§thirty. "Scientific discoveries and inventions

1) Look at the pictures that show two ships and determine which is the Hanseatic ship and which is the caravel. What seaworthiness did each ship have?

Answer: On the left is a Hanseatic ship, on the right is a caravel. The main advantage of a Hanseatic ship is its large carrying capacity. The caravel, also having a large carrying capacity, had high maneuverability, good driving performance and could sail against the wind.

2) Which famous navigator left this description? A lot is known about him and his voyage, for example, two facts: 1) in preparation for the voyage, he painstakingly studied the work of the famous European traveler of the 13th century; 2) on his trip he took an Arabic translator. What kind of swimming are we talking about? Explain these two facts.

After 33 days of travel, I brought a fleet to India, which was kindly given to me by my patrons, the king and queen. Along the way I discovered many islands and declared them the property of their majesties, raising the royal flags over them [the islands], and nowhere did I meet resistance.

Answer: We are talking about Christopher Columbus and his first expedition. Long before the expedition, Columbus was familiar with the idea of ​​the Italian astronomer and geographer Toscanelli that India could be reached by a shorter route by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. In preparation for the voyage, he studied the work of Marco Polo, who left a detailed description of Asian countries, and took an Arabic translator on the voyage, since in those days the Arabs controlled trade with India and were aware of the sea routes to India.

3) Fill out the table "Technical innovations that appeared in the Middle Ages."

• Discoveries and inventions	Where were they used?	Meaning
  Astrolabe Arquebus (hand gun) Kulevrina (cannon) Blast furnace Water wheel Printing press Caravel	Sailing in everyday life and in science seafaring warfare warfare metallurgy industry, craft, construction, etc. typography seafaring	determining location and direction determining the exact time location determination a revolution in military affairs (knightly cavalry ceased to be the decisive force on the battlefield) the birth of artillery, castles lost their inaccessibility metal production increased replacement of manual labor with mechanical the production of books increased, which made it possible to quickly disseminate knowledge possibility of long-distance navigation

Now you know it

1) Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally: 3. Head of the faculty. 8. Architectural style of the 11th-12th centuries. 9. Traveling students, creators of poetic works. 10. An image made up of pieces of multi-colored glass. 12. Provençal poets of the 11th-13th centuries. 14. Early Renaissance artist, whose brushes include the paintings “Spring” and “Birth of Venus”. 16. Surname of the painter brothers who created the “Calendar of the Duke of Berry” 17. Architectural style of the 12th-15th centuries. 18. An institution of higher education that arose in the Middle Ages. 22. Philosophical teaching that uses a special type of logical reasoning as a tool for knowing God and the world. 23. Italian poet, who is called the first humanist. 24. Work by Giovanni Boccaccio. 25. Inventor of printing 26. Italian city palace.

Vertically: 1. Head of the university. 2. Knightly poets from Germany. 4. Medieval teaching followers who were looking for the philosopher's stone. 5. The birthplace of knightly poetry. 6. University teacher. 7. French court poets of the XII-XIII centuries. 11. University department. 13. Thinkers of the Renaissance who created a new doctrine about man. 15. Medieval teaching about the connection between the location of the heavenly bodies and events, the destinies of people and nations. 19. The form of conducting classes in medieval universities is a discussion of pre-formulated questions, in which participants present their evidence. 20. Belief in the supernatural. 21. A sea vessel with 3-4 masts, controlled using straight and oblique sails in different wind directions.

By definition, according to the Gregorian calendar, the 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. It is also designated as 1800s. The invention of practical electricity, steel and petroleum products during the 19th century led to the Second Industrial Revolution (1865-1900). This period can be characterized by the growth of railroads and steamships, faster and more advanced means of communication, and the inventions that we know so well today.

The 19th century can be called the era of machine tools (machines produced machine tools), machines that produced spare parts for other machines, including interchangeable spare parts. During the 19th century, the assembly line was invented, speeding up the production of factory-made consumer goods. The light bulb, the telephone, the printing press, the sewing machine - they were all invented in the 19th century.

The 19th century saw the birth of professional scientists: the word "scientist" was first coined in 1833 by William Whewell. Inventors began to develop a practical internal combustion engine.

List of inventions and discoveries made in the 19th century

1800 – Frenchman J.M. Jacquard invents the jacquard loom. Alessandro Volta invents the battery.

1804 - Friedrich Winser (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting. English mining engineer. Unfortunately, the car was too heavy and broke the rails it was running on.

1809 - Humphry Davy invents the first electric light and the first arc lamp.

1810 - German Frederick Koenig invents an improved version of the printing press. Peter Durant invents the tin can.

1814 - George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive. The first plastic surgery is performed in England. The German Joseph von Fraunhofer invents a spectroscope for the chemical analysis of luminous objects. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph. He took the photograph from the window of his home in France using a machine called a camera obscura. The camera took 8 hours to take the photo.

1815 - Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp.

1819 - Samuel Fanistok patents a soda fountain. René Laennec invents the stethoscope.

1823 - Mackintosh (cloak) invented by Charles Mackintosh in Scotland.

1824 - Michael Faraday invents the first balloon. Englishman Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.

1825 - William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.

1827 - John Walker invents modern matches. Charles Wheatstone was the first person to define a microphone.

1829 – American W.A. Bert invents the typewriter. Frenchman Louis Braille invents Braille for the blind. William Austin Burt patents the printing press (predecessor of the typewriter).

1830 - Frenchman Barthelemy Thimonnier invents the sewing machine.

1831 - American Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaping machine. Michael Faraday invents the electric generator.

1832 - The first patented stereoscope was invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1832 and patented in 1838.

1834 - Henry Blair patents the corn planter: he became the second African American to receive a U.S. patent. Jacob Perkins invents an early type of refrigeration device (freezer).

1835 - Englishman Henry Talbot invents calotype photography. Solimon Merrick patents a wrench. Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller. Charles Babbage invents the mechanical calculator.

1836 - Francis Pettit Smith and John Erickson jointly invent the propeller. Samuel Colt invents the first revolver.

1837 - Samuel Morse invents the telegraph. English teacher Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp.

1838 - Samuel Morse invents Morse code.

I839 – American Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales. American Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber. The Frenchmen Louis Daguerre and J. N. Niepce jointly invent the daguerreotype. Kirkpatrick MacMillan creates a bicycle. Welshman Sir William Robert Grove develops the first hydrogen fuel cell.

1840 - Englishman John Herschel invents the blueprint.

1841 - Samuel Slocum patents the stapler.

1842 - Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator.

1843 - Alexander Bain of Scotland invents the facsimile.

1844 - Englishman John Mercer invents cotton fabric.

1845 - American Elias Howe invents an improved sewing machine. Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanized pneumatic tire covers.

1846 - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, became the first doctor to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.

1847 – Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antiseptic.

1848 - Waldo Hatchett patents the dental chair.

1849 - Walter Hunt invents the pin.

1850 - Joel Houghton was issued the first patent for a dishwasher.

1851 - Isaac Singer invents the sewing machine.

1852 - Jean-Bernard Leon Foucault invents the gyroscope. Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine (a failed development).

1853 - George Cayley invents the manned glider.

1854 - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics.

1855 - Isaac Singer patents a motorized sewing machine. Georges Audemars invents artificial silk.

1856 - Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization.

1857 - George Pullman invents the Pullman sleeping car for train travel.

1858 - Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine. Jean Lenoir invents the internal combustion engine.

1861 - Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator system. Pierre Michaud reinvents the wheel. Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock.

1862 - Richard Gatling patents a machine gun. Alexander Parkes invents the first artificial plastic.

1866 - Alfred Nobel invents dynamite. J. Osterudt patents a tin can with an opener. Englishman Robert Whitehead invents the torpedo.

1867 - Christopher Scholes creates the first practical modern typewriter.

1868 - George Westinghouse invents air brakes. Robert Machet creates tungsten steel. J.P. Knight invents the traffic light.

1872 - J. S. Risdon patents a metal windmill. A.M. Ward publishes the first parcel catalogue.

1873 - Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire.

1874 - American S. Goodyear Jr. invents a shoe stitcher.

1876 ​​- Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone. Nikolaus August Otto invents the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine. Melville Bissell patents a carpet brush.

1877 - Thomas Edison invented the cylindrical phonograph or phonographic foil. Eadweard Muybridge invents the first moving images.

1878 - Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was the first person to invent a practical and more durable electric light bulb.

1880 – British perforated paper company invents toilet paper. Englishman John Milne creates a modern seismograph.

1881 - Alexander Graham Bell invented the first raw metal detector. David Houston patents roll film for cameras. Edward Levu patents an automatic mechanical piano.

1884 - George Eastman patents photographic film. The Frenchman H. De Chardonnay invents artificial silk. Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen. James Ritty develops the first working mechanical cash register. Charles Parson patents a steam turbine.

1885 - Arim Maxim invents the machine gun. Karl Benz invented the first practical car powered by an internal combustion engine. Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-powered motorcycle.

1886 - Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher. Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled car. John Pemberton invents Coca-Cola.

1887 - German Heinrich Hertz develops radar. Rowell Hodge patents barbed wire. Emil Berliner invents the gramophone. F. E. Müller and Adolf Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses.

1888 - Marvin Stone patents the spiral-winding process, which was used to make the first drinking straw. John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire. alternating current.

1889 - Joshua Pusey invents the matchbox. Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel invent cordite, a type of smokeless gunpowder.

1891 - Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator.

1892 - Rudolf Diesel invents an internal combustion engine powered by diesel fuel. Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or thermos.

1893 - American W. L. Judson invents lightning. Edward Goodrich Acheson invents carborundum.

1895 - The Lumière brothers invent a portable motion picture camera, a film processing unit, and a projector called the Cinematograph. The Lumière brothers were the first to present a project film in front of an audience of more than one person.

1896 - American, H. Sullivan invents the rubber heel.

1898 - Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster. Rudolf Diesel receives patent No. 608845 for an "internal combustion engine" powered by diesel fuel.

1899 – I. R. Johnson patents a bicycle frame. John Thurman patents a motorized vacuum cleaner.

The 19th century was revolutionary for the evolution of technology. So, it was during this period that mechanisms were invented that radically changed the entire course of human development. Most of these technologies, although significantly improved, are still used today.
What technical inventions of the 19th century changed the entire course of human development? Before you now will be a list of important technical innovations that have brought about a technical revolution. This list will not be a ranking; all technical inventions have an equal degree of importance for the global technical revolution.

Technical inventions XIX.
1. Invention of the stethoscope. In 1816, the French doctor Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope - a medical device for listening to the sounds of internal organs (lungs, heart, bronchi, intestines). Thanks to it, doctors can, for example, hear wheezing in the lungs, thereby diagnosing a number of dangerous diseases. This device has undergone significant changes, but the mechanism remains the same and is an important diagnostic tool today.
2. Invention of the lighter and matches. In 1823, the German chemist Johann Döbereiner invented the first lighter - an effective means of producing fire. Now fire could be lit in any conditions, which played an important role in the lives of people, including the military. And in 1827, the inventor John Walker invented the first matches, based on the friction mechanism.
3. Invention of Portland cement. In 1824, William Aspdin developed a type of cement that is used today in almost every country in the world.
3. Internal combustion engine. In 1824, Samuel Brown invented the first engine that had an internal combustion system. This important invention gave rise to the development of automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding and many other mechanisms operating with the help of an engine. As a result of evolution, this invention has undergone many changes, but the operating system has remained the same.
4. Photography. In 1826, the French inventor Joseph Niepce invented the first photograph, based on a method of fixing an image. This invention gave an important impetus to the further development of photography.
5. Electric generator. The first electric power generator was invented in 1831 by Michael Faraday. This device is capable of converting all types of energy into electrical energy.
6. Morse code. In 1838, the American inventor Samuel Morse created the famous coding method called Morse code. This method is still used in naval warfare and in navigation in general.
7. Anesthesia. In 1842, one of the most important medical discoveries took place - the invention of anesthesia. Its inventor is considered to be Dr. Crawford Long. This allowed surgeons to perform operations on the patient without creation, which significantly increased survival rate, since before this they operated on patients in full consciousness, from which they died from painful shock.
8. Syringe. In 1853 there was another important medical discovery - the invention of the familiar syringe. Its inventor is the French doctor Charles-Gabriel Pravas.
9. Oil and gas drilling rig. The first oil and gas drilling rig was invented in 1859 by Edwin Drake. This invention marked the beginning of oil and natural gas production, which led to a revolution in the fuel industry.
10. Gatling gun. In 1862, the world's first machine gun, the Gatling gun, was created by the then famous American inventor Richard Gatling. The invention of the machine gun was a revolution in military craft and in subsequent years, this weapon became one of the most deadly on the battlefield.
11. Dynamite. In 1866, Alfred Nobel invented the famous dynamite. This mixture completely changed the foundations of the mining industry and also laid the foundation for modern explosives.
12. Jeans. In 1873, American industrialist Levi Strauss invented the first jeans - trousers made of incredibly durable fabric, which have become a staple type of clothing for more than a century and a half.
13. Car. The world's first automobile was patented by George Selden in 1879.
14. Gasoline internal combustion engine. In 1886, one of the greatest discoveries of mankind was made - the gasoline internal combustion engine. This device is used all over the world on an incredible scale.
15. Electric welding. In 1888, a Russian engineer invented the well-known and used throughout the world electric welding, which makes it possible to connect various iron parts in a short time.
16. Radio transmitter. In 1893, the famous inventor Nikola Tesla invented the first radio transmitter.
17. Cinematography. In 1895, the Lumiere brothers shot the first world film - the famous film with the arrival of a train at the station.
18. X-ray radiation. Another important breakthrough in medicine was made in 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. He invented an apparatus for filming using X-rays. This device, for example, can detect a broken human bone.
19. Gas turbine. In 1899, inventor Charles Curtis invented a mechanism, or rather a continuous internal combustion engine. Such engines were significantly more powerful than piston engines, but also more expensive. They are actively used in the modern world.
20. Magnetic sound recording or tape recorder. In 1899, the Danish engineer Waldemar Poulsen made the first tape recorder - a device for recording and playing sound using magnetic tape.
Here is a list of some of the most important technical inventions of the 19th century. Of course, during this period there were a very large number of other inventions, in addition, they are no less important, but these inventions deserve special attention.

The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and created the preconditions for many of the future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many fields and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress advanced uncontrollably. To whom are we grateful for the comfortable conditions in which modern humanity now lives?

Scientific discoveries of the 19th century: Physics and electrical engineering

A key feature in the development of science of this period of time is the widespread use of electricity in all branches of production. And people could no longer refuse to use electricity, having felt its significant benefits. Many scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in this area of ​​physics. At that time, scientists began to closely study electromagnetic waves and their effect on various materials. The introduction of electricity into medicine began.

In the 19th century, such famous scientists as the Frenchman Andre-Marie Ampère, two Englishmen Michael Faraday and James Clark Maxwell, and the Americans Joseph Henry and Thomas Edison worked in the field of electrical engineering.

In 1831, Michael Faraday noticed that if a copper wire moves in a magnetic field, crossing lines of force, an electric current arises in it. This is how the concept of electromagnetic induction appeared. This discovery paved the way for the invention of electric motors.

In 1865, James Clark Maxwell developed the electromagnetic theory of light. He suggested the existence of electromagnetic waves, through which electrical energy is transmitted in space. In 1883, Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of these waves. He also determined that their propagation speed is 300 thousand km/sec. Based on this discovery, Guglielmo Marconi and A. S. Popov created a wireless telegraph - radio. This invention became the basis for modern technologies for wireless information transmission, radio and television, including all types of mobile communications, the operation of which is based on the principle of data transmission via electromagnetic waves.

Chemistry

In the field of chemistry in the 19th century, the most significant discovery was D.I. Mendeleev's Periodic Law. Based on this discovery, a table of chemical elements was developed, which Mendeleev saw in a dream. In accordance with this table, he suggested that there were chemical elements then unknown. The predicted chemical elements scandium, gallium and germanium were subsequently discovered between 1875 and 1886.

Astronomy

XIX century was the century of formation and rapid development of another field of science - astrophysics. Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that studies the properties of celestial bodies. This term appeared in the mid-60s of the 19th century. At its origins stood the German professor at the University of Leipzig, astronomer Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner. The main research methods used in astrophysics are photometry, photography and spectral analysis. One of the inventors of spectral analysis is Kirchhoff. He conducted the first studies of the spectrum of the Sun. As a result of these studies, in 1859 he was able to obtain a picture of the solar spectrum and more accurately determine the chemical composition of the Sun.

Medicine and Biology

With the advent of the 19th century, science began to develop at an unprecedented speed. There are so many scientific discoveries being made that it is difficult to track them in detail. Medicine and biology are not lagging behind in this regard. The most significant contributions in this area were made by the German microbiologist Robert Koch, the French physician Claude Bernard and the microbiological chemist Louis Pasteur.

Bernard laid the foundations of endocrinology - the science of the functions and structure of the endocrine glands. Louis Pasteur became one of the founders of immunology and microbiology. The technology of pasteurization is named after this scientist - this is a method of heat treatment of mainly liquid products. This technology is used to destroy vegetative forms of microorganisms to increase the shelf life of food products such as beer and milk.

Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis, anthrax bacillus and Vibrio cholerae. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the tuberculosis bacillus.

Useful article:

Computers

Although it is believed that the first computer appeared in the 20th century, the first prototypes of modern machine tools with numerical control were built already in the 19th century. Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French inventor, came up with a way to program a weaving loom in 1804. The essence of the invention was that the thread could be controlled using punched cards with holes in certain places where the thread was supposed to be applied to the fabric.

Mechanical engineering and industry

Already at the beginning of the 19th century, a gradual revolution in mechanical engineering began. Oliver Evans was one of the first to demonstrate a steam-powered car in Philadelphia (USA) in 1804.

At the end of the 18th century, the first lathes appeared. They were developed by English mechanic Henry Maudsley.

With the help of such machines, it was possible to replace manual labor when it was necessary to process metal with great precision.

In the 19th century, the principle of operation of a heat engine was discovered and the internal combustion engine was invented, which served as an impetus for the development of faster means of transportation: steam locomotives, steamships and self-propelled vehicles, which we now call cars.

Railways also began to develop. In 1825, George Stephenson built the first railway in England. It provided rail links to the cities of Stockton and Darlington. In 1829, a branch line was laid that connected Liverpool and Manchester. If in 1840 the total length of railways was 7,700 km, then by the end of the 19th century it was already 1,080,000 km.

The 19th century is the century of the industrial revolution, the century of electricity, the century of railways. He had a significant impact on the culture and worldview of mankind and radically changed the human value system. The appearance of the first electric motors, the invention of the telephone and telegraph, radio and heating devices, as well as incandescent lamps - all these scientific discoveries of the 19th century turned the lives of people of that time upside down.

Vedernikova Natalya Ivanovna

history and social studies teacher

MBOU "Parbigskaya secondary

Comprehensive school"

Tomsk region, village Parbig

History lesson plan for 8th grade on the topic: “Industrial Revolution”

Target : consider the features of the modernization process of the early 19th century

Tasks:

Educational:understand the key concepts of the course

Developmental: promote the development of historical thinking based on an analysis of the essence of a long historical process

Educating: cultivate an understanding of the essence of the historical process

Lesson equipment: presentation

Lesson type: lecture - conversation

Basic concepts:modernization, industrialization, competition, free competition capitalism, monopoly, cartel, syndicate, trust, concern, imperialism.

1. Organizational part.Reporting the objectives of the lesson.
2. Transition to learning new material. Introductory conversation

1. What period of history did we study last school year? What is this period called?(history of modern times)
2. What is the chronological framework of the period of modern history studied last year?(1500-1800)
3. What are the main features of this time?(industrial revolution, religious wars and reformation, formation of capitalism)

1. Learning new material

Plan:

1. Chronological framework and features of the second period of modern history. Modernization

We have to study a new period in human history.

Let's get acquainted with the textbook and determine the chronological period of this time(1800-1913)

What event will mark the end of the new time period?(World War I).True, there is a point of view that the period of modern history ends in 1900.

A feature of the period is the beginning of the process modernization

Modernization – the process of transforming a traditional society into an industrial one

Features of modernization:

1. In the political sphere - democratization of public and political life
2. In the social sphere – rapid population growth, migration, urban population growth
3. In the economic sphere - industrialization
4. In the field of culture - rapid growth of scientific knowledge

Industrialization– the process of development and implementation of large machinery, production of machines using machines

The development history of different countries is uneven. So the process of modernization in different countries began at different times - it depended on the time of the start of the industrial revolution.

What is the industrial revolution?(transition from manufactory to factory)

In which country did it start first?(In Great Britain)

Which countries still experienced the industrial revolution in the 18th century?(Holland, France, USA)

These countries became the first echelon of modernization - the countries of old capitalism.

Work on filling out the table:

Echelons of modernization at the beginning of the 19th century

First echelon	Second echelon	Third echelon
Countries of old capitalism	Countries of young capitalism	Traditional society
England France	USA Germany Italy Japan Russia Austrian Empire	China Latin American countries
The development of capitalism proceeded naturally	Development of capitalism through reforms	Modernization processes are limited

1. Completion of the Industrial Revolution

Working with the presentation, filling out the table as the teacher tells the story

Technical inventions of the 19th century

date	Invention		Meaning
1800	Metal lathe	Maudslay (England)	Manufacturing machines using machines
	Automatic textile machine	J. M. Jacquard (France)	Replaced manual labor
1856	Converter	G. Bessemer (England)	Steelmaking
	Melting furnace	Brothers E. and P. Martin (France)	Smelting higher quality steel
1825	The first Stockton to Darlington railway	George Stephenson (England)	The beginning of a revolution in transport, the railway boom
1879	First train	Ernst Werner Siemens	Use of electricity for railways
1803	First steamboat (tested on the Seine River)	R. Fulton (France)
1807	Steamship "Clermont"	R. Fulton	Replacing the sailing fleet with steam
1819	Steamboat Savannah		made a transatlantic trip
1803	Steam engine car	Evans (USA), Trevithick (England)	The appearance of the first car
1885	Gasoline car	Karl Benz (Germany)
1895	The prototype of a modern car	Gottlieb Daimler (Germany)
1908	Model T car	Henry Ford (USA)	The advent of the cheap car
	Flight of a hot air balloon	Montgolfier brothers (France) improved by Jacques Charles	First flight in the air
1900	Zeppelin airship (length 128 m)	Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany)	Flight of a body heavier than air, controlled balloon
1902	Gasoline engine glider	Wright Brothers (USA)	The beginning of aircraft construction
1803	Invention of the spranel (explosive projectile)	H. Spranel (England)	The growth of lethal force of weapons
1862	Invention of nitroglycerin, production of dynamite	Alfred Nobel (Sweden)	Obtaining weapons of great destructive power
1835	Revolver	Samuel Colt (USA)	Automatic weapons
1875	Arc lamp	P.N. Yablochkov (Russia)	Electric lighting of public places
1880	Incandescent lamp	T. Edison (USA)	Illumination of enclosed spaces
1843	Baltimore-Washington telegraph line using coded alphabet	Morse	Transfer of information, communication
1899	Wireless telegraph (radio)	A. Popov (Russia) G. Marconi (Italy)	Transfer of information, communication
1876	Telephone	M. Gray, A. Bell (USA)	Transfer of information, communication

Conclusion: technical inventions laid the foundation for the development of modern society (the symbol of this time is the Eiffel Tower)

1. Free competition capitalism and monopoly capitalism

In the first half of the 19th century, the era of free factory capitalism, orfree competition capitalism.

Free competition capitalism- a social system based on unlimited competition in the economic sphere

Competition – the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, ensuring the highest profits

The first half of the 19th century was a period of free competition. But already by 1870-1880. the production sector is being conquered monopolies.

Monopoly - an association of capitalists that arises on the basis of the growing concentration of production and capital, concentrating production or sales in its hands and with the goal of establishing dominance in certain sectors of the economy and obtaining maximum profits.

Variousforms of monopolistic associations:

Cartel - an association in which the production and commercial independence of enterprises is preserved, but uniform prices are determined and sales markets are divided

Syndicate - an association engaged in joint marketing of products

Trust – complete merger of enterprises, loss of commercial and production independence

Concern - an association of trusts or enterprises dependent on a monopoly group

THAT. monopoly capitalism is emerging(imperialism).

Imperialism - a special stage in the development of capitalism, in which it seeks to extend its dominance in all areas of social life.

Consolidation of the studied material:

1. What new features have appeared in the development of capitalist production in Europe?
2. What is a capitalist monopoly?
3. What role did increased competition play in the formation of monopolies?
4. What forms of business mergers do you know?
5. Why did free competition capitalism develop into monopoly capitalism at the end of the 19th century?

Signs of imperialism - according to the textbook p. 20 - write out

1. Combination of free competition and monopoly
2. Merger of industrial and banking capital and formation of a financial oligarchy
3. The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods
4. Economic division of the world into spheres of influence
5. Establishing a close connection between the financial oligarchy and the government

Homework:

§1-2, answer questions, vocabulary work