Max Max Shamil Who is Naib Imam
The state of Imamat, arising in the first half of the 19th century in the Northeast Caucasus, primarily thanks to the activities of Imams of Gazi Muhammad, Gamzat-Beck, and especially Shamil and his companions, left a deep mark in the history of Caucasus Civilization. In the defense of Religion and the Native Fatherland, there were decent personalities near the great Imam, which he trusted and had hopes.
"There is no other brave as Ahberdil Muhammad, and the sharper saber than his saber"
Imam Shamil.
Ahberdil Muhammad from Hongzach. One of the most faithful and approximate Nabs Imam Shamil.
Born in the village of Hunzakh in 1803 in the family of the bonding Akhberdi. His grandfather Gazisul Muhammad was a prominent military leader in Avar Nuzza. As a child, he received an excellent education, by ten years knew the Quran by heart, owned Arab, Chechen and Kumyk language. Active activity began during the first Imama of Dagestan Gazimuhammad, with whom he met during study in Himra. Participant of the battle of Akhulgo. Since 1840, he served the functions of a Mudir in Malaya Chechnya and at the same time was considered the first deputy Imama Shamil. Awarded several top awards. In addition to courage and military talent, he was smart and knew how to place. Thanks to his skillful diplomacy, in the territories entrusted to him, it was able to unite the disparate population and form the basis of the statehood of Imamat. It was officially announced by the successor of Imam Shamil.
Even such a brief biographical reference becomes clear why Ahberdil Muhammad considered a particularly close friend of Imam Shamil, a man with whom the Great Imam was consulted and, finally, who was declared his successor. Let's now recall some bright episodes from the life of this mel.
Childhood and youth
The ancestors Ahberdil Muhammad were prominent military, his grandfather Gazisul Muhammad was a famous military auditor of the Hongzakh troops, so the cult of honor and valor in the upbringing was paramount in their families. From early childhood, Muhammad was distinguished by courage and courage, among the peers was distinguished by the effort and perseverance, was a gifted boy, so he received a good education. He studied in Hunzach, Arakani, Ghimh, Chirque, Chirkat, also studied at Lachinlaw from Hariko and Said Arakan and was Murid Muhammad Yaragsky. Some time worked as imam in Batlukh. Being imam in Batlukh, with 18-year-old Muhammad there was an interesting case telling about his god-fearing. The youth of Batlukhtsev wanted to test him for persistence and decided to send a girl to him. Without finding more suitable, one of the guys decided, told the essence of the draw, send his sister to Imam. After the night Namaz, she went to Ahberdil Muhammad with a plate of the miracle. Young imam was busy reading books, she, putting a plate, did not hurry to leave and began to confuse him with conversations on "different" topics. Not to say a word, Akhberdilav drove finger to the candle and continued to hold over the fire, while the room did not smell fried. From horror, the girl began shouting and asked Imam what he was doing. What he replied: "I'm not the person who can make the heat of this fire, and how did you think, how can I bring the heat of hellish fire?" A frightened girl ran out of the room and told the words of Muhammad to the guys who watched what was happening through the window.
In his youth, Akhberdila tested closely and was friends with other scientists from his native village Hussein Alibeck, Alimchul Hussein and Hajiyasul Muhammad, who from the first days were supported by the first Imam Gazimuhammad, who later followed And Akhberdlav himself, being a rather young man aged about 25 years. He was faithful to Murida for both Gazimuhamad and the second Imam Gamzatbeck. But completely personality Ahberdil Muhammad manifested itself with the beginning of the activities of Imam Shamil, then he could be seen on the most severe parts of Gazavat.
In the summer of 1837, his detachments fought against General Fesy, freed the captured ashilt, provided help from the rear by the deposited Imaum Shamil and Kebad Muhamad from Telelt. Along with military actions, he participates in all state affairs and, as can be seen, enjoyed enormous confidence in Imam. For example, the autumn of 1837 a meeting was held by Imam Shamil with General Blevia von Curegenau. At these negotiations, Akhberdilas is also present next to Imam. The royal command offered Imamam Shamil to become a spiritual leader of Dagestan and Chechnya under the patronage of the emperor. If you remember the events of that autumn, we know that with a visit to the Caucasus Emperor Nicholas I came to Tiflis. The catch was that under this pretext to bring Imam with a sovereign to Tiflis. And after a three-hour conversation, when General Kegeneau extended to Imaem Shamil's hand, Akhberdlav got up between them and prevented this, saying that the leader of the Orthodox would not catch the hand to the colonizers.
Subsequently, this historical meeting was reflected on the canvas by the famous Russian artist Gagarin.
But she did not give results, and the royal command decided to end the Shamil with Imam Shamil. And after a heavy battle in Argvani, Imam began to strengthen Ahulgo. In early June, General Grabbe approached the gardens with. Ashilts with a thousand soldier squad and 22 guns, together with him there were about 4500 Dagestanis who fought on the side of the royal strength. Imam Shamil understood that it would be difficult to defend himself for a long time without external support, to organize Ahberdil Muhamadu and Surhay from Kolo. On June 19, together with Galbacdibir from Karats, a detachment of about 1500 people appeared on Ashiltinsky altitudes. On June 19 and 22, AkhberdilaV did repeated attempts to break through the blockade, but against the troops, the number many times exceeding Murids, the attacks turned out to be unsuccessful and were repulsed, after which Akhberdilas himself came across a small group to Ahulgo to Imam.
And after the heroic death of Chairiusul Alibek and Surhi from Kolo Third, who was entrusted by the defendance of Ahulgo, became Ahberdil Muhammad.
Another interesting fact is known: with a waste from Ahulgo, they came across the company's company, when, defending Imam, fell by the death of the martyr Naib Sultan-Beck from Mill. Then Ahberdil Muhammad told Imamam that he saw a dream in which Ahulgo was flooded, and he and I imam and with a small group were saved, which meant their salvation. And here once again we see how Akhberdilav was close to Imam and how Imam was worried about him. When Isagaji from Chirkey arrived with food to the battle-thirsty with Ahulgo and his associates, Imam primarily orders to transport the bleeding Muhammad to the horse.
In Chechnya
Arriving in Chechnya, Imam divided the terrain into four terms and appointed Naibes there. In the largest in the territory and population, Ahberdil Muhammad was appointed in Malaya Chechnya. As Heatarbek Genicutlinsky wrote, "Shaml appointed his governor in one of the regions of Avars (al-Avari), which is for those places Muhadzhir - Muhammad Son Akhberdi-pious scientist, an active fighter for faith, assistant to the cause of religion, crusher of incorrect and munapikov, support of imam, faithful servant of Islam" .
General Gagarin wrote: "In Malaya Chechnya, he gave (Shamil) to the famous Ahverda magician, raids with his terrible all of Terek, but a good and noble person. In all important cases, this brave warrior was the right hand of Shamil. "
In a short time, together with the Maxi Shuyb, Javathan, Gagzhi-Muhammad, Sukhaib, Azdemir, Maasha and Tashav Haji from the beginning of 1840, launched a great job of mobilizing and combining the people to fight. Ahberdil Muhammad acted strongly and quickly, ahead of the royal troops, who sought to crush Chechen villages. It was necessary before the start of summer when the fighting was unfolded in full force, time to organize people. Together with Chechen associates, he succeeds only for 3-4 months to mobilize the Imam Aukhovtsev, Kachkalyukov, Ingush and almost all plain Chechens. In the territories entrusted to him, he managed to be one of the first to organize the state device and showed himself as a competent administrator. Examples of how hard he fought with corruption and crime, as far as possible reduced taxes and achieved a decline in prices for goods in his location, which was even noted by Genaral Major Olshevsky in the report General Grabbe in 1842.
Ahberdil Muhammad acquired authority and among the Chechens too, he was respected, in addition to courage and military talent, for deep religious knowledge and for the fact that he loved to read the lives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessing) and always tried to like his behavior and temper. Peace him and blessing). Therefore, his traits were very soft, he quickly found a common language with people with whom communicated. It is also known that he was a good speaker. It was said that after a long time after the war, a tree could be seen in a small Chechnya, he rose to him and read the preaching before Gazavat, which was never tired of repeating:
"Fear Allah. Do not kill old people, do not humiliate women and children, do not mock the prisoners and killed and do not kill the wounded. Who is not merciful, and Allah is not merciful. "
By April, mobile detachments have already acted, holding back the royal forces, which are sown from Nazran and Vladikavkaz. In these combat campaigns, the famous Battle of Valeric's river on July 11, 1840 under the command of Akhberdil Muhammad should be noted. Then the mountaineers, including those brave most famous as Javathan, Dumb, Shuayb Mullah and Tashav -Haji, managed to stop the further promotion of troops into the depths of Chechnya. Noting the braveness of the huts, General Golofeev wrote in the report to General Grabbe:
"There must be justice to Chechens; They have taken everything to make our dubious success. Choosing a place that they strengthened in ruins to continue 3 days, unheard; Dotola's unheard fees in Chechnya, in which Mukhchikov were residents of large and small Chechnya; Amazing cold-blooded, with whom they submitted us to the forest to the most faithful shot. "
The famous Russian poet M.Yu participated in this battle Lermontov with the rank of lieutenant. Subsequently, he reflected this event in his poem "Valerik", as well as on two canvas.
Naib-Humanist
By the way, after this battle, Naib stopped the terrible custom of wars mock the bodies of those killed.
When, after the battle, someone from the mountaineers wanted to cut off the head one of the remaining tens of tens of the dead of the royal soldiers and the Cossacks on the battlefield, Ahberdil Muhammad strictly forbade the body. Moreover, he said: "This is a person who is the creation of the Most High, as well as I, maybe the Almighty for him is another, but he is all one for us."
Further, Naib ordered to steal from the enemy camp of the priest, to bury all those killed in Christian custom, and then, giving him a gold or silver ruble, sent back. When the priest told the command of what had happened, the royal officers was not on their own because the initiative to ban this custom does not come from them, civilized nobles, but from the so-called "wild" horses. After that, and Galafeev forbade the subordinate to cut the heads killed. Such moments are an excellent illustration that Imam Shamil and His Maxi did not fight with any people, but only defended the religion and the native land from the cruel policy of tsarism.
This attitude towards people, despite their nationality and faith, was not the only one in the state of Imam Shamil.
From the notes of Prince or Orbeliani, who had captured to the mountaineers, when taking Kumuha in 1842, it became known ... How Naib approached the prisoner, invited them to sit down and announced that Imam Shamil was not ashamed of anything wrong, but wants to redeem them from Russians in captivity From the time of Ahulgo Son Jamaluddin. Expressing sincere sympathy of the prisoner, Ahberdil Muhammad wished them not to lose the hardestness of the spirit and patience and gave everyone to everyone for a silver ruble.
The people remember the Russian officer of Igor Gerasimenko, who was caught among the hired killers salted to whom. When he voluntarily admitted to the rapid atrocity, Akhberdila was released him, but he said that he was no expense, after which the officer remained among other Russians who switched to the side of Imam. Gerasimenko taught a literacy soldier and built a small chapel in Gheei, afterwards one of his sons gave the name Ahberdilav.
The period of the Caucasian War is full not only by the description of the battles and battles, but also beautiful stories about the nobility of Howsers, who, unfortunately, we do not know well. One of these stories happened to Ahberdil Muhammad and his close friend of Chariu, Krabrene Batuko. Once, Ahberdil Muhammad saw one beauty-Chechen and began to ask her friend about her. Batuko sent people to the parents of the girl and soon wore for his friend. Learning the bride home, Akhberdilav saw tears in her eyes. He asked why she was so grieved, but the girl was silent. Then the persistent Akhberdlav Mizinyz wiped a tear that rushes through her cheek and received unexpected recognition. It turned out that she was marked for his friend Batuko. The friend amazed by the nobility, Akhberdilav cut off the saber finger, who touched her, and sent a girl back to his parents.
This case showing true nobility and honor of the huts wrote and Rasul Gamzatov in his work
Mozdok
In the bright life of this mel, you can find many amazing histories of courage and courage. One of them is a campaign on Mozdok. On October 11, at dawn, Akhberdilas approached the fortress of Mozdok, counting on the town of a sudden storm, but the dying fog prevented - they were noticed on the fortress' guard towers. The hustances rushed at the assault, but the flurry of the fire of garrison cannons made them, destroying the enemy stages, adjacent to the city, retreat in the mountains. From this campaign, brave Naib brings the daughter of Armenian merchant Anna Ulukhanov. Anna Akhberdilav's mother and mother and mother returned for a big redemption, and Anna brought to Dargo. Subsequently, Anna wanted to stay with Imam Shamil, accepted Islam and the name Shuangat, remained faithful to his wife to him until the end of his days. There were many such campaigns on the North-West Caucasus, to Kizlyar, to protect Saladavia, etc., and in all battles, Akhberdila was ahead.
The famous Naid Hadzhimrad, famous for his courage and hotness, also always tried to be ahead and always learned in battle. One day he raised the dawn of the army and he led to the attack, but he saw that Ahberdlav was already fighting. Watching the course of the battle under Kumuch, they both were in the team point, as suddenly the core of the enemy cannon born not far from them. Hadzhimurad has shudder from surprise, and Akhberdilav did not even believe in an eyebrow, as if nothing had happened. "Steel, see, the heart of this mel!" - exclaimed admired Hadzhimrad.
Death of Hero
The impact and authority of such Maxa of Imam Shamil as Akhberdilas, of course, could not disturb the enemy, so soon after the beginning of his active activity, the royal command was trying in every way to get rid of him.
From the instructions of the Military Minister of the Tsarist Army of the Chernyshev General, in the instructions of the Commander in the Caucasus General Golovin on July 19, 1842:
"It seems to me that the combustion of the mountaineers on the left flank of the Caucasian line and in Northern Dagestan under the head of Shamil, and the emergence between his associates of persons who have acquired as Ahberdi Magoma and Shuaibe Mullah and others, some influence between the SIM Societies, indicating, on the one hand, the need To strive for the separation of them quite ... by itself, that observance of the strictest mystery, the choice of dedicated agents, complete confidence of deserving and cash donations the essence of the indispensable condition for the success of such interchanges "
In turn, Golovin in secret prescription, General Grabbe, wrote:
"There is no doubt that through the destruction of this enterprising party Shamil, we would get rid of one of the most risk to his guns, and the calming of Chechnya would then be much less difficult."
On June 12, 1843, during the battle, the village of Argun was shaved in the upper reaches of the Argun River during the attack, this brave Naib Imam Shamil was injured. He managed to kill the enemy and retreat in the mountains.
The shot was made at the rear, shot a bought traitor. Another six days Ahberdil Muhammad fought for life. Imam Shamil immediately arrived, from all the Imamata the best doctors were thrown, it was really a very important and necessary person, the second largest in Imamate.
But the wound was deadly and on June 18, 1843, the brave Naib died. He was buried in the village of Gushkort the current Chateauan district of Chechnya. The death of the successor became so strong for Imam Shamil that he fell ill and was sled, and only a month later he was able to recover from this loss. And then IMAM swore that for this death will be answered by the liberation of the homeland of his friend Akhberdilava Hongzach, in whose fortresses was a strong royal garrison. And in the same 1843, Shamil managed to do this, and the Elderly father of Akhberdilava provided all the assistance to the detachments of Imam Shamil. The death of the Grozny Maxus has long been hidden from the enemy. Almost 10 years after his death, the governor of the Caucasus, Field Marshal Prince M.S. Vorontsov in a letter to Yermolov, evaluating the Hadjimrada who died at the return in 1852 to Shamil wrote: "There was no person to him like in Dagestan and there was no, except for Akhberdi Magoma, killed in 1844 (indeed in 1843) and, it seems, will not be."
Once upon a time after the war, Imam Shamil was asked: " Who was the most courageous warrior from your warriors? " Imam not thinking answered: " Akhberdil Muhammad and Hiiryasul Alibeg from Hongzach ». « What was their heroism?"They asked him. Imam answered: " When the nuclei of your guns, got to us, spike and bouncing, ready to explode, they took them with bare hands and threw away from their people»
To this day, a good memory has been preserved about this righteous scientist and brave Maja. And today the fruits of friendship are visible between the peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan, Batuko and Akhberdil Muhammad, are visible. The grateful descendants of Maila Batuko and today are true to the friendship of their ancestor and continue to care for the graves of the Nabs of Imam Shamil Ahberdil Muhammad from Hongzach and Batuko from Chaina.
References:
1. Dadaev Muradullah, "Ahberdil Muhammad", gas. "AS-Salaam"
2. Dadaev YUSOP, "Ahberdil Muhammad, the famous Naib Shamil"
3. Gamzaev Magomed, Imam Shamil
4. Hasanaliev Magomed, "The First Caucasian War"
Akhberdilav is the legendary Naib Imam Shamil.
Gazavat. It means directly a combat clash on the path of Allag of Almighty, this is the struggle, the effort of the soul and body in order to exalt and spread the religion of Allag.
The Caucasus is a "diamond" of world civilization that cannot be cut. People inhabiting this fertile land have always been noticeable in world history, starting with the prophet Noah (peace to him) and to today.
"The tickness of fighters, their wild indomitable appearance, their villages and rocks, their rapid rivers, their tales and stories - this is where poetry, and if one is different and loses a little, then the Caucasus is a magical country!" So the German artist Theodore Gormshelte said about us, who has passed on the mountain paths of the Caucasus and visited many mountainous villages.
Caucasian War of the XIX century Spent a large number of heroes both with one and on the other hand. Nevertheless, many of them, until recently, undeservedly remained in the shadows. In this article, we are trying to recreate a number of episodes from one of the most prominent leaders of the liberation struggle of Horstsev - Akhberdilava.
Genuine name of our hero - Mohammed. He was born at the beginning of the XIX century in the capital of the Avarian Khan Hanzakh, in the family of the bonding Akhberdi. In the accident he was called Ahberdil Mohammed; In official Russian documents, he is known as Ahverda (Akhberdi) Magoma.
Akhberdilas was among the supporters of the first Imams of Dagestan and Chechnya - Gazi Magomed and Gamzat-Bek. Documentary certificate has been preserved that, when reconciling residents of villages, New and Old Kakhib, together with Muhammedlav Rugeldinsky, whom "the deceased Imam Gamzat-Beck appointed the ruler of these settlements, was present as a warranty-guarantor Mohammed Hongzakh, son Akhberdi.
Especially bloomed military and administrative talent of Akhberdilava at Shamile.After becoming in the ranks of his closest associates, Ahberdil Mohammed was in the field of view of the royal administration in the Caucasus, and in 1837 he was already among the leaders of the rebels. In May - July 1837, AkhberdilaV participated in the reflection of the punitive expedition In the mountains of the commander of the troops in North Dagestan, General Major K. K. Fesy. After the fierce fights at Aules Aschil and Teltl, the royal general was forced to conclude a truce with the horsepower on credit conditions.
On September 18, 1837, Mohammed Akbeldiev is present with the famous meeting of Imam Shamil with Major General F. K. Kitziki Blyragenau, a Gimlin Spring. General, replaced by K. K. Feses as commander of Russian troops in Dagestan, tried to incline Imam to the honorary surrender and the appearance of "with the opposite" In Tiflis to the Emperor, Nicholas I, who committed a trip to the Caucasus at that time. In return, the leader of the liberation movement of the huts was promised to "the highest forgiveness" and the recognition of his "spiritual leader" of Muslims Dagestan and Chechnya. Shamil reacted evasively, promising to consult with messengers and elders. An irreconcilable Akhberdlav was outraged by the proposed transaction, and Shamil was worth a lot of effort to repay the conflict that flashed between him and Cugene. Two weeks later, the royal authorities in the Caucasus received a negative response to their suggestions from Imam. Granted a decisive collision of forces.
General P. H. Grabbe explained the established setting like this: "This time, the Dagestanis saw that it was about freedom or perfect conquest of the mountains and that they should consume all efforts and the last funds to accomplish their independence. In the summer of 1839, after stubborn battles Russian troops made their way to the residence of Imam Akhulgo. Shamil turned for help to his associates. "Several trusted persons were already sent to different societies of Dagestan for collecting new detachments: Ahverda Magoma - Boguyal, Surhai - in Igali, Galbats - in Andei.
Having gathered several thousand Mountain militia, Akhberdilas went to the revenue to the deposited Imam. His detachment was disturbed by Russian troops, precipitated Ahulgo (4).
Taking advantage of the distraction of the part of the detachment of P. H. Grabbe, besieged on the night of June 23, 1839 produced a tale, destroying the heads of siege work. Akhberdilav passed through the cordons of the royal troops through the cordons of the royal troops and appeared on Akhulgo to Imam. Like everyone, he resistantly tolerated the unparalleled siege, participated in the reflection of the storms taken by Grabbe on July 16 and August 17, 1839. In them, Russian troops lost 258 people killed and 1174 - wounded and controversial. Considerable damage suffered both mountaineers (5).
Meanwhile, the forces of the defendant melted (according to D. A. Milyutin, to the beginning of the siege in the villages of the old and new ahulgo were "more than 4,000 shower of both sexes ...; armed was over 1000), the number of deposits continuously increased. In the report of General Grabbe dated August 24, 1839, Akhberdilav again appears: "Attachment to the saclars, covering the whole enemy position, forced Shamil to turn most of his strength to this item to stop the movement of our column.
The bloody common cause has ringed, which continued until the night. Murids, under the leadership of Hongzhan Ahverda Magoma, kept with extraordinary perseverance, but were finally displaced from Left Sakley. The right, most inaccessible in its position, detained the Kabardians share; It was necessary to let the sappie for the collapse of Oyoy. By evening and she was destroyed and all her defenders were exterminated; The Kabardians immediately occupied this trench ready for them and hidden off the enemy shots. The night stopped the fight ... "
The heroic efforts of Akhberdilava and his comrades only delayed the tragic junction. There were too unequal forces ... August 22, 1839 Ahulgo fell. "... in two hours in the afternoon on both castles, the Russian banner was waved," the robbbe was rambered. - On August 23, the two battalions of the Absheron Region took the lower caves in which Murida sat down and destroyed all those who did not decide to surrender immediately ... Loss The enemy is enormous: 900 bodies killed on one surface of ahulgo, excluding those that are scattered by caves and ravines, with a terrible 700 prisoners and property deposited, many weapons, one falcon and two icons remained in our hands ... "
Imam with the closest associates, among whom Ahberdilav was, managed to escape from the enemy environment. The emperor Nicholas I responded to the winning report wary: "Fine, but it is a pity that Shamil left, and confess that I am afraid of his new goats. We will see what will happen next." The fears of the emperor were justified very soon. When in the spring of 1840, a general uprising broke out in Chechnya, his faithful companion Akhberdilava Shamil appointed a small Chechnya (this room was one of the largest).
Maja fully justified the confidence of Imam, showing himself a skillful administrator and a talented commander. He joined the Imamate part of Ingushetia (the tribes of the Galashevchev and Karabulakov), raised to the uprising of the pendant Chechens. According to P. H. Grabbe, "about 1,500 families consist of Schuaip-Mullah under the superior, and in the small Chechnya section under the maintenance of Ahverda Magoma - 5700" (10). When the chief of the Chechen detachment, Lieutenant General A. V. Galafeev spoke on July 6, 1840 from the fortress Grozny with the next expedition against the rebels, Akhberdilag arranged him an ambush in the Gahinsky Forest, and then on July 11 he gave a fight at pre-prepared positions. The course of this battle was colorfully and accurately depicted in the poem "Valerik" M. Yu. Lermontov, who participated in the hike in the rank of Lieutenant of the Tenghin Infantry Regiment. Akhberdil Mohammed as soon as possible to collect the scattered forces of the Chechen NABO (Javat-Khan, Domboy, Shuaip Mullah, Tashav Gagzhi, and others) and withstand the superior forces of the royal troops to equal to equals (6.5 infantry battalions, 1.5 Thousands of Cossacks, 14 artillery guns).
Noting the high martial art of Hytsev, General A. V. Galafeev wrote in the report of P. H. Grabbe and E. A. Golovin: "There should also be justice to Chechens; they undertaken everything to make the success of our dubious. Choice of the place they strengthened dubs in the continuation of 3 days; the dotole fee in Chechnya, in which there were Mukchikov, residents of a large and small Chechnya, fled to the needlera and all Sunzhenski villages, from each courtyard of 1 people; an amazing cold-blooded, with which they submitted us to the forest to the most The faithful shot; a surprise for the lower ranks of this meeting, - all this together could shake the hardness of the soldier and vouch for the success in which they have not doubted. " Losses on both sides were very large: the rebels - 150 people are only killed, in the royal troops - killed and wounded 344 people.
Promotion of punitive expedition to the depths of Chechnya was suspended. Simultaneously with the battle on r. Valerik Highlanders achieved success in Dagestan, where Shamil defeated the tsarist troops from the village of Ishkart.
Despite the sharpness of the confrontation, Imam and his Naib, respectfully relate to their opponents. And after the fight in the Gakhinsky forest, Akhberdilas ordered to bury the fallen servicemen on the Christian rite. To this end, the Chechens were stolen from the Russian camp of the Orthodox priest, which was committed by a funeral rite. After that, the priest was fed and released back.
In the autumn of 1840, fights in Chechnya and Dagestan resumed with a new force.During this period, Akhberdlav made a bold and daring throw to the north: on September 29, his squad appeared on the Terek against Mozdok. Distributed fog prevented suddenness of the attack, and under the onslaught of royal troops, the rebels were forced to retreat in the mountains, destroying the suburban stages and Aul Major General of the Russian service of Kabardian Prince Beckovich-Cherkasi. From this campaign, the Daughter of Armenian merchant Ulukhanova Anna, who had later became the wife of Shamil under the name of Shuanet subsequently, brought.
During the winter campaign of 1840/41, Muhammed Akhberdiyev showed himself not only a skilled strategist, but also a talented organizer and propagandist. When the farm left and brutally suffered from strong frosts, Nearby Chechens "began to rapid on Akhverda Magoma, presenting to him that they were ruined and that they do not know what to feed in the future, and therefore convincingly asked him to allow them to go and offer their humility Russians; Ahverda Magoma agreed on it, "Vladikavkaz commander Colonel of Shirokov wrote about this from January 14, 1841. The events further unfolded as follows: "Two trusted people were already chosen to send to us with an exposability; but at that time some Gaggi came, who announced that he returned from Mecca, and filed Akhverda Magome letter as if Ibrahim-Pasha (commander, son of the ruler of Egypt. - I. K.) and a jar of Holy Water. According to the reading of the Ahverda Magoma, he said those who surrounded that Ibrahim-Pasha asks him to continue resistance to spring and that then he would come to Tiflis with the troops. This again encouraged Chechens; people appointed to send to us were stopped, and should be made on January 20 to make a new attempt to attack the military-Georgian road "(14). Then Akhberdilas dissolved the militias at home, leaving with them the most devoted murids. Residents of small Chechnya sheltered their fellow travelers from Nadratic villages.
The royal command with concern was observed for the actions and an increase in the influence of the Chechen mel. It understood that he is an outstanding warlord and administrator, authority for the mountaineers. On January 29, 1841, E. A. Golovin sends a secret prescription of P. H. Grabbe, in which It proposes to allocate 2 thousand rubles with silver "for the extermination of Ahverda Magoma, and the fulfillment of this business ... To entrust the Major General Olshevsky, "the new head of the left flank of the Caucasian line." No doubt, - wrote the Golovin - that, through the destruction of this enterprising chamil's associate, we would get rid of one of the most dangerous tools, And calming Chechnya would then be much less difficult. "
But the Imamat security service created by Shamil managed to prevent the intended attempt at that time. Moreover, the Summer Campaign Plan of the Summer Campaign was known for the mountain intelligence. "The rumor that for the summer will arrive at the line a lot of troops, swept in the mountains, and the rebels want to take advantage of the time remaining before their arrival, to apply, if you can lose any sensitive harm," said P. H. Grabbe in the report Military Minister A. I. Chernyshev (15). Akhberdilav suggested Shamil to make a campaign to the West, in the Kabarda, to establish control over the military Georgian road and reclose to the uprising of the Adygo Circassian tribes of the Western Caucasus. At the same time, he referred to the proposal of delegates from Abadzekh people on joint actions against the royal troops and the compound in Ossetia on the p. Ardon. Understanding that the uprising, limited territory, only Dagestan and Chechnya, ultimately doomed to defeat, Imam accepted the proposal of his faithful mel. On April 4, 1841, the united army of the Howsers, consisted of various sources, from 10 to 15 thousand people, focused on the Valerik River, crossing the 5th river on the 5th night, and at dawn on April 6 it came to Nazran. But the royal command managed to transfer major reinforcements to the threatened area. In addition, the Kabardians, Ossetians and Nazranovsky Ingush did not support the rebels. After stubborn battles, Shamil was forced to take his detachments. In turn, the attempt of the Caucasian administration to develop their success failed. By the summer at the fronts of the Caucasian war, a temporary calm came.
The peaceful breath of Shamil used to strengthen the state of the Highlanders. Mohammed Akhberdiyev with his head was given to creating along with the folk militia of regular parts of infantry and cavalry with a regimental structure and differences. Soon, the detachments collected in the Nabis Akhberdilava were among the most combat-ready and disciplined divisions of the Shamil army. They strictly observed the prescriptions, the imam data: "When to defeat the wrong, do not kill either old men, nor women, no children; do not burn the Niva, do not rub the trees, do not cut animals (except those cases when they are needed for food), do not deceive When you are in mutual truce, and do not break the world when you concluded it. " Many horses from Akhberdilava detachments (both Dagestanis and Chechens) were proud of the differences with the inscription: "Brave and courageous." Panties marked with symbolic felt stripes on sleeves or back was practically not. Mohammed Akhberdiev himself had several of the highest awards of Imamat, including a treaty (brush on the checker handle), assigned to him for courage and fearlessness, as well as a special silver order with the inscription: "There is no man brave it. No saber is sharper than his saber."
Akhberdila showed himself as a skilled administrator. Following Shamil, he determined the grades in size much smaller than before; The poorest part of the population from taxes was released. It was allowed to pay not only money and agricultural products, but also to all that residents may or want to give. Therefore, as he recognized on January 9, 1842 in the report of P. H. Grabbe, the head of the left flank of the Caucasian line, Major General Olshevsky, the Chechens are constantly paid to the social treasury, and they have bread "twice as cheaper than in Kumki-owned and in the Nadrakeh villages" (eighteen). Help the low-income mining hills.
As a person honest and fundamental, Akhberdilas as Muah's post resolutely fought with any manifestations of theft, corruption, abuse of Imamat's officials. When four elders tried to assign a part of the money received by the public treasury as a repurchase for the liberation of prisoners captured during a brandy raid in September 1840, Ahberdil Mohammed personally took up this case. He punished the perpetrators, and the money ordered to distribute the needy (19).
About the attitude of Ahberdil Mohammed to the prisoner is evidenced by the story of Prince I or Orbeliani, who has taken captive when taking Mountains Kumuha (20). He subsequently received freedom in exchange for Murids, the prince recalled how Naib approached the prisoner, invited them to sit down and announced that imam was not ashamed of anything wrong, but he wants to receive them from the Russian government of his son from the time of Akhulgo in the Amanats, whose He loves gently. Expressing sincere sympathy of the prisoner, Akhberdlav wished them not to lose the hardness of the spirit, patience and courage and gave everyone to everyone for a silver ruble. According to memories of the Georgian Prince, a verbal portrait of the Hongzakh hero can be made up: "In the features of his face, it is depicted by a kindness and composure; a dense physique shows strength and health; it dresses better than other Chechen chiefs."
Analyzing the exploration data and numerous reports, the new commander-in-chief of the individual Caucasus Corps General A. I. Neidgardt came in 1842 to the conclusion that The most noticeable figure in the ranks of the rebels of the mountaineers after Shamil is Akhberdlav. He was not only the Whole Chechnya Lamb, but also a Mudir (Governor-General. - I. K.) of all Chechnya; One of the few among the elite of Imamata had the title of General (except for him, the generals were only the Dagestan Majaacker-Kadii and Kibit-Magomet, Chechen - Ullubiy and Shuaip-Mullah) (21). It was assumed that Muhammed Akhberdiev would take the position of Imam in the event of the death of Shamil.
In the spring of 1843, preparing for the final liberation of his native accident, Shamil sends his best messenger to Andyia to create a bridgehead for the onset of Huns and Gergebil. At the same time, Akhberdila is given a honorable order - to lead the defense of the capital of Imamata - Dargo. Mohammed Akhberdieva in Malaya Chechnya in early April was divided into two parts, one of which was headed by his friend - Starin Aul Urus-Martan Issa, and another - Tatar Yusuf-Haji. As a master of Chechnya, Akhberdlav led the activities of newly appointed Nabs).
Having received the next reports about Akhberdil Mohammed's actions, A. I. Naidgardt ordered to forcing actions to eliminate it. According to the bodge of the bailiff of the Mountain Peoples of Prince Avalishvili, Akhberdilav on June 12, 1843 near the village of Shatil in the upper reaches. Argun was "heavily wounded in the back above the blades of the bullet, which remained inside." According to Hevsursky legends, the treacherous shot did during the negotiations of the Highlander named Chvante, bribed with the Shatilian elders. Mohammed Akhberdiev managed to kill the attempted and retreat in the mountains, taking prisoners and taking a lot of livestock. For several days, his body fought for life, but the wound turned out to be fatal. On June 18, 1843, Akhberdilas died. The next day, the head of the left flank of the Caucasian line General-Major R. K. Freitag, without hiding his satisfaction, Donosil A. I. Neidgardt: "According to rumors who came to me through the lazuts, Akhverda Magoma killed in the case he had with a tribe Aho, adjacent to the kiss, for the conquest of which he was sent by Shamil. The death of Ahverda Magoma has a strong influence on Chechens, and they have fallen very well. "
Mohammed Akhberdiev was buried in the village of Gush-Kert's current Sateauevsky district of Chechnya. In the autumn of the same year, his arms comrades moved to a decisive offensive in Dagestan. On November 17, 1843, the garrison of Russian troops left the Avar capital of Hunsh ...
Bashir-Sheikh was born in 1810, in the ancient village of Ediry. It was from the name of Adzhiev by the name of the seventh or eighth ancestor, which was Alim and Haja (who made a hajj in Mecca and Medina). Father Abu lived and died in the village of Edirya, like his ancestors. The sister Abu Zhannat-Abay was also in Sana Evlia and also buried in the village of Ediry. The graves of fathers and relatives Bashir-Sheikh are also located in the village of Ediry. In the official historical literature and documents of the Caucasian war period, the name Bashir-Sheikh does not appear.
A number of researchers believe that Bashir-Sheikh and Naib Shamil Aukhovsky District Ullubiy Mullah is the same face. This conclusion leads to a comparison of many facts and events from the life of Bashir Sheikh and Ullubimulla. This opinion is adhered to the well-known Chechen scientist Historian Adam Duhaev, Salambek Magomedov and others. Dagestan scientist Yusob Dadaev in his book "Mistray Mouliera", speaking about Ullubie Mulle, writes: "At the head of the Aukhov plot, Shamil put a very brave and Valiant Ullubia, who he also knew young people when they studied at Said Arakan, then Passed studies in the Madrasa of the village of Chirki. Ullubiy created a clear military structure in his muditality. Even the royal generals recognized that Ullubiy was one of the first in creating a slender system of the Armed Forces of Imamata.
For courage, Shamil awards Ullubia Medal and Order. At the Order of Ullubia, the following inscription was carved: "This is one of the outstanding Nabs of Shamil, the Grand Sultan, the famous patron of Orthodox. May Allah will Allah Most High his state. " The Chechen researcher Hamid Prickov writes: "When Prince Baryatinsky was sent to the king in the Caucasus, he sent a man to Bashir-Sheih with the news that he wanted to meet and talk to him. Knowing that Bashir-Sheikh has a big impact on the minds and hearts of Muslims, he tried to incline him to stop the bloody struggle. On the
The approval of Baryatinsky, that the Caucasus belongs to Russia, Bashir-Sheikh replied: "And to you were the generals who threatened to conquer the Caucasus. And many of them died. Your actions only incite cruelty. Many customs who are not alien to Russians are unacceptable for us. All people are equal before God. We understand the language of the world, not the war. And you and we need a world. In the affairs of peacekeeping, I always assistant, but not from you, or from other military leaders, we have not seen anything except cruelty ... There is no man who does not want to take revenge on you. The truth is that you did not scare our people, only strengthened the hostility to ourselves. " After this meeting, they will never see again. The time will pass and Baryatinsky will say to his adjutant: "If it were not necessary to change the religion, I would become a student of Bashir-Sheikh. This is a great man. "
This fact is stated in the works of other authors. "We have very scarce sources about the period of the Name of Bashir-Sheikh (Abu)," Adam Dukhaev writes. - There is a letter written by Shamil Maabu Bashir about the procedure for managing the location, not earlier than April 1845 and no later than June 1850. But there is an opinion that it was addressed to the nabulatsee Bashirbeck from Kazikumukha. As you know, in the mid-40s of the XIX century, Bashirbeck, for contact with the royal generals, was dismissed from the post of magnitude, and a little later taken as a teacher Gazi-Magomed, the son of Shamil, and lived in a gift. He died in Chechnya, and the enemies cut off his head. In connection with this, the most appropriate email addressee, we seem to Naib Bashir-Sheikh, just intensified in the specified years and received from the dimmer from the fire Izhaz Sheikh. Shamil wrote: "From the Lord of the Orthodox Shamil, his beloved brother Major Bashiro is multiple to you." And then: "On a noble brother, never think that I think (to do) with regard to you, having believes the words of the jams, slandering you. I (enough) experienced the acts of people for a long time and realized that many of them arrive like dogs, wolves, foxes and the devil-tempter. Promotion, dispense
Right in your vilayat, guided by a high balliacat. Forbide them indecent bad acts and a breaking. Get rid of myself and your family from the fact that you hate your Lord - and people will be satisfied with you. The rest will tell you the executor of this letter. And peace". Who, if not Sheikh, can be guided by the Sharia, prohibit people bad actions and a breaking? Not every naib was capable of it. And besides, with the words "Favorite Noble Brother", Shamil usually appealed to the righteous people who preached Tarikat (Adam Duhaev. Poet, Providez, Martyr. Nalchik: Printed Dvor LLC, 2014. P. 13-14).
In early 1855, Bashir-Sheikh secretly went to preach Tarikat to the Kumyk plane, where he was traded and arrested by the head of the Kabardian regiment by Major General Baron Leonthius Pavlovich Nikolai. Imam Shamil in his letter general apply to his release: "From Prince (Emir) Muslim Shamil to the head of the Russian General-Baron. We have heard that you have gathered poor families who left Jara, to feed their families; This is indecent on your part. And we also heard that you send our abreks that are in your hands, to Siberia. In this case, you do not deceive me. And deceive themselves, and with this you send your prisoners in the coffin; You have Siberia, and we have a coffin. My last word: If you give all prisoners, ranging from Bashira, in this case, you will get your prisoners, and I will expect a response from you if you are the intention to give our and take your own. And I ask you to choose from two one: whether you will take your prisoners or leave here, I'm waiting for a quick response from you. Ramadan, 8th day, 1271 (May 10, 1855) "(Russian Starina. St. Petersburg., 1882. T. 36. P. 279-278). There is an opinion, and it is not difficult that the Lion's worldview of Nikolayevich Tolstoy affected the considerable degree of Bashir-Sheikh. What it was after their meetings and the detailed conversations of the Great Russian writer to Islam radically changed.
Visiting repeatedly this village and meeting with his authoritative persons, he, naturally, could not miss the opportunity to meet with the spiritual leader of Muslims, who were looking for meetings and Baryatinsky, and other famous faces. Many wanted to understand what the power of his influence on the minds and the hearts of the Highlanders. They say that the Bashirshius gave L. N. Tolstoy some book with which the writer was never parted to the end of life. It must be said that L. N. Tolstoy knew Kumyksky well well. He not only owned by the household, but also read and wrote in Kumyksky. He writes about it in his letters. It is unlikely that a person could have mastered the language so well, if there was no close relationship with representatives of the people speaking in this language. Bashir-Sheikh is mentioned in many historical documents, scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, archival materials, popular science books, works of well-known religious figures, works of modern researchers, essays and articles published in various republican and local editions (newspapers, magazines) , in the publications of local historians, stories passed from generation to a generation of old-timers of the village of Dagestan and Chechnya.
In 1875 (according to some information - in 1873), Bashir Sheikh left this gloven world, but his business lives in the thousands of his followers, those who carry the Light Islam. From all over the Northern Caucasus and other regions of the country, pilgrims come to the ancient Kumyk village of Aksai to Zijirarat Bashirshichi and other saints. As the legend says, "the light coming from Axai, the light of Islam will spread very far." We must remember and honor those who devoted their lives to the ministry to Allah, the ministry of the ideals that are laid in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Bahautdin Ajamatov
Member of the Union of Writers of Russia
Scientist, Theologian, State Avestigator, Murid and Naib Imam Shamil Idris from Endiree known in the North Caucasus from the second half of the XIX century. Idris's father was a famous man in Dagestan, Kadium and Hafiz (who knew the Quran by heart). He received an initial Islamic education at his father and other scientists indira. To get deeper knowledge, Idris went to Mountain Dagestan, to the famous alims of that time. For several years, he mastered the thoroughly humanitarian science cycle - logic, jurisprudence, Arabic philology, etc.
In addition, I studied all Islamic sciences. After graduating from studying, Idris returned to his native settlement and, full of strength, began to teach in one of the most popular in the Kumyk lowland Indireevsky Madrasa. Having deep knowledge, combined with good deeds, Idris quickly acquired respect and honor not only among fellow villagers, but in the whole district.
Participation in Gazavate.
But Idris's activity coincided with the movement in the North Caucasus, the movement under the leadership of Imams against the royal regime. Idris had been familiar with the imams and other participants in the movement, and knowing about the purity of their intentions, happily accepted the news of the announced Gazavat. But from the story, we know that not everyone in Dagestan at first joined Gazavat. In some villages, especially large, scientists were divided into two groups - supporters of Gazavat and his opponents. So happened in the indict. The heroes of the Caucasian War of the Caucasian war of the Caucasian War of the Caucasian War of the Caucasian War appeared on the Gazavat's side of the Caucasian War and Idris, by that time already received a valid nickname - Efendi. Sometimes a public controversy unfolded here, in which eloquence and the polemical talent of the discusing.
But it should be noted that the Indies was located on the occupied, the territory of the territory of Tsarist Russia. And a public speech in defense of Gazavat could attract attention and appropriate punishment by the royal power. But Idris-Efendi did not stop it. His decisive performances against the tyranny of tsarism and the criticism of those who were against Gazavat brought him the glory of a bold, not retreating from the man's ball. Soon Idris-Efendi was appointed Shamilles White, where he showed himself as a leader and brave warrior. He had the fame of one of the most combat imams, participated almost in all major battles. For this was awarded Imam with all the signs of combat differences. Idris-Efendy called on the Indierevians and other residents of the plane in the name of the conservation of faith and freedom to move to the mountains, where a strong power of Imamata, to quit the farm, up to burn at home, so that they did not get the enemy. But, no matter how it was, he had to behave in his location, using political tricks. He several times, risking, secretly met with the royal generals, at the same time, revealing the plans of Tsarist Russia in the Caucasus. These meetings had a positive result.
Slander
But not everyone liked such a tactic of the work of Idris, and soon Imama Shamile was conveyed that Naib had secret ties with the Russian command. Idris knew that imam falls under the influence of others and can believe the bottoms, and urgently hid at Shamhal Tarkovsky. From there he wrote a letter to Imam, explaining the essence of what was happening and at the same time told about the betrayal of some Naibes. After reading the letter, Imam was convinced that Idris had reported, regretted the intention to kill him, and said, sprinkling: "Now my state and power on the eve of decay." So writes Nazir from Dorgeli in the book "Nuzhat".
Idris fully supported the ideas and thoughts of Imam Shamil, and Gazi-Muhammad considered the reducing agent and the obvice of Islam. He is not only affairs, but also with words with His eloquence, he answered all the performances against Gazavat and Imam. He performed particularly sharply against his own fellow villagers, criticizing Imamat. He argued that Imams were sent by Allah to restore Sharia, the elevations of Islam and the liberation of the Motherland from the conquerors. Some historians show that Idris-Efendi was too harsh and radically tuned to what was denied by ball. I think that this rigor and severity was needed at a time when a moral and spiritual decline was observed everywhere. Only such measures and fair decisions, according to Sharia, could bring the scattered nations to unity under the banner of Islam, and to lead them to the defense of the Fatherland, no matter how hard is the opponent.
Proceedings
Idris-Efendi, like all scientists, left a spiritual heritage. His peru belongs to books "Tukhofat al-Abrar", "Bavarik Al- Havarrif. "Bavarik" - Casida, written in response to Casida Mama-Kishi Indireevsky. Here Idris refutes all the lunches of Mom-Kishi. In addition, several tachms (five-hundred) are preserved, compiled in a classic poetic form. Also found a few of his comments to theological issues. His deep knowledge of Arabic literature and language resulted in the right style. In addition, Idris is distinguished by a fair and bold approach to the topic illuminated. The heritage and life of Idris-Efendi is studied and in the near future the work is preparing for the public dedicated to this great son of Dagestan. I hope that many unknown events of his life will be covered in this work.
In Nizamam Shamil, there is a section "Regulations on Maila", consisting of 14 chapters. The chapters are very compressed, and their full text will take no more than 3 - 4-machine pages. But their content gives an exhaustive response to the question of the rights and obligations of NABO.
The first chapter requires the most literally the following: "The orders of Imam should be performed, it will be whether it is expressed verbally or in writing, or by others what? Or signs; Will it be in accordance with the thoughts of the approval or disagree, or even if the Contractor considered himself smarter, reside and religious imam. "
The second chapter says that "at war or to work" you have to go "without hypocrisy." When in whose? Or the NABS will happen, "Other Max must hurry to help ... without delay," the third chapter says. "It should not be bored (one whose one) before Imam, at least they knew about each other in reality reprehensible actions," indicates the fifth chapter. "Regarding the economy of the country and borders, it is written in the next chapter," you need to always be alert, day and night. "
The seventh chapter requires keeping him and subordinate to their bribery. In the tenth, it is said that during the retreat in combat Maabam, it is necessary not to escape in the mess, do not leave the Imam behind them, but "on the contrary, they should surround it and do not make a single step without him ..."
The eleventh chapter categorically prohibits the robbery residents of settlements, where the troops are arriving. Forbidden to discover the secrets of the state to others, the family, the brothers, the thirteenth chapter concludes: "When secrets are open, then it will reach dead."
"Position" was announced in 1847 at the congress in Aul Andi. At the same time, referring to the Maabam, Shamil said a brief speech: "Several times I saw your position and experienced your business, I forbade you and guaranteed you to leave the nasty actions and disgusting misties in which they are touched - and since you are still not They woke up, then I wished to publish this nose and put it, its general guidance between people. " Those of those who approved nizam, he invited to put his press in the magazine and remove copies from the "Regulations", to keep them and cope with their service in accordance with it.
"If there is such a thing between you, which will not be able to transfer it (this Nizam - B. G.) difficulties, - finishing speech, SHAMIL said," Let him leave his position and comes to the number of common people.
In his response, most of them expressed their complete agreement with all the chapters of the "Provisions", removed copies from him, and in the journal where the shamil's hand was set out, put their seals.
Major's posts existed long before the Andiy Congress, but only on it these posts were legally defined and approved. Basically, the head of the NAILs stood brave and administrative people. In most, there were immigrants from wealthy families, which, of course, was adversely reflected on the subordinates. Only Ahverda-Magoma, Ullubiy and several other NABOs took place from the ultrasound and even slaves' gulov. Max well dressed: silver plates were worn on the right shoulder, and five hundredth and hundredths - medals. On behalf of Imam, they were ordered, disputes were allowed, collected taxes from the population, prepared militia from recruits to protect the territory subordinate to them from the invasion of the royal troops; And if necessary, they were obliged to become their fighters to the banner of Shamil and act in the area where Imaa ordered.
But it turned out that not all a rapid and brave commander, which were almost all of the most, can well manage the people. In addition, many of them, despite the signatures and prints, put in the "position", began to pursue not nourished, but their personal interests. Many of them shifted Shamil, even betrayed the death penalty. But these extreme measures did not bring benefits, since the new one turned out to be no better offended.
There were, of course, among Naibes and honestly who fulfilled their duties. The biographies of several military leaders, very different by the mind and nature, will help us in what? The extent to understand the complex setting in which Shamil had to live and work.
The name of the brave, the commander of Shamil Ahverda Magoma became known in the second Imam Dagestan - Gamzat Beck. Shamil fell in deep sympathy to Akhverda Magome and was considered with his opinion.
In 1837, Nikolai 1 trip to the Caucasus was assumed. The command decided to make a kind of peaceful gesture - invite Shamil to the king and persuade to stop the struggle. In Chirkatu was sent "faithful" man. Mikael, so his name, convinced Shamil to appear to the splinter on the Gimrynsky descent, where he with 15 soldiers will wait for general the kecks of Flogenau.
Date took place. Opponents shared hands, sat on the burku. Upon learning the essence of the sentence, Shamil categorically refused to see the king Nikolai I. "I decided," Shamil said, "not to go on a date, because I repeatedly saw treason from you ..."
Making sure the shamil's inflexibility, the general got up. At this time, from? Ahverda Magoma with Murids appeared behind the cliffs. The kecks von-Clogenau alarmed, but she was reassured, saying that the laws of hospitality would not be broken. Having learned about the goal of a date, Akhverda Magoma did not give Shamil the ability to shake the hand to General. Klogenau flared. There was a breakdown, almost ending with bloodshed. Chamile was angry, but he kept himself, he took an angry Ahverda magician and moved down the gimrin trail. Thus, negotiations did not lead to anything.
Ahverda Magoma participated in the bloody events on Akhulgo. About how he found himself in the fortress at Shamil, it should be said more.
At the time when Imaam was strengthened on Mount, Akhverda Magoma went to help him from Chechnya with a large group of Chechens. With the onset of night, tired Murids lay on the ground. Ahverda Magoma walked from one group to another, encouraging newcomers. After midnight everyone defeated the dream when the dawn took up, the squad was attacked by six rotations of the Kabardian regiment. Not quite understanding what is happening, the people of Ahverda Magoma ran, many fell from bayonet wounds.
Although they failed to stretch the hand of Akhulgo's help, but still served the service Shamil: while Grabbe was busy with Chechens, Imam made a bitter and destroyed a part of the enemy's siege facilities. That's right? Then only Akhverda Magoma unknown to us darkened through the enemy cordons and appeared to Imam. We have no accurate information about his actions on Akhulgo. It is known only that Achverda Magomz was wounded. Shamil did not leave him with other defenders, and leaving, took with him. This act is likely to imam showed that I really appreciate the ahverda magician. Supported by comrades, Naib passed the road from Akhulgo before crossing the Andiy Koisu, then together with them rose to the Sa Latava Range.
On the road, the fugitives met with the Chirkeevman named Isa Haji. He, as al-karah reports, planted on his horse ahverda magic and another seriously edged and delivered them to the place of overnight. A chirkeevac of four rams and a bag of wheat flour also brought there. For this, Isa Haji was subsequently sent to the Tsarist Government to Siberia.
Recovery, Shamil and Akhverda-Magoma together went to a small Chechnya, wanting to raise the people to fight the royal colonizers. Their sermons had a great success. Starting a trip with 15 comrades, they finished it with the formation of 3 detachments. The first of them imam ordered to command her friend Achverda Magome. Perhaps since that time, the talent of this messenger was especially bright. In 1840, Shamil went to his homeland in search of new fighters and in order to meet with his relatives, children, worship the dust of the struck on Akhulgo. Ahverda Magoma during the absence of Imam remained in Chechnya first. In this Tsoymaya, Na Be with his detachment made a number of raids on the enemy's reasons, tens of dozens of villages, trophies, prisoners.
On April 5, 1840, Aul Chimulgo, he gave a fight General Labintsev. On April 14, we see Ahverda magician 22 kilometers from the fortress of Grozny. May 23, Naib rushed to such a remote point from Dagestan as Narzan. The next day, his warriors fought twilight and surrounded the soldiers of Language Nesterov's lieutenant colonel at the village of Malaya Yandarka. Only the resourcefulness of the royal officer saved many.
There were rumors that Ahverda-Magoma is going to strike in Vladikavkaz, and although he did not go there, but agitated by Galasheev and Karabu-varnish, who inhabited the banks of the rivers Assu, Sunu and Fortanta. Under his influence, the Ingush was crying. They received an indication of the Maila to become the Galashevsky Gorge, so that at the right time to rush to the Nazran. Then Murid's plans have changed, and Ahverda Magoma on the night of June 26-27, fascinating the inhabitants of the seven Chechen aules, moved through Zunju from Kaz-Kich.
The danger of the actions of Shamilevsky Maila says the fact that the Lieutenant General Galafeev and Colonels Wrangel and Freitag against Him were sent against him. Without finding Ahverda Magoma, the royal troops wrapped the crops at a distance of 30 km, burned down on the side of the Auly and punished the remaining inhabitants.
On July 11, 1840, Ahverda-Magoma gave (famous thanks to M. Yulemontov) Fight on the river Valerik. In this battle, the parties suffered terrible losses - the royal troops lost killed and wounded 28 officers and 317 soldiers, Dagestanis - 150 only killed. This battle of Ahverda Magem could write to his asset. Just day, day with him, Shamil attacked the enemy in the area of \u200b\u200bSalatau and the Gimrinsky ridge. Thanks to the actions of Ahverda-Magoma, the royal troops were forced to spray their strength and suffered significant losses.
While the enemy rushed from one point in another, without understanding the Military Mountains, Ahverda-Magoma rushed to the north. What was the surprise of the royal command, when Misty in the morning of September 29, 1840, Naib Shamil suddenly appeared on Terek against Mozdok! He divided his squad into four parts: one sent against the Batrach-yurt, another - to Aul Prince Beckovich, and two - above and below the Mozdok (in order to attack the city). At the very beginning of the offensive, the fog dissipated - the suddenness factor was lost, and only the next few villages were attacked by the attack of Murids. Meanwhile, Mozdoka gathered a lot of royal troops. The bulk of the mountains approached the goal of the city. They were met by the commandant of Mozdoka Colonel Timmerman: from the fortress of the walls hit the guns, from the flank on the mountaineers rushed a flying squad. I had to go away. At three in the afternoon, Ahverda Magoma gave a hangup and led his people to the mountains.
"The news about the raid on Mozdok painfully responded to the heart of General Adjutant Grabbe," said one of the military writers of Russia.
Interested in the audacious raid on Mozdok and now what: from this campaign of Ahverda-Magoma brought the future wife of Shamil - a woman of extraordinary beauty - Shuannet.
The royal command was intently and with concern observed the growth of the influence and actions of the Chechen Max. It understood that Ahverda Magoma is an outstanding military leader and prestige for the mountaineers. In this regard, it is advisable to introduce the reader with the secret prescription of the general from the infanteria of Golovin General-Adjutant Grabbe, sent on January 29, 1841. The document so attracts our attention that we decided to bring most of it: "According to all the information received from Chechnya, and by the very, however, the situation of affairs can be believed - she wrote Golovin - what a good fee there will be people who are solved on Extermination of Ahverda Magoma. There is no doubt that through the destruction of this enterprising companion of Shamil, we would get rid of one of the most dangerous to his guns and the calm of Chechnya would then be much less difficult to work.
Taking this into account, I constantly pounded ... - The general reported to the general, - to provide you with the right to use ... to two thousand rubles with silver ... so that at least for the first time to sacrifice some of them from them without achieving more purposes. I believe that the execution of the case of this is closest to all the Major General Olshevsky, which you provide proper instructions and the amount of money ... "
The same general as follows as follows the personality of Ahverda Magoma in a letter to the Military Minister Chernyshev dated August 28, 1842: "Shamil called Imam is considered to be a cry and spiritual lord. The first after him is acknowledged by Ahverda-Magoma, redeemed to stand in his place in the case of his [Shamil - B. G.] of death. "
The consecutions of those years will be filled with messages about the blows applied by Dagestanis in the royal troops, that Chechnya under the leadership of Ahverda Magoma is the permanent volcano. By decision of Shamil in 1843, a talented commander was produced in the rank of general (along with such Mesa, as Dagestanis Abakar-Kadii, Kibit Magoma and Chechens Shuaip Mullah and Ullubiy),
The devotee of the struggle for independence, Ahverda-Magoma deserved universal respect - his subordinates and everyone who communicated with him.
Being captive at the Highlanders, the Georgian Prince or Orbeliani once met with Chechen school, as well as with the warlords Shuaip-Mullah and Ullubiim. The prince wrote about this: "Shuaip-Mullah and Ullubiy scolded in front of us by Russians, said that Shamil, taking us in captivity, will now get to Klogenau and to Grabbe, and then he will take in Tiflis and the sardar himself ... This boastful entrance was accompanied by a common laughter ... Ahverda-Magomet did not participate in this conversation. " Then, according to the story of Orbeliani, Naib approached the prince and the other prisoners, invited them to sit down and announced that Shamil for them wants to get Jamalutdin - his son, whom he gently loves. "He hopes to get it," the Ahverda-Magoma continued, "and therefore keeps you in such a place where it is difficult for you to run ... But you are a military and should not lose the spirit of spirit, patience and courage ..."
Naib Shamil sincerely sympathized with the prisoner, he told them a lot of warm words, remembered how he managed to flee along with Shamil from Ahulgo, and gave everyone to everyone in a silver ruble. "In the features of his face, it is depicted," recalled Orbeliani subsequently, - kindness and composure, a dense physique shows strength and health, it dresses better than other Chechen chiefs. "
Brilliant Caucasian War Tactic and a courageous man received three silver badges. One icon was special, there was no one else among 60,000 soldiers and officers of the Shamile army. There are cast words on it, specially compiled by Shamil himself: "There is no other well done as Ahverda Magoma, and the best checkers than his checker."
Outstanding Naib died at the 40th age in the upper reaches of the Argun River from Aula Shatil in 1843.
Mullah and the ears of the Avar Aula Teletle Kibit Magoma is one of the most complex figures of the Caucasian War. He becomes known even during the first two imams, but a noticeable figure of Kibit-Magoma became only with Shamile. Rarely it was possible to find such a combination of personal courage with the ability to lead people, which this person detected. The royal generals considered him the rival of Shamil on the influence of Dagestan peoples. Teletlin Mullah after the proclamation of the third imma what? That time did not take any action, watching the events will unfold, although he had already a magnificent squad of warriors, and he himself not only knew the Quran, but he had a good tactics and the battle strategy.
In the famous Akhulgyan battle, he did not participate. In 1840, when the tsarist troops arrived in Dagestan, and Shamil acted in the accident, Kibit Magoma also occupied the expectant position. But in the same year, in connection with the success of the mountaineers, the teleclinet began to lean toward Shamil. And then - as if the dam of the expectations collapsed. Kibit Magoma rushed to the Karadach Bridge to break the connections of the Mehtulin and Shamkhaal possessions, on the one hand, and the accident on the other. Success was complete. However, soon the unsuccessful battle on September 14 under the gymnia made him move away: Kibit-Magoma went to his inaccessible teletel ..
In the summer of 1841, Nagnaya from Shamil, Akushinet Gaggi delivered a ki-bit-magometry a few letters and among them a message from Turkey from Ahmed-Ali Pasha, where it was said that he would soon appear with the troops in Dagestan. The Caucasian command, had information about this letter, considered a fake paper aimed at supporting the People's Spirit in the blackness. " Kibit-Magoma sowing heads again rushed into the case. In Russian, he took 12 amanate hostages, in the fool - 30, Hotchie - 3, Karadah - 9 people, in Hindah for Murids, as trophies took 3 guns, in Karadakh - 9, desira - 3 and in Guniba - 8.
The new companion of Shamil settled around the Gunib mountain. His 500 fighters gradually began to join young people and old men. With its own blizzards of goods, 20 lacquers came to his camp.
By the end of 1841, 2,000 potsents operated under his banner. Success as if he was looking for him. Only on October 12, Kibit-Magoma frees the gogh, chind, if and Zakut. On October 18 he possesses a Golotl, the Karadakh bridge, then Darada Murad is moving towards him. As the snowball rolling, rolling, from the mountain, and grew up the number of his fighters - soon there were 4,000 of them, among them were Anutshants, Tlensemuh-Tsy and Laktsi.
Kibit Magoma, like Shamil, understood the strategic importance of Gu-Nib. He ordered to strengthen it and bring all sorts of stocks there. On the Council of Shamil, he was going to seize Gotsatl, but later the active actions of the royal troops made him abandon his plan.
On December 3, 1841, Kibit Magoma dismisses his people. In the spring of 1842, the Naib Shamil is again in action. In May, he could be seen near Kumuha, giving a fight against General M. Z. Argutinsky-Dolgor-Kova. Soon, Aula Shovkra Naib faces fails and goes into an accident.
In early September, they had a new attempt to take Gotsatl and fortification. Before moving there with their warriors, Kibit-Magoma sent the parliamentant - the Freak of the Freedom, the ensign of the Hheer's regiment. The Commander of Strengthening Gotsatle Captain Kuzmenko listened to the cheeketade, not ingesting the strengthening, rejected the proposal of the mountaineers, and then, collecting his people, gave an order to prepare for stubborn defense. People prayed, embraced just in case with each other and diverged in their place.
On the night of September 11, Kibit Magoma with a large number of people arrived at Aulu. Gotsatl surrendered without resistance. Kibit Magoma people began to attack the strengthening. Six hours fought Russian soldiers, reflecting the attack at the attack. Good shots from the guns, the mountains broke the wall and burst into strengthening.
By evening, silence came to the citadel. 30 soldiers were killed. The brave captain Kuzmenko, who received a wound in battle, and 120 of his people were forced to fold the weapon. They were sent to Imam Shamil.
In early February 1843, Kibit Magoma with 400 Murida made a raid on Aulya Gedatlin Society and, killing 6 people from rich gods, returned to the teletel. Then, considering that the honorary people of this society did not calm down and are not going to keep the side of Shamil, Kibit-Magoma called in the village of Batluh leaders from 10 Aules and killed them. The actions of Kibit-Magoma caused discontent in the people. But nevertheless, Imam in the teletel, Guidatle and Aulah, who became the side of the rebels, appointed Kibit Magoma and gave him the rank of general. In 1843, he helps Shamil to capture the strengthening of the royal troops in the Unzo-Kule.
So in battles and battles, almost until the end of the Caucasian War passed the life of the Maila Chamil Kibit-Magoma from Teleltla.
We did not make a reservation by saying "almost". The fact is that Kibit-Magoma at the very end of the war moved to the side of the royal government. That's how it was. When the commander of the troops in the Caucasus L. Baryatinsky on August 14, 1859 appeared on the Golotine bridge, he met the cries of "Hurray!" Andalal's thunderstorm and Gidatla, the former Naib Shamil Kibit Magoma. Nearby stood a crowd of his people. They also shouted "Hurray!", Sang songs and shot down the guns.
For Shamil, the transition of cybit-magometry to the side of the royal troops was not surprising. The royal government tried several times to contact Imam's assistant. The first attempt was made in 1842. General Golovin in the report of the Military Minister of Russia Chernyshev Donosules that "General Friend after successful at the beginning of this year of the winter expedition was in a confusion with Kibit Mago Teletlin and even with some hope of success. But that followed ... The change stopped the continued course of this case. Meanwhile, Golovin reported his opinion, "the acquisition of it ... It is very important. For him, however, maybe it would be not enough for one award: he would probably wanted what kind of elevations with the right to manage independently under the patronage of our ... Some global tribes, which can also be adopted ... "
Continuing to act in this direction, General Fesé in 1842 had a connection with Kibit Mago. The royal command was established in thought that it was not enough for luring his money and awards. Kibit-Magoma put an indispensable condition for the ability to manage part of Dagestan. In 1845, General Schwartz began negotiations with Kibit Mago.
Shamil then did not suspect him in treason, although rumors were worn about it in the mountains. In 1855, Imam received irrefutable evidence against Maila: Kibit-Magoma had a confusion with the royal command through Major General Aglar-Khan Kazikumukhsky. Now Naib Andalala and Gidatla were subject to death. Kibit-magic caused to be kept. Imam said: "I have evidence of your treason. The people know about her and requires your death. But I respect your mind, your scholarship and elderly summer ... And most importantly, good edge control. I do not want to fulfill the will of the people in gratitude for your services to him. Instead, stay with me ... I myself will observe you, and later, when the people calm down, and you deserve full forgiveness ... I will send you to your previous place. " The former Naib was in Smail's Sweet until 1859. Then, on the way to Gunib, Kibit-Magome was ordered to be in one of the Ayov near Ichich? Lee, but he did not fulfill the last order of Imam.
The royal government, given the authority of Kibit Magoma and the fact that he "voluntarily" surrendered, left him alone. The former Naib settled in his native teletel. In a conversation with Shamil in Kaluga A. Rovnovsky as? I asked a question - who remained in the Caucasus from reputable people, possibly able to continue the case of Shamil. The interlocutor answered: "There is one such person in Dagestan: he is the same, if not more than me, there was influence on the people ... I know that if I call him, I will not believe me, because there are scores that, of course, not I am destined to end in this light, but all? So I will call him in order to say that when in the Caucasus what happened? Some, look for ends in kibit-magometry, besides him no one is able and no one wants to do what? or. However, I repeat: it is hardly decided to go on my footsteps ... Kibit-Magoma is Daniel-Beck and Haji Murat taken together, - finishing his thought, said Shamil, - and most importantly, he is more Muslim than I yourself. "
Shamil turned out to be a prize. In 1862, Cabit Magoma Countryman Casi-Magoma's Tele-Tinniec made an attempt to raise an uprising in the Andiy district. He was arrested and sent to the link.
The arrested Kazi-Magoma had to kibit-maghem with a cousin. Maybe here it is just a coincidence, and maybe, in fact, the former Naib Imam was involved in this "case." However, Kibit-magic was transmitted to Temir-Khan-Shura under the strictest oversight of the regional administration.
On August 29, 1877, a fire of the uprising once again flared up to the Salta Bridge, a fire of the uprising, which covered the 504 settlements of Dagestan. One of the reference points of the rebels appeared again? Taki Aul Teletle is the birthplace of cybit-magome. Here with the battles, General of Smekalov arrived. On the proposal to surrender Trulytinians answered shots. October 24, 3100 soldiers rushed to Aula's assault. Grad bullets, stones, earth fell on top. The troops pulled the guns and from the distance of 70 meters they were blitzing. Aul has turned into blood pressure. The next day, the General reported on the instance: "The teletel is lit and destroys, most of the farms are destroyed, with the exception of several closest to the message ..."
Smekalov received gratitude and order: "Silge the inhabitants of the teletell, wounded Trulyans to arrest and send to Gunib, government losses to commemorate at the expense of the main perpetration of the uprising and the population." The first point was indicated: "To evict all Tukhum Kibit-Magoma to Russia (with side lines), and to arrest the main perpetrators of the perturbation along with families and send and send to Gunib." These are the facts. It remains to add that Kibit Magoma himself later went to Turkey and died there.
Our next story is about Daniel Beck. His father Ahmed-Khan-Sultan voluntarily accepted the royal citizenship. In 1831, he died, and his inheritance went to his son. Daniel Bek also remained the faithful royal government and his loyalty showed not one day. As for Kazi-Magomeda, some of the reserved aules of the Elisuy Sultanism were sent three times to Vakili to Daniel Beek, inviting to go to his side, but in vain. Together with the troops of the conquerors, he participated in the suppression of the uprisings.
From his biography, we could report such facts. In June 1839, Daniel Beck conquered the inhabitants of Rutula, than secured the rear of the royal troops engaged in the construction of the Akhtyn Fortress and Siege of Shamil in Akhulgo. After three years later, Daniel Beck assisted General Argutinsky-Dolgorukov. This is how it happened.
Naib Shamil Haji Yagya wanted to gain a foothold in front of Kazi-Kmumah. Argutinsky, but artillery and a bad road slowed down the movement of soldiers. Exit from the gorge for which they walked could take the mountains. Here? That assistance to the royal troops was provided by Daniel Beck. About this event, Argutinsky-Dolgorukov reported General Golovin as follows: "Having received information here that the enemy appeared at the exit of the gorge, I sent Elisuy Sultan with 200 Cavalry, and myself with a hundred walking militia and two battalions of Tifliss and Mengrelian hurkers ... Elisuy Sultan Having overtook the enemy cashpost from 40 people ... drove it to the very village of Shovkra, more than half put in place and one captured for the language ... "
Perennial efforts of the royal government not only did not lead to the conquest of the region, but, on the contrary, they strengthened the movement of the mountaineers. Conquerors decided to change tactics. For example, Major General Ladyan offered the following: since punitive expeditions do not have success, it is necessary to take and strengthen on the plane Dagestan: the rebels can not long without bread, which gives this part of Dagestan. After this task is completed, it is necessary to take another step: "You should act on attracting the potners to humility and separation of them. It is necessary to act through the nearest chiefs inside the mountains in money, but not suddenly, but gradually ... coercion and the power of the authorities cannot be achieved, which can be completed with the love and attorney of the people of that edge where who commands. Then they will find a sure way to find in the same peoples of people through which ... not otherwise as money, you can act on the settlement of discord not only between various tribes, but also by the commander of Shamil, and even generate blood revenge, how much to fight, and those Weaken them. Then more recalcitrant can be punished or rather, using for this one, our troops, but the Tatar police and even those horses who are hostile to us. "
Ladyan does not open America. He and other royal commanders were preceded by the centuries-old experience of English, French and other colonialists, in the arsenal of which it was possible to find and not such techniques. We would not especially stop so detail on the statements of the general, if it were not for one circumstance. He complains that, "unfortunately, from the real bosses there are few such that would have achieved to this."
Major General from "Real Chosen" the choice stopped at Dani-El Beck. Military Minister of Russia Chernyshev was quite agreed with him. He also believed that "Sultan Daniel-Beck is one of those who are more reliable for such orders ..." And I "after it I consider it useful in seven-way Akhmet Khan Mehtulinsky ..."
But Daniel-Beck by this time mature his plans. In 1840, the royal government decided the Elisuy Sultancy as a plot to subjugate the Belokansky district of the Georgian-Imeretian province. This act is much damaged by Daniel-Bek. Late in the name of Chernyshev, he petitioned to leave everything in the same position and, moreover, to approve him in princely dignity.
Meanwhile, the military situation in the mountains has changed radically. 1843 can be called the year of Shamil. Almost all Dagestan was in the hands of the Highlanders, and the largest fortress of the royal troops Temir-Khan-Shura was blocked for a whole month. The successes of the people's liberation movement were probably forced to soberly assess the situation and Daniel Bek. He understood that in the former role of agent and the Holling of the colonizers, he could lose not only his possessions, but also his own head. And he did an unexpected move for his Lord.
"Yesterday I received information from my geasers that Major General Sultan Elistui Daniel solemnly squeezed in the mosque to take the side of Shamil and forced him to swear at the same time, - Donated on June 6, 1844, Major Schwartz General Major. "I could not even allow my thoughts," the general exclaimed, "so that Sultan-General of the Russian service could decide to the acelness ..."
The Caucasian authorities scored an alarm on this. Some regretted that Daniel-Bek was not stubcised at one time if not in Siberia, then at least in the depths of Russia. Others assumed how to reconcile him with him and return it, because "If what happens to Shamil, Daniel-Beck Sultan would be the head of all tribal hostile and in some respects it would be even more dangerous to us." But Daniel Bek very soon began to change the mountaineers and their leadership. Turning to the tribesmen, he took just in case to the mountains and son of Princess Noh-Beach, Wesva Khan Mehtulinsky, Minor Ibrahim Khan. Shamil ordered at the end of March 1845 to return the boy of the unfortunate mother. Taking advantage of the case, Daniel Beck secretly conveyed through his man noh-bike, that he repents in perfect and wish to know whether it would be forgiven if he returns back.
Shamil himself never had a sympathy for Daniel Beck. But given his voluntary transition to the side of the movement, some of his influence on the inhabitants of the Elisuy Sultancy and knowledge in the military art acquired from the Russians, appointed him. In several small battles, Daniel-Beck showed himself a real fighter. But from time to time IMAMU received information about his incomprehensible effects. Such a report was made, for example, Shamil Sogratlin in 1843. Trying to justify, Daniel-Beck immediately turned to the inhabitants of this aul. In the letter, in particular, it was said: "... when the rumor came to me about what you sang on me, I was amazed. Do not you know that I, leaving my possessions, fled to the brothers. Can I then seek an old one after all ... "
Shamil feared the treason from the new messenger, therefore agreed that the son of Kazi-Magomed would take the daughter of Daniel-Beka to his wife - Karimat. In the new service, Daniel-Beck quickly realized that, while Shamil was alive, he neither the sultania, nor former possessions never get. Only the transition again to the direction of Russians may have returned to him the former position and possession. It was not so easy to do it, as it seemed at the beginning. In the case of a new betrayal, not only the daughter of Karimat and the whole family of Bek could be persecuted by Imam, but every opposite Highlander could kill Daniel-Beck as an enemy.
And Sultan Elisuysky leads a double game. In 1854, he and the son of Shamil Kazi-Magomedrm makes a military campaign to Georgia. Two princes fall into captivity. It was decided to exchange them on the son of Shamil Jamalutdin. From negotiations, Thunder's intermediary carried out the following impression: "It is rumored that Daniel Sultan Shamil caresses only by relationship with him, and in fact it detects confidence in it.
Daniel-Beck behavior line is very confused. After returning from Russia of the Sen Son Shamil Jamalutdin, he wants to give him another daughter for him. It seems to us that Naib Imam was counting on finding an ally in the face of Jamalutdin, so that at a convenient point to make a coup, put the rebel to the blow and thus fully justified to the royal courtyard and at the same time to return all his wealth at the same time.
This attempt was not crowned with success. Neither the love of Jamalutdin to his daughter, nor the requests of people nor the efforts of the Daniel-Beck himself did not change the eyes of Shamil. He did not give permission to the son of marriage. He was defined by the daughter of the Chechen Maila Talgin. Then Daniel-Beck rushed to another extreme. He put forward the following plan before Shamil: Send it, Daniel Bek, with 15 honorary horses (using great respect) to Turkey, England, France, where they will tell about the state of affairs and ask for help. Going towards the request of the Highlanders, foreigners will help to form a separate state from Dagestan under Turkey Protectorator. Shamil answered that he was barely hardly copes with the land subject to him. In no case can not allow the intervention of European states and "that ... and without any assistance will reach ... goals, and otherwise no earthly force will fail."
For all the arrows of Daniel-Bek, the chamlie watched A. Runov-sky, "as for Fall, which came to his head from idleness."
Daniel Beck never managed to fulfill his plans. And only at the end of the Caucasian war moved to the former owners. On August 8, 1859, he was together with General Melikov at the foot of Guniba. Here, in Shamil, the daughter of Daniel-Bek Carimat remained. With the permission of A. Baryatinsky, Daniel-Beck sent his person to the Imam camp, demanding to return him to his daughter and thus rid her from danger. Shamil ordered to convey that he did not see the reasons why for his daughter should make an exception. "Pass to your sultan," Shamil said, "that it will be fair that the wife split the fate of her husband, what would it be."
Later it became known that Daniel-Beck and in this case showed himself from a non-departious side: the person who came for the Carimat was looking for positions on Guniba, learned about the military and food opportunities besieged. Shortly after the arrival of a person from Daniel-Beck disappeared by a carimat servant. It turned out, through him, Karimat sent a letter to his father with information about the state of affairs in the Shamil camp. But then no one suspected about it.
When the twentieth shamil and his family arrived at Temir-Khan-Shur, then at the request of Daniel-Bek Carimat was returned to parents. Father did not allow her to go with her husband north. Shamil was furious and wanted to personally kill Daniel Bek. Being in Kaluga, Shamil was so described by Daniel-Bek: "The warrior is bad, the adviser is good, the performer is not good anywhere."
Daniel Beck died and buried in Turkey.
Thanks to L. N. Tolstoy Naib Shamil Haji Murat became known not only in the Caucasus, but also far beyond. In the people they knew him as a brave. Even today, when people want to bring an example of courage, most often called the name of Haji Muratt.
Hadji Murat lived just over 30 years, but left a bright track after himself. The image of it is so complicated as the expiration of 100 years after the death among Dagestanis there is no consensus about the actions and actions of this person. Some consider his apostate, others, on the contrary, put Haji Murat next to Shamil.
Haji Murat was born, presumably, in 1817 in the Avar Aule Hunzakh. For some time, Haji Murat lived in Coles. I had Sack and arable land there. These circumstances contributed to the fact that L. N. Tolstoy Hero Hero mistakenly called the village of Celmeys.
Hadji-Murat's father was called Guitino Magoma Alsagari. In Hunzaha, he had his land block. Alsagari died with a young under the walls of his native aul in 1830 during a skirmish with Muridi of the first Imam - Kazi-Magomed. His wife was considered to be the breadwinner of the Avarian Khan and was listed in the staff of the servants as "Suty Emchek" (dairy breasts).
She focused on the middle son of Puhu-Beach - Nucal-Khan. Thus, Haji Murat had to children hashi dairy brother. The nature of the chalter says such a fact. In 1834, Murids approached Hongzakh. Negotiations with the second Imam Dagestan Gamzat-Beck went the sons of Puhu-Beach - Umma-Khan and Nuzal Khan. In their retinue were Hadji Murat and Osman - the children are walled. At the river Tobot, where the Imama tent stood, the delegation stopped the issue: "Is Osman among you?" A person asking for this turned out to be a distant relative of his son. "Come back," he said, do not name! "
And others?
I do not know, - drank from the answer Murid and blocked Ottoman the road to the Imam camp.
Son groaned in Hunsah. He did not have time to drive away and a few hundred steps, as he heard frequent shots. Both young khan were killed, the sons of Pahu-Beach. Upon learning of what happened, the slave shouted in the face of the son: "Let my milk wrap to you with poison, why didn't you die with everyone!" She did not let Ottoman on the threshold, saying: "I don't need a coward!"
We told these details, as they will play a role in the life of another son, Hazhi-Murat.
Hadji Murat was ugly, failed to grow, and even all this was chrome on both legs - traces of falling from the horse and from the cliff. The proximity to the Khan yard made it possible to learn to read and write. But then it did not go. From languages, he knew only Avar and very little understood Kumyksky. Like his ancestors, she was engaged in the economy - Pakhl, sowed, looked at the cattle. Yes, so, probably, and hosted by the whole of your age, if the war began in Dagestan.
From the small years, he was fond of jigita, shooting from weapons and jumps. It was his elements. Whose side to be? Such a question was not standing in front of Haji Murat, when the war began. He, without thinking, chose the side of his dairy brothers Umma-Khan, Nuzal-Khan, Bulach Khan and their mother - Avar Khachi-Bique.
At the age of 17, Hadji Murat with his brother Osman participated (October 19, 1834) in the murder of the second Imam of Dagestan Gamzat-Bek. In this case, Haji Murat for the first time shed someone else's blood, killing Hajiyasul Magoma and amining this for the death of Brother Osman. Thus began an alarming life of a person with the character of solid, like granite, which wandered in the labyrinth of life, but did not find out of it.
The Caucasian authorities noticed a young man and looked at him. Haji Murat did not remain in debt. In difficult for Shamil 1839, Hongzahan was among the troops of Grabbe, storming Ahulgo. And, as his son Gulla and the grandson of Kazanbius, Hadji Murat then "for the brave feats ... was produced in officers."
Indeed, the Commander of the Caucasian Corps Baron Rosen assigned to him the rank of ensign, and at the request of Hongzach residents, instructed to manage Avar Khanate. Hadji Murat was warned that it would be temporary to manage. And in fact, he soon lost his position at first Khan Kaza-Kumuha Magomed-Mirez, and then Akhmet Khan Mehtulinsky. He drew attention to Haji Murat and the commander in the North and Nagorno Dagestan, Major General Pokhni Klughiua. The ensign received money, he was promised to increase in the rank. All this made a strong displeasure and envy of Akhmet Khan Mehtulinsky, managing Avarian Khanate, and eventually led to the fact that Hadji Murata was accused of all sorts of "sins": wearing a chalms (like gimnings), in the fact that Hongzach's garrison Would like his fault, remained without firewood, etc.
On November 5, 1840, Clogenau, who was at the time in Temir Khan-Shura, received two letters at once - from the commandant Hongzach Major Lazarev and Major General Ahmet Khan. They were notified in them that on November 1, Hadji Murat was arrested, chained in the chain and is located on the Gauptvakta of the Citadel. Klogenau demanded to deliver the arrested in Temir-Khan-Shur.
Late on the evening on November 10, four Unter-Officer and 40 soldiers under the command of Fleis's headquarters with the arrestant secretly left Hunzakh. We decided to move through Aul Bucra. They walked along a narrow path. At the foot of the Bucrinsky ridge had to go one after another. In the place where the path turned sharply over the cliff, Haji Murat jumped down. Soldiers who held the ropes to which the arrestant was tied, instinctively dressed their hands. Flece and his subordinates from? For deep snow, blizzard lost a hongzakh trail, could not find it.
"I heard," recalled later Hadji Murat, "as the soldiers in search of ... Rod, falling, and scolded me."
Hadji Murat, lame on one leg, moved towards Gotsatl, where his relative of Artsul-Maer lived. After some time, the fugitive went further, in Aul Clemes. Here it overtook a letter to the Clubenau, dated November 26th. "Envigator Haji Murat! You served with me - I was pleased with you ... - I wrote the general, - recently, Mr. Ahmed-Khan notified me that you were a traitor that I put on Chalma that you had a dream with Shamil. I ordered you to arrest you and deliver to me, you ran on the way ... If you are not guilty of anything - I come to me. Do not be afraid of anyone - I will not do your defender ... Han will not do anything, he myself under the boss ... You want to serve Shamil, therefore you feel that you are wrong. And what about Shamil - Sooner or later, he will perish, like all his adherents ... So, Haji Murat, I say to you again: if you are not to blame - come to me, do not be afraid of anyone, I am your patron ... "
Haji Murat immediately responded. He said that it was located in Aul Klemes, he did not feel guilty and he had nothing to fear. "With Shamil," said Hongzakhsz, "I don't have any intercourse." In this, I am absolutely clean, because my father, brother and relatives of my ... ".
Clogenau in the next letter again asked Haji Murata to believe him, grogging back and assured that his property and rams would return to him immediately, the guilty will be punished, etc., and so on. Hadji Murat did not return. Instead, he sent Andii Prince Labazan to Shami-Liu. Imam was sincerely delighted. Horse, a bog and a warm letter - those were the first gifts of Haji Muratu. Having received a letter of Imam, Hadji Murat through the race, Batluh, Karat, through the Andean Ridge appeared in Dargo. From this time until November 23, 1851, Haji Murat was in the ranks of the rebels, participated in many operations, showed himself brave and skillful all.
Here are some short information. In early 1841, by order of Shamil, he captured Coles. Tsaric troops approached Aulu and attacked. 12 hours was bloody battle. The punishers were not successful, they had a lot of people, including General Bakunin. In battle Haji-Murat wound; For some time he was treated in Aule inho.
In October 1841, along with other messengers, he attacked an accident, captured Tsalquita, Harahi. In the second half of May 1842, together with Murida, Ahverda-Magoma, the Fighters of Haji-Murat had a fight in Kumu Hay. On September 8, 1842, without a single shot, he took the strengthening of Akhalchi. In February 1843, Hunzakh suffered with his actions. In September 1843, Hunzakh was cleared of royal troops. Kadiya Hunza Hadzhi Murat appointed his brother and demanded that things poaching from strengthening and the Khan home brought him. 5 guns were captured as trophies. By order of Haji-Murat, 5 people were executed, which were suspected in which hostile actions.
With Haji Murate, there were constantly four bodyguards with naked daggers and checkers. Hongzakh said that for 9 days of staying at home, Haji Murat only once left the house. At the same time, it was surrounded by a dense crowd of murids. He understood well that his actions in the past would not remain unpunished and that he could do with him as at one time he and Brother Ottoman entered with the 2nd Imam Dagestan Gamzat-Beck and other people.
One day, Haji Murat, leaving the Whongzach of Chototinets Chototinets in Hongzach, drove into the souphone. On the way, misfortune happened on the way: he fell on a horse in full of a horse and, having hit the stones, broke his head. In the souphone it was delivered on a stretcher. Gorsky leakage from Choha Bitlav-Gaggi and his colleague from Oroth Sakhiblav identified a fracture of the skull. A strong and trained Hadji-Murat organism suffered this blow.
In the first days of 1844, Haji Murat appeared in Hunsakh. His head was bandaged; He chrome now more than the former.
His orders surprised residents. By order of Haji Murat with the earth, the citadel of the royal troops was equalized, broke the houses located next to the old mosque, and the mosque itself. They broke the monuments and above the graves of Avar Khanov. Every day he walked in the cemetery, where Gamzat-Bek's grave was, and prayed diligently. Probably wanted to salty past sins. Some Hongzhans followed his example. Some were afraid of the wrath of Mesave, others were solidar with him. But the majority of the population remained displeased by the actions of Haji-Murat. Although no one dared in his face to speak about it.
Hadji Murata with the troops saw and far in the south of Dagestan, in Aulah, inhabited by Lezgins, and on the plane where Kumyki live, and on the sings of the Caucasian ridge, followed by Georgians. "The favorite business of Haji Murat has raids," said Shamil Abdurahman's son-in-law. This thought is confirmed by the son of Haji Murat Gulla and the grandson of Kazanbius in his work "Haji Murat", published in Makhachkala in 1927. They calculated that their famous parent committed eleven raids. According to Gullah and Kazanbia, Hadles Murat, before making a campaign, he distributed to the alms to the orphans and widows, prayed at the grave of Abu-Muslim.
The famous Chechnya Akharrs (Akarsh) is a representative of Taipa Sadoy. Naib Shamil in Cheberehoe. Akbolat (Achbulat) - Naib Cheberlow. Died in the fall of 1853 during a hike in sunset. Aldam (Aldyn Chantess) - Naib Society of Chiani. Aldam (Aldeon Nashinsky) is Naib of Naiba. Perhaps that
