Preparation for the exam in physics: examples, solutions, explanations.

In 2017, the control measuring materials in physics will undergo significant changes.

From the options, tasks with a choice of one correct answer were excluded and tasks with a short answer were added. In this regard, a new structure of part 1 of the examination paper was proposed, and part 2 was left unchanged.

When making changes to the structure of the examination work, the general conceptual approaches to the assessment of educational achievements were preserved. In particular, the total score for completing all tasks of the examination paper remained unchanged, the distribution of maximum scores for completing tasks of different levels of complexity and the approximate distribution of the number of tasks by sections of the school physics course and methods of activity were preserved. Each version of the examination paper checks the content elements from all sections of the school physics course, while tasks of different levels of complexity are offered for each section. The priority in the design of CIM is the need to verify the types of activities provided for by the standard: mastering the conceptual apparatus of a physics course, mastering methodological skills, applying knowledge in explaining physical processes and solving problems.

The version of the examination paper will consist of two parts and will include 31 tasks. Part 1 will contain 23 short answer items, including items with self-recording answers as a number, two numbers or a word, as well as tasks for matching and multiple choice, in which answers must be recorded as a sequence of numbers. Part 2 will contain 8 tasks united by a common activity - problem solving. Of these, 3 tasks with a short answer (24–26) and 5 tasks (29–31), for which it is necessary to provide a detailed answer.

The work will include tasks of three levels of difficulty. Basic level tasks are included in part 1 of the work (18 tasks, of which 13 tasks record the answer in the form of a number, two numbers or a word and 5 tasks for matching and multiple choice). Among the tasks of the basic level, tasks are distinguished, the content of which corresponds to the standard of the basic level. The minimum number of USE points in physics, which confirms that the graduate has mastered the program of secondary (complete) general education in physics, is set based on the requirements for mastering the basic level standard.

The use of tasks of increased and high levels of complexity in the examination work allows us to assess the degree of readiness of the student to continue education at the university. Advanced questions are divided between parts 1 and 2 of the examination paper: 5 short answer questions in part 1, 3 short answer questions and 1 long answer question in part 2. The last four problems of part 2 are tasks of a high level of difficulty.

Part 1 examination work will include two blocks of tasks: the first checks the development of the conceptual apparatus of the school physics course, and the second - the mastery of methodological skills. The first block includes 21 tasks, which are grouped based on thematic affiliation: 7 tasks in mechanics, 5 tasks in MKT and thermodynamics, 6 tasks in electrodynamics and 3 in quantum physics.

A group of tasks for each section begins with tasks with an independent formulation of the answer in the form of a number, two numbers or a word, then there is a multiple choice task (two correct answers out of five proposed), and at the end - tasks for changing physical quantities in various processes and on establishing a correspondence between physical quantities and graphs or formulas in which the answer is written as a set of two numbers.

Multiple choice and matching tasks are 2-point and can be constructed on any content elements in this section. It is clear that in the same version, all tasks related to one section will check different elements of the content and relate to different topics of this section.

In the thematic sections on mechanics and electrodynamics, all three types of these tasks are presented; in the section on molecular physics - 2 tasks (one of them for multiple choice, and the other - either for changing physical quantities in processes, or for correspondence); in the section on quantum physics - only 1 task for changing physical quantities or matching. Particular attention should be paid to tasks 5, 11 and 16 for multiple choice, which assess the ability to explain the studied phenomena and processes and interpret the results of various studies presented in the form of tables or graphs. Below is an example of such a task in mechanics.

Attention should be paid to the change in the shape of individual task lines. Task 13 to determine the direction of vector physical quantities (Coulomb force, electric field strength, magnetic induction, Ampère force, Lorentz force, etc.) is proposed with a short answer in the form of a word. In this case, the possible answers are indicated in the text of the task. An example of such a task is shown below.

In the section on quantum physics, I would like to pay attention to task 19, which tests knowledge about the structure of an atom, an atomic nucleus, or nuclear reactions. This task has changed the presentation form. The answer, which is two numbers, must first be written in the proposed table, and then transferred to the answer form No. 1 without spaces and additional characters. Below is an example of such a task form.

At the end of part 1, 2 tasks of a basic level of complexity will be offered, testing various methodological skills and related to different sections of physics. Task 22, using photographs or drawings of measuring instruments, is aimed at testing the ability to record instrument readings when measuring physical quantities, taking into account the absolute measurement error. The absolute measurement error is specified in the text of the task: either as half of the division value, or as the division value (depending on the accuracy of the instrument). An example of such a task is shown below.

Task 23 tests the ability to choose equipment for the experiment according to a given hypothesis. In this model, the form of the task presentation has changed, and now it is a multiple choice task (two items out of five proposed), but it is estimated at 1 point if both elements of the answer are correctly indicated. Three different task models can be offered: a choice of two drawings that graphically represent the respective test setups; the choice of two rows in the table that describes the characteristics of the experimental setups, and the choice of the names of two pieces of equipment or instruments that are necessary to carry out the specified experiment. Below is an example of one of these tasks.

Part 2 work is devoted to problem solving. This is traditionally the most significant result of mastering a high school physics course and the most demanded activity in the further study of the subject at a university.

In this part, KIM 2017 will have 8 different tasks: 3 computational tasks with independent recording of a numerical answer of an increased level of complexity and 5 tasks with a detailed answer, of which one is qualitative and four are computational.

At the same time, on the one hand, in different problems in one variant, the same not too significant meaningful elements are used, on the other hand, the application of fundamental conservation laws can occur in two or three problems. If we consider the “binding” of the topics of tasks to their position in the variant, then position 28 will always have a task in mechanics, position 29 - in MKT and thermodynamics, position 30 - in electrodynamics, and position 31 - mainly in quantum physics (if only the material of quantum physics will not be involved in the qualitative task at position 27).

The complexity of tasks is determined by both the nature of the activity and the context. In computational problems of an increased level of complexity (24–26), the studied algorithm for solving the problem is supposed to be used and typical learning situations are proposed that students encountered in the learning process and in which explicitly specified physical models are used. In these tasks, preference is given to standard formulations, and their selection will be carried out mainly with an orientation towards an open bank of tasks.

The first of the tasks with a detailed answer is a qualitative task, the solution of which is a logically structured explanation based on physical laws and patterns. For computational problems of a high level of complexity, it is necessary to analyze all stages of the solution, therefore they are offered in the form of tasks 28–31 with a detailed answer. Here, modified situations are used in which it is necessary to operate with a larger number of laws and formulas than in typical problems, to introduce additional justifications in the decision process or completely new situations that have not been encountered before in the educational literature and involve serious activity in the analysis of physical processes and independent choice of a physical model for solving the problem.

On the official site"Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements"provides information on planned changes in the structureKIM USE 2017years, which will also affect the disciplines of the natural cycle.

Changes in KIM in physics in 2017 compared to KIM in 2016.

In 2017, big changes will occur in part 1 of the exam options in physics. Part 2 will be fully preserved in its current form (3 tasks with a short answer + 5 tasks with a detailed solution). In part 1 of the options, tasks with a choice of answers (1 out of 4) will completely disappear - 9 tasks. The number of tasks with a short answer and tasks where you need to choose 2 correct answers out of 5 will increase. The total number of tasks in part 1 is 23 tasks (was 24). Inside the section, tasks will be arranged depending on their form. In task 13, this may not coincide with the sequence of presentation of the material.

Changes in KIM in chemistry in 2017 compared to 2016.

The following changes have been made in the 2017 examination paper compared to the 2016 paper.

The structure of part 1 of the KIM has been fundamentally changed, due to which its greater compliance with the structure of the chemistry course itself has been achieved. The tasks included in this part of the work are grouped into separate thematic blocks. In each of these blocks there are tasks of both basic and advanced levels of complexity. Within each block, tasks are arranged in order of increasing the number of learning actions that are necessary to complete them.

In the examination paper of 2017, the total number of tasks was reduced from 40 (in 2016) to 34. This is primarily due to the fact that the activity basis and the practice-oriented orientation of the content of all tasks of the basic level of complexity have been significantly strengthened, as a result of which the performance of each of they require a systematic application of generalized knowledge. The change in the total number of tasks in the KIM USE in 2017 was carried out mainly due to a decrease in the number of those tasks, the implementation of which involved the use of similar types of activities.

The assessment scale (from 1 to 2 points) for completing tasks of the basic level of complexity, which test the assimilation of knowledge about the genetic relationship of inorganic and organic substances, has been changed (9 and 17). The initial total score for the performance of the work as a whole will be 60 points (instead of 64 points in 2016).

In general, the adopted changes in the examination work in 2017 are aimed at increasing the objectivity of testing the formation of a number of important general educational skills, primarily such as: apply knowledge in the system, independently assess the correctness of the implementation of educational and educational and practical tasks, as well as combine knowledge about chemical objects with an understanding of the mathematical relationship between various physical quantities.

Changes in KIM in biology in 2017 compared to KIM in 2016.

The structure of the examination paper has been optimized.

1. Tasks with a short answer in the form of one digit corresponding to the number of the correct answer were excluded from the examination paper.
2. Reduced the number of tasks from 40 to 28.
3. Reduced maximum primary score from 61 in 2016 to 59 in 2017
4. The duration of the examination work has been increased from 180 to 210 minutes.
5. Part 1 includes new types of tasks that differ significantly in the types of learning activities: filling in the missing elements of a diagram or table, finding correctly indicated symbols in a figure, analyzing and synthesizing information, including those presented in the form of graphs, diagrams and tables with statistical data.

Changes in KIM by geography in 2017 compared to KIM in 2016.

There are no changes in the structure and content of KIM. The maximum score for completing tasks 3, 11, 14, 15 has been increased to 2. The maximum score for completing tasks 9, 12, 13, 19 has been reduced to 1. The maximum primary score has not changed.

Information source: http://fipi.ru/

The most important thing:

In 2017

the exam program remains unchanged.

The coding remains the same

only editorial changes are possible

In 2017, big changes will occur in part 1 of the exam options in physics.

Part 2 will be fully preserved in its current form.

(3 tasks with a short answer +

5 tasks with a detailed solution)

What will change in part 1?

The options will go away completely.

tasks with a choice of answers (1 of 4) - 9 tasks

The number of tasks with a short answer and tasks where you need to choose 2 correct answers out of 5 will increase

The total number of tasks in part 1 - 23 tasks

(now 24)

Tasks for sections in part 1 are distributed in almost the same way as before:

Mechanics 7 jobs

Molecular physics 5 tasks

Electrodynamics 6 tasks

Quantum physics 3 tasks (was 4)

Methodology 2 tasks

23 tasks (was 24)

Tasks will be placed inside the section

depending on their shape.

In task 13, this may not coincide

with the sequence of presentation of the material

(more on that in a few minutes).

Mechanics

№ tasks

Task Form

score

short answer

short answer

short answer

short answer

choose 2 correct answers out of 5

Conformity

Molecular physics

№ tasks

Task Form

score

short answer

short answer

short answer

choose 2 correct answers out of 5

"increase - decrease, will not change"

or matching

"graph - value" or "value - formula"

Electrodynamics

№ tasks

Task Form

score

short answer (determining the direction)

short answer

short answer

choose 2 correct answers out of 5

"increase - decrease, will not change"

Conformity

"graph - value" or "value - formula"

The quantum physics

№ tasks

Task Form

score

short answer (structure of an atom or its nucleus)

short answer

"increase - decrease, will not change"

or matching

"graph - value" or "value - formula"

Methodology

№ tasks

Task Form

score

short answer

(measurement result with error)

short answer

Total points in part 1:

10 + 7 + 9 + 4 + 2 = 32

Total points in part 2:

3 + 5  3 = 18

The total amount of primary scores in the option:

32 + 18 = 50 (same as now)

Sample task 13

Along two long straight conductors perpendicular to the plane of the figure,

equal currents flow in opposite directions. How is the magnetic field induction vector of the conductors directed at the point A(right, left, up, down, towards us, away from us)?

Answer: down

Sample task 19

Indicate the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of a polonium isotope

Answer: 84 proton, 130 neutrons

Sample task 22

The mass of 100 nails is (500 ± 1) g.

What is the mass of one nail?

Write down the answer taking into account the measurement error.

Answer: (5.00±0.01) G

As it became known at the All-Russian parent meeting, KIM USE in physics, chemistry and biology will no longer contain multiple choice test items. This was emphasized in his speech by the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation O.Yu. Vasiliev, as well as a complete list of changes appeared among the official documents of the Unified State Examination.

1. KIM USE 2017 in physics has undergone significant changes.

The structure of the 1st part of tasks has been completely changed. In the first part, there are now 23 tasks instead of last year's 24.

In KIM USE 2016 in physics, tasks 1, 2, 8, 9, 13, 14, 19, 20, 23, 24 provided the examinee with 4 answer options, among which it was necessary to choose the correct one. There will be no more jobs like this. Judging by the published draft of the “Demonstration version” of the USE 2017 in physics, the main emphasis is on tasks. Moreover, the answer indicates the unit of measurement, which, on the one hand, should help the examinee solve the problem (by the unit of measurement, you can find the formula), and on the other hand, complicate the search for the correct answer if the unit of measurement is an order of magnitude higher or lower than that obtained with the standard solution .

As the compilers assure, neither the distribution of the main sections, nor the concept of testing the knowledge acquired at school, nor the final maximum number of points have been changed.

2. KIM USE 2017 in chemistry has been significantly changed

The changes affected the structure, the total number of tasks, the school for evaluating individual tasks, the maximum number of primary points.

Let's take a closer look.

The changes in the structure are as follows:

1. Tasks 1-3 have been completely changed. Several chemical elements are given, which must be characterized from different angles. The answer must be two numbers.
2. In KIM USE in chemistry for 2016, tasks 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12-17, 19-23 are replaced by tasks that must contain several numbers in the answer.
3. Increased the number to search for matches from two columns. If in 2016 there were 9 of them (Nos. 27-35), now their number has been increased to 11 - Nos. 5, 10-12, 18, 19, 22-26.
4. There are 3 tasks left for calculating indicators of chemical reactions with a record of the number - Nos. 27, 28, 29.
5. Part 2 remained unchanged in terms of the number of tasks.

As a result, there were fewer tasks (there were 40, and there were 34), but they became more difficult.

Tasks 9 and 17 are now evaluated not with 1 point, but with 2.

The primary score was changed - it was 64, and it became 60.

3. The largest number of changes was made to the USE 2017 in biology

All changes in the USE 2017 in biology were called optimization.

So, tests with several answers to choose from were excluded from CIMs. If we compare the demo versions of 2016 with 2017, then you can easily find the differences:

2017	2016
7 tasks with multiple answers; 6 assignments to establish correspondence; 3 tasks for building a sequence; 2 tasks in cytology and genetics (new); 2 tasks to restore a table, diagram or diagram (new); 1 task for the analysis of the information provided (new);	25 tasks with a choice of answers from the proposed options(have been removed) 3 tasks with multiple answer (increased by 2 times) 4 matching tasks (number increased by 2) 1 task for building a sequence (increased 3 times) 7 tasks with a detailed answer
TOTAL
28 tasks	40 tasks
210 minutes (3 and a half hours)	180 min. (3 hours)

It can be noted that, despite the decrease in the number of tasks, the exam did not become easier because of this. All changes were made with a focus on complication, and a slight decrease in the initial score and an increase in the duration of the exam by half an hour only confirm this.

In our center for additional education Merlin, we have fully analyzed all the changes, made adjustments to the work programs and are already “at the start” for conducting preparation courses for the Unified State Examination 2017 in biology, chemistry and physics.

Changes in the Unified State Examination in Physics, adopted by Rosobrnadzor not so long ago, will come into force in 2017. The main innovation is the complete exclusion of the test part. Starting in 2017, this will also affect chemistry and biology.

USE-2017: main changes

Earlier it became known that almost certainly in 2017, a third compulsory subject will be added to the program for passing the Unified State Examination in Russia. Prior to this, there were two compulsory academic disciplines that served as a test of the knowledge of all schoolchildren without exception: the Russian language and mathematics. Since 2017, and recently, rumors about this have not subsided, history will be added to them.

The officials, on whose instructions the relevant amendments were made to the exam, indicate that at the present time many young people are not interested in the past and do not know how their ancestors lived, which, according to them, is very bad. So, they believe that it is necessary to know this, so now future students will also be tested for their knowledge in the context of the history of Russia and the world.

USE-2017 in physics: what will change?

Let's get back to physics. The exam in physics in 2017, as we have already said, will change only in that the test part will be left out. It will be replaced by oral and written. We have not yet received specific details on what exactly will change in the tasks.

The cancellation of the test part is the result of a long-term discussion of officials, during which they considered the pros and cons of making this or that decision. In the end, they agreed to approve a positive answer. One of the features of this approach, they believe, will be the complete elimination of the possible guessing of answers. At the same time, the oral and written answers of the applicant will clearly show his consistency and ability to learn.

Prospects for the exam in Russia in the near future

Soon the cancellation of tests will affect other subjects. In addition, we would like to note that by 2022, Rosobrnadzor plans to include a fourth compulsory subject in the exam. By then it will be a foreign language. Among the proposed options for passing this academic discipline, English, German, French and Spanish have been approved by officials today.

It is not difficult to guess in what direction the development of education in the Russian Federation will be directed by such a course of affairs. Today, with the naked eye, you can see how quickly the world is changing, and one of the features of this process is the communication of people representing the interests of various states of the world. To build close relationships with like-minded people who speak a different language, you need to learn the one that most people have in common. Actually, the four listed in the text earlier are just the same and are among them.

Preparation for the exam

Preparation in the subject of Physics should take a student a little more time, in contrast to how many hours a day he devotes to understanding chemistry and biology, the Russian language and mathematics. Yes, mathematics is somewhat similar to physics - and perhaps the main thing that unites them is formulas - but it must be taken, and physics - on demand - at will, in order to subsequently enter the appropriate university, which will certainly require a positive result achieved by the student in the exam.

I would like to immediately tell all skeptics who are among the people who firmly believe that the Unified State Examination will be canceled in 2017, that they are mistaken in their judgments. This will not happen, at least for another 5-6 years. And then, what will they exchange the exam for, huh? After all, this is the only test of knowledge, which, although strict, is at the same time indicative in many respects.

Where to get knowledge?

It will be necessary to prepare for the exam in physics using the following educational materials: books and reference books. The school curriculum gives the student a lot of what he needs to know in the first place, so you should not neglect it - you should listen carefully to the teacher and try to understand everything he says.

In addition to the above educational materials, it will not be superfluous to resort to studying collections with formulas in order to test yourself for a sufficient amount of knowledge in this part of the exam.

Also, as you yourself understand, before the exam in physics in 2017, you just need to purchase collections of problems with 100% necessity. If solutions are already indicated in them, do not be alarmed, on the contrary, this will help you understand how to get the desired result in a particular task. In any case, there will be completely different tasks on the exam, requiring, quite possibly, a non-standard approach to their solution. Therefore, so to speak, to get a hand in this matter will obviously not be superfluous.

You can go to consultations, if there are any in your school, you can hire a tutor. And don't be shy about it. By this you show your readiness for learning and that you are determined to enter the university, where you have dreamed of studying since childhood.