Fipi orthoepic dictionary. Orthoepy
Orthoepic norm is the only possible or preferred option correct pronunciation the words.
In order not to violate this norm, you should just look more often at pronouncing dictionary... But there are also a few rules that you can use.
Nouns
- In the nominative plural, the stress is on the ending -and the ending -ы is unstressed.
For instance: AIRPORTS, Cakes, LIFTS, BANTS, CRANS, LECTURERS, SCARVES.
- In the genitive plural, the ending -s is most often unstressed, and the ending -e is most often stressed.
For instance: bookkeepers, conuses, lecturers, cakes, positions, news
BUT: localities, judges - In nouns foreign origin the stress usually falls on the last syllable.
For instance: agent, alphabet, hyphen, dispensary, document, blinds, catalog, necrolOg, quarter, partner, apostrophe, percent, cement, expert, fetish
BUT: forzats, facsimile - Often derivative words retain stress from the derivative words.
For instance: RELIGION - CONFESSION, CONTRACT, CONTRACT - ARRANGE INTENTION - MEASURE, PROVISION - PROVIDE, ARISCRACY - ARISTOKRAT, KNOWLEDGE - SIGN
BANTS, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
borod, V. p., only in this form unit. h. stress on the 1st syllable
bookkeepers, R. p. pl. h., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable
creed, from: faith to confess
citizenship
hypis, from German language, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from in English through French where the stress is always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
blind And, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
eminence, from adj. significant
catalog, along with the words: dialOg, monolOg, necrolOg, etc.
quarter, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
greed
CRANES, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
lecturers, lecturers, stress on the 1st syllable, as in the word bow (s)
localities, R. n. pl. h., in a row with word forms: honors, jaws ... but: news
intention
malaise
NEWS, NEWS, BUT: LOCAL
butt, butt, fixed stress in all forms of singular. h.
Boyhood, from Boy - teenager
briefcase
handrails
beet
orphans, I. n. pl. h., stress in all forms of pl. h. only on the 2nd syllable
Medium, I. p. pl. h.
convocation
customs
cakes, cakes
chain
scarves like bows
chauffeur, along with the words: kioskier, controller ...
expert, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
- The stress in short forms of adjectives and passive participles always falls on the stem. But in the form of the singular feminine, it is carried over to the ending.
For instance: Created - created A - created, taken - taken A - taken, occupied - busy A - taken, started - started - started.
significant
more beautiful, adjective and comparative adverb
most beautiful, adjective superlative
kitchen
dexterity, short adjective R.
mosaic
wholesale
serendipity, short adjective r., in a row with the words: smudge, fuss, chatter ... but: voracious
LAYER, formed from: LAYER
Communion
deliveredfolded
busy - busy
locked - locked
inhabited - inhabited
endowed
who clicked
poured
THE BEGINNER
STARTED
brought down - brought down
encouraged - encouraged - encouraged
sharpened
disconnected
repeated
divided
understood
cured
tamed
resident
filmed - filmed
bent
Verbs
- Many feminine past tense verbs have a stressed ending:
For example: take away - took away - took away - took away, understand - understood - understoodA - understood, start - started - startedA - started; but: klAst - clAl - clAla - clAli.
- In verbs formed from adjectives, the stress usually falls on the ending:
For instance: deep - to deepen, light - to lighten, vigorous - to encourage, cheer up
to fight - to take
take - take
take it - take it
JOIN - JOINED
burst in - burst
to perceive - to perceive
RECREATE - RECREATE
hand over - hand over
drive - drive
chasing - chasing
kindness - kindness
get it - got it
wait - wait
dial - get through, get through
wait - waited
LIVING - LIVING
seal up
borrow - borrowed, borrowed, borrowed, borrowed
LOCKED - LOCKED
locked - locked (with a key, lock, etc.)
call - called
call - call, call, call
CLASS - CLALA
to lie - to lie
pour - lilA
pouring - pouring
lie - lied
endow - endow
overstrain - overstrain
name - named
tilt - tilt
pour - pour
NARVAT - NARWALA
start - start, start, start
call - call
make it easier - make it easier
doused - doused
hug - hugged
overtake - overtook
cheer up - ripped off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
sharpen
borrow - lend
to anger
cover
surround - surround
to seal, along with the words: form, normalize, sort ...
freshen up - freshen up
to depart - to depart
give - give
to open up - to open up
revoke - recalled
REVOKE - REVOKE
overflow - overflow
fruit
repeat - repeat
call - called
call - call - call
watered - watered
put down - put down
understand - understand
SEND - SEND
ARRIVAL - ARRIVED - ARRIVED - ARRIVED
ACCEPT - ADOPTED - ADOPTED
to tear - tore
DRILL - DRILL - DRILL
remove - removed
CREATE - CREATE
rip off - ripped off
remove - removed
deepen
strengthen - strengthen
scoop
pinch - pinch
click
Gerunds
BEGINNINGBeginning
giving
raising
realizing
arriving
Adverbs
in timeWHITE
to the top
donElzya
to the bottom
dry
dawn
more beautiful, adj. and adverb. in ref. Art.
navErh
for a long time
inappropriately
Single State exam in Russian is compulsory for school graduates. Many schoolchildren are sure that it will not be difficult to pass it, since for the majority Russian is their mother tongue. Despite this, we still recommend that you show responsibility and devote several hours to studying the rules and repeating orthoepic norms.
The main stage of the Unified State Exam in Russian will traditionally begin at the end of May and will last until early June 2018.
An early stage will take place from mid-March to mid-April. The exam can be passed in advance:
- graduated from school in 2017;
- received a certificate instead of a certificate of secondary education;
- evening school graduates;
- planning to continue their studies abroad;
- applicants in 2018 who completed the curriculum in advance;
- schoolchildren who, during the main stage of the exam must participate in events of all-Russian or international importance;
- 11th graders requiring treatment or rehabilitation scheduled on the date of the main exam.
At the beginning of September, students who have received a low score or missed the exam due to good reason(documentary evidence is required).
The main stages of the exam
Each ticket includes 26 tasks, including test questions and writing an essay on a given topic. Next year, it is planned to add a task that will reveal the knowledge of lexical norms. Since 2016 in Russian Academy Educations are increasingly talking about the need to introduce the “Speaking” stage into the exam.
It is possible that in 2018, in addition to all of the above, schoolchildren will be tested the ability to orally express their thoughts, draw conclusions and argue their position.
What words are included in the orthoepic minimum of the exam
One of the differences between the Russian language and others is that the stress in words can fall on a different syllable, and not like, for example, in French - only on the last one. Therefore, only a few can correctly put stress in words. To successfully pass the orthoepic minimum in the Russian language, you will have to memorize about 300 words.
A complete list of words that are included in the orthoepic minimum of the USE 2018 can be found on the FIPI website. We will list only those that cause difficulties for the majority of schoolchildren: alphabet, airports, bands, Verba, religion, on time, long-standing, dispensary, up to the top, to call, down, blinds, envied, spoiled, old, old, quarter, rolled, garbage chute, lighten, seal, wholesale, adolescence, partner, right, dowry, drills, orphans, slave, tools, carpenter, cakes, chain, scarves.
How to get the maximum score
The first part of the ticket consists of 25 tasks. Successful completion will allow you to get 34 points, which is 59% of the total USE result In Russian. Task number 26 is an essay, the maximum score for it is 24 points, that is, the remaining 41%. Responsible preparation for the exam, concentration during it and confidence in your own strengths and knowledge will help you get the highest score.
Video tutorial about stress in Russian:
Among the 27 tasks of the KIM in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on spelling, so at the stage of preparation it is important to learn all the words that are included in the spelling minimum of the USE, compiled by FIPI.
Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules of pronunciation of words and placement of stress.
Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress cut the ears of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.
Among the millions of words, the sound of which everyone has heard, there is a small group, the memorization of which is problematic for many people.
It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but for successful delivery in 2019 year of the exam in the Russian language, 11th grade graduates will have a good enough knowledge of the orthoepic minimum, which includes about 300 words.
When is the exam held?
An important stage of the Russian language exam is usually planned in the spring, and lasts until the beginning of summer.
Already in March-April, teachers will organize an early stage, some students will pre-write an exam, in particular those who:
- graduated from high school last year;
- received a certificate, not a certificate of completion of secondary education;
- graduates from evening school;
- plans to continue her studies abroad;
- refers to applicants for the current year who have previously completed the curriculum;
- is involved in events of a local or international scale, at the time of the official stage of the examination;
- studies in the 11th grade, but must undergo treatment, rehabilitation, etc. at this time.
At the beginning of autumn, the exam will be taken by guys who have earned low scores, or who missed exams for a good reason, but given fact must be documented.
How is the exam conducted?
Obviously, any of the tickets is designed for 26 tasks, test questions will be encountered, and at the end you should write an essay on a specific topic.
In the potential future, the ministers would like to introduce a task that would predetermine the knowledge of lexical aspects. A couple of years ago, officials started talking about the rational introduction of such a stage in the exam as "Speaking".
It may be that immediately next year, in addition to the previously listed tasks, specialists will test adolescents' ability to convey personal thoughts orally, summarize, and also give a reasoned answer, defending a position.
Orthoepic minimum information
It is no secret that the difference between the Russian language and others is that the stress in words is sometimes placed on different syllables, for comparison: the French always put stress on the last syllable. Accordingly, not all schoolchildren are able to correctly identify stress. To successfully pass the orthoepic minimum in the Russian language, it is rational to learn more than 300 words.
A complete list of them for a new school year are usually officially published on the FIPI portal.
The words presented below cause the greatest difficulties for the guys: alphabet, airports, bands, verba, religion, on time, long-standing, dispensary, up to the top, to call, down, blinds, obviously, spoiled, outdated, kvartal, katalogo lighten, seal, wholesale, adolescence, partner, right, dowry, drills, orphans, slave, tools, joiner, cakes, chain, scarves.
How do I earn the maximum points?
The first part of the selected assignment includes 25 assignments, their excellent performance provides 34 points, which is almost 60% of the total result of the Russian language exam.
As for the task number 26, this is an essay, it is evaluated at 24 points, this is the final 40%. You need to responsibly prepare for the test, focus on the topic, time, personal confidence. And only knowledge will allow you to earn the highest score!
List of words for spelling tasks
Especially for 11th grade students who are going through the preparation stage for the 2019 USE, FIPI compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary, which lists all stressed vowels in words that are difficult to memorize.
We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient alphabetical division of words and an indication of the correct stress.
Among the 27 tasks of the KIM in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on spelling, so at the stage of preparation it is important to learn all the words that are included in the spelling minimum of the USE, compiled by FIPI.
Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules of pronunciation of words and placement of stress.
Spelling norms in oral speech
Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress cut the ears of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.
Among the millions of words, the sound of which everyone has heard, there is a small group, the memorization of which is problematic for many people.
It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in the orthoepic dictionary, but in order to successfully pass the exam in the Russian language in 2019, 11th grade graduates will have a good knowledge of the orthoepic minimum, which includes about 300 words.
KIM structure 2019
The Unified State Exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The 2019 ticket for the Russian language will include 27 tasks, 5 of which will be aimed at checking how the graduate speaks language norms oral speech. Among these tasks of the 2019 exam, there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in words included in the orthoepic minimum.
All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows:
Thus, for the correct completion of 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points.
List of words for spelling tasks
Especially for 11th grade students who are going through the preparation stage for the 2019 USE, FIPI compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary, which lists all stressed vowels in words that are difficult to memorize.
We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient alphabetical division of words and an indication of the correct stress.
BANTS, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable
borod, vin.p., only in this singular form, stress on the 1st syllable
bukhgAlterov, genus ov.mn.ch., fixed, stress on the 2nd syllable
creed, from faith to confess
citizenship
dispensary, the word comes from the English. lang. Through the French language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
heretic
jalousie, from French. lang. where the blow. always on the last syllable
eminence, from adj. significant
monolOg, necrolOg, etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, in a row with the words: centimeter, decimeter, millimeter ...
cones, cones, immobile. Stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular. and many others. h.
greed
flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
skiing
localities, genus. plural, in a row with the word form of honors, jaws ... but news
garbage pipe, in the same row with the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
growth
not a friend
malaise
necrolOg, see catalog
hatred
NEWS, NEWS, BUT: SEE LOCATIONS
But it is, but it is motionless. stress in all singular forms
PARTNER FROM FR. lang. where the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
handrails
dowry
revocation (of the ambassador), convocation, but: revocation (for publication)
beet
orphans, n.p.mn.ch., accent in all plural forms. only on the 2nd syllable
sredstva, named after p.mn.ch.
Convocation, see Convocation
the statue
stolYar, along with the words malYar, doYar, shkolYar ...
customs
cakes, cakes
cement
centner
chain
scarves, see bows
chauffeur, along with the words: kiosk, controller ...
SHOOT-SHOOT
take-take
take it
turn on-turn on
turn on, turn on
IN-IN-IN
break in-break in
perceive-perceived
RECREATE-RECREATE
hand over
chase-drove
chasing-chasing
kind-kind
GET-GET
wait-wait
dial-call
will call
dose
wait-waited
LIVING-LIVING
seal up
borrowed, borrowed
occupied, occupied
LOCK-LOCKED
Locked-locked (with a key, a lock, etc.)
call-callA, call, call, call, call
exhaust
CLASS-CLALA
glue
hiding - hiding
lie-lie
pour-lilA
pouring-pouring
lie-lied
endow-endow
overstrain-overstrain
name-named
roll-roll
pour-pour
NARVAT-NARWAL
shit-shit
start, start, start, start
call-call
doused-doused
hug-hug
overtook-overtook
cheer up-skinned
encourage
cheer up-cheer up
sharpen
lend-lend
to anger
cover
surround-surround
to seal, along with the words to form, standardize, sort, reward ...
send
refresh-refresh
depart-depart
give-give
bet-open
revoke-recalled
REVOKE-REVOKE
call back - call back
overflow-overflow
fruit
Repeat Repeat Repeat
CALL-CALL
call-call-call-call
WATER-WATER
put-put
understand-understand
SEND-SEND
compel
to tear-tore
DRILL-DRILL-DRILL-DRILL
take off
CREATE-CREATE
pluck-plucked
sort-sort
REMOVE-REMOVE
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
scoop
pinch-pinch
click
bingoschool.ru
Dates
- graduated from school in 2017;
The main stages of the exam
Video tutorial about stress in Russian:
Read also:
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2018god.net
Dictionary of stress for the exam 2018
- Dictionary of stress
- Orthoepic vocabulary for the exam
In the fifth task on the exam in the Russian language, it is required to put stress in words. FIPI has published an orthoepic vocabulary to help students. The spelling dictionary for the exam in 2018 includes:
- General information about Russian stress;
- Peculiarities of Russian stress are different places and mobility;
- Reference material on the patterns of stressing in words different parts speech:
- Accents in adjectives
- Accents in verbs
- Stress in some participles and participles
- List of words for tasks on the Unified State Examination of the part of speech noun, adjective, verb, participle, gerunds, adverb.
Download the PDF version of the spelling dictionary for 2018. Download
Or the 2017 vocabulary. Download
List of words from the vocabulary in the form of pictures.
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Communion
Gerunds
Adverbs
accentonline.ru
A agent alphabet airports, named after p. plural B spoiled, pr. pamper indulge Pet (of fate) pampering banty, named after p.mn.ch beOrod, wine.p. units. took took bookkeeper, genus p. pln V Verba correct religion took take it switched on included include will include turn on poured in investing in time rushed in took recreated hand over G drove chasing citizenship D long-standing hyphen dispensary WHITE kindly got it delivered to the top agreement waited will call will call dose red-hot document donElzya to the bottom leisure dry milker E heretic F jalousie AND, Wed and plural waited lived Z imported imported enviously folded zAgoda having sealed seal up occupied took took busy busy settled locked dawn | in the dark called call calls call eminence significant winterer AND spoiled since ancient times X imperial instinct exclude Since ancient times having exhausted exhaust TO catalog quarter kilometer clAla glue cones, cones feeding greed krAla covered CRANES more beautiful most beautiful flint, flint rolls bleeding bleed kitchen L lied lecturers, lecturers genus. plural LILA lil dexterity skiing M localities genus. pln mosaic supplicant garbage chute N navErh lied will endow for a long time tore who clicked acquired profited-take away called tilting poured poured poured intention hired Narwhal growth shit started began STARTED BEGINNING THE BEGINNER Beginning STARTED to begin STARTED not a friend malaise obituary | hatred inappropriately relegated NEWS, NEWS nOgtya, genus n singular normalize O security calls will facilitate facilitate doused hugged overtook ripped off encourage encouraged encouraged encouraged cheer up sharpened sharpen lent to anger cover will surround SEAL dispatched definite wholesale get refreshed, you will be refreshed departed gave giving Feedback (for publication) disconnected uncontested withdrew withdrew Adolescence P PARTNER call back refill bear fruit repeated divided raising called call, call poured put put realizing understood understood, understood briefcase handrails sent (you're right honors (she is right arriving arrived arrived has arrived dowry appeal took took compel cured accepted accepted tamed resident vision percent | R tore WITH beet DRILLS drill (she) serA (you) sirs orphans plum took off filmed bent created created CONVENING SORT sredstva, named after p.mn.ch. by means the statue tableYar (she is) slim It is) strict (you) are strict T |
saharina.ru
dash, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable cheapness dispensary, the word comes from the English. lang. across through French, where the blow. always on last syllable agreement document jalousie, from French. lang. where the blow. always on last syllable eminence, from adj. significant Iksy, them. plural, fixed stress katalOg, in a row with the words dialOg, monolOg, necrolOg, etc. quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd kilometer, in line with the words centimeters, decimeters, millimeters ... cones, cones, immobile. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular. and many others. h. CRANES, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire lecturers, lecturers, see word bow (s) localities, genus, mn.ch., on a par with word-form of honors, jaws ... but terrain |
Boyhood, from Boy - teenager PARTNER FROM FR. lang. where the blow. always on last syllable briefcase dowry calling, along with the words calling, recall (of the ambassador), convocation, but: revocation (on publication) orphans, n.p.mn.ch., stress in all forms plural only on the 2nd syllable sredstva, named after p.mn.ch. Convocation, see Convocation tableYar, in a row with the words MalYar, doYar, schoolYar ... cakes, cakes scarves, see bows chauffeur, along with the words kioskier, controller… expert, from French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable |
vernA, brief appendix. r. significant more beautiful, adj. and adverb in compare Art. most beautiful, superior art. kitchen dexterity, short app. r. |
mosaic serendipity, short supplement w.r., in one along with the words smudge, fuss, chatter ... but: voracious LAYER, formed from LAYER |
pamper, along with the words pamper, spoil, spoil ..., but: the baloon of fate take-take SHOOT-SHOOT take-take take it turn on-turn on turn on, turn on IN-IN-IN break in-break in perceive-perceived recreate-recreate hand over chase-chase chasing-chasing kind-kind GET-GET wait-wait dial-call will call dose wait-waited LIVING-LIVING seal up borrowed, borrowed occupied, occupied LOCK-LOCKED LOCKED-LOCKED (with a key, with a lock and call-call call-call exhaust CLASS-CLALA hiding - hiding lie-lie pour-lilA pouring-pouring lie-lied endow-endow overstrain-overstrain name-named roll-roll pour-pour NARVAT-NARWAL shit-shit start, start, start, start |
call-call make it easier doused-doused hug-hug overtook-overtook cheer up-skinned encourage cheer up-cheer up sharpen lend-lend to anger surround-surround SEAL, in line with the words to form, normalize, sort, REWARD ... send refresh-refresh depart-depart give-give bet-open revoke-recalled REVOKE-REVOKE call back - call back overflow-overflow fruit Repeat Repeat Repeat CALL-CALL call-call-call-call WATER-WATER put-put understand-understand SEND-SEND arrive-arrived-arrived take-take-take-take compel tear-tore DRILL-DRILL-DRILL-DRILL take off CREATE-CREATE pluck-plucked sort-sort REMOVE-REMOVE speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen pinch-pinch, pinch |
ballroom on-on, see demoted delivered folded busy-busy locked-locked inhabited-inhabited spoiled, see spoiled feeding bleeding who clicked haunted-acquired poured-poured hired THE BEGINNER |
brought down-brought down, see included ... encouraged-encouraged-encouraged sharpened definite-definite disconnected repeated divided understood cured tamed resident filmed-filmed bent |
poznaemvmeste.ru
Orthoepic minimum of the exam in 2018
The unified state exam in Russian is required for school graduates. Many schoolchildren are sure that it will not be difficult to pass it, since for the majority Russian is their mother tongue. Despite this, we still recommend that you show responsibility and devote several hours to studying the rules and repeating orthoepic norms.
Dates
The main stage of the Unified State Exam in Russian will traditionally begin at the end of May and will last until early June 2018.
An early stage will take place from mid-March to mid-April. The exam can be passed in advance:
- graduated from school in 2017;
- received a certificate instead of a certificate of secondary education;
- evening school graduates;
- planning to continue their studies abroad;
- applicants in 2018 who completed the curriculum in advance;
- schoolchildren who, during the main stage of the exam, must participate in events of national or international importance;
- 11th graders requiring treatment or rehabilitation scheduled on the date of the main exam.
At the beginning of September, students who have received a low score or who missed the USE due to a good reason are allowed to take the exam (documentary confirmation is required).
The main stages of the exam
Each ticket includes 26 tasks, including test questions and writing an essay on a given topic. Next year, it is planned to add a task that will reveal the knowledge of lexical norms. Since 2016, the Russian Academy of Education is increasingly talking about the need to introduce the “Speaking” stage into the exam.
It is possible that in 2018, in addition to all of the above, schoolchildren will be tested the ability to orally express their thoughts, draw conclusions and argue their position.
What words are included in the orthoepic minimum of the exam
One of the differences between the Russian language and others is that the stress in words can fall on a different syllable, and not like, for example, in French - only on the last one. Therefore, only a few can correctly put stress in words. To successfully pass the orthoepic minimum in the Russian language, you will have to memorize about 300 words.
A complete list of words that are included in the orthoepic minimum of the USE 2018 can be found on the FIPI website. We will list only those that cause difficulties for the majority of schoolchildren: alphabet, airports, bands, Verba, religion, on time, long-standing, dispensary, up to the top, to call, down, blinds, envied, spoiled, old, old, quarter, rolled, garbage chute, lighten, seal, wholesale, adolescence, partner, right, dowry, drills, orphans, slave, tools, carpenter, cakes, chain, scarves.
How to get the maximum score
The first part of the ticket consists of 25 tasks. Successful completion will allow you to get 34 points, which is 59% of the total USE score in the Russian language. Task number 26 is an essay, the maximum score for it is 24 points, that is, the remaining 41%. Responsible preparation for the exam, concentration during it and confidence in your own strengths and knowledge will help you get the highest score.
Video tutorial about stress in Russian: