Complex sentence with main and subordinate clauses. Exercises - Determining the Types of Subclause 9 Class

Subordinate clause- a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinate union or union word.

For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he drove into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). To portray a feeling which I was experiencing at the time, very hard(Korolenko). The term used in educational practice "subordinate clause" is usually replaced in theoretical works by the term "Subordinate clause"(respectively, instead of "main sentence" - "main part"); thereby avoiding the use of the same term "sentence" in relation to the whole and to its individual constituent parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinate clause can be associated with a single word (group of words) of the main sentence, performing the function of spreading or explaining these members.

For example: She dreams that she is walking in a snowy glade(Pushkin) (the subordinate clause spreads the predicate of the main sentence in a dream). His nature was one of those who need an audience for a good deed.(L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate clause explains a group of words one of those).

In other cases, the subordinate clause is related to the entire composition of the main clause.

For example: If the grandfather left home, the grandmother arranged the most interesting meetings in the kitchen.(Gorky) (the subordinate clause refers to the main one as a whole).

A subordinate clause can clarify a word in the main clause that is not a member of the sentence.

For example: Grow up, a country where by the will of one people all merged into one people!(Lebedev-Kumach) the subordinate clause refers to the address word country).

A subordinate clause can refer to two main clauses as a whole.

For example: It was already quite light and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy).

Classification of types of subordinate clauses

In school textbooks, two types of classifications of subordinate clauses are presented.

In the complexes of T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovskaya clauses are divided into three groups: determinative , explanatory and adverbial ; the latter are subdivided into subgroups.

In the complex V.V. Babaytseva clauses are divided into subject , predicate , determinative , additional and adverbial depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by the subordinate clause (to determine the type of the subordinate clause, questions asked to various members of the sentence are used).

Since the most common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching is the classification adopted in the complexes of T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovskaya, let us turn to her.

We present information about the types of subordinate clauses in the form of a pivot table.

Types of subordinate clauses

1. Definitive (including pronoun-definitives)	Answer questions which one? whose? Who exactly? what exactly? and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main part; are joined most often using union words which, which, whose, where and others and unions what, so that, like and etc.	The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart; The one who does nothing, will achieve nothing; She looked like this that everyone was silent.
2. Explanatory	They answer questions of indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; join through unions what, if, if, if, if and others and allied words where, where, how much, which and etc.	I soon realized that I was lost; It seemed to him, as if everyone around was happy with his happiness.
3. Circumstantial:
mode of action, measure and degree	Answer questions as? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main sentence; join through unions what, so that, as if, for sure and union words how, how much, how much.	We're so tired that could not go further.
time	Answer questions when? From what time? until what time? how long? when, as long as, how, while, as, as long as, as long as, after, barely, since, only, slightly, before, as soon, only, just, just, only, just a little earlier than before.	Until the rain stops will have to stay at home.
places	Answer questions Where? where to? where from? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join using union words where, where, from where.	For folklore practice, they go to where the folk traditions of song and skaz are still alive.
goals	Answer questions what for? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join through unions so, in order, in order, in order, in order, only, yes, only.	In order not to get lost, we went out onto the path.
the reasons	Answer questions why? from what? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of unions because, because, because, because, because, because, because, then that, because, because, good, because, because, the more that ...	Because the candle burned weakly, the room was almost dark.
conditions	Answer the question under what condition? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join through unions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, how soon, if ... if.	If the weather does not improve during the day, the trip will have to be postponed.
concessions	Answer questions despite what? in spite of what? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join through unions although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let and combinations of pronouns with a particle no matter how, wherever, no matter how much, wherever.	Despite the fact that it was already well past midnight b, the guests did not leave; No matter how rotten the tree, it all grows up.
comparisons	Answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join through unions like, just like, like, like, exactly, like, like, what.	Birch branches reach out to the sun as if stretching out their hands to him.
consequences	Answering the questions as a result of what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join by union so that.	Summer was not very hot so the mushroom harvest should be good.

Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main one with the help of a particle whether used in the meaning of the union.

For example: He didn't know if tomorrow would come. Soyuz-particle whether can serve to convey an indirect question: They asked if we would go with them.

REMEMBER: the main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.

Conjunctions and union words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.

For example: The village where Eugene was bored was a lovely corner. it subordinate clause that has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.

In the Russian language, a group of complex sentences is distinguished, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either determinative, or explanatory, or adverbial. it complex sentences with subordinate clauses .

Such clauses contain additional, passing, additional message to the content of the main part of a complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach the meaning of plug-in structures.

Union words serve as a means of communication in them. what, why, why, why, because of what and others, which, as it were, repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.

For example: His enemies, his friends, what maybe the same thing, he was honored this way and that.(A. Pushkin) The driver took it into his head to ride the river, which should have shortened the naga's path by three miles. (A. Pushkin)
It is impossible to put a question to connecting clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word, phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.

Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause

1. Determine the main part of the complex sentence.

2. Determine the key word in the main part (if any).

3. Ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause:

b) from the predicate in the main part;

c) from a noun or pronoun in the main part;

d) it is impossible to ask a question to the clause (with connecting and comparative).

4. Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate clause (conjunctions or union words).

5. What is the type of subordinate clause.

1. Questions: relative clauses answer the questions: as? like what? However, it is not always possible to ask exactly these questions about the comparative clause. Therefore it is necessary to pay special attention to their means of communication.

2. Means of communication: relative clauses are attached to the main clause unions: as if, as if, as if, as if(meaning "how"), as if, it doesn't matter what, just how, just how, than, than, than if, than ... and etc.

Comparative sentences in the main sentence may have index words with the value of measure and degree:

Wind tore up overcoat So [as?], as if I wanted to tear her in two(Telpugov).

Such subordinate clauses combine the meaning of comparison with the meaning of mode of action and degree. In a number of manuals they refer to the clauses of the mode of action and degree.

A special group among sentences with comparative subordinate clauses is made up of those in the main sentence of which there is an adjective or adverb in a comparative degree, and the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with more than:

There are many more thoughts, feelings and poetic power in your mind than you thought(Paustovsky); The young man received more from home than he should have expected(Pushkin); Than to go to the bridge, we'd better look for a ford(Krylov).

Instead of the form of the comparative degree, pronouns are also used, another, pronoun in another way:

Of course, Crimea turned out to be completely different than I thought about it(Paustovsky).

This group of complex sentences is distinguished not only by its special structure, but also by its special meaning. In a number of textbooks, such constructions are distinguished into independent types of subordinate clauses.

A special place in the system of complex sentences is also occupied by sentences with a double conjunction than ... that. In them, it is difficult to distinguish between the main and the subordinate clause, since both parts cannot exist independently. Traditionally, a subordinate clause is considered the first part with a part of the union than, while the second part (with a part of the union of topics) is considered the main sentence:

The less we love a woman, the easier she likes us.(Pushkin).

3. Place in the offer: relative clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, in the middle of the main clause.

Serve me[as?], how did you serve him(Pushkin).

, (as- union).

With dull sounds[like what?], as if someone hits a cardboard box with a palm, grenades are torn(Perventsev).

[ , (as if- union),].

The closer the day's shooting approaches to the end, the more grumpy and more unceremonious surveyor(Kuprin).

(than), [themes ].

Note!

1) As already noted, the relative clauses are close in meaning to the relative clauses of the mode of action and degree. You can sometimes ask the same question to both of them how? ... In the main sentence of complex sentences with such subordinate clauses, there may be the same indicator words, first of all - the indicator word so. Therefore, to distinguish between these types of clauses, it is necessary to take into account the totality of all signs. Pay also attention to the fact that, both in the subordinate mode of action and degree, it is a union word, and in the subordinate comparative, it is a union.

2) Comparative clauses are often incomplete sentences.

Wide shadows walk across the plain like clouds across the sky(Chekhov) - the predicate is omitted walk.

It is necessary to distinguish an incomplete subordinate clause from a comparative turnover. In the comparative clause, it is allowed to skip the predicate - it has already been named in the main clause (see the example above). Since in the subordinate clause with the omitted predicate, the subject and secondary terms remain, grammatically dependent on the predicate (circumstance, addition), the predicate can be easily restored.

Wed: Its existence is enclosed in this close program, like an egg in its shell(Chekhov). - Its existence is enclosed in this close program, like an egg concluded in the shell.

If in the comparative construction there are no sentence members depending on the predicate, then it turns into a comparative turnover.

They drank grandma's liqueurs, yellow as gold, dark as tar, and green(M. Gorky).

3) Means of communication with what, what ... so in comparative clauses are unions, and not union words (these are not pronouns in the instrumental case!).

There are (by analogy with the secondary members of the proposal: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: determinative, explanatory and adverbial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.

Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial clauses) or to all the main (unconventional clauses).

For defining the type of the relative clause it is necessary to take into account three interrelated signs: 1) a question that can be asked from the main sentence to the subordinate clause; 2) the proverbial or non-proverbial nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of communication with the main clause.

Subordinate clauses

Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a feature of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize an object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.

In connection with the general meaning of the attribute of the subject attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question which one? They join the main thing only with union words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, where, from where, when). In the subordinate clause, union words replace the main noun on which the subordinate depends.

For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (what (= contradictions)),].

Allied words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) and non-mainstream (what, where, where, from where, when). Non-basic can always be replaced by the main union word which the, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.

Village where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner ... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].

I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).

At night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) for the whole city night got off ... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).

The main sentence often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) the one like that eg:

This was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. that - noun], (which).

Pronoun-definitive clauses

By meaning, they are close to the relative clauses pronominal clauses . They differ from the actual attributive clauses in that they do not refer to the noun in the main sentence, but to the pronoun (one, each, all and others) used in the meaning of a noun, for example:

1) [Total, (what knew yet Evgeny), retell to me lack of time) (A. Pushkin)- [local., (what),]. 2) [Not oh, (what you think), nature] ... (F. Tyutchev)- [local., (what),].

Like the relative clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore, it is better to ask them a question too what?) and join the main sentence using union words (the main union words are Who and what).

Wed: [The one human, (who came yesterday Today did not appear] - subordinate attributive. [ukl. + noun, (which),].

[The one, (who came yesterday Today did not appear] - a subordinate pronoun-definitive. [local., (who),].

In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always appear after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the defined word, for example:

(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower do not despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [places. ].

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence, which needs semantic distribution (addition, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, happy, proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied), adverbs (it is known, it is a pity, it is necessary, it is clear), nouns (news, message, hearing, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)

Subordinate clauses are attached to the explained word in three ways: 1) using unions what, like, like, so when and etc.; 2) using any union words; 3) using the union-particle whether.

For example: 1) [Light decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [vb.], (what). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought you me could not blame) (A. Fet) - [ verb.], (to). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes in a snowy glade, surrounded by sad haze) (A. Pushkin)- [vb.], (as if).

2) [You you know myself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [vb.], (what). [Then she began to ask me], (where am I now work) (A. Chekhov)- [vb.], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [nar.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (how much yo i live) ... (A. Akhmatova)- [vb.], (how much).

3) [Both are very wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [vb.], (whether).

Subordinate clauses can serve to transmit indirect speech. Through alliances what, like, like, when indirect messages are expressed, using the union so that- indirect motives, with the help of union words and a particle union whether- indirect questions.

In the main sentence with the explained word, there may be an index word then(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Dr. Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about], (that forests teach understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + ukl.], (what).

Differentiation of attributive clauses and explanatory clauses

Certain difficulties are caused differentiation of attributive clauses and clauses explanatory that refer to a noun. It should be remembered that clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(for them the meaning of the noun being defined is not important), answer the question what ?, indicate the sign of the subject that is called the noun being defined, and join the main one only with allied words. Subordinate clauses the same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a certain meaning(speech, thought, feeling, perception), except for the question which one?(and it can always be set from a noun to any word or sentence depending on it) you can set and case question, they are reveal(explain) content speech, thought, feeling, perception and join the main unions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main union and union-particle whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)

More difficult to distinguish between clauses attributive and explanatory clauses depending on nouns when explanatory clauses join the main thing with the help of union words (especially the union word what). Wed: 1) The question is what(which the) he was asked, it seemed strange to him. Thought that(which) came to his mind in the morning, haunted him all day. News that(which) I received yesterday, very upset me. 2) The question of what to do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.

1) The first group - complex sentences with clauses... Union word what can be replaced with a union word which the. The clause indicates the attribute of the subject named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the clause, only a question can be asked what ?, a case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main sentence is possible only in the form of a pronoun consistent with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).

2) The second group - complex sentences with explanatory clauses... Replacing a union word what union word which the impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined, but also explains the content of words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).

Circumventional clauses

Most adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.

Subordinate clauses and degrees

Characterize the way the action is performed or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative feature and answer questions as? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word, which performs the function of the circumstance of the mode of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause in two ways: 1) using union words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, that, as if, exactly, as if, as if.

For example: 1) [The offensive was on as was envisaged at the headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [vb. + uk.el. so], (how) (subordinate clause).

2) [The old woman is the same I wanted to repeat your story], (how old is it to me listen) (A. Herzen)- [vb. + uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).

Subordinate clauses and degrees may be unambiguous(if they join the main union words how, how much, how much)(see examples above) and double-digit(if joined by unions; the second value is introduced by the union). For example: 1) [White acacia smelled so much], (that their sweet, luscious, candy the smell was felt on the lips and mouth) (A. Kuprin)-

[uksl. So+ adverb.], (what) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the clause what).

2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr.with. + u.s.s. So],(so that) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the union to).

3) [Everything is small plant So sparkled at our feet], (as if it was really done from crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the union if).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses point to a place or direction of action and answer questions Where? where to? from where? They depend on the whole main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by an adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere and others), and join the main sentence using union words where, where, from where. For example:

1) [Go along the free road], (where entails you free cm) ... (A. Pushkin)- , (where to).

2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [nar.], (where).

3) (Where to the river has gone), [there and the channel will be] (proverb)- (where), [uksl. there].

Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using union words where, where, from where.

Wed: 1) And [ Tanya enters to empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (relative clause).

2) [I_ began to recall], (where to went during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [vb.], (where) (explanatory clause).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions when? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main proposal and are joined by temporary unions when, while, once, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:

1) [When the count is back], (Natasha impolite was delighted him and hurried to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (kog2) (Until does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice of Apollo), [in the cares of vain light, he cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (until), .

The main sentence may contain index words then, until then, after and others, as well as the second component of the union (then). If there is an index word in the main sentence then, then when in the subordinate clause is a union word. For example:

1) [I_ sittin until I don't start to feel hunger) (D. Harms)- [uk.sl. until], (until).

2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [sometimes in the mouth smells in the spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].

3) [The poet feels the literal meaning of the word even then], (when gives it figuratively) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. then],(when).

Subordinate clauses must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a union word when. For example:

1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [ukl. + noun], (when) (subordinate attributive).

2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me], (when he can be discharged) (N. Ostrovsky)- [vb.], (when) (explanatory clause).

Subclauses

Subclauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what the main sentence says. They answer the question under what condition ?, if, if ... then, when (= if), when ... then, if, if, time, if etc. For example:

1) (If I get sick), [to doctors I will not apply] ... (Ya. Smelyakov)- (if a), .

2) (Time we started talking), [then better finish all to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (once), [then].

If a conditional clauses stand in front of the main thing, then in the latter there may be a second part of the union - then(see 2nd example).

Subordinate Objectives

Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what the main sentence says. They refer to the entire main sentence, answer questions what for? for what purpose? for what? and join the main one with the help of unions to (to), to, to, to, then, to, to (obsolete) etc. For example:

1) [I_ woke up Pasha], (so that he did not fall with others) (A. Chekhov)-, (to);

2) [He used all your eloquence], (so that turn away Akulin from her intention) (A. Pushkin)-, (so that);

3)(In order to to be happy), [it is necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;

When a compound union is dismembered, a simple union remains in the subordinate clause so that and the rest of the words are included in the main sentence, being an index word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ mention about this solely in order] (to emphasize unconditional authenticity of many things Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk. for],(to).

Subordinate Objectives must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a union to. For example:

1) [I want], (so that the bayonet equated pen) (V. Mayakovsky)- [vb.], (to) (explanatory subordinate clause).

2) [Time landing was calculated so], (to the place of disembarkation get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [k.pr. + uk. So],(to) (subordinate clause of the course of action with the added value of the goal)

Subordinate reasons

Subordinate clauses offers the reasons reveal (designate) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main proposal and join it with the help of unions because, because, because, because, because, then what, because, because, because etc. For example:

1) [I send her all the tears as a gift], (because not live me before the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)

2) [Any work is important], (for ennobles human) (L. Tolstoy)-, (for).

3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theatre ours quite willingly attended] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .

Compound unions, the last part of which is what, can be dismembered: a simple union remains in the subordinate clause what, and the rest of the words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:

[That is why roads to me people], (what live with me on ground) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. because],(what).

Subordinate clauses

In the subordinate clause, the event is reported, in spite of which the action is carried out, the event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports on such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). In this way, subordinate clauses they call it a "failed" reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions despite what? contrary to what ?, refer to the entire main proposal and join it 1) unions though, though ... but, not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let it be and others and 2) allied words in combination from particle no: no matter how much, no matter what. For example:

I. one) And (although he was an ardent rake), [but he stopped loving finally, and abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (though), [but].

Note... In the main clause, in which there is a concessive clause, there may be a union but.

2) (Let be rose plucked), [she is yet blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .

3) [B steppe it was quiet, cloudy], (despite what the sun rose) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).

P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokof'evich from all sorts of difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through him a new shock] (M. Sholokhov)- (whatever), [but].

2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to stop loving immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much),].

Subordinate comparative

The types of adverbial clauses considered above correspond to the same-name categories of circumstances in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences and connecting), which do not match among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, to ask a question from the main clause to the clause.

In complex sentences with relative comparative the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Subordinate comparative refer to the entire main proposal and join the unions like, exactly, like, butoh, like, like, like, what ... whatand etc. For example:

1) (As we swarm in the summer midges flying into the flame), [flew flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](as), ["].

2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (like Who them washed and varnish on them brought) (I. Turgenev)-, (as if).

3) [we threesome started talking], (as if the century would do you know) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).

A special group among relative clauses make proposals with the union than and with double union than ... that. Double clauses what ... so have comparative meaning, the interdependence of parts. Subordinate clauses with a union than, in addition, they do not refer to everything that is important, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.

1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us her] (A. Pushkin)- (what), [what].

2) [As time went slower], (than clouds were crawling across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.out.], (than).

Comparative clauses may be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:

[Existence his concluded into this close program], (like egg in a shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (as).

The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by a secondary member of the predicate group - in the shell.

Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses in which there can be no predicate.

Subordinate consequences

Subordinate consequences indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .

Subordinate consequences refer to the entire main sentence, always stand after it and join it in a union so that.

For example: [ Heat everything increased], (so that it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow everything getting whiter and brighter], (so that ache eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (so that).

Additional connecting clauses

Additional connecting clauses contain additional information, comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting subordinate clauses refer to the entire main sentence, always stand after it and are attached to it with allied words what, what, about why, why, why, why and etc.

For example: 1) [To her it was necessary not to be late to the theatre], (from whatshe is highly was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).

2) [Dew has fallen], (what boded good weather tomorrow) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (what).

3) [And the old man Cuckoos n fast allotment glasses, forgetting to wipe them], (which with him for thirty years of service never did not happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)-, (what).

Parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

Scheme of parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (declarative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence for emotional coloring (exclamation or non-exclamation).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

Draw up a sentence scheme: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verbal), characterize the means of communication (union or union word), determine the type of subordinate clause (determinative, explanatory, etc.). etc.).

An example of parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1) [In time of great storm turned out with a root tall old pine], (why and formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).

, (from what).

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate refers to everything that is important and is attached to it by a union word from what.

2) (So ​​that be contemporary clear), [all wide open open the poet] (A. Akhmatova).(so),.

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, complex with a clause of purpose. The clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the whole main proposal and joins it by the union so that.

3) [I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance, no echo not) (I. Annensky).[local], (what).

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate pronoun-definitive. The clause answers the question what ?, depends on the pronoun everything in the main, joined by a union word what, which is an indirect complement.

Which is studying two units: sentences and phrases.

This article will focus specifically on the syntax of the sentence. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will tell you in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in Russian.

1. The concept of a proposal

Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or more words, which, as a rule, consist of a question (then they are called interrogative), an incentive to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).

It is customary to divide everything into compound (equal) and complex (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special unions or union words).

2. How to correctly identify proposals?

By their nature, these syntax units are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you only need to remember four main signs:

About grammatical meaning;

About the question that this sentence answers;

About the part of the proposal to which it can be attributed;

About the means of communication.

It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into detailed, definitive, connecting and detailed.

3.in Russian

1. Definitives. Role performed: characterize the attribute of the subject.

The question to which the sentence answers: which one?

What the sentence refers to: a noun.

Conjunctions and allied words: when, where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.

Other special features: Indicative words are used - any, everyone, everyone, such, that.

For example: A camera that I bought in Chicago last year takes great pictures.

2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.

The question that the sentence answers is: what?

What they relate to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single word combination.

Unions and as if to, what, why, where, what for, when, where.

Other salient features: The index word "that" is used.

For example: I know I can do it.

3. Connecting. Role: Contains an optional clarification message.

What they refer to: The entire main sentence.

Unions and union words: "why", "what", "why".

4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:

• mode of action and degree

Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and mode of action.

The question to which the sentence answers: how? how much? in what degree? as?

What they relate to: a verb or an adjective.

Unions and allied words: “if”, “to”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.

Other characteristic features: Indicative words - "such", "to the same extent", "as much", "as much", "so".

For example: He screamed so that he almost deafened those present.

• places

Role performed: indicate the location.

The question to which these proposals answer is: where from? where to? Where?

What they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.

Unions and union words: "where", "where", "where".

Other salient features: Indicative words - "everywhere", "everywhere", "there", "there".

For example: Where the road ended, the field began.

• time

Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.

The question that the proposal answers: until when? when? since when? how long?

Unions and allied words: "as long as", "since", "bye".

Other salient features: Indicative words - sometimes, once, always, now, then.

For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.

• conditions

Role to be performed: Indicate the condition under which the action takes place.

The question that the sentence answers: in which case? under what condition?

Unions and allied words: "kol", "koli", "time", "if", "how".

For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.

• the reasons

Role performed: Indicates the reason.

The question answered by the proposal is: for what reason? from what? why? because of which?

What they refer to: the whole of Ch. a sentence or a predicate.

Unions and allied words: "because", "because", "since".

For example: He went on foot, because did not want to go in stuffy transport.

• comparisons

Role performed: Explained by comparison.

The question to which the sentence answers: like what?

What they refer to in the sentence: to the whole of Ch. a sentence or a predicate.

Unions and allied words: "as if", "how", "than", "as if".

For example: He chose to be silent, like a fish.

Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.

The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? what for?

What they refer to: the whole of Ch. a sentence or a predicate.

Unions and allied words: "in order to", "then", "in order to".

For example: I want to learn in order to know.

• concessions

Role performed: the circumstance for the action to be performed.

The question that the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?

What they refer to: the entire main sentence or the predicate.

Unions and allied words: "for nothing", "despite the fact that", "what", "though", "let", "no matter what", "when not", "no matter how much"

For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.

• consequences

Role performed: means the effect, result or conclusion.

The question to which the sentence answers: which of these?

What they refer to: the whole of Ch. proposal.

Conjunctions and union words: "so", "therefore".

For example: Despite hunger, I will not eat this.

Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the proposal. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are subdivided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked for the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.

The main types of subordinate clauses

Consider their four types: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:

1. The flowerbed, which was broken in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a reduced copy of the town - a kind of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Definitive).
2. And it seemed to me that restless and funny little ones really live there. (Explanatory).
3. And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, the little ones get out of their hiding places and begin to vigorously enjoy life. (Connecting).

Definitive clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian determine the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and an index word. They serve as answers to questions which one? whose? which the? These minor sentences are attached to the main part with union words. whose, who, who, what, what, from where, where, when... Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are such index words as such, everyone, everyone, any or that one in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:

• Living beings, ( what kind?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a kind human attitude towards them.
• Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some kind of bird, ( which one?) whose voice can be heard in the bushes of your garden in the morning, will sit on your hand with confidence.
• Every person, ( which one?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, must correspond to this title.
• Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary courtyard, (what?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door for a person to the wonderful world of nature.

Additional connecting clauses

Interesting are the types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are joined using union words where, how, when, why, where, what... Examples:

• And only next to mom does any baby feel protected, what is provided by nature itself.
• Caring for cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to clarify, concretize any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these subordinate clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear... But they can also concretize adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad... It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( it is clear, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is known, it is a pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, hearing, thought, sensation). Subordinate clauses are joined using:

Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);

Any union words;

Particles (union) whether.

Examples include the following compound sentences:

• Have you ever observed ( what?) how amazingly the sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, tiles of snowflakes?
• Once such beauty, a person will certainly be incredibly happy, ( what?) that I discovered a unique world of beauty.
• And it immediately becomes clear ( what?) that everything around was created for a reason, that everything is interconnected.
• Consciousness will be filled with inexpressible feelings of joy, (what kind?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Subordinate clauses and degrees

The contingent clauses are subdivided into several subtypes. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that relate to a feature or action, called in its main part, and designate its degree or measure, as well as an image, are referred to as subordinate clauses of the mode of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? as? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate clause with the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so... The joining of these subordinate clauses is ensured by the unions to, what, if or union words how much, so how much and some others. Examples:

• The girl laughed so infectiously, so directly, that everyone else found it hard not to smile.
• The ringing play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly multi-colored peas from a bag were scattered.
• And the very face of the crumb has changed so much, as far as possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could easily be called an adorable and absolutely healthy child.

Circumferential clauses

These dependent sentences indicate the place of origin of the action, which is named in the main part of the compound sentence. Regarding the entire main sentence, they answer the following questions: where from? where to? Where? and are joined by union words where, where, where... Often there are index words in the main sentence. there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal points in the forest more often there, where there is moss in the trees.
2. The ants dragged on their backs the building material for their nests and food supplies from everywhere, wherever these hardworking creatures could get.
3. I am drawn all the time there, to the magical lands, where did we go with him last summer.

Circumferential clauses

Pointing to the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main sentence, and specifically to one predicate. To this type of clauses, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? when? since when? Often there are index words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then... For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (when?) when they grow up close to childhood.

Circumferential clauses, reasons, goals, consequences

1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it to the whole, joining with the help of conditional unions time, if, if, if, when and as(in the meaning "if"), then they can be attributed to the clauses of the condition. Example: And even the most inveterate mischief turns into a serious and well-bred gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, whether it be a human, a monkey or a penguin.
2. Questions because of which? why? for what reason? from what? subordinate reasons answer. Their joining occurs with the help of causal unions. because, because, because... Example: For a toddler in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
3. Dependent sentences indicating the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions for what? for what purpose? what for?, are called clauses of the goal. Their joining to the main part is provided by target unions. in order to, in order to (to)... Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot executor.
4. Dependent parts of the sentence, which indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence arising from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by unions of investigation so or so that, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.

Ad hoc subordinate comparisons

These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like what? joining comparative unions as if, than (by), as if, exactly... Subordinate clauses differ from comparative turns in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear fell so funny on its side and lifted up its legs, as if this naughty boy is having fun in the sandbox with his friends.

Circumventional clauses

Dependent sentences in a complex structure, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action, which is indicated in the main part, has been performed or can be performed, are called subordinate assignments. You can ask them questions: in spite of what? despite what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessional unions though (though), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter how much, no matter how much, no matter how much and the like. Example: Despite the fact that the panda cubs had fun playing, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of a sad reverie.

A literate person should always remember: when writing, sentences that are part of a complex are separated by commas.