The value of Circle William in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Who opened the Tallium and allocated helium
Chapter 11. Experts of William Crox
flashing work done in 1870-1874 by Sir William Cruks - then he was simply Professor Kruks, became one of the outstanding phenomena in the development of a spiritual movement. It is notable for the high scientific level and perseverance of the researcher, the quality of the work itself, and also by completing it, he fearlessly announced that he received an undeniable evidence of the manifestation of other forces. Opponents loved to refer to some physical disadvantage or the old age of some witnesses of spiritual phenomena. However, in this case, no one would dare to deny that studies were held by a person who was in the zenith of their mental development, because his further brilliant career is the best evidence of the strength of his mind. It should be noted that the results of these studies confirmed the absence of deception in the actions of the medium Florence Cook, which caused truly sensational spiritual phenomena; Such was the result of thorough tests, which D. D. Home and Miss Kate Fox were subjected.
Sir William Cruks (1832-1919) - an outstanding scientist who has gained wide fame in scientific World His works in the field of chemistry and physics. In 1863, he became a member of the Royal Society, and in 1875 this organization awarded his royal gold medal. He was also awarded Davy Medal - in 1888 and the Medals of Sir Joseph Copli - in 1904. Queen Victoria complained to him Knight's title in 1897. In 1910, he received the Order of Merit. IN for different years He held presidential posts in the Royal Society, Chemical Society, Institute of Electrician Engineers, British Association "For the Progress of Science" and in the Society of Mental Research. The discovery of a new chemical element called "Thallium" by them, the invention of the radiometer, spintariskop and the "Crox tube" is only a small part of its grand work. In 1859, he founded the "Kemical News" edition ("Chemical News"), becoming his editor, and from 1864 edited "quarterly science Magazine" In 1880, the French Academy of Sciences awarded him Gold medal And 3000 francs award - as a sign of recognition of the importance of his work.
Sir William Cruks.
Getting Started with research on mental phenomena, Circus, as he himself admitted, suspected that all this could be fond. His fellow on science was shared by this opinion and were pleased with the direction of his thoughts accepted. They were particularly satisfied with the fact that the research began an extremely qualified person. Few people doubted that the unreasonableness of Spiritis claims will soon be demonstrated with very evidence. One author wrote: "If this person, such people, like Circuits, would come to work ... then we will soon find out what to believe, and what - no." Dr. (later Professor) Balform Stuart in his letter addressed to Nacerta magazine (Nature), emphasized the courage and honesty of Mr. Crox, who risked to engage in such research. Circle himself believed that it would make a scientist debt to him. He wrote: "Freed out of the opinions of our scientist class is worth a little, since his representatives refused to start so long. scientific researchTo find out: whether there are and what are the essentially confirmed by such numerous competent and worthy trustworthy witnesses, and all sorts of research in this area were only encouraged. I myself am not afraid to proceed to such research, even if the results can go into a context with a generally accepted opinion, because I strive to truth and I will be glad if you manage to open new phenomena of nature. " That was his mood before starting work.
It should be noted that despite its skepticism in relation to mental phenomena, he was already familiar with mental phenomena and in some way recognized them. Perhaps this spiritual grave just helped him to achieve such outstanding results, for it should always be remembered: an effective study of mental phenomena should be "mental", that is, should depend on the state of the spirit.
Not one who is full of bias, stubbornness and ridiculous desire to measure the phenomena of spiritual about the measurements of banal practices are achieved. Good luck helps those who understand that the flexibility of thinking does not contradict the care of observations and the strict logic of reasoning. It prefers preferences and caution, contributing to harmony and sympathy between the test and the subject.
Circle studies in the field of intangible phenomena began in the summer of 1869. Then, in July, he participated in meetings held in the presence of a famous medium - Mrs Marshall, and in December visited the sessions of another celebrity - J. Morse. In July 1869, D. D. Hawn, returning from St. Petersburg, brought Crox a letter of recommendation from Professor Butlerova.
An interesting fragment of a personal diary, which Cruks led during his trip to Spain with an expedition "Eclipse" in December 1870. On December 31, he recorded:
"Against your own will, I return to the events of one-year limit. Nelli (Wife W. Kroks. - Ed.) And I talked then with our deceased friends, and when I pierced midnight, my friends wished us a happy New Year. I feel, they are now looking at me, and since the distance for them is not an obstacle, then hedgehogs, I am sure, look at Nellie. We both know: among these perfumes there is one who we are all - and spirits, and mortals - read as your father and Lord. I will give my humble prayer to him - great and good so that he does not leave Nelly without his gracious protection, me and our little family. Let it also allow us to continue spiritualizing with my brother, which switched to another world more than three years ago, while sailing on the ship. "
Adding this New Year congratulations to his wife and children, he writes:
"And when years, let us leave for earthly life, let us find even greater happiness in the country of spirits, the outlines of which I sometimes watch."
Miss Florence Cook, with which Cruks spent his classic series of experiences, was a young girl fifteen years old and had the strongest mental abilities that manifested in a rare form - in the form of complete materialization. This ability turned out to be a family name, and her sister, Miss Kate Cook, was not less famous. When the scandal caused by Mr. Volkman's statements began that he allegedly exposed Miss Cook, she, wishing to confirm his rightness, asked for support for Mrs. Circus. Miss Cook was agreed that the husband of this lady put any experiences over it, and did not require anything in return, if only he publicly confirmed that she was a true medium. Fortunately, she turned to a person of incorruptible scientific honesty. After all, these days, there are widely known cases when the mediums gave themselves to the authorities to researchers, and they betrayed them, without having enough courage in order to confirm the truth of spiritual phenomena.
In the "quarterly scientific journal)", which Professor Crox edited, he published full description of their research methods. In his house, Mornington Road was a small office, communicating with the chemical laboratory and separated from her curtain. Miss Cook in Transway lay on the couch in the indoor room. A twilight was arranged in the outer room, Circles and others who invited observers were sitting there. After a period of a certain period, which differed from twenty minutes to an hour, from the ectoplasm of the medium materialized the figure. In those days, the mentioned substance and mechanisms of its occurrence were not known, but the relevant studies clarified a lot in this area, which is devoted to a separate chapter of our book. Professor Circles observed the following: The curtain suddenly opened and a woman appeared because of him, and usually her appearance was very different from the exterior of the medium. This creation was able to move, speak and produce other actions independently from anyone. It also reported her name: Katie King.
The skeptic would say that in fact there were not two women, but one, and that Katie appeared as a result of the ingenious reincarnation of Florence. He could reinforce his objections by the fact that not only Circles, but also Miss Maryat, and other observers noted that sometimes Katie was very similar to Florence.
Here we are faced with one of the mysteries of the materialization phenomenon, which requires a careful study rather than ridicule. The author of these lines, watching Miss Uninnet, also noted that the faces of mental phenomena at the first moment, when the mental force is still weak, resemble the face of the medium, but in the future the resemblance is completely lost. There is an assumption that the medium's essential shell, its spiritual body, is exempt in a state of trance and becomes the basis on which embodied entities form their appearance. Whatever an explanation, the fact is evident. A similar phenomenon accompanies the so-called "directional voice": at the first moment it resembles the voice of the medium, and then either acquires a completely different timbre, or is divided into two voices that sound at the same time.
Of course, each researcher has the right to argue the identity of Florence Cook and Katie King, but only until he has been prefigured by irrefutable evidence of the opposite. Such evidence and received Professor Circus after thorough research.
Here's how it describes the differences in their appearance, which he managed to install:
"Katie has a different height: during the experiments in my house she was above Florence for six inches, and yesterday, being barefoot and not climbing socks, it was still four and a half inches.
Last night, when the neck of Katie was open, it was possible to see and feel like her leather glada, and Miss Cook had a big blister who could see and touch her hand. Katie's ears are not punctured, while Miss Cook wears earrings. The entire appearance of Katie is very light, while Miss Cook is dark. Katie's fingers are much longer than fingers Miss Cook, the face is also more elongated. Their manners and expressions also differ quite different. "
"Recently, I had the opportunity to repeatedly observe Katie during electrical lighting, and now I can describe the differences in more detail that exist between her and its medium. I received a complete confirmation that Miss Cook and Katie are two different identities, how much about this can be judged by their external signs. Several little specks that are on the face of Miss Cook, there are no on the face of Katy. Miss Cook - Shahnka, almost brunette, while Lokon from Katie's head, who now in front of me (she allowed me to cut him off from his magnificent Kuddari, giving pre-make sure that it is her own hair), - bright golden color .
In one of the evenings I measured Katie's pulse. He fought exactly, at a speed of 75 blows per minute, while Miss Cook's pulse, measured after a very short period of time, was also smooth, but he fought with the usual speed for it 90 shots. Having attached an ear to the chest Katie, I heard that her heart beats even more than the heart of Miss Cook, which was allowed to examine himself immediately after the session. Listening to the lungs of Katie revealed that they work better than the mild Miss Cook, suffering from a cruel couch and held at that time a course of treatment. "
Cruks made forty four photos Katie King with electric light. It describes its methodology as follows:
"All the week preceding the care of Katie, she almost daily gave sessions in my house so that I could take a picture of it with artificial lighting. For this purpose, five complete sets of cameras were installed. Five cameras were used: one - complete format, one half, one fourth, as well as two binocular stereoscopic. They were all aimed at the positive Katie. Five baths with a developer and a fixer were used, a lot of photographic plastic was harvested to eliminate any delays or stops during the photographing process that we spent together with the assistant.
As a dark room, my library was used, separated from the laboratory with a double door. One of the doors of the door was removed from the loops and at her place he hung a dealer so that Katie could enter and go out. Our guests sat in the laboratory, face to the cutter, and cameras were located behind them, giving the opportunity to take a picture of Katie as soon as she enters. After throwing down a porter, we could take a picture of everything that happened in a small room. Each evening was made in three or four pictures by each camera, which gave at least fifteen pictures for a session, but several plates were spoiled when the development is somewhat - when setting up the lighting. A total of forty-four negatives turned out, some of them are low quality, some are average, but there are simply excellent. "
The author has several photos from the named series, among them the greatest impression produces a snapshot, imprinted the full masculine of the Crox, on the hand of which this angel is based on - after all, it was an angel. The word "Angel" may seem exaggeration, however, as otherwise, to name the spirit, the inhabitant of the otherworldly, who agreed to expose the inconveniences of temporary, artificial existence is the only thing to teach the lesson to representatives of our materialistic generation, entirely immersed in worldly? The question arises, did Circle had the opportunity to observe Katie and medium at the same time? In his report, Circles reports that he often went to the office after Katie, "and sometimes he also watched her and medium together, but more often saw a medium girl lying on the floor in a state of trance, and Katie in his white clothes instantly disappeared."
The experience of Professor Crox, confirming the separation existence of a medium and spirit.
A more detailed evidence was given by Circus in a letter directed to the American magazine "Banner of Light" ("Banner of Light") and a reprinted "Spirichualist" on July 17, 1874. He's writing:
"In response to your request, I can report that I saw Miss Cook and Katy simultaneously with the light of the phosphoric lamp, quite sufficient to distinguish the details. The angle of human vision is quite wide, so both figures were visible to me at the same time. The light of the lamp was, however, enough dim, so I had to turn her into different directions to illuminate their faces located at a distance of several feet apart. Thus, Miss Cook and Katie's faces could only see separately. Subsequently, I and eight more people had the opportunity to see Miss Cook and Katie together with full electrical lighting. In this case, Miss Cook's face was not visible, since her head covered a dense shawl, but I completely calmed down when I myself had a self-made sure that Miss Cook did not leave anywhere and, therefore, no one could replace it. An attempt to quit a straight light on her face when she was in the trance, led to serious consequences. "
The camera also recorded the differences between the materialized form and the medium. Cruks writes:
"At one of the most interesting photos, where I stand next to Katie, it can be seen that her barefoot leg occupies a certain position on the floor. After the session, I dressed Miss Cook just as I was dressed as Katie, we got up there and were taken pictures from the same points and with similar lighting. When combining two snapshots, it can be seen that my images coincide completely, but Katie is halfolons higher than Miss Cook and it seems in comparison with her high woman. The photo shows that they also differ in the width of the face and other features. "
Circus gives a high assessment of Miss Cook as a medium:
"Almost daily sessions for which she kindly agreed, very significantly affected her health, and I want to express my appreciation for agreement to participate in experiments. She fully prepared for any tests that I offered. It is expressed openly and straight, and I never noticed at least the slightest attempt to smear. Of course, I am sure, the deception could not succeed to her at all desire: I would immediately notice that something was wrong, for she was not capable of false by nature. It is assumed that the fifteen-year schoolgirl is able to think and for three years to successfully sell this scale, agreeing on any tests, undergoing a thoroughly examination, to undergo inspection both before and after sessions, and at the same time show even more striking in my house Things than in the house of parents, conscious, which is under thorough observation ... Common sense makes it more likely to believe that Katie King actually was the one who called himself than in the fact that her appearance occurring over three years, were the result of selling. "
Agreeing with the fact that from the Etoplasma Florence Cook was created a certain form, in which the independent being, called Katy King, we get up before the question: "Who was Katie King?" On this we can give only her own answer, realizing that we have no evidence in his favor. She reported that she was the daughter of John King, the Spirit, for a long time, which was Spiritam on sessions dedicated to the material phenomena. The reader finds out about him in the subsequent chapters of our book telling about the Veri Eddie and Mrs. Holmes. Her earthly name was Morgan, and King is not a name in the usual sense, but rather a title that has a certain kind of perfume. She lived two hundred years ago, at the time of Charles second, on the island of Jamaica. So this or not - it is unknown, but she herself was firmly convinced that this is true, and much confirms her right. In a letter addressed to the author of this book, one of the daughters of Professor Crox recalls which exciting stories from the life of Spanish colonies in South America They heard from the mouth of this female spirit that became the favorite of the whole family. But passages from the letter Mrs Circle:
"At that time, one of our sons was only three weeks from the family. Katie King, a materialized spirit, expressed her living interest to him and wished to look at the baby. The baby was brought, and Katie, with the usual movement, taking him to his arms, held a little and, smiling, gave us. "
Professor Crox writes that beauty and charm of Katie were irresistible.
The reader will be right, assuming that muffled lighting could greatly interfere with direct observation. However, Professor Crox reports that after a series of sessions, stability was achieved, allowing the figure to withstand significantly more intensive lighting. This stability had its limits that Professor Circus never moved and which were determined during the stunning experiment described by Miss Florence Maryt (Mrs. Ross Cherch). It should be noted that Professor Cruks did not attend the experience, and Miss Maryat never claimed the opposite. However, she mentions that among those present was Mr. Carter Hall. Katie herself with humor reacted to the fact that it will be covered with a bright light:
"She got up at the wall, putting his hands as if she was crucified. Then in the room with an area of \u200b\u200babout sixteen square feet included three gas luminaires at full power. The effect that it produced Miss King was stunning. For a split second, she looked as usual, and then began to melt. This can be likened to make the wax doll near the hot fireplace. At first, her features became blurred fuzzy. The eyes drowned in the orphanages, the nose disappeared, the forehead fell. Then the legs were sinking under her and it began to fall on the carpet like the swearing sculpture. In the end, one head was left on the floor, then only a piece of white cloth, which also disappeared, as if he was pulled out after the figure. We in amazement stared at a bright spot of light, discarded by three gas luminaires to the place where I had just been Katie King. "
Miss Meriet reports another interesting detail: during one of the experiments, Miss Cook's hair was attached to the floor with nails, which did not prevent Katie's appearance at all, as if nothing came out of the cabinet.
Professor Kruxes honestly and fearlessly published in his magazine all the results of experiments spent in his own home, thereby providing a huge shock in scientific circles. Some large spirits, such as Russell Wallace, Lord Railil, young and promising physicist William Barrett, Cromwell F. Varley and others received confirmation of their point of view and inspired new studies. It was, however, and the party expressed violent disagreement. These people led by physiologist Carpenter denied everything and were ready to blame her colleague in anywhere - from Lunaticism to the scam. Official science led themselves in the best way. Croks published his letters addressed to Stokes - the secretary of the Royal Society in which he invited him to come to a session and make sure all his own eyes. His refusal Stokes put himself on one level with Cardinals, refused to look at the Galilee telescope to see the satellites of Jupiter. Materialistic science was as oblique as medieval theology.
Before completing the conversation about Katie King, a few words should be said about the further fate of the Great Medium, who gave her physical existence. Becoming Mrs. Corner, Miss Cook did not lose his wonderful abilities. Only one case is known to the author when the truth of her mediummism was questioned. She was captured by Sir George Situell and was charged that herself depicts the Spirit. The author believes that the medium materializer always needs insurance, which would not allow him to wander unattended. Any movement in a state of deep trance is hardly possible, but in a state of half-gun she could - unconsciously or semi-visually, obeying the unconscious desire of the audience or the will of the spirits - to get up and get out of the office into the room. Only ignorance could make someone to consider this only episode to refute the numerous evidence charged during his entire life. It should also be noted that all those present observed a shape, closed in white, and there was nothing white on Mrs. Corner. An experienced researcher could conclude that it was rather not the case of materialization, but the case of transfiguration, when the ectoplasm, being unable to take free into a separate figure, envelops the medium so that he himself becomes a carrier of a new appearance. Commenting on such cases, the great German researcher, Dr. Schrenk Notving writes:
"She (photography. - Ed.) Interesting what sheds the light on the origin of the so-called transfiguration, when the medium himself takes on the role of the spirit, and, striving to reincarnate into the caused person, envelops himself with its material form. Such a transitional stage is inherent in almost all medium-materializers. In the literature on this issue, many cases described when the mediums that were in such a state, tried to blame that they were supposedly "fake" under the spirits. Among them, the incident with the crown rudolph, the Medium Bastian, with the Crox Medium - Miss Cook, the incident with Madame D'Esperance and many others. In all these cases, the mediums were captured, but the fabric, allegedly used by them for masking, disappeared somewhere somewhere, and completely without a trace. "
It seems that the censure in such cases is worthy of non-medium in a state of trance, but unscrupulous session participants.
The sensational nature of the experiments conducted by Professor Circus with Miss Cook, and the fact that they undoubtedly were very vulnerable to attacks from ill-wishers, in some ways left in the shadow excellent results obtained with Houdomes and Miss Fox. The abilities of these mediums received very solid confirmation. Here, however, Circles did not slow down to face with usual difficulties for researchers, but he had enough common senseTo understand: Each new subject of research requires a researcher of the ability to adapt to unusual conditions and not to abandon work for the only reason that these conditions do not want to relate to the preconceitable views of the experimenter. Here is his comments about Hoom:
"I took many attempts to conduct experiments, however, the lack of information about what conditions contribute, and which - prevent the manifestations of its strength, very bizarre forms of its manifestation, as well as the fact that the power of Mr. Houm is subject to unpredictable changes and distortions, only very rarely allowed us to ensure that the discovered phenomenon is subsequently confirmed and measured by any device created for this purpose. "
The most remarkable observation is a change in the weight of objects, with all the completeness confirmed by Dr. Crawford, who worked with the Goliger's circle, as well as during the investigation of the case with Martyri in Boston. Under the influence of some reasonable strength, heavy items could become easier, and the lungs are harder. Tests that excluded all the possibility of deception are described in all details, and these reports are capable of convincing any unbiased reader. During the experiments, Dr. Haggins was attended - a famous specialist in the field of spectroscopy, Sergent Cox - a famous lawyer and other witnesses. As we said, Kroks could not convince any of the official science representatives that this subject deserves their attention.
Another phenomenon, carefully studied by Circus and its mail assistants - is a game on musical instruments, especially on the accordion, under circumstances, completely excluding the touch of the medium to the keys. Assuming that the medium had an idea of \u200b\u200bhow to play the instrument, the author of this book is not ready to recognize this phenomenon by a consequence of the intervention of some external reasonable essence. If we assume that the essential body really exists and has its own essential limbs, it will be very natural to assume that the essential fingers of the medium can, separated from its physical fingers, to presidate on the keys. The problem in this case is reduced only to whether the medium is able to control their essential fingers and inform them with force sufficient to press the keys. Many mental phenomena - reading with blindfolded eyes, touching the subjects removed to a significant distance and the like, according to the author, can be explained by the presence of an essential body and is expected, rather, to the class of thin material, and not spiritual phenomena. They differ significantly in their type of phenomena as reports from the world of the dead, which make up the essence of spiritualism. Speaking about Miss Kate Fox, Professor Crox reports: "I was convinced that the will and mind of the medium very strongly influence these phenomena." He adds that it does not mean traveling or falsification, and continues: "I observed phenomena that undoubtedly testify to the intervention of an external reasonable force that did not belong to anyone from those present in the experience." Thus, the author has tried to lead a point of view of a person who has a much greater authority than he himself.
The phenomena confirmed during the experiments with Miss Kate Fox is to move remote items and playing shock sounds - that is, knocks. The latter were the most different character: "Careful clicks, ... sharp sounds, similar topicsIt makes it up with an induction coil, working at full power, explosions in the air, sharp metal strikes, crackling, similar to the sound of the friction mechanism, scrubbing sounds, tweet birds, etc. ". Everyone who came across these sounds was asked to the extent to which the medium controls them. The author of this book, as already mentioned, came to the conclusion that until a certain point in the medium is able to manage them, and then they come out of this control. It is impossible to forget the embarrassment of one medium, a village resident from the north, when in the coffee shop of the hotel "Doncaster" around his heads began to break the knocks, similar to clicks with fingers. All doubts about whether the medium is controlled by knocks or not, they scattered: be it in the power of the medium, he would immediately stop them. As for the objective nature of these sounds, then, speaking of Miss Kate Fox, Circles claims:
"She is enough to put a hand on some subject, there are also loud pulsating noises, which sometimes be hearing through several rooms. It could be a growing tree - or a piece of glass - or snippled of the stretched iron wire - or a stretched membrane - or tambourine - or the roof of the cab - or the floor in the theater. Moreover, the contact was not at the same time. I heard these sounds in the floor, walls, etc., when the medium was kept behind their hands - or when she stood on a chair - or when she was on a swing suspended to the ceiling or when it was enclosed in a metal cage - or when lying on the sofa. I heard them in a glass orchestrion - I felt them in my own shoulder, heard under his own palms. I heard them in a sheet of paper suspended for a string that I kept in my hands. Knowing numerous theories devoted to this issue and those who have received dissemination especially in the United States, I studied these sounds in all possible ways, but until we received an indisputable evidence that these were objective phenomena, and not a consequence of deception or any mechanical impact. "
This was the end of the legend of crispy joints, falling apples and other contrived explanations that deny objective facts. For the sake of fairness, it should be noted that the sad incidents who accompanied the sunset of the Career of Fox sisters could serve as an apology of those who, without witnessing the real events, judged them for the only case that was widely publicized.
Sometimes it is suggested that Circus changed its views on mental phenomena expressed by him in 1874, or even renounced them. You can at least say that the fraternity of opponents and excessive modesty of supporters quite distorted the scientist and put it at risk of his scientific authority. Without recognizing his defeat, he, however, tried to avoid discussions of this issue. He did not want his early work to be reprinted, and was worried about spreading wonderful photos, imprinted him at hand with a materialized spirit - Katie King. In a letter cited by Professor Angelo Brofferio, he writes:
"I am convinced of the existence of some reasonable creatures that they say that they are spirits of dead people. However, I could not receive the true evidence of their rightness, although many of my friends report that they have such evidence, and I have repeatedly been almost ready to believe it. "
With age, however, this belief is hard; Perhaps he became stronger to realize what responsibility impose such unique experiments. In 1898, in his presidential appeal to the British association "For the Progress of Science", Sir William briefly mentioned his early studies. He said:
"I did not say about one riddle - in my opinion one of the most important and promising. None of the episodes of my scientific career are not known as widely as my participation in certain mental studies held many years ago. Thirty years have passed since I have published a report on the experiments that suggested that outside of our scientific ideas there is a force manifested by a reasonable essence other than those who are known for mortals ... I have nothing to renounce. I fully agree with my previously published conclusions. I even have something to add to them. "
After almost twenty years, his confidence became even stronger. That's what he said in an interview, published in Internesenl Saikik Gazette in December 1917:
"I never changed my opinion about this subject. I am quite satisfied with what he said before. The fact that the world is installed in contact - true truth. "
In response to the statement that Spiritism failed to defeat materialistic science, he said:
"It seems to me that it was possible. At least many people who believed the existence of the otherworldly world appeared.
Recently, the author of this book has an opportunity - thanks to the courtesy of Mr. Thomas Blytone - see a letter with condolences written by Sir William Circle on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Corner. The letter dated April 24, 1904: "Pass from Lady Cruks and from me sincerely condolences to her family about this irreplaceable loss. We are convinced: the confidence that those we love, going to another world, continue to look at us, confidence, significantly increased thanks to Mrs. Corner's mediumamism (forever remaining in our memory as Florence Cook) - will be support for those who stayed live". Her daughter, reporting on the death of the mother, said: "She died, filled with peace and happiness."
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Circle William
(Crookes) William (17.6.1832, London, - 4.4.1919, ibid), English physicist and chemist, member (1863) and President (1913-15) of the London Royal Society. He studied in the London Chemical College (1848-50), Assistant A. V. Gofman in the same place (1850-54). Professor of Chemistry in Chester (1855-59), then worked in a laboratory equipped with its own funds (London). With the help of spectral analysis, the thallium element (1861) opened and allocated it in its pure form (1862). He studied the radiometric effect and created a radiometer (1873-74). Investigated electrical discharges in the gases and opened a number of phenomena in gas-discharge tubes ("Crook" dark space, etc.). In 1904, the spintariscript was invented - the device for registering alpha particles. A number of works devoted to the applied issues of chemistry (dyeing fabrics, beetroot production, etc.), as well as metallurgy. K. was a convinced supporter of Spiritis; Criticism of spiritual "studies" K. Dana F. Engels in the article "Natural science in the world of spirits" (see K. Marx and F. Engels, Op., 2 ed., T; 20, p. 373-83).
Oh: Select Methods in Chemical Analysis (Chiefly Inorganic), L., 1871, 4 ED., L., 1905; ON RADIANT MUTER, L., 1879; in rus. per. - About origin chemical elements. Speech, chtan ... 18 Feb. 1887, M., 1902.
Lit.: Fournier d "Albe E. E., The Life of Sir William Crookes, L., 1923.
Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE.
2012See also interpretations, synonyms, the meaning of the word and what is Circle William in Russian in the dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- Crox in the big encyclopedic dictionary:
(Crookes) William (1832-1919) English physicist and chemist. Investigated electrical discharges in gases and cathode rays (in Crox tubes). Detected scintillation, ... - Crox in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
(Crookes) William (1832-1919), English. Physicist and chemist. Issh. Electric. discharges in gases and cathode rays (in Tubes K.). Detected scintillation, ... - Crox in the modern explanatory dictionary, BSE:
(Crookes) William (1832-1919), English physicist and chemist. Investigated electrical discharges in gases and cathode rays (in Crox tubes). Discovered ... - Killers - "Recordsmen" from the UK; "William Berk and William Hay"
"Recordsmen" among the British serial killers were William Berk and William Hay, in 1827-28. Killed by Vadinburg, United Kingdom, 16 people with ... - Trainers; "Michael William Dickinson" in the Book of Records Guinness 1998:
Michael William Dickinson from Dancésic, c. Western Yorkshire, United Kingdom, single coach, whose pupils won the first 5 races at the jumps of Cheltenham ... - The oldest "participants;" William Meredith " in the Book of Records Guinness 1998:
The Patriarch of International Competition was William Meredith (Manchester City and United). He set a kind of record, 26 years in a row speaking in international ... - William Folkner in Wiki quote:
Data: 2009-02-19 Time: 09:53:06 * Even one look at the evil decomposes. * A person is a degenerated two monkey. * Need to, … - William Blake in the Wiki quote:
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(Haywood) William (Bill) Dudley (4.2.1869, Salt Lake City, Utah, - 18.5.1928, Moscow), Worker of the United States. Born in the family of Shakhtar. Worked … - Foster William in big soviet encyclopedia, BSE:
(FOSTER) William (25.2.1881, T. Tonton, Massachusetts, V 1.9.1961, Moscow), American and International Working Movement. Born in a worker family. FROM … - Willer William in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(Wyler) William (r. 1.7.1902, Mulhouse, France), American film director. He studied at the Higher Commercial School in Lausanne and in the Paris Conservatory. IN … - Morris William in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(Morris) William (24.3.1834, Walmmestou, Essex, - 10.10.1896, London), English artist, writer, art theorist, public figure. He studied at Oxford University (1853-56). ... - Golding William Gerald in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(Golding) William Gerald (r. 19.9.1911, County Cornwall), English writer. He graduated from Oxford University (1935). During the 2nd World War, 1939-45 served ... - Hilbert William in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
Gilbert (Gilbert) William (24.5.1544, Colchester, - 30.11.1603, London or Colchester), English physicist, court doctor. G. owns the first theory of magnetic phenomena. ... - Garvey William in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
Harvey (Harvey) William (1.4.1578, Falkstone, County Kent, - 3.6.1657, London), English doctor, physiologist and embryologist. At the end of the medical faculty in ... - Betson William in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
William, English biologist; See Batson ... - Crook William
(Crookes) - famous English physicist and chemist, bodies. In 1832 in 1848, K. Received to study chemistry in ... - Shakespeare, William in the Color Dictionary:
(Shakespeare, William) (1564-1616), English poet, playwright, actor. Born in Stratford-on-Avon (Warikshire county). In the parish book, a record of his baptism is preserved ... - William Malmsberian in the Color Dictionary:
(William of Malmesbury) (approx. 1090-1143), English Chronist, Monk Malmsbury Abbey, where he was a librarian. The origin of William is known only that ... - Mak-Kinley, William in the Color Dictionary:
(Mckinley, William) (1843-1901), 25th US President, was born on January 29, 1843 in Niles (PC. Ohio). In 1852, the family moved to the polend, ... - Lily, William in the Color Dictionary:
(Lily, William) (approx. 1468-1522), english grammar, Born in Odymem in Hampshire Ok. 1468. He graduated from Oxford, after which he went abroad: ... - James, William in the Color Dictionary:
(James, William) (1842-1910) American philosopher and psychologist, prominent representative of pragmatism and functionalism. Born in New York January 11, 1842. Jems Father ... - Gilbert, William in the Color Dictionary:
(Gilbert, William) (1836-1911), Librettist, Creator, in collaboration with Composer A. Salvyne (1842-1900), the famous Savoy Opera (originally put in the London theater "Savoy"). ... - Ged, William in the Color Dictionary:
(GED, William) (1690-1749), the Scottish stereotype inventor, was born in Edinburgh. Jeweler and Gold Affairs Master in the specialty, he set as a task to develop ... - Wordsworth, William in the Color Dictionary:
(WordSworth, William) (1770-1850), English poet. Born on April 7, 1770 in Cockerman (Cumberland county). He was the second of five children D. Vidsworth, ... - About the wonderful new world in the quote Wiki:
Data: 2009-03-06 Time: 23:04:41 "On the wonderful new world" ("Beautiful New World") (English Brave New World) - an anti-astopean novel of the English writer ... - Atheism in Wiki quote:
Data: 2009-08-04 Time: 20:01:46 [Image: FoxholeMemorial_Clr.jpg | Frame | Right | Monument of memory about atheists (Lake Gipatia, Alabama, USA. Image from the Foundation [http: //www.ffrf. ORG / FOXHOLES / FREEDOM FROM RELIGION ... - Hon,
or Hono (Egyp.) The son of Maut and Ammon, the immigination of the morning. Some consider him Harpocrat of Fivans, like the mountain, he crushes his legs ... - TAU in the Index of the Teosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, the Teosophical Dictionary:
(Heb.) What now has become a Jewish square letter Tau, but long before the invention of the Jewish alphabet was the Egyptian cross with a handle, ... - Karcus Ansat in the Index of the Teosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, the Teosophical Dictionary:
(Lat.) Cross with a handle; whereas Tau is tau, in such a form, but the ancient Egyptian cross, or tat, is + ... - Crossing in the Index of the Teosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, the Teosophical Dictionary:
This shape of the cross arose not with Christianity. She was known and used in mystical purposes for the millennium to our ... - Scintillation in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(from lat. Scintillatio - flicker), short-term (~ 10v4-10v9 sec) light flash (flash of luminescence) arising in scintillators under action ... - MEYO in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(Mauo), family of American surgeons. William Wharell M. (31.5.1819, Manchester, - 6.3.1911, Rochester), received an education chemist in Owens-College (Manchester); Pupil J. ... - LUMINESCENCE in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
(From Latin Lumen - Light and -Secent - suffix, meaning a weak action), radiation, which is an excess of thermal radiation of the body ... - United Kingdom (State) in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE.
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(Wyoming), state at Z. USA. S.-V. The state is located in the field of great plains, the rest, large, part is occupied by the rocky mountains (height before ... - Fractified deposition in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Chem.) - represents a fairly used reception, to which the advantage is resorted by separation of rare metals; So, for example, Kleva F. precipitates ... - THALLIUM in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Chemical.; Thallium; in Crox, 1873, and according to Lepgerr, 1893, TL \u003d 204.1, if o \u003d 10) - ... - SPIRITUALISM in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
belief in the possibility of extraordinary manifestations of spirits in the world of physical. Its beginning refers to deep antiquity. In the Bible there is a mention of ... - Systems of the world in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Astroometric and cosmogonic ideas). - almost until the XVII table. Star S. seemed to astronomers with something like scenery surrounding a cognitive world. Universe ... - Gotil in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Chem.). - P. was called Circus that hypothetical prioritial matter, from which once consisted of the mass of the world, or at least ... - OCCULTISM in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
A. Essence and method. O. (from the lat. The words occultus - a secret, intimate) usually call the totality of views, beliefs and knowledge of ... - Nitrogen oxides in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
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greek preposition ???? (through, for); put in front of the names of various inorganic and organic substances; The value of such a console is the most diverse. So, Cruks ... - Gold, in the technique in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The method of finding and geological position of gold. Z. Almost always occurs in a metallic state with a greater or less admixture of silver and ... - COMBUSTION in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Burning (FR. And English Combustion, it. Verbrennung; Chem.). To be taken together by the city of such cases of interaction with air oxygen what would Tony were ...
English Physicist and Chemist William Cruks were born in London on June 17, 1832 in 1848-1850. He studied at the London Chemical College, after which from 1850 to 1854 he worked in college as an assistant A.V.Hofman. After a short stay at the Radcliphetic Observatory in Oxford, Circles in 1855 took the place of professor of chemistry in Chester. Since 1859 Circles left teaching and dedicated himself scientific work In a laboratory equipped in London on its own funds.
Everything research work Croxes were distinguished by the great originality of the plan and scientific techniques, and the extraordinary ability to bypass experimental difficulties. With the help of spectral analysis, Circles in May 1861 opened the element of Tallium, and next year allocated it in its pure form. Choosing the name of a new element, Circles showed himself a romantic: "I chose this name, for the green line corresponds to the spectrum and echoes with the specific brightness of fresh plants at present," (Tallina name is produced from Greek ??????? - green branch) .
In 1866, Circles pushed the hypothesis that each natural chemical element is some mixture of substances that are identical in their properties, but having different atomic masses. Thus, he, as it were, anticipate the discovery of isotope, but at that time such an assumption did not have experimental confirmation and therefore passed a little observed.
In the early 1870s. Crox began to study the radiometric effect and created a radiometer (1873-1874). One of the first Circles began a systematic study of the spread of an electric discharge in glass tubes filled with sparse gases. Such tubes called Geisseller pipes named German glass Games Samisler (1815-1879), which first began to make them, emitted a bright glow, being connected to the high-voltage winding of the induction coil. Circles found that the character of the discharge in the tube varies depending on the pressure, and the discharge completely disappears with a high vacuum. At the same time, he first assumed the existence of the fourth aggregate state of substances - plasma. In 1879, Kruxe wrote: "The phenomena in the pumped tubes discover the new world for physical science in which matter can exist in the fourth state." Several later, J.perren will show that the cathode rays causing the glow are negatively charged particles that move straightly, but they can deviate magnetic field, and in 1897, J.J.Tomson and E.Vihert will prove that these rays are a flow of electrons - particles, which are 2000 times less than the hydrogen atom.
The book of Crox "On the origin of the chemical elements" (1886) was widely known, in which he suggested that all the elements were made of flew out, which appears to be hydrogen, "... by evolution, just as the members of our solar system According to the theory of Laplace, and how plants and animals occurred and the animals of our planet - according to Lamarka, Darwin and Wallace. "
In 1904, Circles invented Spintariskop - a device for registration? -Carticles. A number of works dedicated to applied chemistry issues (dyeing fabrics, beetroot production, etc.), as well as metallurgy. Discovered the disinfecting effect of phenol (1866). Cruks was a convinced supporter of Spiritis; His articles and speech in defense of the reality of spiritual phenomena acquired wide fame. The large scientific authority of Crox undoubtedly contributed to the spread of spiritual views. Since 1863, Circles consisted of a member of the London Royal Society, and in 1913-1915. He was his president.
Information about chemistry
Laplace (De Laplace), Pierre Simon de
French astronomer, mathematician and physicist Pierre Simon de Laplace born in Bamon-An-Oh, Normandy. He studied at the Bennedctic School, from which came out, however, a convinced atheist. In 1766, Laplace arrived in Paris, where Zh. D "Alamber through ...
Ripstaining the mystery of the sulfuric acid battery
Chemists were able to solve a riddle, which more than one and a half centuries - thanks to which lead-sulfur acid accumulators, which can be found under the hood of most cars, have such a unique ability to provide ...
Rumford (Rumford), Benjamin
English Physicist Benjamin Thompson (Thompson) Count Rumford was born in Uobern, Massachusetts. Tompson did not receive systematic education. In 1766-1772 He worked as an assistant boy in Syutoma and Boston stores and at ...
Circles were born in London; He was elder of 16 children of local tailor. In the period from the 1850s to 1854 Circles worked as an assistant in college. Over time, he took up the development of his own direction; He was interested in not organic chemistryIn which he once succeeded by his mentor August Wilhelm von Hofmann, but fundamentally new selenium alloys.
In 1851, Circle issued his first job on this topic.
In 1854, he received a place in the Radcliffe Observatory Oxford (Oxford), in 1855 - the position of lecturer in one of the British colleges.
In 1856, Circles married Ellen Humphrey; In marriage, he had three sons and daughter. After the wedding Circle donkey in London, where he continued to develop his own projects.
In 1859, William Cruks founded the scientific journal "Chemical News"; The scientist has long been published in this magazine for a long time and performed as one of his main editors.
In 1861, Circles opened a new, previously unknown element, which gave a bright green color on the spectrogram; Named a new element was "Tallal". With the experiments, the Crox is generally lucky; Especially in his surveys, the method of spectral analysis proposed by Bunsen (Kirchhoff) was useful. It was this method that helped Crox Open Tallium; In the future, he actively used this technique in experiments.
The discovery of Talloli strengthened the already fairly strong reputation as William Crox in scientific circles; In 1863, the scientist was admitted to the Royal Society (ROYAL Society). To rest on the laurels, however, Circles did not - the experiments continued. In the course of studying the cathode rays, William created the so-called "Crux tubes". In the course of studying the conductivity of electricity in rarefied gases, Uriylm found that as the pressure drops, the negative electrode (cathode) begins to emit rays. Waking around with a study of this phenomenon, Circles in essence became one of the founders of working with vacuum tubes. In the future, it is Circles - again, one of the first - began to study the plasma; In 1879, it was he who declared the plasma to the fourth aggregate state of the substance.
Continued chemical experiments Circles and further; They often led to the results truly incredible - so, in the 1895th William Cruks, he was able to highlight helium for the first time in the laboratory conditions. The merits of the scientist did not remain unnoticed - he regularly received high scientific and public awards. In 1897, in his scientific achievements, William Circus was awarded the Knight's title.
Best days
In 1903, Circles began studying the phenomenon who opened the world science relatively recently - radioactivity. In the course of its experiments, William Cruks was able to separate the uranium from the so-called "uranium-ix" (later produced by the prostactication). In the eyes of the Crox, the highlighted element began to decay - and in parallel reproducing in the uranium just cleaned. In parallel, the experiment was helped to open the so-called "p-particles" - allocated from radioactive substances and highlighted light when a collision with zinc sulfide. This observation helped to open one of the key techniques for studying radioactive elements known to modern science.
William Croce died on April 4, 1919, having survived his wife for two years. Buried the scientist at the London Cemetery.
Sir William Cruks (physicist)
Studies Sir William Crox nobel laureate In physics and president of the Royal Society, occupy an important place in the history of mental research. Some experiments that were held in conjunction with Sir Alfred Russell Wallace were described in the fifth chapter. Circles conducted many experiments with the Medium Daniel Dangas Houmom, who had never been deceived.
For some experiments with Hoham Circle made special "scales". They consisted of a red wood board (length 90 cm, width 24 cm, thickness 2.5 cm). One end board relied on the edge of the table, located horizontally, as a continuation of the table. The free end of the board relied on the spring scales, which, with a horizontally lying board, showed 1.5 kilograms. Houm sat on a low chair, the tips of his fingers lay on the end of the board, which lay on the table, not more than 5 centimeters from her edge. Croks noticed that the other end of the board began to scold up-down, and the weight arrow was also shared, noting weight changes. In order to make sure that the home does not press on the board, Cruks laid between his fingers and a board matchbox. If the home really pressed the board, the boxes would have broken, but he remained the whole. During these experiments, the scales registered an increase in the load from 1.5 to 3 kilograms. Once Circles stood on the end of the board, which was lying on the table, and all the weight of his body increased the load of only 700-900 grams. In the experience, William Haggins, a famous physicist and an astronomer, who, like Circle, was a member of the Royal Society (Crookes. 1871A. Cited by: MEDHURST, GOLDNEY. 1972. pp. 28-29). Crokes conducted a number of experiments that do not provide direct physical pressure on the board. The fingers of the medium were lowered into a glass with water, standing on a separate stand, which only slightly in contact with the board. The result was the same.
June 15, 1871 Circles sent a report on the experiments on the royal society and asked the secretaries of society, Professor Charpecia and Professor Stokes, come and see the experiment with his own eyes. Sharpey refused, and Stokes said that he would take a look at the scales, but does not want to meet with a medium and participate in experiments. Crox replied on June 20, and again invited Stokes to the experiment. Cruks promised that the experience would be put in the strictest control and that any results will be published.
Stokes never came, but asked a few questions about previous experiments. Crox answered: "To obtain the result we observed, even taking into account all your requirements, Mr. Hawn was supposed to attach strength at 34 kilograms. And if you take into account what he was sitting on a low chair and followed by four people behind him, in order to make sure that he did not make any effort, but he simply holds his fingers on the board, it becomes obvious that there was no pressure on the board " (Crookes. 1871b. Cited by: MEDHURST, GOLDNEY. 1972. P. 45). Stokes suggested that the oscillations of the weight arrow can be partly explained by the vibrations from the carriages of the crews. Crox replied: "The movement of the up and down arrow was very slow and smooth, for each lift and lowering took place for a few seconds. As for the vibrations from passing crews, they could hardly cause a stable course of arrows from 1.5 to 3 kilograms for a few seconds "(Crookes. 1871b. Cited by: MEDHURST, GOLDNEY. 1972. P. 46). In the letter of Stokes, Cruks also wrote: "Now these strange phenomena study so many scientists (including many members of society), which will not be held and for several years, as this item will be presented to the scholar world in such a way that it will be impossible to dismiss it already impossible" (Crookes. 1871b. Cited by: MEDHURST, GOLDNEY. 1972. P. 46).
Hawn also knew how to play an accordion, holding it with one hand, on the other hand from the keys. Skeptics immediately return that it is a trick. To discard this opportunity, Circle bought a new accordion, which Houm never saw and did not hold in his hands. In addition, it was possible to assume that Hoham somehow used a free hand to play. To exclude such an opportunity, Circles put a cell specially manufactured for these purposes. The accordion was in a cage, and the home had to push one hand there and take a tool from the side where there were no keys. Accordion at the same time played as usual. Croks wrote: "The accordion seemed to be in someone's hands, although now Houm has completely released him, put him earlier with his hand on the table, and she took her sitting near the man. Thus, both of his hands were visible to all those present. I and two more seen a tool soaring in a cage without any visible cause. It repeated twice with a slight break. Then Mr. Hoome again took the accordion with one hand, and he played the gamma and chords first, and then the famous guide melody, and the performance was very beautiful and impeccable. While playing the accordion, I took Mr. Houm by hand just below the elbow and spent the arm to the accordion. No muscle on his hand moved. Another hand lay on the table and saw it all, and his legs were under the table near the legs of a neighbor "(Crookes. 1871a. Cited by: MedHURST, GOLDNEY. 1972. P. 27).
On another session, Howom Cruks watched the messages themselves. The session was held with good lighting in the Crox House, in the presence of his friends. Cruks expressed a desire to receive a message. This is how it describes what happened: "In the middle of the table, there was a pencil and several sheets of paper; Soon, the pencil raised on his tip and, having committed several unsure jerks towards paper, fell. Then he rose again and fell. After three unsuccessful attempts, a small wooden tablet, which lay nearby on the table, slid towards the pencil and raised a few inches above the table; The pencil raised again and, relying on the tablet, tried to touch paper along with it. He fell, and after that a joint effort was once again committed. After the third attempt, the tablet surrendered and returned to his place; The pencil as fell on the paper, and remained lying there, and the message named with the alphabetic way said to us: "We tried to do what you asked, but our strength is exhausted" "(Crookes. 1874. P. 93).
At the next Session of Houm on May 22, 1871, where Wallace also attended, Crox observed the following: "This time, the table was twisted several times in the air, and the session participants took the candle and, put on their knees, carefully studied the location of Mr. Houm's feet. At the same time, they noticed that all three feet of the table completely broke away from the floor. It was repeated until everyone was convinced that Levitation was not the result mechanical movements From the medium or anyone else from those present "(Crookes. 1889. Cited by: Gauld. 1968. P. 214).
Houm not only forced items to fly. He himself climbed into the air. Crox watched it three times and heard and had a hundred of Houm's flight testimonies. About those cases of levitation, which Circles observed at home, he told the following: "Houm rose in the free part of the room, quietly stood a minute and said that he would take off. I saw how he slowly wrinkled into the air, and a few seconds remained in 15 centimeters above the ground, and then slowly sank. None of those present at this time moved. Another time I was invited to a session to Houm, and when he rose half the floor, I spent my hands under his feet, around him and over his head ... Sometimes Home climbed into the air with a chair in which it was sitting at the table. Usually he did it intentionally, while he put her legs on the chair and pulled his hands to everyone for review. Once I sat down next to the chair and made sure that all his legs were pulled away from the floor, and the legs of the Houm were raised. In rare cases, his strength was enough to raise other session participants. One day he forced my wife to soar in the air with a chair "(Carrington. 1931. P. 158).
Such reliable and sustainable reports of Levishing Houm are forced to remember other, earlier, certificates of flights of the Catholic saints. For example, several people have seen how Francis Assisian flies (1181-1226). Approximately in 1261, Saint Bonaventure wrote about how the radiating radiance of Saint Francis sometimes climbed over the Earth (Thurston. 1952. P. 6). In the book "The Little Flowers of St. Francis "says that Brother Leo, a member of the Order of Franciscans, repeatedly witnessed how Saint Francis" in the state of spiritual ecstasy was filled with three or four elbows over the ground, and sometimes even on the height of a beech tree "(Thurston. 1952. P. five). In one elbow approximately 45 centimeters.
