How to survive in emergencies? How to survive a disaster How to survive an emergency movie.

How to survive in an emergency? This is a whole science! It is not enough just to be interested in this. You need to experience it on yourself, train, study it many times. But everyone should know a few important and not complicated tips on how to behave and how to help in an emergency. This knowledge can be useful if you suddenly need to hold out for some time before the arrival of rescuers, urgently stop the blood or treat the wound with improvised means. How to behave in order not to risk your life will be discussed in this article.

1. Don't disappear without a trace.
If you are going somewhere to go, go hiking in some mountains, etc. - inform at least two of your friends or friends about it. It will not be superfluous to mention for what period of time you are going there. If something happens to you and you do not show up after this time, the rescuers will know where to look for you.

2. If there are a lot of people around.
If you are going to a place where a large crowd of people is expected, the main rule in this case is to know all the entrances and exits. In an emergency, people usually try to leave the place through the main entrance in panic. After all, it was through him that they all came. Try to find and study an evacuation plan. Find out where the back entrance is, if there is one, and what other entrances - exits are available. This information will increase your chances of staying alive and well in the event of any danger.

3. If a gun is pointed at you.
Remember - only in a movie can you knock out a pistol aimed at you from a distance of 2 - 3 meters. Don't try to do it in reality! An armed man will still shoot if you twitch just a little. And no one knows where the bullet can hit. Therefore, in this situation, the main thing is to keep calm and balance. Look the threatening person in the eye - this is important. If they threaten, it does not mean that they will kill. Be calm and do what is asked of you. According to statistics, the quiet and calm live longer.

4. Ladders and steps.
Descending the stairs, many people were injured due to the fact that their hands at that time were not holding a handrail or a railing, but a smartphone. Or even they were in their pockets.

5. Whistle and mirror.
These items will help a lot if you are going to the forest. In case you get lost, know that the sound of the whistle will be heard much farther and louder than your hoarse voice. And with the help of a small mirror, you can "honk" them for several kilometers. Learn to give such signals, suddenly come in handy.

6. 333.
Everyone should know this rule. Three triplets to help prioritize and extend life. A person can live for 3 minutes without air, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food. Therefore, if there are no problems with air, then first of all you need to provide yourself with water, and food - then somehow and someday.

7. Keep warm at all costs.
Hypothermia, or, more simply, hypothermia, is a bad factor in a critical situation. Therefore, it is important to keep warm by any means. Never use alcoholic beverages for this if there is no heat source nearby.

8. Clean water.
Any water can be consumed for drinking. Of course, it is advisable to boil it beforehand, or at least filter it out. The simplest device for this: charcoal and fabric in several layers. Pass water through this filter several times, then boil, if possible, and only then drink.

9. Snow.
You cannot use snow to quench your thirst. You run the risk of damaging your throat or oral mucosa. It is advisable to melt the snow to the state of water, even if it is cold.

10. Potatoes.
It is quite possible to survive on one potato. Not to "live", but to "survive" for a short time.

11. Condoms.
They can be used to store water. Condoms stretch well and are strong enough. Just before you draw water into them, remove the grease from their surface.

12. Women's pads.
Sanitary pads come in very handy if you need to bandage a wound. They perfectly absorb blood, prevent the development of bacteria and microbes. The pad should be placed over the wound, wrapped over it with a cloth or suitable material.

13. The glue is the moment.
Can be used instead of a patch. Suitable for small scratches and cuts, but not for large wounds.

14. Apple cider vinegar.
Vinegar kills germs slightly. Much weaker than alcohol, of course. But it's still better than nothing.

15. Baking soda.
Can be used for small fires as a dry powder extinguisher. Soda also removes some odors and stains from clothes. But you should not rely on her too much in serious situations when it really comes to life.

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Most people, having got into an emergency, are not able to do the only right thing that can save their lives, the correspondent emphasizes.

At 7 pm on September 27, 1994, the ferry Estonia left the port of Tallinn and headed for Stockholm. There were 989 people on board. The ferry did not reach the destination. Six hours after sailing, with strong winds and stormy waves in the Baltic Sea, the bow ramp broke off under the influence of the oncoming wave and the ship began to sink. Within an hour, the ferry disappeared under water. 852 passengers and crew members were killed.

Even given the transience of the tragedy, the severe storm and the lengthy time it took for rescuers to reach the crash site (the alarm was only announced half an hour after the ferry sank), emergency survivors were overwhelmed by the sheer number of casualties. ... It turned out that many of those on board died, because they did nothing at all to save themselves.

“Apparently, due to the horror that gripped them, some of the passengers lost their ability for rational thinking,” reads the official conclusion on the causes of the Estonia disaster. “People were paralyzed by fear, they could not be made to move. Some passengers were in a state of panic, apathy and shock , did not react to attempts to show them the escape route, even with the use of force or shouting. "

What happened? John Leach, a combat survival instructor, knows the answer. Researcher University of Portsmouth, UK, researching human behavior in extreme situations. Leach studied the actions of people who survived and died in dozens of disasters around the world over several decades (it so happened that he even attended one of them - in a fire at the London Kings Cross station on November 18, 1987, 31 people died ). He managed to find out that in life-threatening situations, about 75% of people are so lost that they cannot reason sensibly and try to escape. Their minds seem to be paralyzed. On average, only 15% of those in extreme situations remain relatively calm and capable of rational thinking and are able to make decisions that can save their lives. (The remaining 10% are simply dangerous - they "go off the rails" and only interfere with others, reducing their chances of salvation.)

Image copyright Getty Image caption The bow of the sunken ferry Estonia, which killed over 800 people in its 1994 crash

Stories describing survivors in catastrophic situations usually tell about just those 15% and what exactly helped them avoid death. But Leach thinks this is the wrong approach. In his opinion, the question should be asked why so many people die despite the fact that they have a real opportunity to escape. Why do many people give up ahead of time or are unable to adequately respond to what is happening?

Leach believes that survival even in the most disastrous situations does not require special skills - you just need to know what to do in such cases. “My job as an instructor is to teach people how to survive on the battlefield. My job as a psychologist is to teach people not to die,” he says.

Emergency exit

Scientists have not always had a clear understanding of how we behave in emergencies. Experts who developed evacuation procedures in the last century believed that people would immediately respond to alarms, smell of smoke, vibrations in the structure of a building, or an unusually steep list of the ship.

Image copyright Getty Image caption Passenger behavior in a fire on board an aircraft at a Manchester airport in the 1980s. puzzled specialists

However, as the experience of recent decades has shown, getting people to act quickly is not easy at all. On August 22, 1985, 55 people died on board a Boeing 737 passenger plane that caught fire on the runway of Manchester airport. An airliner heading for the Greek island of Corfu had an engine failure during takeoff. In its report on the causes of the crash, the British Bureau of Accident Investigation notes: “The most striking aspect of this accident is the fact that, although the plane did not have time to get off the runway and stopped in a position that allowed fire brigades to quickly extinguish an external fire, it led to 55 deaths. The key question is why the passengers were not able to quickly leave the aircraft. "

Often times, the risk of death is increased not because of panic and crowding at emergency exits, but precisely because people refuse to panic.

One of the most sobering examples of passive crowd behavior recorded during recent times, - the situation that developed inside the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001 after the hijacked passenger airliners crashed into them. It would seem that the survivors should immediately rush to the nearest exits. But most of those inside, on the contrary, chose to ignore what had happened. Those who eventually managed to get out before the towers collapsed headed for the stairs an average of six minutes after the airplane strikes, and some remained where they were for a good half hour. These are the findings of a study conducted by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption Familiarize yourself with the location of emergency exits in advance - in an emergency, you may not be up to it

Unable to realize what was happening to them, people either continued to go about their business, or lingered to see what would happen next, and expecting someone else to leave the workplace first.

According to one study of the events of that day, up to half of all survivors from the towers lingered before evacuating - someone made phone calls, someone cleared papers from the table and locked the office door. People visited washrooms, completed emails, turned off computers, or changed their shoes. One woman, who usually commutes to work by bike, even returned to the office to change into a cycling suit before leaving the building.

Survival mode

The most common scientific explanation for this behavior - passivity, mental paralysis, or ignorance - is that the fault is a person's inability to adapt to sudden changes in the environment. Our survival depends on goal-oriented behavior: when we feel hungry, we look for food, and when we feel lonely, we look for company.

Usually the tasks before us are pretty simple (we know where to find food or company). But in a new, unfamiliar situation, especially in a stressful situation (a sinking ship or a burning plane), setting tasks that will ensure survival - finding a way out and getting to it - requires a much more serious conscious effort.

Image copyright Getty Image caption Sometimes people are simply not able to realize what is happening to them.

"Emergencies often develop so quickly that our brains can't handle them," Leach explains. Our ability to seek rescue options has not kept pace with the fast pace of events. Jerome Chertkoff, Specialist in social psychology from Indiana University, uses a slightly different wording: "In a life-threatening situation, emotional excitement increases, as a result of which people limit the number of considered alternatives for further actions. This circumstance can negatively affect decision-making - a person may simply not take into account the option, which is most likely to lead to salvation. "

It becomes clear why in extreme conditions people often do not make seemingly obvious things. Most experts agree that the only surefire way to deal with your own lethargy in an emergency is to prepare in advance for the situation.

“Practice makes actions automatic, so you don’t have to think about what to do at the right time,” says Chertkoff. Experts advise noting the location of fire exits when going to the movies (and imagine how you will get to them if necessary), carefully read the instructions for evacuating in hotel rooms, and always listen to the safety briefing on the plane from start to finish, as no matter how often you use air transport.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption The most important thing is to be prepared for an emergency.

"Whenever I board a ship, the first thing I do is figure out where the lifeboat I'm assigned to is because there won't be time for that in an emergency," Leach says. Usually people are saved not because they are more courageous and more heroic than others, but because they are better prepared.

What to do with others? No matter how well you prepare, one factor in an emergency will always remain out of your control - the behavior of the people around you. It turns out that here, too, scientists hold a theory that is different from popular opinion and media reports.

Journalists love to describe the chaotic and aggressive behavior of a crowd of people in an extreme situation - whether it is a crush in a crowd of pilgrims, people suffocated in the mass of bodies at a football match, or a panic while stammering to the exits in a burning nightclub. In fact, such events are rare. Research shows that in most cases, people are more likely to help each other in times of crisis than to interfere. "In emergencies, collaboration is the norm," says Chris Cocking, who studies crowd behavior at the University of Brighton in the UK.

Image copyright Getty Image caption Paul Dage helps Davinia Turrell, injured in a London subway bombing and symbolic of the July 7, 2005 attacks.

An example is the July 7, 2005 suicide bombings on London transport, which killed 52 people and injured more than 700. Subway passengers then spent several hours locked up in smoky tunnels, not knowing whether they would be rescued and whether new terrorist attacks should be expected. Despite the chaos of what was happening, people for the most part demonstrated high level cooperation and mutual assistance, as evidenced by survivors interviewed by Cocking, John Drury of the University of Essex and Steve Reicher of the University of St Andrews. Psychologists call this reaction "collective resilience"; it is characterized by mutual assistance and unity of a group of people in the face of danger.

Stronger together

Drury, Cocking, and Reicher have documented many examples of collective resilience. In 2008, they spoke with survivors of 11 major emergencies in the previous four decades, including a stadium crush in Ghana in 2001, in which 126 people died trying to escape through locked doors, and a cruise ship crash. Oceanos off the coast of South Africa in 1991 (which miraculously saved more than 500 people). In each of these cases, group solidarity prevailed over manifestations of selfishness. Cocking believes that the propensity of people to help each other in extreme situations increases the overall chances of survival. "The best tactic for an individual is to subordinate to the interests of the group. If everyone acts on their own - and such situations are rare - then the effectiveness of evacuating the group as a whole is reduced," he says.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption What will you do first if you find yourself in an emergency?

However, certain situations can disorient some people so much that they lose the ability to cooperate. Here is an example of how differently people can behave in the face of mortal danger. when their lives are on the line - As part of the Atlantic Odyssey, an Anglo-Irish rowing team in January 2012 attempted to cross the Atlantic from east to west in a record 30 days. After 28 days, a stray wave turned their boat 800 km from their final destination in Barbados. According to Mark Beaumont, who was one of the six crew members, the entire crew would certainly have drowned if several people had not begun to dive under the inverted hull, releasing the liferaft from the mounts and alternately pulling the emergency buoy, GPS tracker, satellite phone to the surface. supplies of fresh water and food.

Deep shock

But not all team members were rational. "A couple of guys were in a very strong shock," recalls Beaumont. "One of them could hardly say a word. He just closed his eyes and turned away from what was happening." Later, this man, an experienced rower, explained to Beaumont that what had happened stunned him: “This situation was simply beyond my shoulder. eyes and wait until everything is over - death or salvation. "

Chances are, you never have to get into an extreme situation. But it doesn't hurt to imagine such a development of events, not forgetting that the dangers still exist and that you can prepare for them in advance without falling into paranoia. "You just have to ask yourself a simple question: What will I do first in an emergency?" Says Leach. "Once you find the answer, everything will fall into place. It's very simple."

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