, occupied by the Pakistani authorities in 1947, has a special status. In October 1947, the independent state of “Azad (Free) Jammu and Kashmir” was proclaimed here, which has political ties with Pakistan and is bound by the 1949 agreement. Currently, Azad Kashmir occupies an area of ​​about 33 thousand square meters. km., where about 2 million people live. The capital is Muzaffarabad. Another about 50 thousand sq. m. km. administered directly by Pakistan. Pakistan has its representative in Azad Kashmir.

The governing bodies of Azad Kashmir are the Council (located in Islamabad and headed by the Pakistani authorities), the President, the Assembly and the government headed by the Prime Minister. The Constitution was adopted in 1974. President since 2001 is former General Muhammad Anwar Khan, Prime Minister is Iskander Hayat Khan. The activities of political parties that reject the connection between Kashmir and Pakistan are prohibited

President and Government of Pakistan. According to the 1973 constitution, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a federal state. The head of state and symbol of its unity is the president. He is considered the head of the executive branch, part of the legislative branch and the supreme commander of the armed forces. The President has the right to pardon, cancel and commute the sentence of any court.

In 2001, the military leader of the country, General Pervez Musharraf, became the president of Pakistan due to the suspension of the constitution. In 2002, the authorities held a referendum, as a result of which Musharraf was confirmed as president. The President again received the right to dissolve the country's parliament.

The highest legislative body of Pakistan is the parliament (Majlis-i-Shura), consisting of two houses: the lower (National Assembly) and the upper (Senate).

Administrative apparatus. Government agencies employ mostly professionals. Their upper stratum is formed by well-trained officials of the Pakistan Civil Service, which once included 1,000–1,500 people and was abolished in 1973 under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

Armed forces. Thanks to assistance from the United States and several other countries, Pakistani troops are well trained and equipped with modern weapons. In 1998, the ground armed forces numbered 450 thousand, sea forces 16 thousand and air forces 17.6 thousand people. The army has always had enormous influence in the country. Generals often moved to high positions in the civil administration, actively participated in the political events of the country, declared a state of emergency and established control over the government

ECONOMY

General characteristics of the economy. Pakistan is an agrarian-industrial country in which the majority of the self-employed population is employed in agriculture. In 1991–1992, approximately 48% of the total labor force was concentrated in the agricultural sector, 20% in industry and 32% in the service sector. Unemployment and underemployment remain chronic problems. Many Pakistanis, from skilled professionals to ordinary workers, have to work abroad, especially in the Middle East. In 2002, Pakistan's GDP was $295.3 billion, or $2,000 per capita. 24% of GDP is created in agriculture, 25% in industry and construction, and 51% in trade and transport. In general, during the period of independence, undoubted economic progress was achieved: from 1947 to 1990, production increased its capacity by an average of 5% per year, but then the pace slowed down and in 1996–1997 was estimated at 2.8%. In 2001, the population at risk of poverty was 35%.

Agriculture. The country is heavily dependent on its agricultural sector to supply food and provide raw materials to industry. The main grain crop is wheat. The government buys it from farmers at a fixed price and subsidizes the sale of flour to the population. Government organizations are promoting the introduction of new high-yielding Mexican-Pakistani wheat varieties by distributing seeds to farmers at low prices, and also provide support in the purchase of pesticides to combat pests and plant diseases and mineral fertilizers.

Among commercial commercial crops, cotton is the most important. It is cultivated mainly on small farms, which supply raw materials to cotton ginning enterprises at government purchasing prices. These enterprises then sell the fiber to a government corporation, which sells it for export or to textile mills.

Leading food crops include rice, maize, chickpeas, sugarcane and millet. Rice is particularly important as an export commodity: the country's basmati variety produces an elongated, aromatic grain that is highly prized in the Middle East.

The country's agriculture relies on the most extensive irrigation network in the world. Flood filling channels, devoid of head structures that would guarantee water intake during low-water periods, already existed in the era of the early Indus Valley civilization. In the 19th and 20th centuries, under English rule, a system of permanently filled canals was created, which were fed by rivers all year round. Many peasants also build boreholes. In Pakistan, more than 80% of arable land is irrigated.

After the 1947 partition, some of the hydraulic structures that fed the canals in Pakistan ended up within India. The dispute over rights to river flow was resolved, with the participation of the World Bank as a mediator, by the signing of the Indus Water Treaty in 1960. According to this treaty, India received the right to control the flow of the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, and Pakistan - over the flow of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. In the 1960s, a large earthen dam, Mangla, was built on the Jhelum River bordering India, and in 1976–1977, the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River.

Mining industry. Major gas deposits were discovered in Sui (Balochistan) in 1952, followed by discoveries in Punjab and Sindh. Oil was first discovered in Punjab's Attock district before the First World War. There are currently 7 fields in operation, but they satisfy less than 10% of Pakistan's liquid fuel needs. Other identified mineral resources include coal, chrome ores, marble, table salt, gypsum, limestone, uranium ore, phosphate rock, barite, sulfur, fluorite, precious and semi-precious stones. A large deposit of copper ore has been discovered in Balochistan.

Energy. Energy consumption in the country is low and in coal equivalent is 254 kg per capita, i.e. about the same as in India. More than half of the electricity is generated at hydroelectric power plants, but thermal power plants are also important; the role of nuclear power plants is limited.

Manufacturing industry. In Pakistan, the most developed textile industry (production of yarn and fabrics from domestic cotton) and the production of clothing for export.

With the help of the Soviet Union, a metallurgical plant near Karachi was built and put into operation in 1980. The capacity of the cement and sugar industries is being increased, and several oil refineries are operating. Natural gas serves as a raw material base for the chemical industry, in particular the production of fertilizers, and is used as fuel for thermal power plants.

Small-scale industries, such as sports goods (footballs and other balls, hockey sticks) and surgical instruments in Sialkot, play an important role in Pakistan's economy. There are numerous small cotton weaving enterprises operating in the informal sector of Faisalabad and other cities. In a number of Punjabi settlements, workshops sprang up for the manufacture of agricultural implements, pumps and diesel engines. Carpet weaving is developing rapidly.

Transport. The length of railways (including narrow gauge) is 8.8 thousand km. The main highway connecting a number of cities runs along the Indus. Export cargo is delivered to the ports of Karachi and Bin Qasim mainly by rail. The length of highways is more than 100 thousand km, including the Indus Valley Expressway connecting Peshawar and Karachi. In addition to road transport, carts pulled by buffalos, donkeys and camels are widely used for transportation.

Some freight and passenger transportation is carried out along rivers.

The main seaport of the country is Karachi, the second most important is Bin Qasim, opened in 1980. Marine shipping companies were nationalized in 1974. The domestic merchant fleet is small and does not fully provide foreign trade transportation.

The state-owned aviation company of Pakistan operates successfully, which, in addition to domestic connections, accounts for the majority of foreign passenger traffic. Since 1992, several private aviation companies have also been operating.

International trade. Trade links with foreign countries are important to the modern economy of Pakistan, especially for manufacturing and commercial agricultural production.

Pakistan has been experiencing difficulties for a long time due to a negative trade balance. In the 1970s, export earnings increased rapidly, but imports were even more dynamic, partly due to the surge in oil prices in 1973–1974. In 1996, exports reached $9.3 billion and imports $11.8 billion. The deficit was partly covered by remittances from Pakistanis who went to work in other countries (more than $1.5 billion) and foreign aid. Pakistan's external debt is estimated at approximately $30 billion. In 1997, the country's foreign exchange reserves amounted to $1.8 billion.

Thousands of Pakistani citizens of varying skill levels work abroad, primarily in the Gulf states, but also in the UK, Canada and the US.

As in most Third World countries, foreign funds play a large role in Pakistan in the form of grants and credits. In 1996, external assistance amounted to almost $1 billion. The bulk of the resources were allocated by a consortium created by the World Bank. The main donors were the USA, Germany, Canada, Japan and the UK.

Money circulation and banking system. The Pakistani rupee is issued by the State Bank of Pakistan, located in Karachi. There are several large commercial banks operating in the country. Financial support for development projects falls within the competence of the Agricultural Development Bank, the Federal Cooperative and a number of other banks. Pakistani banks were nationalized in 1974, but some were subsequently returned to the private sector.

The state budget. The main sources of filling the current budget are import duties and excise taxes. The largest expenditures are foreseen for the army. In second place are the costs of servicing the public debt. The capital investment budget is financed primarily by foreign loans and borrowings and is focused primarily on the development of energy, water management, transport and communications.

Foreign policy

In 1947, Pakistan was admitted to the UN and in the same year became a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. In 1972, when Great Britain and other Commonwealth countries recognized Bangladesh, Pakistan withdrew from its membership and returned only in 1989. Pakistan's foreign policy was determined primarily by how relations developed with its neighbors - India and Afghanistan, which was reflected in the nature of diplomatic ties even with the superpowers . Since 1970, Pakistan has been a member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, since 1979 - of the Non-Aligned Movement, since 1985 - of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. For over 50 years, Pakistan has been in conflict with India over the issue of Kashmir. In 1947–1948, these states found themselves on the brink of war because of this. In 1972, with the mediation of the UN, a demarcation line was drawn in Kashmir. The southeastern areas of Kashmir remained under Indian administration, while the rest of the former princely state, known as Azad (Free) Kashmir, was controlled by Pakistan. Called the Northern Territories, it partially integrates the mountainous areas of northern Kashmir, including Gilgit, Hunza and Baltistan, but their residents do not participate in elections to the general Pakistani government. The dispute over the division of the Indus waters clouded India-Pakistan relations until it was successfully resolved in a 1960 treaty brokered by the World Bank. In the 1950s, Pakistan signed a bilateral treaty with the United States and was a member of the regional military bloc SEATO from 1954–1972, and the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO) from 1955–1979. In 1962, after armed clashes occurred between India and China, Pakistan managed to reach an agreement on border issues and strengthen good neighborly contacts with the PRC.

Throughout the 1970s, Pakistan strengthened its ties with developing countries in the Middle East and other Third World regions. In 1974 he held a conference of leaders of Muslim states. Relations with Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf emirates have been established.

Pakistan has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established in May 1948 with the USSR).

Application

Appendix No. 2 Coat of arms

Appendix No. 1 Flag

Appendix No. 3 Physical map

Appendix No. 4 The horned goat is one of the national symbols of Pakistan.

Appendix No. 5 Administrative division

RUINS OF A BUDDHIST TEMPLE in Taxila, near Islamabad

MODERN MOSQUE in Karachi

The Thar DESERT in the border regions of Pakistan and India stretches approximately 800 km in length, and approximately 400 km in width between the Indus River with its tributary Sutlej and the Aravali Range. The Thar Desert receives between 50 and 130 mm of precipitation per year.

Literature

1. Belokrinitsky V.Ya. Capitalism in Pakistan: History of socio-economic development (mid-19th - 80th years of the 20th century). M., 1998

Accommodation facilities 5.2. Characteristic transport 5.3. Characteristic catering establishments 5.4. Characteristic excursion services Chapter 6. Characteristic ... . Economic-geographical situation... of Hindus and Sikhs Pakistan to India and...

Pakistan is located in South-West Asia, between 60°55` and 75°30` East longitude and 23°45` and 36°50` North latitude and extends from southwest to northeast for almost 1500 km. Area: total - 803.94 sq. km.

Most of the territory is highlands and mountainous regions, the northern and northwestern parts are represented mainly by mountains and hills, the eastern and southeastern parts are represented by the low-lying, flat Indus Plain. The highest peak of the country is Tirichmir, 7690 m. In the north rise the Himalaya and Hindu Kush ranges. It is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea in the south, bordered by Iran in the southwest, Afghanistan in the northwest and north, China in the northeast and India in the east. Land borders: India - 2912 km, Afghanistan - 2430 km, Iran - 909 km, China - 523 km.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade Organization, an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a member of the G33 developing countries, the Group of 77 developing countries.

Pakistan is a federal republic consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North West Frontier Province) and Balochistan). In addition to the provinces, Pakistan also includes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan and Free Kashmir (the latter is de jure recognized by Pakistan as an independent state, but is actually part of it), disputed by India.

Relief of Pakistan

Within Pakistan, two large orographic regions are clearly distinguished - the Indus Plain (the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the mountains and hills bordering it from the west and north, belonging to the systems of the Iranian Plateau and the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas, formed mainly during the era of Alpine orogenesis. The Indus Plain arose on the site of a vast foothill marginal trough, to which considerable reserves of natural gas and oil are confined. Significant deposits of brown coal, chromite ore and other minerals have been discovered in the mountains.

The Indus Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains in the tropical zone, stretching from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km with a width of up to 550 km. Almost its entire territory is located below 200 m and is characterized by a monotonous flat topography. Within its boundaries, three parts are distinguished: the northern - Punjab (or Pyatirechye), formed by the Indus and its five large tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej); Sindh - middle and lower reaches of the Indus; and the Thar Desert, located east of Sindh.

In the north of the plain there are numerous debris fans cut by rivers. In Sindh, in the interfluves, traces of an ancient river network have been preserved, indicating greater waterlogging of the plain in the past. The Indus Delta is formed by several active channels, dead estuaries and a series of ancient sandy beach bars. In the Thar Desert there are dunes, dunes, sand ridges combined with salt marshes, takyrs and salt lakes in depressions. The absolute height of this area is from 100 to 200 m. From the south, the desert is framed by the saline lowlands of the Greater Rann of Kutch, flooded by sea tides and during heavy rainfall.

The mountains of Pakistan are young folded ridges composed of crystalline shales, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates. The highest ridges are dissected by river valleys and gorges and crowned with snowfields. In the far north, the axial ridges of the Hindu Kush partially extend into the borders of Pakistan with the Tirichmir peak (7690 m), which is the highest point of the country. To the east is the Hinduraj ridge, the southwestern end of which is separated from the border ridge Spingar by the Khyber Pass (1030 m) - the most important pass used for communication between Peshawar and Kabul. In the northeast, the western spurs of the Himalayas enter the territory of Pakistan. In the north of Pakistan, between the Indus Plain and the mountains, there is the Potwar sandstone plateau with average heights of 300–500 m, bordered on the south by the Salt Range (up to 1500 m in height).

The western part of Pakistan is occupied by the plateau and mountains of Balochistan, which represent the southeastern frame of the Iranian Plateau. The average heights of these mountains usually do not exceed 2000–2500 m. Such are, for example, the Suleiman Mountains, elongated in the submeridional direction and steeply plunging towards the Indus Valley. However, in the north of these mountains there are also higher individual peaks (up to 3452 m). The meridional Kirthar ridge with steep slopes facing the Indus Valley almost reaches the coast of the Arabian Sea and drops from 2440 m in the north to 1220 m in the south.

The Makran Mountains, consisting of several subparallel ridges up to 2357 m high, frame the Balochistan plateau from the south. From the north it is bordered by the border mountains of Chagai, where there are extinct volcanoes. Further to the northeast extends the Tobacacar ridge (up to 3149 m), at its western end there is the Khojak (Bolan) pass, through which a strategically important route from Quetta to Kandahar (Afghanistan) passes.

Natural disasters are common in the mountains of Pakistan. Thus, in the highlands, avalanches often occur, mudflows, rockfalls, and glacial pulsations (surges) occur. There are a number of seismically dangerous areas. In 1935, the city of Quetta was severely damaged by an earthquake.

Hydrology of Pakistan

The largest river of Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which contains most of the country. Rivers in the west are either drainless or have local flow into the Arabian Sea. The main tributary of the Indus is the Sutlej, which collects water from the main rivers of Punjab (Chinab, Ravi, Jhelum, Beas) and releases water to large irrigation canals (Dipalpur, Pakpattan, Panjnad). Large rivers experience summer floods caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers in the mountains.

Climate of Pakistan

The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west it is subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country it is more humid with a clearly defined altitudinal zone. Winter on the plain is warm (12-16 °C, on the coast up to 20 °C), in the highlands it is severe (up to -20 °C). Summer is hot (in deserts 35 °C, on the coast 29 °C, in the mountains and plateaus of the Iranian Plateau 20-25 °C), in the highlands - frosty (at altitudes from 5000 m - below 0 °C). Precipitation per year ranges from 50 mm in the Thar Desert, to 100-200 mm in Sindh, 250-400 mm in the valleys and plateaus of the Iranian Plateau, 350-500 mm in the foothills and 1000-1500 mm in the mountains in the north of the country. Most of the precipitation falls during the southwest monsoon (July - September), within the Iranian Plateau - in the winter-spring period.

Powerful winds are frequent, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the deserts of Registan, Sind, Rasht, Kharan, Thal, etc., and in winter - cold from mountainous regions. Such contrasting natural and climatic conditions lead to the formation of many local areas - even two slopes of the same valley can have completely different weather from each other. Moreover, even within the same season, regions of the country differ markedly from each other in weather. In the south, the cool season brings dry days and cold nights, while in the northern mountains it rains and can be frosty at night. During the hot season, the south is suffocatingly hot and humid, while the weather in the north is quite comfortable and even pleasant. During the wet season, the rains literally flood the narrow belt of Punjab from Lahore to Islamabad, while in the north the year is dry and almost cloudless.

Soils and flora of Pakistan

On the Indus Plain, fertile alluvial soils in river valleys and semi-desert gray soils in the interfluves are widespread. In mountainous areas, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe soils are successively replaced from bottom to top. Sandy desert soils and salt marshes are common in the intermountain depressions of Balochistan, salt marshes are common in the south of Sindh, and barren sands are found within the Thar Desert.

The Indus Plain is dominated by herbaceous-shrub semi-desert (Punjab) and desert (Sindh) vegetation. Excessive plowing and grazing, intensive water intake, and removal of woody vegetation have led to a decrease in river flow, landscape degradation, and an expansion of the area of ​​anthropogenic deserts. The sparse plant cover is dominated by wormwood, capers, camel thorn, and solyanka. Grasses settle on fixed sands. Individual trees and groves, usually mangoes and other fruits, grow along roads, around villages and wells.

Gallery forests of Euphrates poplar and tamarisk are preserved in places along river valleys. Thanks to artificial irrigation, large areas in the Indus basin and its tributaries have been turned into a system of oases where rice, cotton, wheat, millet and other crops are grown.

The highlands of Balochistan are dominated by desert vegetation with characteristic spiny cushion forms (acanthus, astragalus, etc.). Wormwood and ephedra are widespread. Higher in the mountains, sparse forests of olive, pistachio, and juniper appear.

In the mountains in the north and northeast of Pakistan, coniferous and deciduous forests have been preserved, occupying approx. 3% of the country's area. In the Salt Range, located between the Jhelum and Indus rivers and forming the southern edge of the Potwar Plateau, as well as in the foothills of the Himalayas and some other areas of the country, unique subtropical woodlands of evergreen xerophytic species grow. It is dominated by wild olives, acacias and dwarf palms. In the mountains at altitudes of 2000–2500 m above sea level. significant areas are occupied by tall forests of evergreen broad-leaved species, mainly oaks and chestnuts. Higher up they give way to majestic forests of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara), longleaf pine (Pinus longifolia), fir and spruce. They often have a dense shrub layer of magnolia, laurel and rhododendron.

Mangrove forests grow in the Indus delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

Fauna of Pakistan

The fauna of Pakistan is represented by Indo-African, Central Asian and Mediterranean species. Of the large mammals in the mountains, there are leopard, snow leopard, brown and white-breasted bear, fox, wild goats and sheep, Persian gazelle; on the plains - hyenas, jackals, wild boars, antelopes, goitered gazelles, kulans, wild donkeys, and numerous rodents. The world of birds is diverse (eagles, vultures, peacocks, parrots). There are many snakes, including poisonous ones, and there are crocodiles in the Indus. Among invertebrates, scorpions, ticks, and malaria mosquitoes are common. The Arabian Sea is rich in fish (tuna, herring, sea bass, Indian salmon), crustaceans (shrimp) and sea turtles.

National parks of Pakistan

Hazarganji-Chiltan National Parks of Pakistan are established to protect and preserve outstanding landscapes and wildlife in a natural state. Protection and conservation of the environment in Pakistan was first included in the 1973 Constitution, but the Environment Protection Ordinance was passed only in 1983. In accordance with the Modern Protected Areas legislation, national parks can be used for scientific research, education and recreation. They prohibit the construction of roads and rest houses, clearing land for agricultural purposes, water pollution, the use of firearms, and the destruction of wild animals. The administration of the parks is carried out by the following government departments: the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Office of Biodiversity.

As of 2010, Pakistan has 25 national parks, 19 of which are under government control and the rest are in private hands. The oldest national park, Lal Suhanra in the Bahawalpur region, was created in 1972. This is the only national park that existed before the country's independence, in addition, it is the only biosphere reserve in Pakistan. The last of the parks, Cala Città, was created in 2009. The Central Karakoram in Gilgit-Baltistan is the country's largest national park, covering an area of ​​approximately 1,390,100 hectares. The smallest national park is Ayub, with a total area of ​​about 931 hectares.

Population of Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population (177.3 million people, 6th place in the world - estimate as of July 2010). According to some forecasts, at current trends, by 2020 the population of Pakistan could reach more than 200 million people.

The bulk of the population lives in the Indus River Valley. The largest cities of Pakistan are located in the eastern part of the country (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, etc.). The country's urban population is 36% (in 2008). Ethnic composition: Punjabis 44.7%, Pashtuns 15.4%, Sindhis 14.1%, Saryaks 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baluchis 3.6%, etc. (6.3%). The majority of believers - 95% - are Muslims: (Sunnis 75%, Shiites 20%), 5% are Christians and Hindus. Almost 50% of the population is literate (63% of men and 36% of women, 2005 estimate).

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.uadream.com/

Major Natural Resources of Pakistan

Major Natural Resources of Pakistan

Pakistan's main natural resources are arable land and water. About 25 of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and irrigated by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than Russia. Agriculture accounts for approximately 23 of the gross domestic product and employs approximately 44 of the labor force. Pakistan is one of the world's largest producers and suppliers of the following according to the 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and FAOSTAT, given here with ranking:

• Tangerines, mandarin orange, (8th) Clementine

Pakistan in the list of countries according to sector composition of gross domestic product

Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm output. It is the world's fifth largest milk producer

Cereals

Cereals Wheat Regions in Punjab, Pakistan, the most important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice, which together account for more than 75 of the value of the total crop output. Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2005, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and almost as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons), according to the FAO.

Livestock

Livestock According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, the livestock sector contributes approximately half of the value added in the agriculture sector, accounting for almost 11 percent of Pakistan's gross domestic product, which is larger than the crop sector. Leading daily Jang reports that the national herd consists of 24.2 million cattle, 26.3 million bays, 24.9 million sheep, 56.7 million goats and 0.8 million camels. In addition to these, there is a vibrant poultry sector in the country with more than 530 million birds produced annually. These animals produce 29.472 million tons of milk (making Pakistan the 5th largest milk producer in the world), 1.115 million tons of beef, 0.740 million tons of mutton, 0.416 million tons of poultry meat, 8.528 billion eggs, 40.2 thousand tons of wool, 21.5 thousand tons of hair and 51.2 million skins, and are hidden. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization reported in June 2006 that in Pakistan, the world's fifth largest milk producing country, government initiatives are being taken to modernize the milk collection and improve the storage capacity of milk and milk product. The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs 758.470 million in 2005 thus recording over 70 growth since 2000.

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