1	Typical curricula of general secondary education for 2019/2020 academic year
	Methodical letter Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus"On the organization in the 2019/2020 school year of the educational process when studying educational items and conducting elective classes in general secondary education institutions"
3	Attachment 1 . Features of the organization of the educational process at the I level of general secondary education.
4	Appendix 2. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of training items "Belarusian Mova" and "Belarusian Litaratura".
5	Appendix 3. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the Russian language learning subjects and Russian literature.
6	Appendix 4. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Foreign Language"
7	Appendix 5. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the learning subject "Mathematics"
8	Appendix 6. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Informatics"
9	Appendix 7. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Man and Peace"
10	Appendix 8. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational items "World History" and "History of Belarus"
11	Appendix 9. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Soclishment"
12	Appendix 10. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the study subject "Geography"
13	Appendix 11. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Biology"
14	Appendix 12. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Physics"
15	Appendix 13. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the training subject "Astronomy"
16	Appendix 14. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Chemistry"
17	Appendix 15. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Fine art"
18	Appendix 16. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational item "Music"
19	Appendix 17. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Labor training"
20	Appendix 18. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the educational subject "Art (domestic and world artistic culture)"	. Features of learning students in life safety basics

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Instructive-methodical letter "On the activities of general secondary education institutions, structural units of regional (Minsk city) executive committees, urban, district executive committees, local administrations of districts in cities carrying out state-powerful powers in the field of education, in 2018/2019 academic year"

Everyone who studied at school is familiar with the work of teachers. For the years of their work, they manage to make a lot of things: spend lessons, check notebooks, organize various instructive conversations. And this is not the entire list of teachers' duties to whom they should follow from year to year. Most of the time, teachers are spent on writing a whole mass of paper documents.

The most important and responsible point in the activities of the teacher is a methodological job. So that it goes at the proper level is used test Methodical Letters 2017. Thanks to the correctly spent methodical workStudents receive a sufficient number of knowledge, and the teachers themselves understand how to properly conduct training and what techniques are best used in this important business.

the main objective

Instructive-methodical letters that are distributed in Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus are echoes Soviet UnionWhen the total control over all the spheres of life was practiced.

Especially the Board controlled educational process And followed the disciples into the heads only the desired knowledge. It is hard to say how good this system is useful, because in many ways it is atavism. But it is impossible to completely abandon the recommendations, because they carry, indeed, noble goals.

The modern educational process is moving according to a strictly established order, which approved the "top" of the educated system. But, if you take, for example, school, garden or vocational school, then they do not stop here only on the study of objects and the transfer of scientific knowledge.

Most often in these institutions, more educational and out-of-school work is practiced. Thanks to the approved methodological guidelines, a national educational and educational process is regulated, and the labor was raised by teachers, which can be sent to the development of certain qualities from teachers and their students.

The wishes of "top", as a rule, concern a number of problems faced by modern society. It may be love for homeland, patriotism, aesthetic education, humanism, respect for nature and living beings, etc.

In addition, guidance and methodological letters help develop the moral education of the younger generation and allow them to show the following qualities from them:

• Love for creative activities
• Errudia
• Respect of older
• Military-patriotic training
• Interest in knowledge
• Compliance with all security rules

Besides, methodical instructions Regarding the problem of assessing the knowledge, design of school areas and corners, working with difficult teenagers, the introduction and development of circles and libraries. Such letters come even in a colony for minors, because in these places there is also a learning process.

Innovations in methodical support

With the arrival of 2015, some changes appeared in the methodological accompanying letters, and these changes are supported by order. The provisions of this document say that all textbooks must have their own electronic version. There is a set list that is mandatory. It is worth noting that the electronic version must be completely identical to the printed.

Such an innovation will help state programs of Russia faster to switch to a tablet way of training. It is very convenient and practical, they say officials from MO, because the student will at any time be able to synchronize the tablet with an interactive board, a textbook on another subject or reference book.

Such an approach will help not only speed up the learning process, but also save paper, and also will develop children in the information plan. One tablet accommodates hundreds of books, so the winnings of the price turns out of the price. In addition, students do not have to wear heavy portfolios, which affect the health of the child, including posture.

But this technique has the opposite side of the medal. Nothing will replace the magic energy and a particular value of a book that helps for a long time to remember the material passed. And in general, reading from paper edition is much more pleasant.

Blow of era

In recent years, the totalitarian revival of patriotism is practiced in Russia. In society and the media actively spreads the slogan "We won Hitler - we are the best!". Now the Victory Day is the most important holiday in the state, the inhabitants go to parades, dress up in costumes of those times and try to support veterans who have already been left in every way.

In schools, old traditions are also reborn: the veterans are invited to the lessons, conduct "Zarnitsa", sing "Darkie". In the guidance and methodological letters for 2017, a special chapter will be assigned this topic. Military topics can be used in various subjects: in the literature, in history, in drawing, in music, in geography.

What do we wait for?

Many new and interesting will bring with them the new 2017 year. A simple teacher will have to face a number of requirements and instructions that will sometimes go into incision with his personal beliefs. Letters will send to all schools, and teachers will have to follow all discharge. At any time, the city may be set to the city, which will require a deployed report on the work performed.

To instill knowledge and love for children, do not necessarily hammer educational institutions with a huge amount methodical literature. After all, no orders will help the student to become better if he does not want it. The country should encourage conscientious teachers who sacrifice their personal lives for the benefit of the country.

Despite all the difficulties and problems that exist in educational system, Every year, more and more first-class and versatile teachers appear in Russia, ready to make every effort to make decent citizens of their homeland out of the disciples. And each of them hopes that years of study will be not in vain and soon our country will be released on another standard of living.

Training plan - a document that defines a list, laboriousness, sequence and distribution of training subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practices, other species learning activities and forms of interim certification of students.

The curriculum is part of the educational program of the general education organization. General education organizations develop educational programs in accordance with GEF and taking into account the relevant exemplary basic educational programs.

The procedure for adopting a curriculum suggests:

• adoption by the authority of the general education institution in accordance with the Charter of the educational institution;
• approval by the director of the general education institution, indicating the number and date of the order;
• examination of the approved curriculum by the founder for certain parameters.

Formation curriculum For 2019/2020 academic year

Federal Level

Regulations

1. Federal Law of December 29, 2012 №273-ФЗ "On Education in Russian Federation» (With amendments as of 07.06.2016)

2. Federal Base Curriculum, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 09.03.2004 №1312

3. The federal component of the State Standard of General Education, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 05.03.2004 No. 1089 "On approval of the federal component of state standards of the initial general, basic general and secondary (full) general education" (forV - XI (XII) classes)

4. Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 06.10.2009 No. 373(with changes)

5. Federal State Educational Standard of Main General Education, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2010 No. 1897 (forV-VI classes of educational organizations, as well as forVII-VIII. classes of general educational organizations participating in the approbation of the FGOS of the General General Education in 2015/2016 academic year)(with changes)

6. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of August 13, 2013. №1015 "On approval of the procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities According to basic general education programs - educational programs of the initial general, basic general and secondary general education. "(with changes)

Methodical letters

1. Letter of the General Education Department of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 12.05.2011. №03-296 "On the organization of extracurricular activities in the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard of General Education"(When applying the document, it should be borne in mind that the letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 14, 2015 N 09-3564 aims to provide methodical recommendations on the organization of extracurricular activities and the implementation of additional general education programs in educational organizations.)

2. Letter of the Department of State Policy in the field of education of children and young people of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated December 14, 2015 №09-3564 "On extracurricular activities and the implementation of additional general education programs."

3. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 04.03.2010. №03-413 "On Methodological Recommendations for Implementation electile courses»

Regional level

Order, guidance and methodical letters, recommendations

1. Order of the Committee on Education of St. Petersburg dated 03/23/2016. №846-R "On the formation of curricula of educational institutions of St. Petersburg, implementing the main general education programs, for the 2016/2017 academic year." ... (Word format). Accommodation address: (PDF format).

2. Letter of the Committee on the Education of St. Petersburg dated April 15, 2016 №03-20-1347 / 16-0-0 "On the direction of a guidance and methodological letter" On the formation of curricula of educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing the main general educational programs, for the 2016/2017 school year. " (Word format). Accommodation address: (PDF format).

3. Letter of the Committee on the Education of St. Petersburg from 05/10/2016. №03-20-1643 / 16-0-0 "On the direction of a guidance and methodological letter" On the formation of curricula of educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing the adapted main educational programs, for 2016/2017 academic year. "Part 1.Part 2.(Word format). Accommodation address: (PDF format).

4. Letter of the Committee on the Education of St. Petersburg from 02.06.2015 No. 03-20-2216 / 15-0-0 "On the direction of the guidance and methodological letter" On the organization of the work of educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing the main general educational programs of the initial general, the main general and secondary general education, providing an in-depth study of training items, subject areas "

5. Letter of the Committee on the Education of St. Petersburg dated 21.05.2015 No. 03-20-2257 / 15-0-0 "On the direction of a guidance and methodological letter" On the organization of extracurricular activities in the implementation of federal state educational standards initial general and basic general education in the educational organizations of St. Petersburg ". (It is possible to use recommendations in the 2016/2017 academic year)

6. On the choice of elective learning items in developing in the development of the educational organization's curriculum for 2014/2015 academic year (Materials of an open meeting of the ENMS UPPA with the participation of the General Education Department of the Committee on Education, UPPO staff and the IMC regions)(It is possible to use recommendations in the 2016/2017 academic year)

Base of elective courses St. Petersburg appo

7. Letter of the Committee on Education of 10.06.2014 No. 03-20-2420 / 14-0-0 "Methodical recommendations on the organization of studying the teaching subject" Technology "in general education organizations in 2014/2015 academic year."

8.m. etodic Recommendations Committee on Education of 11.07.2014 No. 03-20-2913 / 14-0-0 "Methodical recommendations for the organization of study foreign languages In state general education organizations implementing basic educational programs "(possibly use in 2016/2017 academic year).

9. Information letter SPB AppPudis on textbooks on the subject "History and Culture of St. Petersburg"

10. Methodical recommendations "On the organization of extracurricular activities in the educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing general educational programs of basic general education in the conditions of introducing and implementing GEF LLC in the 2015/2016 academic year." ...

11. Letter of the Committee on Education from 03/18/2016 N 03-20-859 / 16-0-0
On the direction of guidelines for the implementation of the ICS requirements during the transition to a linear model of studying history.

Department of Education of the Administration of the Nevsky District

1. Consultation materials on the formation of curricula for deputy directors on the UTI of general education institutions. ..

2. Curriculum layout for 2016/2017 academic year. .

3. Order of the administration of the Nevsky District of St. Petersburg

Regulatory documents for the formation of the UMC of the general education organization

1. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of December 14, 2009 No. 729 "On approval of a list of organizations engaged in the publication of teaching aids that are allowed to use in the educational process in having state accreditation and implementing educational programs of general education educational institutions "(as amended by the orders of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of January 13, 2011 No. 2, of January 16, 2012 No. 16)

2. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of March 31, 2014 No. 253 "On approval of the Federal List of Tutorials recommended for use in the implementation of the state accreditation of educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education."(with changes)

3. Letter of the State Policy Department of General Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated April 29, 2014 No. 08-548 "On the Federal List of Tutorials"

4. Letter of Committee on Education from 11.03.2016 N 03-20-758 / 16-0-0
On the direction of guidelines for the choice of UMK in mathematics.

Library
Materials

In preparation for writing

Final essay

In 2016/2017 academic year

For Russian teachers

And literature

Introduction

The direction "Mind and feeling"

The direction "Honor and dishonor

The direction "Victory and defeat"

Direction "Experience and errors"

Direction "Friendship and Enmity"

Literature

Introduction

Final essay 2016-2017 academic year
Guidelines

As thematic areas, graduates are invited to reflect on the following polar concepts:

"Mind and feeling";

"Honor and dishonor";

"Victory and defeat";

"Experience and mistakes";

"Friendship and enmity."

In the same source, comments on the five directions developed by the FGBNU "FIPI" and agreed with the Chairman of the Council N.D. Solzhenitsy.

In the "Opinion" program on August 30, 2016 on TV channel "Russia 24" () Natalya Solzhenitsyn noted: "We offer the themes of directions in the form of comparison of polar or at least contrasting concepts. Such concepts create as far as two points, between which a certain intense space arises, which makes it possible to make a huge number of topics. Contrast and contrasting, "stirring", hurt, involve the student in the need to make its own choice, show their position and its argumentary to protect. "

Traditionally, the examination kit will include five essays from a closed list (on one topic from each open thematic direction), and the topics will be drawn up in accordance with the principles of the accuracy, clarity and accuracy of the problem. Notes " litertrigority of the final essay, Conditioned by the traditions of the Russian school, in which the reading and study of fiction has always been given an important place. " A special emphasis is on the fact that a simple reference to one or another artistic text in the final essay is not enough, the graduate must use examples related to the problems and themes of works, the system of images, composition, etc., and a different level of understanding of the artistic material is allowed Works: from elements of semantic analysis (for example, plot, characters) to a complex analysis in unity of form and content.

The Council on the issues of the final essay under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation chaired by Natalia Solzhenitsyna, President of the Russian Public Foundation Alexander Solzhenitsyn, repeatedly pointed out that the essay is metapreded, that is, it allows to judge the civil, moral and moral maturity of the student that He is the result of training and education at school.

"Mind and feeling"

Official comment:

The direction involves meditation about the mind and feeling of both the most important components inner world A person who affects his aspirations and actions. The mind and feeling can be considered both in harmonic unity and in a complex confrontation, which constitutes an internal personality conflict.

The topic of the mind and feelings are interesting for writers of different cultures and epochs: the heroes of literary works are often in front of the choice between the bearer of the feeling and the prompt of the mind.

There are feelings that fill and dimming mind, and there is a mind, cooling the movement of feelings.

MM Svtain

If the feelings are not true, then all our mind will be false.

Lucretia

The feeling in captivity in a rough practical need has only limited meaning.

Karl Marx

No imagination invent such a set of contradictory feelings, which usually get along in one human heart.

F. Laroscope

To see and feel - to be, thinking, it live.

The dialectical unity of the mind and feeling is the central problem of many artwork works of world and Russian literature. Writers, depicting the world of human intentions, passions, actions, judgments, one way or another concern these two categories. The human nature is so arranged that the struggle of the mind and feelings inevitably generates the internal conflict of the personality, which means that it gives fertile soil to work writers - artists of human shower.

The history of Russian literature represented by changing one literary direction Another showed a different ratio of the concepts of "mind" and "feeling."

In the Epoch of Enlightenment, the mind becomes a key concept that determines the worldview of a person of that time. This naturally affected the ideas of writers about literary creativity, about what the heroes of their works and the identity value system should be. Feelings and personal interests moved to the background, giving up the championship of debt, honor, serving the state and society. It did not mean that the heroes are deprived of passions, emotions - often it is very ardent young men who can be sincerely loved. For classicism, others are more important - as far as heroes are able to overcome their personal interests and with a cold reason to fulfill a sense of debt before the Fatherland.

Excellent examples will serve a comedy DI. Fonvizin "Lady" and A.S. Griboedov "Woe from Wit". Conversations of the Storodina and Praddina, Starodama and Milon on the debt, honor of a person, about his most important spiritual and moral qualities, which are dictated by his actions, are committed to the exaltation of the sensations. Or or dedication to Alexander Andreevich Chatsky to his ideals and beliefs related to the awareness of the need to eradicate the old orders of Famusovskaya Moscow, with a change in society and the consciousness of the younger generation - the testimony of its rational approach to itself and the surrounding reality.

Thus, in the era of the domination of classicism in the literature, the unconditional championship is given to the mind, the actions are dictated by suspended decisions, life experience, the problems of social sound come to the fore.

Sentimentalism comes to change the classicism, and later romanticism with a radical turn to the category "feeling".

In story N.M. Karamzin " Poor Lisa» The heroine is guided by the experienced feelings of sincere clean love for his chosen one, which, unfortunately, ultimately leads to an irreparable tragedy. Cheating leads to the crash of hopes, loss of life for Liza.

The feelings of the hero, his passion and experiences are becoming key aspects of artistic studies by romanticist writers. V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin in his early works, M.Yu. Lermontov and many other Russian classics depicted strong charactersGuided by the desire for the ideal, the Absolute, realized vulgarity of the surrounding reality and the inability to find the very ideal in this world. This gave rise to the inevitable conflict with the world, led to extension, loneliness, wandering, and often at all to death.

Feelings of love, longing for beloved pushed Svetlana from the same name ballad V.A. Zhukovsky Ploy to the otherworldly to know your destiny and meet your chosen one. And the limitless feeling of fear is experiencing a heroine, getting into that terrible, reality filled with demonic forces.

Not mind, but the bearer of the heart pushes the McSi from the poem of the same name M.Yu. Lermontov Escape from the monastery and return to their homeland in order to gain a house, friends or at least "the graves of relatives." And navigating yourself, the nature of his inner freedom, the hero understands that he will never be able to become part of the world of the monastery, the world of "sharpening" and prison, because it makes a choice towards death as eternal freedom.

During the period of romanticism and coming to replace him with realism, many writers acutely felt the need to reflect this process in artwork. One of the techniques for the implementation of this becomes a collision in the work of the images of heroes symbolizing different types personalities - romantics and realists. Classic example You can consider Roman A.S. Pushkin " Eugene Onegin», In which two opposites are inevitably collapsed - "Wave and stone, poems and prose, ice and a flame" - Vladimir Lensky and Evgeny Onegin. The time of romantics with their dreams and ideals, as Pushkin shows, gradually leaves, giving way to rationally thinking, pragmatic personalities (in this case, it is appropriate to recall the epigraph to the sixth chapter of the novel, in which there is a duel between the heroes - "where the days are clouded and brief , // A tribe will be born that does not hurt ").

The second half of the XIX century with the domination of realism in Russian literature, much complicated the dichotomy of the concepts of "mind" and "feeling." The choice of heroes between them becomes much more complicated, thanks to the reception of psychologism, this problem becomes more complicated, often determining the fate of the literary image.

Magnificent example of Russian classics - Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Children"In which the author deliberately faces feelings and mind, leading the reader to the thought that any theory has the right to exist if it does not contradict the life itself. Evgeny Bazarov, putting forward innovation ideas to change the society, the old lifestyle, preferred to accurate sciences, able to benefit the state, society, humanity, denying all spiritual components of human livelihoods - art, love, beauty and aesthetics of nature. Such a denial and unrequited love for Anna Sergeyevna leads a hero to the collapse of his own theory, disappointment and moral devastation.

The struggle of the mind and feelings is shown in the novel FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". A clearly thought-out theory of Skolnikov does not cause a hero of doubt in his eligibility, which leads him to committing the murder. But the flour of conscience, pursuing Rodion after the overthrow of the crime, do not allow him to live calmly (a special role in this aspect is given to the dream of a hero). Of course, it should not be overlooked that this problem is complicated in the novel by making a religious context to the fore.

In Roman-epic L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Categories "Mind" and "Feeling" are submitted to the fore. For the writer, it is important how much the party is dominated in the heroes than they are guided in their actions. The inevitable punishment, according to the author, deserve those who are not considered with the feelings of other people who are calculated and koryutn (Curagin Family, Boris Drubetskaya). The same those who are given to the feelings, the velares of the soul and the heart, even if they make mistakes, but can ultimately realize them (remember, for example, attempt to Natasha Rostoy to run with Anatola Kuragin), are capable of forgiveness, sympathy. Of course, Tolstoy, as a true writer-philosopher, called for the harmonious unity of a reasonable and sensual man.

Interesting incarnation get two these categories in creativity A.P. Chekhov. For example, in "Dame with a dog"where the all-consuming power of love is proclaimed, it is shown how much this feeling can affect the life of a person, literally reborn people to a new life. The final lines of the story are indicative in this regard, in which the heroes understood the heroes as obstacles and difficulties are waiting ahead, but they were not afraid of them: "And it seemed that some more - and the decision would be found, and then the new one will begin, wonderful Life; And both it was clear that to the end is still far away and that the most difficult and difficult is just beginning. " Or the opposite example - the story "Ionch"In which the hero replaces spiritual values \u200b\u200b- namely the desire to love, have a family and be happy - the material, cold calculation, which inevitably leads to the moral and spiritual degradation of Startsev. The harmonious unity of the mind and feelings are demonstrated in the story "Student"In which Ivan Greater Poland comes to the awareness of his destination, thereby gaining inner harmony and happiness.

The literature of the twentieth century also presented a lot of works in which the categories "reason" and "feeling" occupy one of the paramounts. In play "At the bottom" M. Gorky - symbolic embodiment of concepts through rational realistic understanding ambientIn which a person dwells (Satina's reasoning), and illusory ideas about the bright future, the hopes in the soul of heroes wanderer Luka. In the story "The Fate of Man" MA Sholokhov"The bitter disappointment of Andrei Sokolova, who has passed the war and who has lost all the most expensive, which was in his life, and the role of Vanechchka in the fate of the main character who gave him a new life. In Roman-epic "Silent Don" M.A. Sholokhov- Moral Torzania Grigory Melekhova regarding the feelings to Axier and Debt in front of Natalia, dialogism in the choice of power. In the poem "Vasily Terkin" A.T. Tvardovsky - awareness by the Russian soldier of the need to defeat the external enemy, merged with a sense of infinite love for his homeland. In the story "One day Ivan Denisovich" A.I. Solzhenitsyn - merciless conditions of the detention of prisoners, accompanied by the bitter awareness of the objectivity of reality, and the internal intentions of Shukhov, which are submitted to the problem of preservation in such conditions in themselves.

"Honor and dishonor"

Official comment:

The directions are based on polar concepts associated with the choice of man: to be a faithful voice of conscience, follow moral principles Or go through betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers focused on the image of various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various shapes Compromise with conscience, right up to a deep moral drop in person.

Honor is that high spiritual power that holds a person from porousness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is a rod that strengthens the identity in choosing a deed, this is a situation where the judge is conscience. Life often experiences people by putting them before choosing - to do on honor and take a blow to yourself or smaller and go against conscience to get benefits and get away from trouble, perhaps death. There is always a choice in a person, and its moral principles depends on how it will come. It is difficult to honor, but the retreat from him, the loss of honor is still painful.

Being a substantial, intelligent and conscious creature, a person cannot fail to think about how they treat him that they think about him, what evaluations are given to his actions and his whole life. At the same time, he cannot but think about his place among other people. This spiritual connection of a person with society is expressed in the concepts of honor and dignity. "Honor - my life," Shakespeare wrote, "they have grown into one, and honor to lose - for me equal to the loss of life."

Moral decomposition, the fall of moral obscures leads to collapse as special personalityand the whole people. Therefore, the importance of the Great Russian classical literature, which is a moral foundation for many generations of people.

Aphorisms and statements famous people:

Neither vanity, nor the beauty of clothes or horses, nor the decoration does not get the honor, but courage and wisdom.

Theophrast.

Every manly, every truthful person brings the honor of his homeland.

R.Rollana

Shame and honor - like a dress: the more battles, the more careless about them.

Apule

True honor can not tolerate in a lie.

Fielding

The value and dignity of the person is enclosed in his heart and in his will; It is here - the basis of his genuine honor.

Michelle de Monten.

Do not leave the debt and honor roads - this is the only thing that we wonder happiness.

Georges Louis Leclerk

Code of Noble Honor on Pages Literary Works

The history of the Russian duel of the XI X century is the history of human tragedies, high gusts and passions. With a duel tradition, the concept of honor in the noble society of that time is connected. There was even a code of noble honor. The willingness to pay life for the inviolability of his personal dignity assumed a sharp awareness of this dignity. A.S. Pushkin, "Caller's Sleeve," protecting the honor of his wife and his honor, called Duel Dantes, who could doubt the name of the four Pushkin. The poet could not live "slandered Molva" and put an end to dishonor the price of his own life. M.Yu. Lermontov Also fell victim to dishonest and evil envious.

Among the duelists were not rare brarers - people who have fallen their willingness and ability to fight anywhere and with anyone. The risk of Breter was a casual nature, and the murder of the enemy was part of his calculations. It was a mixture of posterity and cruelty.

Such negative duel options are depicted in tale A.S. Pushkin "Shot". Hero Tale Silvio, "The first Buyan in Army", looking for a preposition for a fight to approve his championship in the hussar regiment. He comes with his superiority and successfulness, demonstrates contempt for death, eats sweet cherries under the pistol don in favor of his pride. Its goal is not to kill, but to prove that he is strong and can rule over people. He is sick of self-love and egoism. Leaving the shot, the hero did not kill the graph, and was satisfied with the fact that he made him tremble. The question of honor, as the reader understands, does not even stand - the courage of the hero is also doubtful.

Often the duels arose along the slightest occasion. Due to unreasonable jealousy Lensky causes his friend's duel Onegin.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time" Pechorin kills the duel of Grushnitsky, having entered the honor of the slander lady. The cowardice and the facilitates of the Grushnitsky found an expression in his dishonest behavior in relation to the princess Mary and to the comrades to whom he envied.

In drama M.Yu. Lermontova "Masquerade" Arbenin, defending his honor, kills his own wife, believing in skillfully woven intrigue. Egoist and villain ruined the innocent soul for his ambitions. Painful pride and false idea of \u200b\u200bhonor made him toy in the hands of ill-wishers and pushed the villain.

Deserves attention and duel Pierre Probrachova with Dolokhov in Roman-epic L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" . Pierre sincerely trusted the old friend, introduced into his house, helped with money, and Doolov disgraced his name. The hero came to his honor. But, understanding that the stupid, "fake" helen does not deserve the murder because of her, he is ready to repent not from fear, but because he is confident in the guilt of his wife.

The literary heroes of the era of the XI X century caused offenders to the barrier and sometimes went to desperate actions, defending their honor, the price of which was the life itself.

Honor as an embodiment of the spiritual force of the hero

For Russian literature, a very serious and closer look at the concept of honor and dishonors. But the understanding of honor to the characters can be different. Example of this - "Captain's daughter" A.S. Pushkin.

Peter Andreevich Grinev Understands honor as an action on conscience. The main component of his honor is a debt towards the Empress, to his homeland, to the Fatherland, and the debt, which is imposed by the love of the daughter of Captain Mironov.

BUT Shvabrin? He is also a Russian officer. But, violating the military oath, passed on the side of Pugacheva, betrayed his homeland. It is brown and cowardly, zinic and indifferent. He is unknown nobility.

Completely different understanding of honor Pugacheva. It holds exclusively at the level of feelings, mostly friendly. It is this narrow understanding of honor that allows Pugachev to pick up in robber-conquered villages and fasteners, without feeling at the same time the doubt of conscience, and at the same time to help Ginnev to save Masha, remembering his kindness in the old days. "Which of my people dares to offend a siroto?". In a conversation with Pugachev, Grinevo confesses himself that there is a choice between a farewell, betrayal and loyal destruction dictated by conscience: "The sense of duty enthusiasm in me over the weakness of humanity." His straightformers will make Pugacheva sincerely admire and let go of the hero on all four sides.

Another example of Pushkin work - tale "Dubrovsky". Senior Dubrovsky - the hereditary nobleman, whose honor comes from his position and the history of the genus for Trocery- This is wealth and power. W. son Dubrovsky, Vladimir, like Greennev, the main aspect of the motive of honor is a debt, first of all, before the Father, which makes him avenge Cyril Petrovich. Later, the debt in front of his father is reborn in the debt towards the object of his love, the daughter of Trocery.

Honor, honesty ... Has the consonance of these words with "purely", "purity", "honor"? Honesty, as the purity of the soul, the ability of reputation is one of the aspects of the direction under consideration.

"But I will behave my honor to my honor, and I must believe myself," the lines from the letter of Tatiana Larina from the novel A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" Finishing the recognition in love, do not just express the hope of a young girl on decency and the dignity of the chosen one. The faith sounds in them and that the honor of the heroine itself will not be crowded. For the lariat, the concept of honor, moral purity is the basis of the worldview. Guided by his idea of \u200b\u200bthe debt, she remains true to her husband, rejecting the love of Onegin. You may be sacrificed with love, there is no honor.

Hero lermontovsky "The hero of our time" Pechorin Not a typical character, but an exceptional one. Therefore, honorPechorina - This is the honor of another, exceptional. In fact, W.Pechorina No credibility in the traditional understanding of this word. Sleeping of nobility and kindness, with sometimes its autumn, are caused by the feeling of exclusivity of their own destination.

Pechorin in some way is the forerunnerSkolnikova - Hero of Roman FM . Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" , which one also, the concept of honor is very personal and peculiar. It is not combined with a public understanding of honor, and sometimes it is a deterrent.Skolnikov Does not recognize the laws of society and wants to live only by his own. Another understanding of honorSvidrigailova . Here, on the contrary, no honor gives rise to love, like Pushkin in the "Captain daughter", and love revives the previously lost concept of honor.

In another aspect, the topic of honor is revealed in the novelFM Dostoevsky "Idiot" . On the example of the imageNastasya Filippovna the author shows how the human and female honor may be crowded. Being from nature with highly moral and clean creature, the heroine began to despise and hate himself, although there were no guilt in all that happened. It can be said that, having lost his honor, the heroine lost her life.

Deep sorrow N.V.Gogol about crushed and dyingsoul man , without honor and conscience: "" And to what insignificance, petty things, the man could condone! Could change so much! And it looks like the truth? Everything likes the truth, everything can be with a person "( "Dead Souls" ) .

And it is impossible not to remember the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace . Bologkoe - ancient aristocratic genus. They are rightfully proud of their merits before the Fatherland. High concept about honor, pride, independence, nobility and uncensity prince passed by inheritance and his son Prince Andrei . Both despise the rushing and careerists like Drubetsk, Kuragin, Bergs, for which there is no idea of \u200b\u200bhonor. Not thinking of a different path for his son, except for the path of honor, Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky. The pain that the news will bring about the death of Prince Andrei, he will accept. But the news of dishonorance ... "I will be ashamed!" We think: shame is worse than death. For the Family of the Block Category of Honor, moral purity foundation. This is not chop oTA makes the view of the Princess Mary Lou chop s?

Another Heroine of Tolstoy, who lives with a heart, sincere, straightforward Natasha Rostov once finds himself in a step from dishonor. Passion to Anatola Kuragin, preparing escape. Why is this story given through Pierre's perception? It was he who sees Natasha evil and cruel, he picks up her letters from Anatol and cares about maintaining the secrecy of a shameful act. He trusts the author to become the Savior Natasha. It may be because Peter Cyrillovich Duhov himself had a misfortune to face the "pioneer, heartless rock" and gained strength in opposition to that evil and debauchery that they sow around the Kuragin.

Honor and disgrace shows Tolstoy, drawing images of two commander - Defender of the FatherlandKutuzov and invader Napoleon . The invading enemy can not be honest. The essence of his act is to capture someone else's, he does not belong, and murder.Napoleon I am depicted in the novel by selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. Opposite Napoleon FigureKutuzov . It is depicted as a leader of a fair folk war, as a person of honor and high morality.

By no means love to the homeland (they simply do not have this love!) GuidedBoris Drubetskaya and Shard . The first studies the "unwritten subordination" to make a career, the second tries to distinguish themselves to return the officer title, then receive rewards and ranks. Military official Berg in the residents of Moscow left the cheap things. War, as it shows Tolstoy, severely checks the person.

Antitrium Honorlessness in the Literature of the XX Century

In the literature of the twentieth century, a military unit is paid special attention to a military unit. After all, the funnye revolutionary stem hit it nova. What does it mean to stay honest, how to keep loyalty to debt if there is a skeletin and chaos? Each makes your choice. Saving junkers entrusted to him, the fits Nai-Tours. Now we understand: it is no coincidence that Alexey Turbin saw a colonel in a dream in the form of a holy knight. As if obeying the laws of the Knight's honor, the Colonel Malyshev acts, and the division dissolved: "I saved my all. I did not send to slaughter! I did not send a shame! " Nikolay Turbin considers his duty, a matter of honor to tell the Nay-Tour family about the heroic death of the Colonel and help him with his loved ones decent to bury the hero. How far from them Talberg ("Drawberry Doll, deprived of the slightest concept of honor!"), Hetman, staff officers who have thrown the city, and secretly fucked panties. As if from their behalf, he declares the "small nightmare into a large cage" from sleep turbine: "Russian person is honored - only an excess burden" (M.A. Bulgakov "White Guard") .

Does not bypass the problem of preserving honor and literature about the Great Patriotic War. Become a coward, make yourself a betrayal and continue to live with it - such a choice makes fisherman. He agrees to serve as a policeman, knocks out the support from under the feet of the former one-panel and becomes a executioner to whom it still fought his shoulder to shoulder. He stays living and suddenly catches her eyes full of hatred. Hate to him, a coward and a traitor, a dishonest person. Now he is an enemy - both for people, and for himself too ... Fate deprives the fisherman opportunities to commit suicide, he will live with his stigma dishonor (V. Bykov "Sotnikov") .

Popular ideas about honor, truth, the dignity of many centuries store Russian folklore. Heroes of Russian fairy tales Making a betrayal like the older brothers Ivan Tsarevich, invariably experiencing disruption. They are driven outside the kingdom. The hero, until the end of the test, without dropping his dignity, eventually gets a reward. Since ancient times, the concept of honor in Russian culture is determining to evaluate a person. It is impossible to imagine epic Ilya Muromsz, the Siberiana, Mikula Selyaninovich Outside the category of honor. So, in the epics "Ilya Muromets and Kalin Tsar" Ilya Muromets, sharpened for three years in the cellar on the orders of Prince Vladimir, although he holds offense, but for a moment the armor puts on the danger and goes to protect his native land from the enemy. Moreover, being in Tatar captivity, he does not accept proposals to serve Kalina. After all, it means to betray your people, dishes themselves.

Continuing folklore traditions old Russian literature Binds the concept of honor with the protection of the interests of native land, his family, a kind. So, B. "Tale of Ryazan Batym" Antithesis "Honor and dishonor" is embodied in the images of the Ryazan Prince Fedor Yurevich and the "godless king of Batiya." Fyodor Yuryevich takes death, refusing to give the Bat by the Swing Room by Eupraction. Death martyrdom. But could he abandon the moral law, dishonoring his race, give a wife to repay? Moral choice For the hero is obvious. The feat of honor is committed and inspired by the prince of Ryazan. Five days against replacing each other, residents of the conquerors are beating residents of the city. Do not surrender, do not ask for mercy. Do not trade with your honor.

The defender of people's ideas about honor and dignity is the merchant of Kalashnikov in the famous " Song about the merchant Kalashnikov ... "M.Yu. Lermontov . Laying the plot of the actual event, Lermontov fills it with a deep moral meaning. Kalashnikov comes out "For the Holy Trouble, Mother", for family values, for honor. Who, if not he, must save his wife from dishonoring. Alena Dmitrievna is true to his husband, does not hide his trouble, he asks for protection from shame.

The image of the merchant Kalashnikov is close to a folk ideal. Just like the heroes of folk epics and legends, Stepan struggles for honor and justice, defends eternal values. Completeness of honor will unfold before all the people. Having heard the charges of the merchant , Kiribayevich was frightened. He came out to try, and fight to death. Stepan Paramonovich is calm and ready to take death, because on Konu - the honor of his family, honor of the genus Kalashnikov. It is noteworthy that on the square all his brothers, ready after Stepan defend the truth-mother. Let's notify that the first blow is making Kiribayevich. Delob or again meanness? .. And then the fight is over. The winner holds the answer to the king. The answer on the conscience tuning the Terrible. Stepan Paramonovich executed "Lyuto's death, disgrace" and buried her between three roads, in a nameless grave. Not at all as a good Christian. But the Court of Carsky went to the court of people. Buried as a robber, a merchant of Kalashnikov became truly folk hero.

"Victory and defeat"

Official comment:

The direction allows you to reflect on victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral philosophical, psychological. The reasoning can be associated with both external conflict events in the life of a person, country, peace, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.

In literary works, the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations.

The opposition of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" is already laid in their interpretation. Ozhegova read: " Victory - In the battle, war, complete opponent. " That is, the victory of one implies a complete defeat of the other. However, the story and literature give us examples of how the victory turns out to be defeated, but a defeat - victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts and it is proposed to rob to graduates, based on their reader experience.

Of course, it is impossible to restrict ourselves to the concept of victory as the defeat of the enemy in the battle. Therefore, it is advisable to consider this the thematic direction in different aspects.

Aphorisms and statements of famous people:

The greatest victory - Victory over himself.

The possibility that we can suffer defeat in battle should not interfere with us to fight for the work that we consider fair.

A. Lincoln

A person is not for that created to endure defeats ... a person can be destroyed, but it cannot be defeated.

E.Hehmingway

Be sure to those victories that you wanted over yourself.

Tungsten

Socially historical aspect

Here we will talk about the external conflict of social groups, states, on hostilities and political struggle.

Peru A. de Saint-Exupery belongs to the paradoxical, at first glance, the statement: "The victory weakens the people - the defeat awakens new forces in it ..." Confirmation of the loyalty of this thought we find in Russian literature.

"Word about the regiment of Igor" - Famous monument. At the heart - Russian on, organized by the prince. The main idea is an idea. Princely intersubs, weakening Russian land and leading to the ruin of its enemies, force the author to sadly peel and complain; The victory over the enemies fills him with a hot delight. However, about defeat, and not the victory tells in this work, because the defeat contributes to the rethinking of the former behavior, gaining a new look at the world and on itself. That is, the defeat stimulates Russian warriors to victory and feats.

The author "Words" appeals to all Russian princes alternately, as if calling them to answer and demandingly reminding them of their debt to their homeland. He calls them to protect Russian land, "Turn the Gate Field" with its sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author and writes about defeat, in the "Word" and the shadow of despondency. "The word" is also concisely and more illosant as Igor's appeals to his squad. This is a call before the fight. The whole poem is facing the future, permeated with concern about this future. The poem about the victory would be a poem of a celebration and joy. The victory is the end of the battle, the defeat for the author "Word" is just the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy has not yet ended. The defeat should combine Russians. Not to the feast of the celebration calls the author of "Words", but to the feast battle. This writes about this in the article "The Word about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich" D.S. Likhachev.

Ends "The Word" joyfully - the return of Igor to Russian land and singing glory at the entrance to Kiev. So, despite the fact that the "word" is devoted to the defeat of Igor, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, the faith of faith in the glorious future of Russian land, in victory over the enemy.

The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in the wars. In the novel "War and World" L.N. Tough Describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Drawing events of 1805-1807, Tolstoy shows that this war has been imposed on the nations. Russian soldiers, being away from their homeland, do not understand the goals of this war, do not want to put their lives meaninglessly. Kutuzov is better than many understand the unnecessaryness of this campaign for Russia. He sees the indifference allies, the desire of Austria to fight out strangers. Kutuzov in every way protects his troops, delays their promotion to the borders of France. This is not explained to the Military skills and the heroism of the Russians, and the desire to protect them from a meaningless slaughterhouses. When the battle turned out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers showed their best readiness to help allies, adopt the main blow. For example, a four-thousandth squad under the command of Bagration under the village of Shengraben washed back on the Natisk of the enemy, "eight times" superior. This made it possible to advance the main forces. The wonders of heroism showed a division of Timokhin officer. It not only has not retreated, but caused a retaliatory blow that saved the flank parts of the army. The real hero of the Shenagraben battle was courageous, decisive, but modest before the head of the captain Tushin. And in many respects thanks russian troops The battle of Shenagraben was won, and it gave forces and inspiration to the states of Russia and Austria. The blinded victories occupied mainly by pruding, conducting military reviews and balls, these two people led their army to defeat with Austerlice. So it turned out that one of the reasons for the defeat of Russian troops under the sky of Austerlitsa was the victory in Shenagraben, which did not allow to give an objective assessment of the alignment of forces.

The whole senselessness of the campaign is shown by the writer in the preparation of the highest general to battle under Austerlitz. So, the Military Council before the Austerlitsky Battle reminds not the advice, but the exhibition of vanity, all disputes were carried out not to achieve the best and correct decision, but, as Tolstoy writes, "... It was obvious that the goal ... objections consisted predominantly in the desire to let the General Weirotener , so self-confident how schoolchildren-students who read their disposition that he did not matter with alone fools, but with people who could and to teach him in a military business. "

And yet, the main cause of victories and defeats of Russian troops in the confrontation with Napoleon we see when comparing Austerlitz and Borodin. Speaking with Pierre about the upcoming Borodino battle, Andrei Bolkonsky recalls the cause of defeat under Austerlitz: "The battle wins the one who firmly decided to win it. Why did we lose the battle near Austerlitz? .. We told themselves very early that we lost the battle, and lost. And we said it because we did not need to fight: I wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. "Lost - well, so run!" We ran. If we were before the evening we did not say that, God knows that it would be. And tomorrow we do not say that. " L. Tolstoy shows a significant difference between two campaigns: 1805-1807 and 1812. The fate of Russia was solved on the Borodino field. Here the desire to save themselves, indifference to what is happening among Russian people was not. Here, as Lermontov said, "and we promised to die, and we kept the oath of loyalty to Borodinsky fight."

Another opportunity to strive about how the victory in one battle can turn into a defeat in the war, gives the outcome of the Borodino battle, in which Russian troops won the moral victory over the French. The moral defeat of Napoleon's troops near Moscow is the beginning of the defeat of his army.

Civil War turned out to be so significant event in the history of Russia, that she could not not find reflections in artistic literature. The basis for the arguments of graduates can be "Don Stories", "Quiet Don" M.A. Sholokhov.

When one country enters the war on the other, terrible events occur: hatred and desire to defend people to kill themselves like, women and old people remain alone, children grow orphans, cultural and material values \u200b\u200bare destroyed, cities are destroyed. But the warring parties have a goal - to defeat the enemy at any cost. And any war has a result - victory or defeat. The victory of sweet and immediately justifies all the losses, the defeat is tragic and sad, but it is the starting point for some other life. But "In the Civil War, every victory is a defeat" (Lukian).

The history of the central hero of the Roman-Epopea M. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" Grigoria Melekhova, who reflected the drama of the referee of the Don Cossacks, confirms this thought. War climbs from the inside and destroys the most expensive thing that there are people. It forces the heroes in a new way to look at the problems of debt and justice, seek the truth and not find it in any of the warring camps. Once in red, Gregory sees all the same as white, cruelty, irreconcilability, thirst for the blood of enemies. Melekhov rushes between two warring parties. Everywhere it is encountered on violence and cruelty, which cannot be taken, therefore cannot take one direction. The outcome is natural: "As the steppe scorched by Palah, the Gregory's life became ...".

Moral and philosophical and psychological aspects

Victory is not only success in the battle. Winning, according to the dictionary of synonyms, - overcome, mask, overcome. And often not so much enemy, how many ourselves. Consider a number of works from this point of view.

A.S. Griboedov "grief from the mind."The conflict of the play is the unity of two began: public and personal. Being a person honest, noble, progressively thinking, freedom-loving, the main character Chatsky opposes the Famovsky society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, remembering the "Nestor of the villains of noble", which exchanged his faithful servants on three greyhound dogs; He relates the lack of freedom of thought in the noble society: "Yes, and to whom in Moscow did not boil the mouths of dinners, dinners and dancing?" He does not recognize kindness and fahamism: "To whom the need: those arms, they lie in dust, but those who are above, flattery, like lace, spill." Chatsky full of sincere patriotism: "Will Sissend from alien mod? So that the smart, vigorous people, although they did not consider us a language for the Germans. " He seeks to serve the "case", and not to persons, he would be happy to serve nauseous. " The society is offended and, defending, declares Chatsky crazy. His drama is aggravated by a feeling of fervent, but unrequited love for the daughter of Famusova Sofier. Chatsky does not make attempts to understand Sophia, it's hard for him to understand why Sophia does not like him, because his love for it accelerates "Everybody's hearts", although "he has a whole world and fuss." You can justify Chatsky with his blindness of passion: he has "his heart not in Lada." The psychological conflict goes into a conflict public. The society unanimously concludes: "Mad throughout ...". Crazy society is not afraid. Chatsky makes a decision to "look for light, where the insulted is the feeling of the corner."

I.A. Goncharov so appreciated the final of the play: "Chatsky is broken by the number of old strength, applying to her a deadly blow to the quality of the power of the new." Chatsky does not refuse his ideals, it is only exempted from illusions. The stay of Chatsky in the house of Famusov shakes the inviolability of the mains of the Famus society. Sophia says: "myself I am ashamed!"

Therefore, the defeat of Chatsky is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. In the public scale "Victory Chatsky is inevitable." The "Century of the Last" change will come the "century of the current one", and the views of the Hero of the Comedy Griboyedov will won.

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm".Graduates can reflect on the question of what the death of Katerina is victory or defeat. This question is difficult to give an unequivocal answer. Too many reasons led to the terrible final. The playwright sees the tragedy of the position of Katerina in the fact that it enters the conflict not only with Kalinovsky family nests, but also with himself. Straight is an isoine is one of the origins of her tragedy. Katerina Chista's soul - a lie and debauchery to her alien and disgusting. She understands that, having loved Boris, violated the moral law. "Oh, cooking," she complains, "I have a sin on my mind! How much I, poor, cried, which I didn't do anything on myself! Do not leave me from this sin. Not anywhere. After all, it is not good, because it is a terrible sin, Varnka, what do I love another? ". Through the entire play, the painful struggle in the consciousness of Katerina between the understanding of his wrongness, his sinfulness and vague, but an increasingly powerful feeling of his right to human life. But the play ends the moral victory of Katerina over the dark forces tormented by her. She takes over his guilt immeasially, and from the captivity and humiliation leaves the only path that she opened. Her decision to die, just not to remain slave, expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the movement of Russian life." And this decision comes to Katerina along with the internal self-absorption. She dies because he considers death the only worthy outcome, the only opportunity to preserve the highest that lived in it. In the thought that the death of Katerina is actually a moral victory, the celebration of the real Russian soul over the forces of the "Dark Kingdom" of wild and kabanic, strengthens the reaction to her death of other heroes of the plays. For example, Tikhon, the husband of Katerina, for the first time in his life, expressed his own opinion, first decided to protest against the suffering of his family, having joined (even if on the MIG) in the fight against the "Dark Kingdom". "You wanted it, you, you ...", "he exclaims, turning to Mother, in front of which all his life trembled.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Children".The writer shows in his novel the struggle of worldviews of two political trends. The plot of the novel is built on opposing the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Eugene Bazarov, which are bright representatives Two generations that are not mutual understanding. Disagreements on various issues always existed between young people and seniors. So, here, the representative of the younger generation Yevgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov can not, and does not want to understand the "fathers", their life credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, for life, the relationship between people hopelessly outdated. "Yes, I will pamper them ... After all, it is all pride, lion's habits, fondness ...". In his opinion, the main goal of life is to work, produce something material. That is why bazaar belongs disrespectful of art, to the sciences that do not have a practical base. He believes that much more useful to deny the fact that, from his point of view, he deserves denial, which does not care if, not deciding to undertake anything. "In the present time, the denial is most useful - we deny," says Bazarov. And Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is confident that there are things in which it is impossible to doubt ("aristocracy ... Liberalism, progress, principles ... art ..."). He appreciates habits and traditions anymore and does not want to notice changes occurring in society.

Bazaars - Figure tragic. It is impossible to say that he wins Kirsanova in the dispute. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to recognize his defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need to society. "Do I need Russia? No, it can be seen, not needed."- He reflects.

Of course, most of all the person is manifested not in conversations, but in the affairs of his own. Therefore, Turgenev, as it were, conducts its heroes through different tests. And the strongest of them– Testing love. After all, it is in love a man's soul reveals full and sincerely.

And then the hot and passionate nature of the Bazarov dares all his theories. He fell in love with a woman who appreciated highly. "In conversations with Anna Sergeyevna, he even more than the former expressed his indifferent contempt for the whole romantic, and left alone, he was aware of romance in himself." The hero is experiencing a strong mental disorder. "... something ... it was allachanced in it, which he did not allow anything, what he always drowned, which was outraged all his pride." Anna Sergeevna Odintova rejected him. But the bazaarov found the strength with honor to take a defeat without losing his dignity.

So still - won or lost a nihist of bazaars?
It seems that in testing the love of bazarov tolerates defeat. First, they rejected his feelings and he himself. Secondly, he falls into power denied by himself of life itself, loses the soil under his feet, begins to doubt his views on life. His life position is pose, in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses his life itself. But this is a victory: love forced Bazarov otherwise to take a look at himself and on the world, he begins to understand that he does not want any life to fit into the nihilistic scheme.

And Anna Sergeevna formally remains in the winners. She managed to cope with their feelings, which strengthened her confidence. In the future, she puts off his sister well, and he herself would successfully marry. But will she be happy?

"Crime and Punishment" is an ideological novel, which faces inhuman theory with human feelings. Dostoevsky, the great connoisseur of psychology of people, sensitive and attentive artist, tried to figure out in modern reality, to determine the measure of influence on a person popular at the time of the ideas of the revolutionary reorganization of life and individualistic theories. When entering into a controversy with democrats and socialists, the writer sought to show in his novel, how the misleading minds leads to murder, blood spoiling, clock and breaking young lives.

The ideas of Raskolnikov are generated by abnormal, humiliating living conditions. In addition, the poreform broke destroyed the age-old states of society, damping the human individuality of communication with the long-standing cultural traditions of society, historical memory. Raskolnikov at every step sees a violation of universal moral norms. Fairly difficulty is impossible to feed the family, so the small official of the marmalands finally drinks, and his daughter Sonchik is forced to trade by himself, because her family will die with the hunger. If the unbearable living conditions pushed a person to violate the moral principles, it means that these principles are nonsense, that is, they can not be taken into account. It comes to approximately this conclusion, when the theory is born in its inflamed brain, according to which he divides all humanity into two unequal parts. On the one hand, these are strong personalities, "over-people" such as Magomet and Napoleon, and on the other hand, gray, faceless and submissive crowd, which the hero awards the contemptuous name - "Creator trembling" and "anthill".

The correctness of any theory should be confirmed by practice. And Rodion Raskolnikov thinks and carries out the murder, removing the moral ban. His life after the murder turns into a real hell. In Rodion, painful suspicion is developing, which gradually turns into a sense of loneliness, rejection from all. The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression that characterizes the internal state of Skolnikov: he "as if scissors sliced \u200b\u200bhimself from everyone and everything." The hero is disappointed in itself, believing that he could not stand the test for the role of the Lord, and therefore, alas, belongs to the "quarrels trembling".

Surprisingly, but the splitters would not want to be now the winner. After all, to win - it means it is morally to die, stay with your spiritual chaos forever, to be removed in people, to himself and life. The defeat of Raskolnikov became his victory - victory over himself, above his theory, over the devil, who took possession of his soul, but did not manage to displace God in her forever.

MA Bulgakov "Master and Margarita". The novel this is too complicated and multifaceted, many topics and problems affected it a writer. One of them is the problem of the struggle of good and evil. In the "Master and Margarita" two main forces of good and evil, which, in Bulgakov, should be on Earth in equilibrium, are embodied in the images of Yeshua Ga-Nozri from Yerschlaim and Voland - Satan in human court. Apparently, the Bulgakov to show that good and evil exist outside time and millennia, people live according to their laws, put Yeshua at the beginning of the new time, in the fictional masterpiece of the master, and Wolanda as a twist of cruel justice - in Moscow of the 30s. XX century. The latter came to the ground to restore the harmony where it was violated in favor of evil, which included lies, stupidity, hypocrisy and, finally, betrayal, flooded Moscow. Good and evil in this world are surprisingly cleverly intertwined, especially in human souls. When Woland in the scene in the variety is experiencing a public on cruelty and deprives the head of the entertainer, and the hearts are demanding to put it in place, the great magician says: "Well ... they are people like people ... well, frivolous ... well, what The same ... and mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts ... Ordinary people ... - and loudly orders: "put on my head". And then we are watching how people are fighting because of Chervonians who sprinkled on their heads.

Roman "Master and Margarita" - about the responsibility of a person for good and evil, which is performed on earth, for its own choice life pathsleading to truth and freedom or to slavery, betrayal and inhumanity. He is about the all-restless love and creativity, ascending the soul to the heights of true humanity.

The author wanted to proclaim: the victory of evil over good can not become end result social and moral confrontation. This, in Bulgakov, does not accept the nature of human nature, should not allow the entire course of civilization.

Of course, the circle of works in which the thematic direction "victory and defeat" is revealed is much wider. The main thing is to see the principle, understand that the victory and defeat - the concepts are relative.

We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us alone.

Francois de Larochefuko

Extract benefit from each error.

Ludwig Witgenstein

Shame can be appropriate everywhere, only not in recognizing their mistakes.

Gothhold Efraim Lessing

It is easier to find a mistake than the truth.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In all matters we can learn only by the method of trial and mistakes, falling into misleading and correcting.

Karl Raimund Popper

As a support in their arguments, you can contact the following works.

FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment."Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessed in the deed, does not realize the entire tragedy of the crime committed by him, does not recognize the erroneousness of his theory, he is only a pity that he could not bear it that he would not be able to attribute himself to the number of favorites. And only at the Katorga soul, the hero is not just repent (he repent, admitting the murder), but becomes a hard way to repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who recognizes his mistakes is able to change, he is worthless for forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel next to the hero, Sonya Marmaladov, which is an example of a compassionate person).

MA Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", K.G. Powesty "Telegram".The heroes of such various works make a similar fatal mistake, regret which I will be all my life, but it is already unfortunately to fix anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving at the front, repels the hugging his wife, the hero annoy her tears, he is angry , considering that she was "buried healing", but it turns out the opposite: he returns, and the family dies. This loss for him is a terrible grief, and now he blames himself for every trifle and with an inexpressible pain says: "To the very death, until the last of my hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself that she pushed it!" Story K.G. Powesta is a narration of lonely old age. Lostished grandmother Katerina's her own daughter writes: "My beloved, this winter will not survive. Come at least a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands. " But Nastya soothes himself with words: "Since the mother writes - hence, alive." Thinking about outsiders, organizing the exhibition of a young sculptor, daughter forgets about the only native man. And only having heard the warm words of gratitude "for the care of a person," the heroine recalls that in her purse lies a telegram: "Katya snaps. Tikhon. " Requesting comes too late: "Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. No and will not be more relative. If only to have time, if only she saw me, just forgive me. " The daughter comes, but forgiveness is no longer anyone. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to close "has not yet become late."

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time."A series of errors in his life makes the hero of Roman M.Yu. Lermontov. Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of their era who were disappointed in life.

Pechorin himself speaks of himself: "Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, another thinks and judges him." Lermontov character - energetic, smart manbut he cannot find applications to his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he hurts the misfortune to everyone who communicates with whom does not care about other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a "suffering Egoist", because Grigory Alexandrovich accuse himself for his actions, he realizes his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.

Gregory Aleksandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but he wants to teach others to aware in his, as, for example, he all tried to push the Hushnitsky to recognize his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute in peaceful way. But then the other side of Pechorina is also manifested: after some attempts to discharge the situation on a duel and urge the Grushnitsky to conscience himself suggested to shoot at a dangerous place to kill any of them. At the same time, the hero is trying to draw everything in a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat of both the life of young pearshnitsky and his own life. After the murder of Grushnitsky we see , As the mood of Pechorina changed: if on the way to a duel he notes how beautiful is the day, then after the tragic event, he sees in black colors, he has a stone on his soul.

The story of a disappointed and dying Pechistan soul is set out in the hero's diary records with all merciless of self-analysis; Being at the same time both by the author, and the hero of the "journal", Pechorin is fearlessly talking about his ideal gusts, and about the dark sides of his soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but nothing does to fix them, his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorina has an absolute understanding of what he destroys human life ("destroys the life of peaceful smugglers", according to his fault, Bela, etc.), the hero continues to "play" the fates of others than doing herself unhappy .

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".If the hero of Lermontov, realizing his mistakes, could not be on the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then the favorite heroes of Tolstoy, the acquired experience helps to become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, it is possible to refer to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky dramatically stands out from a large environment of the environment with his education, latitude of interest, dreams of committing a feat, wants great personal glory. His idol - Napoleon. To achieve your, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of battle. The harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince is disappointed in his dreams, he understands how bitterly he became mistaken. Heavy wounded, staying on the battlefield, Bolkonsky is experiencing a soul fracture. At these moments, it opens a new world, where there are no egoistic thoughts, lies, and there is only the cleanest, high, just. Prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems to him small and insignificant. Having survived further events - the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he remains to live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage of the evolution of the hero, not only recognizing their mistakes, but also seeking to become better. A considerable series of errors does Pierre. He leads a rampant life in the society of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such life is not for him, he cannot immediately appreciate people and therefore is often mistaken in them. He is sincerely trusting, heavily. These character traits are brightly manifested in relationships with the depraved helen Kuragin - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero understands that he was deceived, and "processes one of his grief." After gap with his wife, being in a state of a deep crisis, he joins the Masonic Life. Pierre believes that it is here "will find a revival of a new life", and again understands that in something the main thing is mistaken. The experience gained and the "thunderstorm of 1812" lead a hero to steep change in the worldview. He understands that it is necessary to live for the sake of people, it is necessary to strive to benefit the homeland.

MA Sholokhov "Silent Don".Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people, makes it give an assessment with his vital mistakes, you can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting on the side of the whites, then on the side of the red, he understands what kind of monstrous injustice around, and he himself makes mistakes, acquires military experience and makes the most important conclusions in his life: "... I need to plow my hands." House, family - this is the value. And any ideology, pushing people to kill, is a mistake. Already melted by life experience a person understands that the main thing in life is not a war, but a son meeting at the threshold. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is exactly what its repeated throwing from whites to red.

MA Bulgakov "Dog's heart". If we talk about the experience as "the procedure for reproducing some phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research", then the practical experience of the Preobrazhensky professor to "clarify the issue of the pituitaryness of the pituitaryness, and in the future and its effect on rejuvenation The organism in humans "can hardly be called a good fully.

FROM scientific He is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky conducts a unique operation. The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life, he led to the most planning consequences. Appeared in the House of Professor as a result of a type of operation, "small growth and non-visible outdoor", behaves defiantly, arrogantly and brazenly. However, it should be noted that the people that appeared easily finds itself in the changed world, but it does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the tenants of the whole house.

After analyzing their mistake, the professor understands that the dog was much more "Humanier" than P.P. Balls. Thus, we are convinced that the human-shaped hybrid of balls is rather a failure than the victory of Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: "Old donkey ... Here, the doctor that it turns out when the researcher is instead of going parallel and feel with nature, forces the question and prompts the veil: on, get Sharikov and eat it with porridge." Philipp Philippovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to disastrous results.

In the story of the "Dog's Heart", the professor corrects his mistake - the balls turn into PSA again. He is pleased with his destiny and himself. But in life, such experiments tragically affect the fate of people, warns Bulgakov. Acts should be considered and not to bear a devastating start.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer is that bare progress, deprived of morality, bears death and a similar error will be irreversible.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to the Mother".Arguing about the errors, irreparable and suffering, not only each individual personality, but also the people as a whole, you can also turn to the indicated story of the writer of the twentieth century. This is not just a work about the loss of the native home, but also how erroneous solutions entail a catastrophe that will definitely affect the life of society as a whole.

The story is based on the story lies real story. In the construction of HPP on the hangar, surrounding villages were flooded. The resettlement became a painful phenomenon for residents of flooded areas. After all, HPP build for a large number of people. This is an important economic project, for which you need to rebuild, do not hold onto the old one. But is it possible to call this decision unambiguously correct? Residents of the flooded mothers move into the built not in human settlement. The mismanagement with which huge money is spent, hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands flood, and in the village, built on the northern slope of the hill, on the stones and clay, there will be nothing to grow. Rough intervention in nature will necessarily entail ecological problems. But for the writer, not so much they are important as the spiritual life of people.

For Rasputin, it is quite clear that the collapse, disintegration of the nation, the people, the country begins with the collapse of the family. And the fault of the tragic mistake, which is, the progress is much more important than the shower of old people who say goodbye to their home. And not in the hearts of young people.

Mulled life experience The older generation does not want to leave the native island, not because it cannot assess all the benefits of civilization, but first of all because for these amenities they demand to give a match, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of old people is the experience that each of us must learn. Can't have a person to give up his roots.

In reasoning, on this topic, you can turn to the history and the disasters that caused the "economic" human activity.

The story of Rasputina is not just a story about great construction sites, it is the tragic experience of preceding generations in the edification of us, people of the XXI century.

"Friendship and Enmity"

Official comment:

The direction aims to reason about the value of human friendship, about the paths of achieving mutual understanding between individuals, their communities, and even whole nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of hostility between them. The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or dislike people, with the process of friendship in hostility or vice versa, with the image of a person who is capable of or not able to appreciate the friendship that can overcome conflicts or sowing enmity.

The proposed direction can be viewed in different aspects:

Friendship between people, value and value of friendly relations in human life;

Friendship and enmity between human communities and generations;

Friendship or enmity between the peoples and the consequences of hostile relations;

Friendship of man and animal, etc.

The very concept of "friendship" is one of the fundamental in human world and in the system of valuable human value. This confirms the abundance of proverbs and sayings dedicated to friendship, aphorisms and winged phrases. Starting thinking over the topic proposed in this direction, students can build their reasoning, relying on the statements known to them and definitions. Here are just some of them:

Proverbs:

I do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.

An old friend is better than two new ones.

No friend - look, and found - take care.

Friend is known in trouble.

Friend find out - together to eat salt.

It must be sore, and a friend argue.

New friends are on, and old do not lose.

Good fraternity Mile wealth.

In a real friendship, it is to disappear yourself, and a friend from the trouble will cut out.

Friendship is strong not flattery, and truth and honor.

Lighter friend lose to find.

What a friendship will be heading, such and life will behave.

Man without friends that bird without wings.

Aphorisms and statements of famous people:

Only a real friend can endure the weakness of his friend.

All will pass - And the hopes of grain will not go out,
All you have accumulated, no penny will disappear.
If you do not share on time with a friend -
All your property will go away.

Omar Khayam

Perfect the duties of friendship is somewhat difficult than admire her.

Lesing

Friendship must be a strong man, able to survive all the temperature changes and all the shocks of the bumpy road, which are made by life and decent people.

A.I. Herzmen

People on earth should be friends ... I don't think that you can make all people love each other, but I would wish to destroy the hatred between people.

Isaac Asimov

Friendship is similar to the treasury: it is impossible to learn more from it than you invested in her.

Osip Mandelshtam

Assist in thinking of students can wordwork. So, in the S.I. Ozhegova gives the following interpretation of the words "friendship" and "Enmity":

Enmity - relations and actions imbued with hostility, hatred (Irreconcilable enmity; nourish hostility).

Friendship - close relationship based on mutual trust, attachment, community of interests (Long-standing friendship; friendship of Peoples).

In the Antonyms dictionary, these words are represented as an anthony couple.

Synonyms Dictionaries are presented by the following synonymic rows:

Synonyms of the Words Friendship - Friendly, Friendliness, Goodwilling, Floor, Peace, Consent, Panibrate, Short acquaintance, pedognery, (good) View, amicoshoneism, love, brother, unity, communication; Friendship sincere, hypocritical, dog, close. Do that in friendship. To be in friendship, drive friendship, break friendship, to bring friendship.

Synonyms of the word enmity - antagonism, malice, ill-wishes, dislike, hatred, dislike, dislike, retail, unfriendly, nonlady. Have against whom tooth. Mentify.

Consider various aspects of this direction.

Friendship between people, meaning and value of friendly relations in human life

Reflecting on this aspect, the student can set a lot of questions. What is real friendship? Who can be considered a true friend? What is friendship manifest? What is the role of friendship in a person's life and is it possible to do without it? Friendship and betrayal? Have there been a relationship between the heroes of the work of friendship or not?

This topic is widely represented in both poetic and prosaic works of Russian and foreign literature.

Ancient image of friendship in Russian literature - twottency, "Cross Brotherhood"epic warders .

In the "named" or "crosst" fraternity (the rite was fastened with the exchange crosses) almost all epic warders come into. The "Cross" fraternity was raised above all other relationships, even blood kinship.

The wit are made by the vow of mutual obedience, but, as a rule, one of the twinings was considered the eldest: Ilya Muromets older than Dobryni Nikitich, Dobrynya older than Alyosha Poopvich, and when meeting with Svyatogor, Ilya himself becomes his younger brother. A number of marriage prohibitions were also associated with the wit: the widow of the hero can not marry the "Cross Brother" of the deceased husband, a man cannot marry his "godfather sister", etc.

The real cult of friendship in Russia, as in Europe, appears with romanticism. Almost all the textbook samples in the Russian literature and life of the first halves XIX. in. (Lyceum friendship A.S. Pushkin, friendship A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev, relationships V.G. Belinsky and M.A. Bakunina, etc.) had a clearly romantic nature. At the same time, the normative canon of friendship and individual experiences are completely intertwined, superimposed on each other.

The evolution of the romantic canon of friendship especially visually acts increativity and biographies A.S. Pushkin. The topic of friendship has always occupied an important place in the work of the poet, but at different stages of his life and the creative path it sounds differently.

In the works of the Lyceum period (for example, inpoem "Friends") Friendship is described mainly in the Anacreontal tones of the reckless group fun, interspersed with email toxicing and sadness.

In the poem of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, dedicated to the lyceum ("Memories in the royal village" ), the concept of "friendship", which repeatedly uses the poet, has even a wider sense than "friendship". This concept is a special circle of friends, which, "as a soul, inseparable and eternal", these are poets like-minded people - the power that, in spite of everything, is able to support a person in the most difficult, sometimes apparent irresistible, life tests. This we can see in such poems as"I.I. Pushchina "," October 19, 1825 "," To Chaadaev "," To Languages \u200b\u200b"," In the depths of Siberian ore ... " . In these works, a person who is part of the "Poetic Brotherhood" is ready for self-sacrifice, understanding and forgiveness in any situation, but isn't it an example of infinite friendship and devotion? Poetic creations A. S. Pushkin filled with appeals to friends("From Andre Shhenie") :

Sorry, about friends!

My uneven dust

Will not rest in the garden, where they hurt

We are careless days in the sciences and in peers

And the place of our urn was appointed.

Pushkin presents us the world of unity of friends with an unbreakable fraternity, a strong union, in which there is no place for small quarrels and insults, there are no domestic troubles and minor things. In the Lyceum Union, everyone moves in one direction, which leads them to a common high purpose.

The bitter feeling of a sharply changed setting, the loss of close friends and severe premonitions are filled with works written after decembrist uprising. This can be understood: the circle of friends is becoming everything already, and nothing can be done about it ("October 19" ):

Behind me: No friend with my friend

With whom I would have stored a separation,

Who could shake his hand

And wish funny many years.

The lyrical hero leads a continuous conversation with friends:

What I was before, this is now:

Careless, in love.

You know friends,

I can look like a beauty without a dying,

Without timid tenderness and secret wave.

Alexander Sergeevich presents his attitude to the partnership through the images of the heroes of the novel"Eugene Onegin" . Two "friends", Onegin and Lensky, in their communication show us that a friend is a very ambiguous and controversial concept. In the end, we even begin to doubt whether Eugene's friends and Vladimir or they are enemies. In the dialogues of the heroes, the author's presence is felt, he is not a simple silent observer, he is a direct member of events, we catch his attitude towards friendship in conversations of heroes. The friendship of Onegin and Lensky occurred, according to Pushkin himself, "there is nothing to do." Indeed, they were completely opposite to the characters, with various life experiences, with various aspirations:

They agreed. Wave and stone,

Poems and prose, ice and flame.

Not so different among themselves.

First mutual differences

They were boring each other,

Then I liked ...

They were combined in rural wilderness. Both of them were imposed by the impossible communication by their neighbors, both were smart enough (in relation to Lensky it is more correct to say that it was formed). Both heroes are young, so they find common topics for conversations. Friends reflect on the "public contract" of Rousseau, about science, about moral problems, that is, everything that occupied the minds of advanced people of that time. But Pushkin emphasizes the complex interrelation of the hero and society, which formed it. Random quarrel (Onegin caused jealousy in Lensky at the evening in Larina) - Only a reason for a duel. The cause of Lensky's death is much deeper: Lensky with his naive, romantic look at the world can not withstand collisions with life. Onegin, in turn, is unable to resist the generally accepted morality, which says that the duel refuse shamefully. Is it possible to name this relationship with a real friendship?

On a peculiar and exceptional attitude to friendship tells us and Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov The mouth of the lyrical heroes of their poems. The main motive of the creativity of this poet is loneliness. It is not easy for the characters of his lyrics to conscious of their deprivation from the world, their eternal oblivion of loneliness in the world. But still, the hero is ready to expire with her fate, realizing that he will not be able to find his like-minded people among those around him:

I got used to loneliness,

I would not get shattered with a friend

I will not say anyone in the depth -

No one will regret me! ..

In poem "Stans " loneliness lyrical hero It is not imposed on him the world, and they are elected voluntarily as the only possible state of the soul.

The topic of friendship sounds in the novel"Hero of our time" . Is friendship in the life of Pechorina possible, and how does her protest hero understand?

"Friendship, friendship, - We read at V. Daly in the" Sensual Dictionary of the Living Great Russian ", - the mutual attachment of two or more people, the close relationship of them; In a good sense, disinterested, persistent pleasant, based on love and respect ... "Similar attachment we see in a frequency headquarters - the first one who tells us about Pechorin. Despite the fact that Maxim Maximach considers him a strange person and clearly does not approve of how Gregory is doing with Bali, he is tied to Pechorin and considers his friend: "We were friends", "there were friends are boiled." Maximysch Maxims are not justified. Yes, Pechorin does not hide him from the headquarters of his character and does not promise friendship: "I am a fool or villain, I do not know; ... in me the soul is spoiled by the light, imagination restless, the heart is insatiable; Everything is not enough for me: I'm as easily getting used to sadness, like a pleasure, and my life becomes an empty day by day. " During the meeting, it makes cold from Pechorin, so offended and upset Maxim Maximych, for the first time I have broken the rules: "Do I'm not the same? .. What to do? Every your own way ... ".

A meeting of Pechorin with Pechishnitsky will be held in a very different way: "We met with old buddies," but from the first lines of the description it is clear that everything else is hidden by friendly relations. Indeed, the Pereshnitsky is a man whose mainly pleasure is "to produce an effect" and who "important is drapeted into unusual feelings" and plays disappointed. Pechorin - the disappointment itself, this is his illness, and he cannot but feel the artificiality of the Junker and for this reason not to take it: "I understood it, and he doesn't love me for it."

Perhaps, the topic of friendship in the "Hero of our time" is revealed brighter in relations with the Werner. Perhaps the doctor could have a friendship with Pechorin, they are in many ways so similar. Since the minute, like Werner and Pechorin "distinguished in the crowd of each other", their relationship for others is so reminded. "Werner is wonderful", the main character knows the strengths and weaknesses of the doctor in perfection. What bore together two? "We are quite indifferent, except ourselves," "We soon understood and became friends." But are they capable of friendship? Gregory denies true friendships, friendship in the life of Pechorin does not exist, because it requires self-reliance, openness, confidence - all the fact that the main character of the novel is not. He says that "Of the two friends there is always one slave of another," and, quite likely, this is not a conviction, but the desire to hide the inability to start anyone in your heart.

The topic of friendship is very important forLion Nikolayevich Tolstoy . The Tolstsky description of the youth friendship of Nikolai Irtenyev and Dmitry Nehludova in its psychological accuracy is absolutely perfect. Hero."Youth" "Involuntarily, you just want to run a desert desert and achieve that happy pore, when a true gentle, noble feeling of friendship brightly illuminated the end of this age and marked the beginning of a new, fulfilled charms and poetry, then of youth."

Friendship with Dmitry Nehhlyudov, "Wonderful Mithe", not only opened the 15-year-old boy "A new look at life, her goal and relationship," but also appeared to the symbolic border of the beginning of youth. Friendship This is extremely gentle, poetic, bonded by the frankness– "Recognize in all of each other", and in order not to be afraid of foreign (both shame and shy), "Never with anyone and nothing to talk about each other." Boys really talk about everything and most about themselves, their feelings and experiences.

In the novel-epic "War and Peace" Friendship appears in front of us as one of the most important life values. We see the friendship of Nikolai Rostov and Denisov, Natasha and Princess Marya, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Probrelov. The relations of the last two heroes are most deeply investigated by the writer. With the difference in characters and temperaments, we see the intellectual community of these people, their similar attitude to life. For Prince Andrei and Pierre, the inner reflection is characterized by the eternal quest for truth, meaning of life. They support each other in moments of mental crises. So, Bolkonsky is worried about Pierre when he starts to kut in the company Dologov. Pierre supports Prince Andrei after the death of his wife and disappointment in "his toulon." It is Pierre who tells him that "you have to live, you have to love, you have to believe." Thus, friendship and love, according to the writer, is that, for what to live.

In the novel "Fathers and Sons" , published in 1862, I.S. Turgenev Reveal the image of the new hero of Russian life. Bazarov - Nihilist, revolutionary democrat. This is a strong person who can influence other people. Bazarov is confident in themselves, endowed with a natural mind, formed. In the novel, it is shown accompanied by a younger, naive and innocent friend - Arkady Kirsanova. The analysis of the relationship between two heroes makes it possible to understand their characters, the power of belief and the strength of friendly attachment.

Bazarov in this pair - leader. He refers to Arkady condescendingly, patronically. Kirsanov also called his friend to the mentor; He "fished in front of his teacher," believed Bazarov "One of the most wonderful people." Not yet formed, Arkady's Nature is entirely under the influence of Bazarov, who although it happens to him, but it always holds it on the second roles. Arkady does not notice this and does not understand. He tells us about her friend, "so detailed and with such a delight that Odintov turned to him and looked attentively." In disputes with the Bazarovo Arkady "usually remained defeated, although he spoke more of his comrade." However, this is not confused by him, because he sees a man in the baza market, which "is waiting for great future."

The attitude of friends to Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and to the Odached first gave a crack in their friendship, and then led to a rupture at all.

Mighty, active Nature of Bazarov demanded not just friendship, sincere, noble relationships, mental proximity, but friendship-grades, complete subordination of all the interests of one common goal. By putting a point in relations with Arkady, he, perhaps, the only time on everything: the study speaks without irony, and affecting about themselves and surrounding, His: "... For our bitter, tart, bobbly life you are not created. You do not Neither audacity, nor anger, and there is a young courage and a young burdens; for our business it is not suitable. Your brother nobleman, the noble humility or noble boiling can come, and these are nothing. You, for example, do not eat - and imagine yourself Well done, - and we want to fight. "What! Our dust is your eyes to imagine, our dirt makes you up, yes you are notgiving to us, you involuntarily admire it, you are pleased to scold yourself; and we are bored for us. We need to break others! "

In the novel "Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov He created images of two people, each of which is largely a typical representative of a certain circle of people, an expressive of ideas that were close to the relevant layers of the modern society. Andrei Stolz and Ilya Oblomov, at first glance, as if they had nothing to do, with the exception of memories of children's games. And yet, no matter how much these characters are Roman Goncharov, it is impossible to deny that they are born by sincere, disinterested friendship. What is the case?

Indeed, the brooms and galley are straight different from each other's lifestyle. In the representation of the gallery, the essence of being is in motion: "Labor - an image, content, element and purpose of life, at least mine." Oblobomov, without starting anything, already dreams of peace, which he also has enough: "... then in the honorable inaction to enjoy the deserved rest ...".

For some time, Oblomov and Stolts raised together - in the school, which was contained by Andrei. But they came to this school, it can be said from different worlds: nothing violated, once and for all, the head of life in a crushing, similar to a long afternoon sleep, and the active labor education of the German Burger, dismissed with the lessons of the mother, struggling to instill Son love and interest in art.

It is important to note how the bugs and galleries refer to life in general. According to Oblomov's own feeling, there is more and more on the fruitless wandering in the forest more often: no paths, nor the sun's ray ... "Someone as if stolen and buried in his own soul to him as a gift to the world and the life of the treasure." Here is one of the main miscalculations of Oblomov - he subconsciously seeks to impose responsibility, his failures, his inaccessibility on someone else: on Zakhar, for example, or on fate. And Stolz "The reason for any suffering attributed to myself, and did not hang like a caftan, on someone else's nail," because he enjoyed his joy, as a flower was torn along the road, until he faded in his hands, without finishing the bowls never before that droplet bitterness which lies at the end of all pleasure. " However, the above said does not yet shed light on the base of the strong friendship of people, so different in their habits and aspirations. Apparently, their sincere, warm attitude to each other is rooted in the fact that both, and galleries, and bugs, in their essence, decent people endowed with many high spiritual qualities. They are needed to each other, because they so well complement each other, they find one in the other, which is not in itself.

If you turn to works of overseas literature , it is impossible not to mention the novel A. Duma "Three Musketeers", heroes of which for many and many generations reader became a symbol of real male friendship under the motto "one for all - all for one"

About friendship says A. Saint Exupery Immediately on the first page of your fairy tale "Little Prince" - In dedication. In the author's value system, the topic of friendship occupies one of the main places. Only friendship is able to melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, as it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance. On Earth, the Little Prince will know the real truth, which the Lis opened him: People can be not only indifferent and alienated, but also necessary to each other, and someone may be the only world as a whole, and the life of a person "exactly the Sun will be lit "If something is reminded of a friend, and this will also be happiness.

Separately, you can highlight the topic of friendship and hostility in war.

Names of many poems K. Simonova They speak for themselves: "ODO-pilot", "Comrade", "Death of a friend", "distant friend", "Friends House", "My friend died ...", "The friendship is not becoming a real ...". In the works of K. Simonov, a kind of poetic image of friendship was created, her moral code, friendship demanding, but correct, the one that "from the winds during life does not swing, the death of one of the two ends." In poem A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" and in many lyrical works of the poet, the topic of friendship sounds, responsibility for comrades, memory.

The topic of the importance of friendship, inspection of friendship in difficult circumstances, the needs of a person in the present friend sound in many poems

V. Vysotsky: "In our close circle, not everyone got ...", "So the paths-roads sternly diverged," if somewhere in someone else's unfamiliar night ... "," Song about a friend "," he did not return from the fight " .

The problem of front-line fraternity, partnership, friendship sounds in the audience N. Gogol "Taras Bulba", B. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ...", M. Sholokhov "They fought for their homeland" and others.

The topic of man and animal friendship

The relationship of a person with nature and with its objects can be harmonious, complementary, and may be destructive, and only a person is guilt. In many works of Russian and foreign literature, the topic of man and animal friendship is addressed.

G.N. Troypol "White Bim Black Ear" . Bim - White Scottish Setter with Black Ear. He lives in a veteran of the Great Patriotic War Ivan Ivanovich, who was once a journalist, but now engaged in hunting and sometimes immersed in philosophical reflections. He loves his pet and often takes him on hunting. Nothing foreshadowed troubles, but suddenly Ivan Ivanovich fell into the hospital because of a fragment in the heart remaining there from the war. He gives Bim's neighbors, but the dog runs away and goes to search for the owner. It has a variety of people who are described by the dogs of the dog. Some miles and kind, other evils and even cruel. Ivan Ivanovich is discharged and comes to the shelter, which turned out to be Bim. But to meet two friends are not destined.

A.P. Chekhov "Kashtanka" . This story is familiar to many since childhood. Chestanka is a dog that has lost his master Luka Aleksandrovich. She is trying to find someone who is predicted, but knocks out of his strength and falls asleep. Finding a Kashtanka man who turns out to be a circus clown Mr. George. He picks up a dog and trying to tame it and train with different tricks. Chestanka gets used to a new environment in which Mr. Georges includes, as well as trained goose, pig and cat. And here is the dog in the circus arena and begins to speak, but suddenly he sees his former owner among the audience and rushes to him. Here is such a simple story of devotion and friendship with a happy ending.

Daniel Pennak "Wolf's Eyes". The Polar Wolf, who once lost his eyes, lives in a locked cage of the Paris Zoo. People come to him, but he hates them, because they brought only evil. The wolf conducts monotonous and boring days, but one day a boy named Africa is coming to the zoo. He has a good heart, and he also knows how to tell stories and listen carefully. And this person does not look like the others, he will make the wolf embittered on all people to take a look at the world with completely different eyes. He will be able to see and feel the good, about which he dreamed.

A.I. Kuprin "White Poodle" . The story is that not everything in life can be bought. Stray troupe circus: grandfather Martyn, boy Sergey and Arto Poodle earn a living by street performances. When the audience want to buy the Artso Poodle at the owners, they receive a categorical refusal, because friends do not sell.

The topic of hostility and its consequences

Antithesis to the topic of friendship sounds in the Russian and world literature the theme of hostility and its destructive consequences. The female is devastable for both individuals and integer peoples. A piercing note sounds the thought of meaninglessness and unnecessaryness of hostility and war in Roman-Epopea L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", in "Don Stories" and "Quiet Don" M.A. Sholokhov, romana "Roll" A.A. Fadeev. There is nothing meaningless than a feud among people, no matter how high ideas it would justify.

Tale A.I. Popitkin "Opened Tuchka Golden" On the terrible consequences of Stalin's deportation of residents of Chechen-Ingushetia in other people's lands - to Siberia, Kazakhstan. The work is devoted to the topic of military childhood, carelessness, deportation of peoples for Stalin. The main idea is that the happiness of one people on the unfortunate of the other will not build. The action takes place in the village under the "Caucasian Waters". She was quite recently Chechen, and now, after Chechens were evicted from her and sent Russians, Ukrainians (yes, too, actually deported from native places as "enemies of the people"), called Berezovskaya Stan. Sasha Kuzmina - one of the twins - kill Chechens who managed to avoid the Siberian reference and hide in the mountains. These people are revenge on those who now occupy them at home and cultivates their land. This sick topic is the tragedy of deported peoples - vibrates in the book A.I. Prel will special sound. But contrary to hatred and death simple people Ready to help and maintain each other. So, in the Kolkin heart, the place of the dead brother Sasha occupied Chechen boy Alhuzur. Adults fight between him - the children are broken! About the saving, uniting, helping to survive in an incredibly difficult conditions of friendship tells A. Predashin in his story.

Never have an enmity was creative, did not allow any personal nor global human problems. IN " Word about the regiment of Igor Svyatoslav pronounces " golden Word", Condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated the feudal obedience, which woke up the enmity, led to a new attack of Polovtsy to Russian lands.

W. A.S. Pushkin in story Dubrovsky Casual abandoned word led to hostility and many troubles for the former neighbors. Hostile envious attitude of Swabrin more than once threatened life Peter Greeneva, Hero "Captain's Daughter" . Shakespeare B. Romeo and Juliet The female family ended with the death of the main characters.

Summing up the analysis of works presented in this direction, it is worth noting again that friendship - kind of sustainable individually electoral interpersonal relationshipcharacterized by sympathies and mutual attachment. Friendship involves mutual understanding, frankness, openness, trust, active mutual assistance, interest in affairs and experiences of each other, sincerity and selflessness of feelings. The strength of friendship depends on the community of goals, interests, ideals, intentions, value orientation. Friendship is especially characteristic of youthful age. And although friendship is an intimate personal system of relations, its formation and development depends on a number of objective conditions: the frequency of contacts, accessories to one social group, joint activities, an example of behavior and communication of other people. friendship The character is creative, whereas its opposite - enough - The character is destructive and destructive.

Literature

Articles to help:

Belyaeva N.V. School essay in a new format // Russian language at school. - 2014. - № 5. - P. 8-13.

Belyaeva N.V. School essay on the new turn of the modernization of education // Literature at school. - 2014. - №10. - P. 20-22.

Pavloviec M. The final essay: thematic directions, criteria, conditions // Russian. - 2014. - № 11. - S.59-612.

Dobrotina I.N. About writings as a form of final certification. // Russian language at school. - №5. - 2014. - p.14.

Kalganova TA We remember how to teach schoolchildren to write essays on a literary topic // Literature at school. - 2015. - № 1.

Karlov I.V. Is it worth writing an essay // Rai. - 2014. - № 12.

Mishlimovich M.Ya. Return to circles your own, or new spiral turn? // Literature at school. - 2015. - №2.

New old essay // literature. - 2014. - № 11.

In the footsteps of the December composition // Literature. - 2015. - № 2.

Toropina L.V. The motive of the road in the works of Russian writers of the XIX century // September 1. - 2007. -№6 .

Teachers about the final essay. First impressions // Russian language. - 2015.- № 2.

Hodiakova L.A., Gero IK Preparation for the composition on literature // Russian. - 2015. - №2.

Books to help:

Alekseeva T.V. Writing: Theory and Practice. - St. Petersburg., 2003.

Amelina E.V. We write the final essay before the exam. - Rostov-on-Don, 2015.

Kamenskaya L.Ya. School essay in literature. - M., Enlightenment, 1994.

Meshcheryakov V.N. Genres of school works: theory and practice of writing. - M., 2001.

Tashlykov S.A. Essay: Secrets of the genre. Tutorial. - Irkutsk, 2001.

In Shcherbakova O.I. Types of essays in literature. 10-11 classes. Toolkit for teacher. - M., Enlightenment, 2015.

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