Which components are described by abiotic environmental factors. Abiotic factors, biotic environmental factors: examples
Recall once again that abiotic factors are the properties of inanimate nature, which directly or indirectly affect living organisms. On Slide 3 shows the classification of abiotic factors.
Temperature is the most important climatic factor. It depends on it intensity of metabolism organisms and them geographical distribution. Any organism is able to live within a certain range of temperatures. And although for different types of organisms ( hurizerm and stenothermal) These intervals are different, for most of them zone of optimal temperatures in which life functions are carried out most actively and efficiently, relatively small. The temperature range in which life can exist is approximately 300 s: from -200 to +100 C. But most species and most of their activity are confined to an even more narrow temperature range. Some organisms, especially at rest stage, can exist at least for some time, at very low temperatures. Separate types of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and algae, are capable of living and multiply at temperatures close to the boiling point. The upper limit for hot springs bacteria is 88 s, for blue-green algae - 80 s, and for the most stable fish and insects - about 50 C. As a rule, the upper limit values \u200b\u200bof the factor turn out to be more critical than the lower, although many organisms near the upper The limits of the tolerance range function more efficiently.
In aquatic animals, the temperature of tolerance to the temperature is usually more narrow compared to land animals, since the range of temperature fluctuations in water is less than on land.
In terms of impact on living organisms, temperature variability is extremely important. The temperature, fluctuating from 10 to 20 s (on average, the amount of 15 s), does not necessarily act on the body in the same way as the constant temperature of 15 C. The vital activity of organisms that are usually exposed to variable temperatures, is suppressed completely or partially or slowed down under action. constant temperature. Using a variable temperature, it was possible to speed up the development of the eggs of the grasshopper, by an average of 38.6% compared with their development at a constant temperature. It is not yet clear whether the accelerating effect is due to the temperature fluctuations by themselves or enhanced growth caused by a short-term increase in temperature and not compensated by a slowdown in its decrease.
Thus, the temperature is an important and very often limiting factor. Temperature rhythms largely control the seasonal and daily activity of plants and animals. Temperature often creates zonality and stratification in water and terrestrial habitats.
Water physiologically necessary for any protoplasm. From an ecological point of view, it serves as a limiting factor both in ground-hazards and in water, where its number is subject to strong fluctuations, or where high salinity contributes to the water loss by the body through the OSMOS. All living organisms, depending on the need for them in water, and therefore, from distinction of habitat, are divided into a number of environmental groups: aqueous or hydrophilic - constantly living in water; hygrophilic - Living in very wet habitats; mesophilic - distinguished by a moderate need for water and xerophilic - Living in dry habitats.
Number of precipitation And humidity are the main values \u200b\u200bmeasured when studying this factor. The amount of precipitation depends mainly on the paths and the nature of large movements of the air masses. For example, the winds that leave the ocean leave most of the moisture on the slopes facing the ocean, as a result of which the "rain shadow" remains behind the mountain, which contributes to the formation of the desert. Moving into the depths of sushi, the air accumulates some amount of moisture, and the amount of precipitation increases again. The deserts are usually located behind the high mountain ranges or along the coast, where the winds blow out of extensive inner dry areas, and not from the ocean, for example, the desert by us in South-West Africa. The distribution of precipitation at the time of the year is an extremely important limiting factor for organisms. The conditions created as a result of the uniform distribution of precipitation are completely different than when there is precipitation within one season. In this case, animals and plants have to carry periods of long drought. As a rule, the uneven distribution of precipitation at the time of the year is found in the tropics and subtropics, where the wet and dry seasons are often well expressed. In the tropical zone, the seasonal rhythm of humidity regulates the seasonal activity of organisms similar to the seasonal rhythm of heat and light in a moderate belt. Rosa may be significant, and in places with low rainfall and a very important contribution to the total amount of precipitation.
Humidity - Parameter characterizing the content of water vapor in the air. Absolute humidity Call the amount of water vapor in a unit of air volume. Due to the dependence of the number of steam held by air, the concept has been introduced from temperature and pressure. relative humidity - This is the ratio of the pair contained in the air to the saturating pair under these temperature and pressure. Since in nature there are daily rhythms of humidity - raising at night and decline in day, and it is vertical and horizontally, this factor along with light and temperature plays an important role in regulating the activity of organisms. Humidity changes the effects of temperature height. For example, under humidity conditions close to critical, the temperature has a more important limiting effect. Similarly, humidity plays a more critical role if the temperature is close to the limit values. Large water bodies substantially soften the climate of the sushi, as it is characterized by a large hidden heat of vaporization and melting. In fact, there are two main types of climate: continental with extreme temperatures and humidity values \u200b\u200band nautical, Which is characterized by less sharp fluctuations, which is due to the softening effect of large water bodies.
The supply of surface water available to living organisms depends on the amount of precipitation in the area, but these values \u200b\u200bdo not always coincide. So, using underground sources where water comes from other areas, animals and plants can get more water than from the receipt of it with precipitation. Conversely, rain water sometimes becomes unavailable for organisms.
Radiation of the Sun. It is electromagnetic waves of different lengths. It is absolutely necessary wildlife, as it is the main external source of energy. The spectrum of the distribution of the energy of the radiation of the Sun beyond the earth's atmosphere (Fig. 6) shows that about half of solar energy emitted in the infrared region, 40% is in the visible and 10% in ultraviolet and X-ray regions.
Need to keep in mind what spectrum electromagnetic radiation The sun is very wide (Fig. 7) and its frequency bands in different ways affect the living matter. The earth's atmosphere, including the ozone layer, is selectively, that is, selectively by frequency ranges, absorbs the energy of the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun and the radiation with a wavelength from 0.3 to 3 μm reaches the energy of the Earth. Longer and short-wave radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere.
With an increase in the zenith distance of the Sun, the relative content of infrared radiation increases (from 50 to 72%).
For livelihood, high-quality signs of light are important - wavelength, intensity and duration of exposure.
It is known that animals and plants react to changing the wavelength of light. Color vision is common in different groups of animals. Friday: It is well developed in some types of arthropods, fish, birds and mammals, but other types of the same groups it may be absent.
Photosynthesis intensity varies with a change in light wavelength. For example, when the light passes through the water, the red and blue part of the spectrum is filtered out and the resulting greenish light is weakly absorbed by chlorophyll. However, red algae has additional pigments (ficoeroidrins), allowing them to use this energy and live at greater depth than green algae.
Both terrestrial, and in aqueous plants, photosynthesis is associated with the intensity of light by linear dependence to the optimal level of light saturation, which in many cases should decrease the intensity of photosynthesis at high intensities of direct sunlight. In some plants, for example, the eucalyptus, photosynthesis is not inhibited by direct sunlight. In this case, there is a compensation of factors, since individual plants and entire communities adapt to various light intensities, becoming adapted to the shadows (diatoms, phytoplankton) or to direct sunlight.
The duration of the daylight, or photoperiod, is a "time relay" or a starting mechanism, which includes a sequence of physiological processes leading to growth, blossoms of many plants, molting and accumulation of fat, migration and reproduction in birds and mammals and to the occurrence of insect diapause. Some higher plants bloom with an increase in the length of the day (long-day plants), others bloom when cutting a day (short-day plants). In many organisms sensitive to photoperiod, the tuning of biological clock can be changed by experimental change of photoperiod.
Ionizing radiation It knocks out electrons from atoms and attachs them to other atoms with the formation of couples of positive and negative ions. Its source serve radioactive substances contained in rocks, in addition, it comes from space.
Different types of living organisms are very different in their abilities to withstand large doses of radiation irradiation. For example, a dose of 2 SL (Ziver) - causes the death of some insects of some insects at the crushing stage, the dose of 5 S I leads to the sterility of certain types of insects, the dose of 10 S I is absolutely deadly for mammals. As the data show most of the research, the most sensitive to the irradiation of rapidly divided cells.
The impact of small doses of radiation is more complicated, as they can cause remote genetic and somatic consequences. For example, the irradiation of a pine dose of 0.01 times for a day for 10 years caused a slowdown in growth rate, similar to a single dose of 0.6 Sz. Increasing the level of radiation in the medium over the background leads to an increase in the frequency of harmful mutations.
In higher plants, sensitivity to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the size of the cell kernel, or rather the chromosome volume or DNA content.
The highest animals did not detect such a simple dependence between the sensitivity and structure of the cells; For them, the sensitivity of individual systems of organs is more important. Thus, mammals are very sensitive even to low radiation doses due to the easy damage to the irradiation of the rapidly dividing blood-made bone marrow fabric. Even very low levels of chronically acting ionizing radiation can cause in the bones and in other sensitive tissues, the growth of tumor cells, which can manifest itself only after many years after irradiation.
Gas composition the atmosphere is also an important climatic factor (Fig. 8). Approximately 3-3.5 billion years ago, the atmosphere contained nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and water vapor, and there was no free oxygen in it. The composition of the atmosphere was largely determined by volcanic gases. Due to the lack of oxygen, there was no ozone screen, delaying the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Over time, oxygen began to accumulate oxygen in the atmosphere of the planet due to the abiotic processes in the atmosphere of the planet, the formation of the ozone layer began. Around the middle of the Paleozoa, oxygen consumption was equal to its formation, during this period the content of O2 in the atmosphere was close to modern - about 20%. Next, from the middle of Devon, there are oscillations in the oxygen content. At the end of the Paleozoic, there was a noticeable, about 5% modern level, reducing the oxygen content and increasing the content of carbon dioxide, which led to climate change and, apparently, served as the impetus to the abundant "autotrophic" blossom that created the reserves of fossil hydrocarbon fuel. Then a gradual return to the atmosphere with a low content of carbon dioxide and a high oxygen content was followed, after which the O2 / CO2 ratio remains in the state of the so-called oscillatory stationary equilibrium.
Currently, the atmosphere of the Earth has the following composition: oxygen ~ 21%, nitrogen ~ 78%, carbon dioxide ~ 0.03%, inert gases and impurities ~ 0.97%. Interestingly, oxygen concentrations and carbon dioxide are limiting for many higher plants. In many plants, it is possible to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide, but it is little known that the decrease in oxygen concentration can also lead to an increase in photosynthesis. In experiments on legumes and many other plants, it was shown that the decrease in the oxygen content in the air to 5% increases the intensity of photosynthesis by 50%. Nitrogen plays an extremely important role. This is the most important biogenic element involved in the formation of protein structures of organisms. The wind has a limiting effect on the activity and distribution of organisms.
Wind It is capable of even changing the appearance of plants, especially in those habitats, for example, in the Alpine zones, where other factors have a limiting impact. It is experimentally shown that in open mountain habitats, the wind limits the growth of plants: when they built a wall that protected the plants from the wind, the height of the plants increased. Great importance Have a storm, although their action is purely locally. Hurricanes and conventional winds are capable of carrying animals and plants over long distances and thereby change the composition of the communities.
Atmosphere pressure Apparently, it is not a limiting factor of direct action, but it is directly related to weather and climate, which have a direct limiting effect.
Water conditions create a peculiar habitat of organisms, which differs from ground-based density and viscosity. Density water about 800 times, and viscosity Approximately 55 times higher than that of the air. Together with density and viscosity the most important physicochemical properties of the aquatic environment are: temperature stratification, i.e., change in the depth of the water object and periodic time change in time as well as transparency water determining the light mode under its surface: the photosynthesis of green and purple algae, phytoplankton, higher plants depends on transparency.
As in the atmosphere, an important role is played gas composition aquatic environment. In aqueous habitats, the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases dissolved in water and therefore affordable organisms vary greatly in time. In water bodies with a high content of organic substances, oxygen is a limiting factor of paramount importance. Despite the best solubility of oxygen in water compared with nitrogen, even at the most favorable case in water contains less oxygen than in air, about 1% by volume. The water temperature and the amount of dissolved salts affect solubility: with a decrease in temperature, the solubility of oxygen is growing, with raising salinity - decreases. The supply of oxygen in water is replenished due to the diffusion from the air and the photosynthesis of aqueous plants. Oxygen diffuses in the water very slowly, the diffusion promotes the wind and the movement of water. As already mentioned, the most important factor ensuring the photosynthetic oxygen products is the light penetrating into the thickness of the water. Thus, the oxygen content changes in water depending on the time of day, time of year and location.
The content of carbon dioxide in water can also vary greatly, but in its behavior carbon dioxide differs from oxygen, and its environmental role has been little studied. Carbon dioxide is well soluble in water, in addition, CO2 is added to the water, formed during breathing and decomposition, as well as from soil or underground sources. In contrast to oxygen, carbon dioxide enters into a reaction with water:
with the formation of coalic acid, which reacts with lime, forming CO22- and hydrocarbonates of the NSO3-. These compounds maintain the concentration of hydrogen ions at the level close to the neutral value. A small amount of carbon dioxide in water increases the intensity of photosynthesis and stimulates the development processes of many organisms. The high concentration of carbon dioxide is a limiting factor for animals, as it is accompanied by a low oxygen content. For example, with a too high content of free carbon dioxide in the water, many fish are killed.
Acidity - The concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) is closely related to the carbonate system. The pH value varies in the range 0? pH? 14: At pH \u003d 7, the medium is neutral, with pH<7 - кислая, при рН>7 - alkaline. If the acidity does not approach extreme values, the communities are able to compensate for changes in this factor - the community tolerance to the RN range is very significant. Acidness can serve as indicator of the speed of the common metabolism of the community. In the waters with low pH, there are little biogenic elements, so productivity here is extremely small.
Salinity - the content of carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, etc. - It is another significant abiotic factor in water bodies. In fresh waters, there are few salts, of which about 80% fall into carbonates. The content of minerals in the world ocean is an average of 35 g / l. Operational organisms are usually sunny, while coastal saltwater organisms in general Eurygalin. The concentration of salts in body liquids and tissues of the majority of marine organisms isotonic the concentration of salts in sea water, so that there are no problems with ocululating.
Flow Not only strongly affects the concentration of gases and nutrients, but also directly acts as a limiting factor. Many river plants and animals are morphologically and physiologically specially adapted to preserve their position in the stream: they have quite certain limits of tolerance to the flow factor.
Hydrostatic pressure In the ocean is important. With immersion in water 10 meters, the pressure increases by 1 atm (105 Pa). In the deepest part of the ocean, the pressure reaches 1000 atm (108 Pa). Many animals are able to carry sharp pressure fluctuations, especially if they have no free air in the body. Otherwise, gas embolism is possible. High pressure characteristic for large depths, as a rule, oppress the processes of vital activity.
The soil is called the substance layer lying on top of the rocks of the earth's crust. Russian scientist - the naturalist Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev in 1870 first considered the soil as a dynamic, and not an inert medium. He proved that the soil is constantly changing and developing, and chemical, physical and biological processes go in its active zone. The soil is formed as a result of complex interaction of climate, plants, animals and microorganisms. Soviet academician Streetman Vasily Robertovich Williams gave another definition of the soil - this is a loose surface horizon of sushi, capable of producing crops of plants. Plant growth depends on the content of the necessary nutrients in the soil and from its structure.
The soil includes four main structural components: mineral base (usually 50-60% of total soil composition), organic substance (up to 10%), air (15-25%) and water (25-30%).
Mineral skeleton soil - This is an inorganic component that was formed from the mother breed as a result of its weathered.
Over 50% of the mineral composition of the soil occupies SiO2 silica, from 1 to 25% falls on al2o3 alumina, from 1 to 10% - on iron oxides Fe2O3, from 0.1 to 5% - on magnesium oxides, potassium, phosphorus, calcium. Mineral elements that form a substance of the soil skeleton are different in size: from boulders and stones to sandy grades - particles with a diameter of 0.02-2 mm, alley - particles with a diameter of 0.002-0.02 mm and the smallest clay particles of less than 0.002 mm in diameter. Their ratio determines mechanical structure of soil . It is of great importance for agriculture. Clay and loam containing approximately equal amount of clay and sand are usually suitable for plant growth, as they contain enough nutrients and are able to retain moisture. Sand soils are faster drained and lose the nutrients due to leaching, but it is more profitable to use them to obtain early yields, since their surface dries in the spring faster than in clay soils, which leads to a better warming. With an increase in the stonyness of the soil, its ability to hold water is reduced.
Organic The soil is formed during the decomposition of dead organisms, their parts and excrement. Not fully decomposed organic residues are called a litter, and the final product of the decomposition is an amorphous substance in which it is already impossible to recognize the initial material - called humus. Thanks to its physical and chemical properties Gumus improves the structure of the soil and its aeration, and also increases the ability to keep water and nutrients.
Simultaneously with the process of humification, the vital elements move their organic compounds into inorganic, for example: nitrogen - in ammonium ions NH4 +, phosphorus - in orthophosphants H2PO4-, sulfur - SO42- sulfations. This process is called mineralization.
Soil air as well as soil water, is in the pores between soil particles. Porosity increases from clays to loams and sands. There is free gas exchange between the soil and atmosphere, as a result of which the gas composition of both environments has a similar composition. Usually in the air of the soil due to the respiration of the inhabitants of its organisms somewhat less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than in atmospheric air. Oxygen is required for roots of plants, soil animals and organisms of relevant, decomposing organic matter on inorganic components. If the warping process is going, then the soil air is displaced with water and the conditions become anaerobic. The soil gradually becomes acidic, since the anaerobic organisms continue to produce carbon dioxide. Soil, if it is not well-founded, can become extremely acidic, and this, along with the exhaustion of oxygen reserves, adversely affects the soil microorganisms. Long-term anaerobic conditions lead to plant dying.
Soil particles hold around themselves a certain amount of water that determines the humidity of the soil. Part of it, called gravitational water, can freely leak into the depths of the soil. This leads to washing from the soil of various minerals, including nitrogen. Water can also be held around individual colloidal particles as a thin durable associated film. This water is called hygroscopic. It is adsorbed on the surface of the particles due to hydrogen ties. This water is least available for plant roots and it is it that the latter is held in very dry soils. The amount of hygroscopic water depends on the content in the soil of colloidal particles, therefore, in clay soils, it is much greater than 15% of the mass of the soil than in sandy - about 0.5%. As the water layers accumulate around soil particles accumulate, it begins to fill narrow pores between these particles first, and then spreads to increasingly broad pores. Gigroscopic water is gradually moving into capillary, which is held around soil particles by forces surface tension. Capillary water can rise by narrow and canals from groundwater level. Plants easily absorb capillary water, which plays the greatest role in the regular supply of their water. Unlike hygroscopic moisture, this water is easily evaporated. The thin-structured soils, such as clay, hold more capillary water than the roughructural, such as sands.
Water is necessary for all soil organisms. It enters into living cells by osmosis.
Water is also important as a solvent for nutrients and gases absorbed from aquatic solution roots of plants. It takes part in the destruction of the mother breed, underlying the soil, and in the process of soil.
Chemical properties of soil depend on the content of minerals that are in it in the form of dissolved ions. Some ions are poison for plants, others are vital. Concentration in the soil of hydrogen ions (acidity) pH\u003e 7, that is, on average close to the neutral value. Flora such soils is especially rich in species. Lime and saline soils have pH \u003d 8 ... 9, and peat - up to 4. Specific vegetation develops on these soils.
In the soil, many types of plant and animal organisms are inhabited, affecting its physicochemical characteristics: bacteria, algae, mushrooms, or simple single-celled, worms and arthropods. The biomass of them in various soils is equal to (kg / ha): bacteria 1000-7000, microscopic fungi - 100-1000, algae 100-300, arthropods - 1000, worms 350-1000.
In the soil, the processes of synthesis, biosynthesis are carried out, various proceeds chemical reactions Transformations of substances associated with bacteria vital activity. In the absence in the soil of specialized bacteria groups, their role is performed by soil animals that translate large vegetable residues into microscopic particles and thus make organic substances available for microorganisms.
Organic substances are produced by plants when using mineral salts, solar energy and water. Thus, the soil loses the minerals that the plants took from it. In the forests, part of the nutrients returns to the soil through the leaf fall. Cultural plants for some period of time are made of soil significantly more biogenic substances than returned to it. Typically, the loss of nutrients is replenished with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, which are mainly not directly used by plants and should be transformed with microorganisms into a biologically accessible form. In the absence of such microorganisms, the soil loses fertility.
The main biochemical processes occur in the upper soil layer with a thickness of up to 40 cm, as it lives the largest number of microorganisms. Some bacteria are involved in the conversion cycle of only one element, others in the conversion cycles of many elements. If the bacteria is mineralized by the organic matter - decompose the organic substance on inorganic compounds, the simplest destroy the excess number of bacteria. Rain worms, larvae of beetles, ticks break the soil and its aerations contribute to this. In addition, they process hardly cleaved organic substances.
The abyotic factors of the habitat of living organisms also belong relief factors (topography) . The effect of topography is closely associated with other abyotic factors, as it can greatly affect the local climate and the development of the soil.
The main topographic factor is height above sea level. The average temperature decreases with high, the daily temperature difference increases, the amount of precipitation, wind speed and the radiation rate increase, increase the atmospheric pressure and concentration of gases. All these factors affect plants and animals, causing vertical zonality.
Mountain chains can serve as climate barriers. Mountains also serve as barriers to the distribution and migration of organisms and can play the role of a limiting factor in the processes of the speciation.
Another topographic factor - slope Exposition . In the northern hemisphere, the slopes facing south receive more sunlight, so the intensity of light and the temperature here is higher than at the bottom of the valleys and on the slopes of the northern exposure. In the southern hemisphere there is a reverse situation.
An important factor of the relief is also rough slope . For steep slopes, fast drainage and soil wash are characterized, so soil is low and more dry. If the bias exceeds 35, the soil and vegetation are usually not formed, and screaming from loose material are created.
Among the abiotic factors, special attention deserves the fire or fire . Currently, environmentalists came to an unequivocal belief that the fire should be considered as one of the natural abiotic factors along with climatic, both of them and other factors.
Fires as an environmental factor come in various types and leave after themselves different consequences. High or wild fires, that is, very intense and detectable, destroy all the vegetation and the whole organicity of the soil, the consequences of the lower fires are completely different. High fires have a limiting effect on most of the organisms - the biotic community has to start all over first, from the little, which remains, and must pass for many years until the site becomes productive again. The lower fires, on the contrary, have an election action: for some organisms, they turn out to be more limiting, for others, a less limiting factor and thus contribute to the development of organisms with high tolerance to fires. In addition, small lower fires complement the action of bacteria, decomposing the dead plants and accelerating the transformation of mineral cells into a form suitable for the use of new generations of plants.
If the lower fires happen regularly once a few years, there are little dogs on Earth, it reduces the likelihood of kroning. In the forests that did not burn more than 60 years, it accumulates so much fuel litter and dead wood that when it ignited the riding fire is almost inevitable.
Plants have developed special adaptation to the fire, just as they did in relation to other abiotic factors. In particular, the kidney of cereals and pines are hidden from the fire in the depths of the beams of leaves or khuminok. In periodically burning habitats, these types of plants receive advantages, as the fire contributes to their conservation, selectively promoting their prosperity. The glitstic breeds are devoid of protective devices from the fire, it is destroyed for them.
Thus, fires support the stability of only some ecosystems. Fall and wet tropical forests, the equilibrium of which was evident without the influence of fire, even the lower fire can cause great damage by destroying the top horizon of the soil rich in humus, leading to erosion and leaning biogenic substances from it.
The question "burn or not burn" is unusual for us. The consequences of burning can be very different depending on time and intensity. By its negligence, a person often has the cause of increasing the frequency of wild fires, so it is necessary to actively fight for fire safety in the forests and recreation areas. A person in no way has the right to intentionally or accidentally cause a fire in nature. However, it is necessary to know that the use of fire specially trained people is part of the proper land use.
For abiotic conditions, all the laws of the impact of environmental factors on living organisms are valid. Knowing these laws allows you to answer the question: why are different ecosystems formed in different regions of the planet? The main reason is the originality of the abiotic conditions of each region.
The populations are concentrated on a certain territory and cannot be distributed everywhere with the same density, since they have a limited range of tolerance with respect to environmental factors. Consequently, for each combination of abiotic factors, their types of living organisms are characteristic. Many variants of combinations of abiotic factors and fitness adapted for them are caused by a variety of ecosystems on the planet.
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Abstract on the topic
"Abiotic environmental factors. Shine"
Prepared:
11th grade student
Young Anya.
Checked:
chemistry teacher and biology
Realovova Vera Aleksandrovna
Nizhnekamsk, 2014
Abiotic environmental factors (non-residential factors) is a set of conditions external environmentproviding direct or indirect influence on plants. There are also biotic factors whose action is due to the effect on the plants of the activities of other living organisms (fungi, animals, other plants).
The abiotic includes chemical and physical (or climatic) factors. Chemical abiotic factors are gas components atmospheric air, chemical composition of water bodies, soil. The main physical factors are temperature, humidity, solar radiation intensity. In some classifications, there are such abiotic factors such as orographic, including relief, geological differences of the earth's surface. The effect on the body of abiotic factors is varied and depends on the intensity of the impact of each individual factor and the combination of them among themselves. The number and distribution of a certain type of plants within the limits of this territory is due to the impact of limiting abiotic factors that are vital, but their values \u200b\u200bare minimal (as lack of water in desert locations).
Most essentially for plants, the influence of three abiotic factors - temperature, humidity and light. Consider influence svetaas an abiotic factor, on living organisms.
The role of light in the life of all living organisms is difficult to overestimate, since solar energy is the basis for the implementation of all the processes of life, ranging from nutrition and ending with the departure of individual physiological functions. According to the expression of the famous ecologist Sudine Oduma, the entire evolution of the biosphere is largely aimed at the use of useful components of light and to protect against its destructive properties.
The sun rays have several environmentally important functions:
1) due to the solar rays on the surface of the Earth, a certain temperature is realized, having a latitudinal and vertical zonal character;
2) Solar energy is a source of energy for all organisms living on Earth (excluding a small group of hemosynthetic organisms). The energy of the Sun is both the source of energy for heterotrophic organisms (animals, bacteria, mushrooms, etc.), since these organisms use energy chemical ties substances synthesized by photosynthetics (i.e. plants);
3) Solar energy is a regulator of cycles of life of various organisms.
Solar radiation is the main source of energy for all processes occurring on Earth. For plants, the length of the light wave of perceived radiation is of great importance, its duration (light day length) and intensity (illumination). In the spectrum of solar radiation, three areas can be distinguished, various biodegrads: ultraviolet, visible and infrared .
Ultra-violet rays With a wavelength of less than 0.290 μm are detaining for all living things, but they are delayed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Only a small part of longer ultraviolet rays (0.300 - 0,400 μm) comes to the surface of the Earth. They make up about 10% of radiant energy. These rays have high chemical activity - with a large dose can damage live organisms. In small quantities, however, they are necessary, for example, a person: Under the influence of these rays in the human body, vitamin D is formed, and insects visually distinguish between these rays, i.e. Seen in ultraviolet light. They can navigate the polarized light.
Visible rays With a wavelength from 0.400 to 0.750 μm (their share accounts for most of the energy - 45% - solar radiation), reaching the ground surfaces, are of particularly important for organisms. Green plants due to this radiation are synthesized organic matter (photosynthesis), which is used in food all other organisms. For most plants and animals, visible light is one of the important environmental factors, although there are those for which the light is not a prerequisite for the existence (soil, cave and deep-water types of adaptation to life in the dark). Most animals are able to distinguish between the spectral composition of the light - have color vision, and plant flowers have a bright color to attract insect pollinators.
Infrared rays With a wavelength of more than 0.750 μm, a person's eye does not perceive, but they are a source of thermal energy (45% radiant energy). These rays are absorbed by the tissues of animals and plants, as a result of which the tissues are heated. In plants, the most important function of infrared rays is to carry out transpiration, with the help of which from the leaves with water vapors is given by the excess heat, as well as in the creation of optimal conditions for the occurrence of carbon dioxide through the dust. Many cold-blooded animals (lizards, snakes, insects) use sunlight to increase body temperature (some snakes and lizards are ecologically warm animals).
In relation to the light, several groups of plants are distinguished:
1. Light-minded - plants of open spaces that fall direct light. These include plants of steppes, deserts, semi-deserts (noodles, wormwood, various types of cereals, such as wheat, etc.), as well as plants of the upper tiers of forests (pine, birch, etc.).
2. Shadowish-plants that can grow under conditions of some shading (beech, oak, hornbeam, spruce, linden, lilac, etc.) This group of plants are adapted to existence in conditions of insufficient light gain and in good lighting conditions. Such plants capture the diffused light with dark green rich chlorophyll leaves.
3. Teleboy - plants that cannot exist in the conditions of direct light on them. These include plants living under the woods of the forest: fern, star, valley, etc.
Fixtures of organisms to light factors
Plants
Light conditions associated with the rotation of the Earth have a distinct daily and seasonal periodicity. The length of the day (photoperiod) is of great importance in the life of plants and animals. Photoperiodism - Regulation of the biorhythm of living beings with the help of light. There are daily and seasonal photoperiodism, as well as the periodism of the processes flowing into the sun. The most studied daily and seasonal photoperiodism. The "biological watches" determine the daily rhythm of activity of both whole organisms and processes occurring even at the level of cells, in particular cell divisions.
In plants, the processes of the light phase of photosynthesis are realized during the day and, partly, the dark phase, and at night - the dark phase of photosynthesis. Phenomenon is connected with photoperiodism phototropism - The movement of individual plants to light, for example, the movement of the sunflower head during the day along the movement of the sun, the disclosure of the dandelion inflorescences in the morning and the closure of them in the evening, the growth of indoor plants in the illuminated side, etc. (daily photoperiodism). At the highest plants due to shortening the light day and reduce the intensity of lighting occurs such a seasonal phenomenon as leafflow.
The light has an impact on the process of the development of plant organisms. Some plants evolutionally formed at the "short bottom" (not more than 12 hours a day), they are called the "short day" plants, and other plants (they grow in medium and high latitudes) - with a "long day" (the duration of the day can reach 20 hours or more), they are called the "Long Day" plants (cranberries, cloudberry, etc.). The "Long Day" plants cannot be developed normally in the south (they do not give seeds), the same applies to the "short day" plants, if they are grown in the north, creating all the favorable conditions, while maintaining the duration of the daytime.
Animals
Solar energy directly animals is not absorbed, and, nevertheless, it is a source of their livelihoods. In addition, solar energy is an animal life source, she plays a huge role In their lives due to the following processes.
1. Sunlight determines daily photoperiodism Life of animals and their distribution on environmental niches. Distinguish animals leading day and nightlife That eliminates competition for food sources. The light plays the light in the life of people. So, some people have increased performance in the morning ("Larks" ), and others - at night ("Owls" ). Sunny day emotional mood most people are much higher than in cloudy or rainy days, etc.
2. Sunlight allows animals to easily navigate in the environment; shine Evolutionary contributed to the development of organs of vision . Abiotic factor solar organism
3. Light defines and seasonal photoperiodism With which the change in the course of physiological processes is associated (with the onset of autumn, the accumulation of spare substances in the body is intensified, the nature of the cover changes, etc.). Organisms for which are characterized by migration (for example, migratory birds) are prepared for them and migrate, despite the presence of heat and feed base. However, not all phenomena can be explained by photoperiodism, for example, bird migration from wintering places in warm edges, where the length of the day does not change seasonally, it can be explained by the presence of "biological clocks" arising in the process of evolution and laid in genetic code.
Inhabitants of underwater depths are in constant darkness. The deeper the daylight penetrates the sea, the faster it weakens. Various devices with photographic plates that are much more sensitive to light, it has been found that the light penetrates into the column of the ocean to a depth of 1000 m. Deeper, no devices are caught. Therefore, some inhabitants of the underwater depths are blind, and other eyes have a special structure, allowing to capture even the slightest glimpses of light. Their eyes reach high degree development. Sometimes they are huge sizes equipped with a lenses system. Other animals have special devices glowing in various colors. They not only illuminate the owner's road, but also make prey. And some inhabitants may, at their request, "Stew" and "Light" light in these organs. There are also animals, (1 of the species of squid), in which the body accumulates a special mucous liquid. An animal at the time of danger releases it and hides from the enemy behind the luminous blue cloud.
Literature
1. http://znanija.com/
2. http://bonoysse.ru/
3. http://ppt4web.ru/
4. http://www.polnaja-jenciklopedija.ru/
5. http://beaplanet.ru/
6. http://burenina.narod.ru/
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Mediums are determined climatic conditions, as well as soak and water.
Classification
There are several classifications of abiotic factors. One of the most popular divides them to such components:
- physical factors barometric pressure, humidity);
- chemical factors (composition of the atmosphere, mineral and organic substances of the soil, pH level in the soil and others)
- mechanical factors (wind, landslides, water and soil movement, terrain relief, etc.)
Abiotic environmental factors significantly affect the spread of species and determine their arral, i.e. The geographical area, which is the habitat of certain organisms.
Temperature
Of particular importance is the temperature, as this is the most important indicator. Depending on the temperature, the abiotic factors of the medium differ in thermal belts with which the life of organisms in nature is associated. It is a cold, moderate, tropical and temperature, which is favorable for the vital activity of organisms, is called optimal. Almost all organisms are capable of living in the range of 0 ° - 50 ° C.
Depending on the ability to exist in different temperature conditions, they are classified as:
- heuritem organisms adapted to the conditions of sudden temperature fluctuations;
- stenamic organisms that exist in a narrow temperature range.
Hurizers consider organisms that live mainly where the continental climate is dominated. These organisms are able to withstand rigid temperature fluctuations (larvae dug, bacteria, algae, helminths). Some heuritem organisms can be included in the hibernation state if the temperature factor is "tightened". The metabolism in such a state is significantly reduced (badgers, bears, etc.).
Stenothermal organisms can be both among plants and animals. For example, most marine animals survive at temperatures up to 30 ° C.
Animals are separated by the ability to maintain their own thermoregulation, i.e. The constant body temperature, on the so-called causticothers and homoothermal. The first can change their temperature, while the second, it is always constant. All mammals and a number of birds are homoothermal animals. Poikiloterman belongs to all organisms, except for some species of birds and mammals. Their body temperature is close to ambient temperature. During the evolution, animals belonging to homootherm, adapted to protect against cold (hibernation, migration, fur and other).
Shine
Abiotic environmental factors are light and its intensity. Its importance is especially large for photosynthetic plants. At the level of photosynthesis affects the intensity of the high-quality composition of the light, the distribution of light in time. However, the bacteria and mushrooms are known, which can multiply in complete darkness. Plants are divided into light-minded, thermal and thermal-loving.
For many animals, the duration of the daylight, which affects the sexual function, increasing it during the period of a long daylight and angry with a short (autumn or winter).
Humidity
Humidity is a complex factor and represents the amount of water vapor in the air and water in the soil. The life expectancy of cells, and, accordingly, the whole organism depends on the level of humidity. The amount of precipitation is affected by the soil moisture, the depth of water in the soil and other conditions. Moisture is necessary to dissolve minerals.
Abiotic water factors
Chemical factors are not inferior in their meaning physical factors. A large role belongs to gas as well as the composition of the aquatic environment. Almost all organisms need oxygen, and a number of organisms in nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide or methane.
Physical abiotic environmental factors represent a gas composition, which is extremely important for those living beings that live in aquatic environment. In the waters of the Black Sea, for example, a lot of hydrogen sulfide, which is why this pool is considered not very favorable for many organisms. Saltness is an important component of the aquatic environment. Most of all the aquatic animals live in salted waters, fewer - in fresh waters, and even less - in a slight saltwater water. The propagation and reproduction of aquatic animals affects the ability to maintain the salt composition of the inner medium.
Abiotic factors - components of inanimate nature. These include: climatic (light, temperature, water, wind, atmosphere, etc.), acting on all habitats of living organisms: aqueous, air, soil, the body of another organism. Their action is always cumulative.
Shine - One of the most important biotic factors, this is the source of life for everything alive on earth. Not only visible rays are important in the life of organisms, but also the other, reaching the earth's surface: ultraviolet, infrared, electromagnetic. The most important process flowing in plants on the ground with the participation of solar energy: photosynthesis. On average, 1-5% of the light falling on the plant is used for photosynthesis and in the form of accumulated energy is transmitted further along the food chain.
Photoperiodism - Device of plants and animals to a certain length of the day.
In plants: distinguish light-minded and shadowish species. Some species are growing on the illuminated area (cereals, birch, sunflower), others with a lack of light (forest herbs, ferns), shadowish species can grow in various conditions, but at the same time change their appearance. Pine, lonely grown, has a thick wide crown, in the treasured - the crown is formed in the upper part, and the trunk is naked. There are plants of a short and long day.
Among animals, light is a means of orientation in space. Some adapted to live with sunlight, others lead a night or twilight lifestyle. There are animals, such as moles that sunlight is not required.
TemperatureThe temperature range at which life is possible is very small. For most organisms, it is determined from 0 to + 50c.
Temperature factor has pronounced seasonal and daily fluctuations. The temperature determines the rate of biochemical processes in the cell. It defines the appearance of the body and latitude of geographic distribution. Organisms that can withstand a wide range of temperatures are called euryerm. Snothermal organisms live with a narrow temperature range.
Some organisms have better adapted to transfer an unfavorable (high or low) air temperature, other temperature of the soil. There is a large group of warm-blooded organisms that are capable
maintain body temperature at a stable level. The ability of organisms to suspend their livelihoods with adverse temperatures is called anabyosis.
WaterThere are no living organisms that do not contain water in their fabrics. The water content in the body can reach 60-98%. The amount of water required for normal development varies depending on age. Especially sensitive organisms to the shortage of water during the reproduction period.
In relation to the water regime, plants are divided into 3 large groups:
Gigrophites - Plants of wet places. They do not tolerate water shortages.
Mesophytes- Plants of moderately moistened habitats. They are able to transfer the soil and air droughle a short period. This is the majority of farm crops, meadow herbs.
Xerophytes - Plants of dry habitats. They are adapted for a long time to transfer the lack of water through special devices. The leaves turn into barbs or, for example, at sukkulents - cells grow to huge sizes, stocking water in themselves. For animals there is also a similar classification. Only changing the end of Fita Fit: hygrophils, mesophylls, xerophils.
AtmosphereThe ground covering the layered atmosphere and the ozone layer, which is at an altitude of 10-15 km, is protected from powerful ultraviolet radiation and space radiation all living things. The gas composition of the modern atmosphere is 78% of nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.3-3% water vapors, 1% falls on other chemical elements.
Soil or edephic factors. Soil is a biocosaous natural body, formed under the influence of alive and inanimate nature. It has fertility. From soils of the plant consume nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, etc. Microelements. The growth, development and biological productivity of plants depends on the presence of nutrients in the soil. Both deficiency and excess nutrients can become a limiting factor. Some species of plants adapted to excess any element, for example, calcium and obtained the name of calciumphilles.
The soil is characterized by a certain structure, which depends on the humus - the product of the life of microorganisms, mushrooms. The soil in its composition has air and water that interact with other elements of the biosphere.
With wind, water or other erosion, the destruction of soil cover occurs, which leads to the loss of soil fertility.
Orographic factors - terrain relief.The terrain is not a direct factor, but has a large environmental importance as an indirect factor, redistributing climatic and other abiotic factors. The brightest example of the effect of the relief is the vertical zonality inherent in mountainous areas.
Distinguish:
nanorefield is a bunch of about nor animals, bumps on swamps, etc.;
microrelief - small funnels, barhangships;
mesorland - ravines, beams, river valleys, elevation, lowering;
macrorelief - plateau, plains, mountain ranges, i.e. Significant geographical areas that have a significant impact on the movement of air masses.
Biotic factors.Not only abiotic factors affect living organisms, but also living organisms themselves. The group of data factors includes: phytogenic, zogenic and anthropogenic.
The effect of biotic factors on the environment is very diverse. In one case, with the influence of different types of each other, they do not have any action (0), in another case, the effects are favorable (+) or unfavorable (-).
Types of relationships of species
Neutralism (0.0) - species do not affect each other;
Competition (-, -) - Each species has an adverse effect, suppressing the other and displacing a weaker;
Mutualism (+, +) - one of the species can normally develop only in the presence of another species (symbiosis of plants and mushrooms);
Protocooperation (+, +) - cooperation, mutually beneficial effect, is not so tough as at mutualism;
Commminasalism (+, 0) One species benefits from joint existence;
Amenzalism (0, -) - one kind is in oppression, the other does not oppress;
An anthropogenic effect fits into this classification of species relationships. Among biotic factors is the most powerful. It can be direct action or an indirect, positive or negative orientation. An anthropogenic effect on the abiotic and biotic environment is considered further from the point of view of nature conservation.
The abiotic factors of the medium include the substrate and its composition, humidity, temperature, light and other types of radiation in nature, and its composition, and microclimate. It should be noted that the temperature, air composition, humidity and light can be conditionally attributed to the "individual", and the substrate, climate, microclimate, etc. - to "complex" factors.
The substrate (literally) is the place of attachment. For example, for wood and grassy plants, for soil microorganisms is soil. In some cases, the substrate can be considered synonymous with the habitat (for example, the soil is a prefichetic habitat). The substrate is characterized by certain chemical compositionwhich affects the organisms. If the substrate is understood as the habitat, then in this case it is a complex of characteristic biotic and abiotic factors characteristic of it, to which one or another body adapts.
Temperature characteristic as an abiotic environmental factor
The role of temperature as an environmental factor is reduced to the fact that it affects the metabolism: at low temperatures, the rate of bioorganic reactions is slow down, and at high, it increases significantly, which leads to a violation of equilibrium in the flow of biochemical processes, and this causes various diseases, and sometimes And death.
Effect of temperature, vegetable organisms
The temperature is not only a factor determining the possibility of habitat of plants in a territory or another, but it affects some plants affects the process of their development. So, winter varieties of wheat and rye, which during germination did not undergo the process of "narrowing" (exposure to low temperatures), do not give seeds during their growth under the most favorable conditions.
To transfer the exposure to low temperatures of the plant have various devices.
1. In winter, cytoplasma loses water and accumulates substances with the effect of "antifreeze" (this monosahara, glycerin and other substances) - concentrated solutions of such substances are freezed only at low temperatures.
2. The transition of plants in the stage (phase), resistant to low temperatures - a stage of dispute, seeds, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, rooteploods, etc. Wood and shrub mills of plants are reset the leaves, the stalks are covered with a plug with high thermal insulation properties, And in living cells, antifreeze substances accumulate.
The effect of temperature on animal organisms
The temperature affects the caustic and homoothermal animals in different ways.
Poikilotermic animals are active only in the period of optimal temperatures for their lively. In the period of low temperatures, they fall into hibernation (amphibians, reptiles, arthropods, etc.). Some insects are overwhelmed or in the form of eggs, or in the form of a pupa. Finding the body in hibernation is characterized by the state of anabyosis in which the exchange processes are very strongly inhibited and the body can do without food for a long time. In the hibernation, causting animals can fall under the influence of high temperatures. So, animals in the lower latitudes in the hot time of the day are in Nora, and the period of their active livelihoods falls on an early morning or late evening (or they lead a night lifestyle).
In the hibernation, animal organisms fall not only due to the effects of temperature, but also at the expense of other factors. So, the bear (homoothermal animal) flows into the hibernation in winter due to lack of food.
Homeothermal animals to a lesser extent in their livelihoods depend on temperature, but the temperature affects them from the point of view of the presence (absence) of the feed database. These animals have the following adaptations to overcoming the exposure of low temperatures:
1) Animals move from colder areas in warmer (bird flights, mammalian migration);
2) change the nature of the cover (summer fur or plumage is replaced by the more thick winter; accumulate a large layer of fat - wild pigs, seals, etc.);
3) flow into hibernation (for example, bear).
Gomoothermal animals have devices to reduce the effects of temperatures (both elevated and reduced). So, a person has sweat glands that change the character of secretion at elevated temperatures (the amount of the secret increases), the clearance of blood vessels in the skin changes (at low temperatures, it decreases, and at high - increases), etc.).
Radiation as an abiotic factor
Both in the life of plants, and in the life of animals, various radiation play a huge role, which or fall on the planet from the outside (sun rays), or stand out from the bowels of the earth. Here we consider mainly solar radiation.
Solar radiation is heterogeneous and consist of electromagnetic waves Different lengths, and therefore, possess various energy. The surface of the earth reaches the rays of both the visible and invisible spectrum. The rays of the invisible spectrum include infrared and ultraviolet rays, and the rays of the visible spectrum have seven most distinguishable rays (from red to violet). The radiation quanta increases from infrared to ultraviolet (i.e. ultraviolet rays contain quanta of the shortest waves and the greatest energy).
The sun rays have several environmentally important functions:
1) due to the solar rays on the surface of the Earth, a certain temperature is realized, having a latitudinal and vertical zonal character;
In the absence of a person's effect, the composition of the air, however, may vary depending on the height above sea level (with a height of oxygen and carbon dioxide decreases, since these gases are heavier than nitrogen). Air primorsky districts Enriched with steam water in which sea salts are contained in a dissolved state. The air of the forest differs from air fields impurities allocated by various plants (so, air pine boron Contains a large number of resinous substances and esters that kill pathogenic microorganisms, so this air is healing for patients with tuberculosis).
The most important complex abiotic factor is the climate.
The climate is a cumulative abiotic factor, which includes a certain composition and level of solar radiation, associated with the level of temperature and humidity and a certain wind mode. The climate also depends on the nature of vegetation growing in the territory, and from the terrain.
On Earth there is a certain latitudinal and vertical climatic zonality. There are wet tropical, subtropical, sharply continental and other climate varieties.
Repeat information about various types of climate on the textbook. physical geography. Consider the climate features of the territory on which you live.
The climate as a cumulative factor forms one or another type of vegetation (flora) and closely associated with it type of fauna. A large influence on the climate is provided by settlements of people. The climate of large cities is different from the climate of suburban zones.
Compare the temperature of the city in which you live, and the temperature regime area where the city is located.
As a rule, the temperature within the city (especially in the center) is always higher than in the area.
The climate is closely connected by the microclimate. The cause of the microclimate is the differences in the relief in this area, the presence of water bodies, which leads to a change in conditions in different territories of this climatic zone. Even on the relatively small territory of the country area, various conditions for growing plants may arise in separate parts due to various conditions Lighting.
