Nobel Prize. Nobel Peace Prize Winners: List

To the question Who was the first to receive Nobel prize? For what? given by the author Lash out the best answer is A hundred years have passed since the day when the Swedish chemical engineer, successful entrepreneur Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), thanks to the invention of dynamite and other explosives, became one of the richest people on the planet, signed a will, according to which five annual international prizes: in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and activities for peace. “All my movable and immovable property,” Nobel wrote in his will, “should be converted by my executors into liquid values, and the capital thus collected should be placed in a reliable bank. These funds must belong to the fund, which will annually hand over the proceeds from them in the form of bonuses ... ".
Traditionally, the specialists who have made the most important discovery in the field of medicine and physiology are first recognized.
Therefore, the German bacteriologist Emil Adolf von Bering was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 “for his work on serum therapy, mainly for its use in the treatment of diphtheria, which opened up new avenues in medical science and gave doctors a victorious a weapon against illness and death. "
Physics laureates are the second to receive the prize - Wilhelm Roentgen was the first to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his extremely important services to science, expressed in the discovery of remarkable rays, later named in his honor.
Then chemists are awarded - for the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions, Jacob Van't Hoff was awarded a prize. He proved that Avogadro's law is also valid for dilute solutions, experimentally established that osmotic pressure in weak solutions obeys the gas laws of thermodynamics.
The fourth is awarded to writers - René Sully-Prudhomme became the first laureate of the Literature Prize for outstanding literary merit, high idealism, artistic excellence and an unusual combination of soulfulness and talent.
Finally, an award is made for activities in the fight for peace. Jean-Henri Dunant, Swiss humanist and founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), was awarded the prize for his contribution to the peaceful cooperation of peoples. Dunant founded a society for the protection of prisoners of war, initiated a campaign against the slave trade, and supported the desire of European Jews to return to their ancestral homeland in Palestine. Frederic Passy, French political economist and defender of peace, has been awarded the award for his many years of peacekeeping efforts. Recognized leader of the European peace movement, Passy saw an arbitration-based peace settlement as an alternative to international armed conflict.
In addition, the very, very first Nobel Prize was awarded five years earlier. The Imperial Russian Technical Society awarded it in 1896 to the engineer-technologist Alexei Stepanov for his research "Fundamentals of the theory of lamps." Only this prize was instituted in memory not of Alfred Nobel, but of his brother Ludwig, the largest Russian businessman who did a lot for the formation of the domestic industry.
A source:

Answer from Flush[guru]
The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. The laureates were E. Goering (Physiology and Medicine “For his work on serum therapy, mainly for its use in the treatment of diphtheria, which opened new paths in medical science and gave doctors a victorious weapon against disease and death "), V. Roentgen (physics" In recognition of the extraordinarily important services to science, expressed in the discovery of wonderful rays, later named in his honor. "), L. Van't Hoff (chemistry" In recognition of the enormous importance of the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions ".).

Answer from Legal capacity[guru]
Logically speaking, the Nobel won the first Nobel Prize. And for what? ... For services to the Fatherland.
=)

Answer from Yergey Nikitin[guru]
come in. All questions will disappear.

Answer from Lena[guru]
Roentgen is one of those who in 1901 received this prize for the discovery of the miraculous rays named after him ...

Answer from ™ POLKOVOD[guru]
The Nobel Prize is the most famous and most prestigious scientific prize.
Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896.
Alfred Nobel
In his will, written in Paris on November 27, 1895, he formulated:
“All my remaining realizable state is distributed as follows.
Nowadays, the Nobel Prize - not only because of the monetary award, which now exceeds 2 million Swedish kronor (225 thousand US dollars) - is widely known as the highest distinction for human intelligence. In addition, this award can be attributed to the few awards known not only to every scientist, but also to a large part of non-specialists. In accordance with the status, the Nobel Prize cannot be awarded jointly to more than three persons. Therefore, only a small number of applicants with outstanding merit can hope for an award.
The prestige of the Nobel Prize depends on the effectiveness of the mechanism used for the selection procedure for the laureate in each area. This mechanism was established from the outset when it was deemed appropriate to collect documented proposals from qualified experts. different countries, thereby once again underscoring the international character of the award.
There is a special Nobel committee for awarding awards in each area. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has established three committees, one each for physics, chemistry and economics. The Karolinska Institutet gave its name to the Physiology and Medicine Prize Awarding Committee. The Swedish Academy also elects a committee for literature. In addition, the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, elects a committee that awards the peace prizes. Nobel Committees play a critical role in the selection process for laureates. Each committee consists of five members, but can seek help from specialists in other fields of science.
The current procedure for the use of the Nobel Prize Fund, as well as the procedure for the nomination, selection and approval of candidates, is very complex. The right to nominate candidates belongs to individuals, not institutions; this avoids public discussion and voting procedures. For the selection of candidates for the Literature Prize, submissions are submitted by specialists in the field of literature and linguistics - members of academies and societies approximately the same as the Swedish Academy. To receive proposals for candidates for the Peace Prize, contacts are established with representatives of such sciences as philosophy, history, jurisprudence and political science, as well as with active public figures. Some specialists get the right to individually approve the applicant; such individuals include former Nobel laureates and members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute and the Swedish Academy. The right to propose the names of candidates is confidential.
Approved bids must be received by February 1 of the year the award is awarded. From this day, the work of the Nobel Committees begins: until September, committee members and consultants evaluate the qualifications of candidates for the award. The committees meet several times, and the proposals of various committee members and external experts involved in the work are heard, seeking to determine the originality and significance of each candidate's contribution to human progress. Different committee members or invited experts may give presentations on different aspects of a proposal. Annually in preparatory work several

Probably, only the desire of humanity for self-expression and heroic deeds contributes to the emergence of unusually tenacious initiatives. So a gentleman named Nobel took and decided to leave his money to descendants in order to reward the gentlemen who stood out in a particular area. He has long rested in a damp land, and the people remember him. The population is waiting (some impatiently) when the next lucky ones will be voiced. And candidates try, set goals, even intrigue, trying to ascend this Olympus of glory. And if everything is clear with scientists and researchers - they receive their awards for real achievements or discoveries, then what distinguishes the Nobel Peace Prize laureates? Interesting? Let's figure it out.

Who is awarding the prize and for what?

There is a special committee whose main task is to select and approve
nominations for the highest award in the field. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to people who have excelled in promoting security and stability in the world. It is issued annually. The procedure takes place in Oslo on December 10th. At the same time, both international organizations and national governments can propose a candidate who will become a laureate. They are listed in the charter of the committee. Any person who was or is a member of the Nobel Committee is also eligible to participate in the nomination process. In addition, the Charter grants such privileges to university professors involved in politics or history.

When they study who received the Nobel Peace Prize, they certainly come across the name of another politician whose work does not evoke criticism. Such a person is Tenzin Gyatso, the Dalai Lama. It is perfect outstanding personality... From an early age he was forced to take on spiritual leadership. Buddhists recognized the boy as an incarnation of a deceased lama. Subsequently, he had to assume political responsibility for Tibet (at the age of sixteen). All his work is based on kindness, tolerance and love (from the wording of the Nobel Committee). It should be added that he was unable to come to an agreement with the Chinese government. Now he lives and spends his ideas in exile.

It turns out that not everything is so simple!

There are also very controversial laureates of this high awards... The committee is often criticized for being too politicized. Residents of the post-Soviet space seem to be such a figure Mikhail Gorbachev. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to such a controversial person from the point of view of the world community as Yasser Arafat.

This decision of the Committee is considered scandalous on the grounds that this laureate did not deny the military ways of achieving his goals. On account of his not only battles, but also Act of terrorism... He himself proclaimed the destruction of an entire sovereign state (Israel) as his goal. That is, despite the fact that Arafat fought for the well-being of the inhabitants of the Middle East, it is difficult to assign the title of peacemaker to him. Another scandalous figure is Barack Obama. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him in 2009. I must say that the Committee had to come to terms with a flurry of critical remarks about this decision.

More about Obama

In the world press, the opinion still flashes that the President of the States was awarded the award "in advance." At that time, he had just taken office, and had not distinguished himself in anything significant. And the initiatives and decisions that he took later do not at all explain why he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Obama is considered the president who unleashed the most military conflicts. Their victims are incalculable due to the "hybrid nature" of these collisions (the term appeared quite recently). He had to decide on bombing and ground operations. He is criticized for the invasion of Syria, unrest in Iraq and Ukraine. Nevertheless, Obama received the Nobel Peace Prize and is among its laureates.

This "advance reward" leads to more and more scandals. As tensions emerge, some politicians have spoken out in favor of canceling the award. It is believed that such non-peaceful behavior disgraces the high premium. In the Russian Federation, naturally, they believe that V.V. Putin is a more worthy candidate. The Nobel Peace Prize may yet be awarded to him for the true perseverance that he shows in resolving conflicts.

About money

People are often interested not so much in the achievements of the individuals who have been awarded this award, but in its amount. The Nobel Peace Prize really can boggle the mind. The fact is that all the funds of the Committee do not just lie in financial institutions. They "work" by increasing in size. According to the will, the profit is divided into five parts. They are not the same and acquire more and more impressive sizes from year to year. So, the very first amount awarded in 1901 was equal to forty-two thousand dollars. In 2003, the amount was already 1.35 million. Its size is influenced by the state of the world economy. Dividends that go to payments can not only increase, but also decrease. For example, in 2007 the amount of the premium was equal to 1.542 million, and by 2008 it had "melted" (1.4 million dollars).

These funds are distributed in five equal shares according to nominations, and then - according to the number of laureates, in accordance with the rules according to which the Nobel Peace Prize is appointed. How much money will go to awards in each year is determined by the Committee, having carried out the corresponding calculations of earnings from securities and other assets.

Russian laureates

Our fellow citizens have received such an award only twice. In addition to Gorbachev, the scientist Andrei Sakharov was awarded such an honor. Moreover, not his scientific works became the reason for the award. Sakharov was considered a human rights defender and a fighter against the regime. In Soviet times, he was sharply criticized and persecuted. The scientist worked on the creation of hydrogen weapons. Despite this, he openly advocated a ban on the testing of weapons of mass destruction, against the arms race. His ideas were very popular in society and did not like the ruling elite at all.

Sakharov is considered to be a passionate champion of peace, who suffered for his views. The Nobel Committee applied the wording: "for courage in the fight against abuse of power ...". Nevertheless, he was, rather, an idealist, a kind person and not aggressive (according to the recollections of colleagues). More Russians did not receive high awards, which does not mean that worthy individuals do not live in our country. Quicker, given fact can be perceived as a political commitment of the Committee, the use of the award in geopolitical competition.

Who has not received an award, but is worthy?

Many politicians believe that Mahatma Gandhi deserves a high award more than any other figure. This man was involved in organizing the struggle of the Indians against the colonialists. Gandhi had to not only come up with ways in which a weak and unarmed population could oppose the British army, but they also needed to be correlated with the peculiarities of the local religion. This method was invented by him. It was called nonviolent resistance and is often used today. Mahatma Gandhi was proposed to the Committee five times. Only there were “more worthy” candidates (which, again, can be explained by the politicization of this organization). Subsequently, the officials in charge of awarding the Nobel Prize expressed their regret that Gandhi never became a laureate.

Nobel Committee incidents

There are such incredible things in the history of this organization that today can only be perceived anecdotally. So, as you know, on this award in 1939 none other than Adolf Hitler was nominated. Fortunately, he did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize. And it's not about the money. What would be the prestige of an organization that would call a person responsible for the deaths of millions of our planet's inhabitants as a peacemaker? The Nobel Committee refused to award it, explaining this decision by the attitude of the Nazis towards Jews.

Nevertheless, during the nomination, Hitler's activities looked quite progressive for the German intelligentsia. He had just concluded two big peace agreements, raised industry, took care of the development of science and art. Nowadays, people understand to what extent Hitler's claims for the award were absurd and unfounded. But at that time the inhabitants of Germany perceived him as a real leader, leading them to a bright life. Yes, to some extent that was true. He really cared about the Germans, only at the expense of people of other nationalities. To the credit of the members of the Nobel Committee, they understood this and refused his candidacy for the award.

Collective laureates

This award has been awarded three times to organizations in one way or another associated with the Red Cross. If we take into account the first laureate - its organizer - there are four. It should be noted that this international organization undoubtedly deserves such a high assessment. Its representatives always find a field for their activities. Be it territories of bloody conflicts or epidemics, they often find themselves in the center of events, lending a much-needed hand of support to unfortunate people in distress. By the way, the UN once became a laureate of the prize (2001), earlier its peacekeeping forces (1988) and the Refugee Service (1981) were awarded. The less well-known laureate organizations include the International Labor Organization (1969). It is possible that we do not hear about her due to the fact that since then, when her influence in the world was so great that she was awarded an award, a lot of time has passed.

There are many laureates of this serious award. The names of some went down in history with courage and courage, others - scandals and intrigues. Still others are not remembered at all. Nevertheless, people want this award to fall into the hands of really worthy individuals, regardless of the political situation.

Chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel made his fortune primarily through the invention of dynamite and other explosives. At one time, Nobel became one of the richest in the world.

In total, Nobel owned 355 inventions.

At the same time, the fame enjoyed by the scientist cannot be called good. In 1888, his brother Ludwig died. However, by mistake, journalists wrote in the newspapers about Alfred Nobel himself. Thus, one day he read his own obituary in the press, entitled "The Merchant in Death is Dead." This incident made the inventor think about what kind of memory will remain of him in future generations. And Alfred Nobel changed his will.

Alfred Nobel's new testament offended the inventor's relatives a lot, who ended up with nothing.

The new will was announced by the millionaire in 1897.

According to this paper, all movable and immovable property of Nobel was to be converted into capital, which, in turn, should be placed in a reliable bank. The income from this capital should be annually divided into five equal parts and presented in the form of scientists who have made the most significant discoveries in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine; writers who created literary works; and to those who have done the most significant "in rallying nations, abolishing slavery or reducing the size of armies and promoting peace conventions" (peace prize).

First laureates

Traditionally, the first prize is awarded in the field of medicine and physiology. So the very first Nobel prize in 1901 was a bacteriologist from Germany Emil Adolph von Bering, who was developing a vaccine against diphtheria.

The next prize is a laureate in physics. The first to receive this award was Wilhelm Roentgen - for the rays named after him.

The first Nobel Prize winner in chemistry was Jacob Van't Hoff, who investigated thermodynamics for various solutions.

The first writer to receive this high award was René Sully-Prudhomme.

The Peace Prize is the last to be awarded. In 1901, it was split between Jean-Henri Dunant and Frederic Passy. Dunant, a humanist from Switzerland, is the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Frenchman Frederic Passy is the leader of the movement for peace in Europe.

Tip 2: Which Russian writers were awarded the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of science, culture and social activities. Several Russian writers have also received this prize for merits in literature.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin - the first Russian laureate

In 1933, Bunin became the first Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize "for his true artistic talent, with which he recreated a typical character." The work that influenced the jury's decision was the autobiographical novel The Life of Arseniev. Forced to leave his homeland because of disagreement with the Bolshevik regime, Bunin is a piercing and touching work, full of love for the homeland and longing for it. Having witnessed the October Revolution, the writer did not accept the changes that had taken place and the loss of tsarist Russia. He sadly recalled the old days, lush noble estates, measured life on family estates. As a result, Bunin created a large-scale literary canvas in which he expressed his innermost thoughts.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak - prize for poetry in prose

Pasternak received an award in 1958 "for outstanding services in the modern and traditional field of great Russian prose." Critics especially noted the novel "Doctor Zhivago". However, in the homeland of Pasternak, another welcome awaited. This profound work about the life of the intelligentsia was negatively received by the authorities. Pasternak was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers and virtually forgot about its existence. Pasternak had to refuse the award.

Pasternak not only wrote works himself, but was also a talented translator.

Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - singer of the Russian Cossacks

In 1965, Sholokhov received a prestigious award, who created a large-scale epic novel "Quiet Don". It still seems incredible how a young, 23-year-old writer was able to create a deep and voluminous work. As for the authorship of Sholokhov, there were even disputes with supposedly irrefutable evidence. Despite all this, the novel was translated into several Western and Eastern languages, and Stalin personally approved it.

Despite the deafening glory of Sholokhov in early age, his subsequent works were much weaker.

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - not accepted by the authorities

Another Nobel Prize who did not receive recognition in his native country is Solzhenitsyn. He received an award in 1970 "for moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature." After being imprisoned for political reasons for about 10 years, Solzhenitsyn was completely disenchanted with the ideology of the ruling class. He began to publish quite late, after 40 years, but only 8 years later he was awarded the Nobel Prize - no other writer had such a rapid rise.

Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky - the last laureate of the prize

Brodsky received the Nobel Prize in 1987 "for all-encompassing authorship, full of clarity of thought and poetic depth." Brodsky's poetry caused rejection from the outside Soviet power... He was arrested and imprisoned. After Brodsky continued to work, he was popular at home and abroad, but he was constantly monitored. In 1972, the poet was given an ultimatum - to leave the USSR. Brodsky received the Nobel Prize already in the USA, but he wrote a speech for his speech.

Tip 3: Which writer has been awarded the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious awards. Since the establishment, literary award the name of Alfred Nobel was awarded to 106 writers around the world.

What the Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded for

The Nobel Literary Prize has been awarded every year since 1901 by the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy has the right to name it. During its existence, writers and the whole world have received 106 awards named after Alfred Nobel.

In 1914, 1918, 1935, as well as during the Second World War from 1940 to 1943, not a single writer was awarded. According to the Nobel Foundation, the prize may not be awarded if there are no worthy candidates. Four times in the history of the existence of the prize, two became laureates at once: in the 4th, 17th, 66th and 74th years of the last century.

Countries where Nobel laureates lived and worked

The largest number of Nobel Literary Prize laureates was given to the world by such countries as France (13 people), Great Britain (10), Germany and the USA (9 each). They are followed by Sweden, 7 writers who were born and worked in this country, received the Nobel Prize. Among the Nobel laureates there are 6 Italians, 5 Spaniards, 4 Poland and the former USSR. 3 natives of Norway, Ireland and Denmark each received the Alfred Nobel Prize. In Greece, China, Chile, Switzerland, South Africa and Japan, 2 Nobel Prize winners were born. Once during the Nobel Prize in Literature, they named writers born in countries such as Austria, Australia, Belgium, Hungary, Guatemala, Egypt, Israel, India, Iceland, Canada, Colombia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Saint Lucia , Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Finland, Czech Republic, Yugoslavia. The writer without, who received the Nobel Prize, is Ivan Bunin, who emigrated from Russia to France in the 1920s.

Women and men who won the Nobel Prize in Literature

The beautiful half of humanity is a small part of the Nobel laureates:

Selma Lagerlef received this prestigious award in 1909.
Grazia Deledda in 1926.
Sigrid Undset in 1928.
Pearl Buck in 1938.
Gabriela Mistral in 1945.
Nelly Sachs in 1966.
Nadine Gordimer in 1991.
Toni Morrison in 1993.
Wislava Szymborska - in 1996.
Elfrida Jelinek - in 2004.
Doris Lessing in 2007.
Herta Müller in 2009.
Alice Munroe in 2013.

The Nobel Prize was awarded to such men:

1901 - Sully-Prudhomme
1902 - Theodor Mommsen
1903 - Bjørnstierne Bjørnson
1904 - Frederic Mistral and Jose Echegaray y Eisaguirre
1905 - Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906 - Giosue Carducci
1907 - Rudyard Kipling
1908 - Rudolf Eiken
1910 - Paul Heise
1911 - Maurice Maeterlinck
1912 - Gerhart Hauptmann
1913 - Rabindranath Tagore
1915 - Romain Rolland
1916 - Karl Heidenstam
1917 - Karl Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan
1919 - Karl Spitteler
1920 - to Knut Hamsun
1921 - Anatole France
1922 - Jacinto Benavente y Martinez
1923 - William Yates
1924 - Vladislav Reymont
1925 - Bernard Shaw
1927 - Henri Bergson
1929 - Thomas Mann
1930 - Sinclair Lewis
1931 - Eric Karlfeldt
1932 - John Galsworthy
1933 - Ivan Bunin
1934 - Luigi Pirandello
1936 - Eugene O'Neill
1937 - Roger Martin du Gar
1939 - Frans Sillanpää
1944 - Wilhelm Jensen
1946 - Hermann Hesse
1947 - André Gidoux
1948 - Thomas Eliot
1949 - William Faulkner
1950 - Bertrand Russell
1951 - Peru Lagerkvist
1952 - Francois Mauriac
1953 - Winston Churchill
1954 - Ernest Hemingway
1955 - Halldor Luxness
1956 - Juan Jimenez
1957 - Albert Camus
1958 - Boris Pasternak
1959 - Salvatore Quasimodo
1960 - Saint-Jon Perce
1961 - Ivo Andric
1962 - John Steinbeck
1963 - to Yorgos Seferis
1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre
1965 - to Mikhail Sholokhov
1966 - Shmuel Agnon
1967 - Miguel Asturias
1968 - Yasunari Kawabata
1969 - Samuel Beckett
1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn
1971 - Pablo Nerudu
1972 - Heinrich Böll
1973 - Patrick White
1974 - Eyvind Yunson and Harry Martinson
1975 - Eugenio Montale
1976 - Saul Bellow
1977 - Vicent Alexandre
1978 - Isaac Bashevis-Singer
1979 - to Odiseas Elitis
1980 - Czeslaw Milos
1981 - Elias Canetti
1982 - Gabriel García Márquez
1983 - William Golding
1984 - to Yaroslav Seyfert
1985 - Claude Simon
1986 - Will Shoyinka
1987 - Joseph Brodsky
1988 - Naguib Mahfuz
1989 - Camilo Selu
1990 - Octavio Paz
1992 - Derek Walcott
1994 - Kenzaburo Oe
1995 - Sheimas Heaney
1997 - Dario Fo
1998 - Jose Saramago
1999 - Gunther Grass
2000 - Gao Xingjian
2001 - Vidiadhar Naipaul
2002 - Imre Kertes
2003 - John Coetzee
2005 - Harold Pinter
2006 - Orhan Pamuk
2008 - Gustave Leclezio
2010 - Mario Vargas Llosa
2011 - Tumas Tranströmer
2012 - Mo Yan

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Nobel laureates

Tip 4: Who and when from the Russians received the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is one of the main awards in the scientific community, reflecting the high assessment of the laureate's contribution to the development of world science. At the same time, there are many Russians on the list of Nobel laureates.

The Nobel Prize, named after its founder, Alfred Nobel, was first awarded in 1901. Citizens Soviet Union and Russia for the entire period of its existence received the Nobel Prize 16 times. However, it should be noted that in some cases the prize was awarded simultaneously to several scientists who took part in the work on the same topic. Therefore, the number of citizens of the USSR and Russia who became laureates of the award is 21 people.

Physics Prize

Physics is the scientific field in which the Russians, from the point of view of the Nobel Committee, were the most powerful. Of the 16 prizes received by citizens of Russia and the USSR, 7 were awarded precisely for scientific discoveries in physics.

This happened for the first time in 1958, when a whole team of scientists, consisting of Pavel Cherenkov, Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank, received an award for the discovery and explanation of the physical effect of the Cherenkov effect named after one of the researchers. Since then, citizens of the USSR and Russia have received six more awards in this area:
- in 1962 - Lev Landau for research of condensed matter;
- in 1964 - Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov for studying the laser-maser principle of the operation of amplifiers and emitters;
- in 1978 - Peter Kapitsa for achievements in the field of low temperature physics;
- in 2000 - Zhores Alferov for research in the field of semiconductors;
- in 2003 - Alexey Abrikosov and Vitaly Ginzburg, who created the theory of superconductivity of the second kind;
- in 2010 - Konstantin Novoselov for his work on the study of graphene.

Awards in other areas

The remaining nine prizes have been allocated to other fields of expertise for which the Nobel Prize is awarded. Thus, two prizes in the field of physiology and medicine were received at the very beginning of the 20th century: in 1904, Ivan Pavlov, the author of famous experiments in the field of digestion, was recognized as a laureate, and in 1908 - Ilya Mlechnikov, who studied the functioning of the immune system.

In the field of chemistry, only Nikolai Semyonov managed to receive the prize: in 1956, for his study chemical reactions... Three prizes were awarded to citizens of the USSR and Russia for literary activity: In 1958 - Boris Pasternak, in 1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov, in 1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Only Leonid Kantorovich, who developed the theory of optimal resource allocation, was the laureate of the prize among the citizens of the USSR and Russia.

Peace Prize

For special achievements that are significant for the entire world community, the Nobel Committee awards the Peace Prize. Citizens of the USSR and Russia became its owners twice: the first time this happened in 1975, when Andrei Sakharov was awarded for fighting the regime, and then in 1990, when the award was received by Mikhail Gorbachev, who contributed to the activation of peaceful relations between the countries.

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Nobel laureates

The history of the Nobel Prize began in 1889, when the brother of the famous inventor of dynamite Alfred Nobel, Ludwig, died. Then the journalists mixed up the information and posted an obituary on the death of Alfred, calling him a merchant in death. It was toga that the inventor decided to leave behind a softer legacy that would bring joy to those who really deserve it.

Instructions

After the announcement of the will, Nobel burst out - the relatives were against the big money (which is for the fact that in modern times) went to the fund, and did not go to them. But despite the ardent condemnation of the close relatives of the inventor in 1900, the foundation was nevertheless founded.

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901 in Stockholm. The laureates were scientists and researchers from different fields: physics, medicine, literature. The very first person to receive such a valuable award was Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for the discovery new form energy and rays that have received his name. Interestingly, there was no Roentgen at the award ceremony. He learned that he became a laureate while in Munich. Moreover, the laureates usually receive the prize second, but as a sign of deep respect and recognition of the importance of the discovery made by Rentegn, he was given the prize first.

The next nominee for the same award was the chemist Jacob van't Hoff for and research in chemical dynamics. He proved that Avogadro's law is true and valid for dilute solutions. In addition, Van't Hoff proved experimentally that osmotic pressure in weak solutions obeys the gas laws of thermodynamics. In medicine, Emil Adolph von Bering received his recognition and honor for his discovery of blood serum. This study, in the opinion of the professional community, was an important step in the treatment of diphtheria. This helped save many human lives that were simply doomed before.

The fourth in the same year was awarded the Literary Prize - Rene Sully-Prudhomme. He was awarded for outstanding literary merits, the presence of high idealism in his works, artistic excellence, as well as for an unusual combination of soulfulness and talent.

The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the founder of the International Red Cross, Jean-Henri Dunant. This is how the judges noted his peacekeeping work. After all, Dunant founded a society for the protection of prisoners of war, initiated a campaign against the slave trade, supported the exiled peoples.

Despite the fact that the first official Nobel Prize ceremony was held in 1901, it is believed that the very first such prize was awarded in 1896. Then the Imperial Russian Technical Society decided to award for scientific merit production engineer Alexei Stepanov. He received this honor for his research "Foundations of the theory of lamps." She was not counted as the main one due to the fact that she bore the name not of Alfred Nobel, but of his brother Ludwig.