One of the main scientific works of Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev. Life and creative path of A. N. Leontiev

    Alexey Leontiev- (1903-1979) Soviet psychologist. Developing in the 20s. together with L. S. Vygotsky and A. R. Luria cultural-historical theory, conducted a cycle experimental research revealing the mechanism of the formation of higher mental functions ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia

    - (1903 79) Russian psychologist, full member of the APN of Russia (1950), APN USSR (1968). Major works on genesis, biological evolution and social and historical development of the psyche. Lenin Prize (1963) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    - (1903 1979) Soviet psychologist, author of one of the variants of the activity approach in psychology. In the late 1920s, while working for L.S. Vygotsky and used ... Psychological Dictionary

    - [R. 5 (18) .2.1903, Moscow], Soviet psychologist, full member of the APN RSFSR (1950), APN USSR (1968). Member of the CPSU since 1948. Professor (1932). Graduated from Moscow University (1924). Pupil of L. S. Vygotsky. Since 1941 professor at Moscow State University, since 1945 head ... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia

    - (b.10.05.1927, Moscow), screenwriter. Studied at Moscow Aviation Institute(1944 1945), at the Moscow Industrial Design College (1946 1947). In 1952 he graduated from the screenwriting faculty of VGIK. 1957 IMMORTAL SONG 1959 THE ROAD LEAVES ... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

    - (1903 1979), psychologist, full member of the APN RSFSR (1950), APN USSR (1968). Major works on genesis, biological evolution and socio-historical development of the psyche. Lenin Prize (1963). * * * LEONTIEV Alexey Nikolaevich LEONTIEV ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    Psychologist; dr ped. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Moscow. un t (1924). Since 1941 prof. Moscow State University, director of the Institute of Psychology, Head. Department of Psychology, Head. department of psychol. Philos. f that; founder (1965) and dean of psychology. Faculty of the Moscow State University, head. department ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

    - [R. 5 (18) Feb. 1903] - Sov. psychologist, professor (since 1932), doctor of pedagogy. Sciences (since 1941). Valid. member of the Academy Sciences of the RSFSR (since 1950). Member of the CPSU since 1948. Graduated from Moscow University (1924). Disciple of L. S. Vygotsky. From 1941 - prof. Moscow un ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

    LEONTIEV Alexey Nikolaevich- (5 (18) .02.1903, Moscow 2 LO1.1979, Moscow) psychologist, philosopher and teacher. Graduated from the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow University (1924), worked at the Psychological Institute and other Moscow scientific institutions(1924-1930), head. sector of the All-Ukrainian ... ... Russian Philosophy. Encyclopedia

    Leontiev, Alexey Nikolaevich- (1903 1979) A.A. Leontiev. Life and creative way A.N. Leontyeva Russian psychologist, one of the founders of the psychological theory of activity. In 1924 he graduated from f t societies. Sciences of Moscow University. In 1924 31. led a scientific and ... ... Who is who in Russian psychology

Books

  • Two counts: Alexei Vronsky and Leo Tolstoy, Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev. “… Most of all I freed myself from Gogol's one-sided belittling of life, I say all the same, he - Leo Tolstoy - and grew first to the military heroes of the 12th year, and then simply to ... eBook
  • From the memoirs of the consul (Prince Alexei Tseretelev; N.P. Ignatiev), Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev. “… Exactly ten years ago in Constantinople, when no one knew him, except for the closest people and comrades in the service,” I told him this way: “You are so capable, prince, before that…

Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev (1903-1979) - Russian psychologist, doctor of psychological sciences, professor, full member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1950), the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (1968), honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1973), honorary doctor of the University of Paris (1968).

Developed a general psychological theory of activity.

Major scientific works: "Development of memory" (1931), "Restoration of movement" together with A.V. Zaporozhets (1945), "Sketch of the development of the psyche" (1947), "Needs and motives of activity" (1956), "Problems of the development of the psyche" (1959, 1965), "On a historical approach to the study of the human psyche" (1959), "Needs , motives and emotions "(1971)," Activity. Consciousness. Personality "(1975).

The main theoretical provisions of the teachings of A.N. Leontyev:
psychology is a specific science about the generation, functioning and structure of the mental reflection of reality, which mediates the life of individuals;
an objective criterion of the psyche is the ability of living organisms to respond to abiotic (or biologically neutral) influences;
abiotic influences perform signaling function in relation to biologically significant irritants;
irritability is the ability of living organisms to respond to biologically significant influences, and sensitivity is the ability of organisms to reflect influences that are biologically neutral, but objectively related to biological properties;
in the evolutionary development of the psyche, three stages are distinguished: 1) the stage of the elementary sensory psyche, 2) the stage of the perceptual psyche, 3) the stage of intelligence;
the development of the psyche of animals is a process of development of activity;
the features of animal activity are:
a) all animal activity is determined by biological models;
b) all the activity of animals is limited to the framework of visual concrete situations;
c) the basis of animal behavior in all spheres of life, including language and communication, are hereditary species programs. Learning from them is limited to the acquisition of individual experience, thanks to which the species programs are adapted to the specific conditions of the individual's existence;
d) in animals there is no consolidation, accumulation and transfer of the experience of generations in material form, i.e. in the form of material culture;
the activity of the subject is that meaningful process in which real connections of the subject with the objective world are carried out and which mediates the connections between the object and the subject acting on it;
human activity is included in the system public relations and conditions;
the main characteristic of an activity is its objectivity; activity is determined by the object, obeys, assimilates to it;
activity is the process of interaction of a living being with the surrounding world, allowing him to satisfy his vital needs;
consciousness cannot be regarded as closed in itself: it must be brought into the activity of the subject;
behavior, activity cannot be considered in isolation from human consciousness (the principle of the unity of consciousness and behavior, consciousness and activity);
activity is an active, purposeful process (the principle of activity activity);
human actions are substantive; they implement social goals(the principle of the objectivity of human activity and the principle of its social conditioning).

A.N. Leontiev on the structure of the activity:
human activity has a complex hierarchical structure and includes the following levels: I - level of special activities (or special types of activities); II - action level; III - the level of operations; IV - the level of psychophysiological functions;
human activity is inextricably linked with his needs and motives. A need is a state of a person, expressing his dependence on material and spiritual objects and conditions of existence that are outside the individual. In psychology, a person's need is considered as the experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain the life of his body and the development of his personality. A motive is a form of manifestation of a need, an incentive to a certain activity, the object for which this activity is carried out. Motive by A.N. Leont'ev is an objectified need;
activity as a whole is a unit of a person's life, an activity that meets a certain motive;
this or that motive prompts a person to set a task, to identify that goal, which, being presented under certain conditions, requires the performance of an action aimed at creating or obtaining an object that meets the requirements of the motive and satisfies the need. The goal is the imaginable result of the activity presented to him;
action as an integral part of the activity meets the perceived goal. Any activity is carried out in the form of actions or a chain of actions;
activity and action are not rigidly connected with each other. One and the same activity can be implemented by different actions, and the same action can be included in different kinds activities;
an action with a definite purpose is carried out different ways depending on those voices in which this action is performed. The ways in which an action is taken are called operations. Operations are transformed, become automated actions that, as a rule, are not realized, for example, when a child learns to write letters, this spelling of a letter is for him an action directed by a conscious goal - to write the letter correctly. But, having mastered this action, the child uses the writing of letters as a way to write on the layer and, therefore, the writing of letters turns from an action into an operation;
operations are of two types: the first arise from action by means of their automation, the second arise by adaptation, adaptation to the surrounding conditions, by direct imitation;
a goal given under certain conditions is called a task in the theory of activity;
the relationship between the structural and motivational components of activity is shown in Figure 9.
activity can lose its motive and turn into an action, and an action, when its purpose changes, can turn into an operation. V in this case talk about the enlargement of units of activity. For example, when learning to drive a car, initially each operation (for example, gear shifting) is formed as an action subordinated to a conscious goal. Subsequently, this action (gear shifting) is included in another action having a complex operational composition, for example, in the action of changing the driving mode. Now gear shifting becomes one of the ways of its implementation - the operation that implements it, and it ceases to be carried out as a special purposeful process: its purpose is not highlighted. For the driver's mind, gear shifting under normal conditions does not seem to exist at all;
the results of the actions constituting the activity, under some conditions, turn out to be more significant than the motive of the activity in which they are included. Then action becomes action. In this case, one speaks of splitting up units of activity into smaller units. So, a child can do homework in a timely manner, initially, just to go for a walk. But with systematic training and receiving positive marks for his work, increasing his student's "prestige", he awakens interest in the subjects studied, and now he begins to prepare lessons in order to better understand the content of the material. The action of preparing the lessons took on its motive and became an activity. This general psychological mechanism for the development of actions by A.N. Leont'ev called it "a shift of motive to goal" (or the transformation of a goal into a motive). The essence of this mechanism is that the goal, previously prompted to its implementation by some motive, eventually acquires an independent force, i.e. itself becomes a motive. The fragmentation of units of activity can also manifest itself in the transformation of operations into actions. For example, during a conversation, a person cannot find the right word, i.e. what was an operation became an action subordinate to a perceived goal.

A.N. Leontiev on the essence and structure of consciousness:
consciousness in its immediacy is a picture of the world that opens up to the subject, into which he himself, his actions and states are included;
initially, consciousness exists only in the form of a mental image that reveals the world around him to the subject, while activity remains practical, external. At a later stage, activity also becomes an object of consciousness: the actions of other people are realized, and through them the subject's own actions. Now they communicate, signified with the help of gestures or sound speech... This is the prerequisite for the generation of internal actions and operations occurring in the mind, in the "plane of consciousness." Consciousness - the image also becomes consciousness - activity. It is in this fullness of its own that consciousness begins to seem emancipated from external, sensory practical activities and, moreover, by its governing body;
consciousness undergoes another major change during historical development... It consists in the destruction of the initial fusion of the consciousness of the work collective (for example, the community) and the consciousness of the individuals who form it. In the same time psychological characteristics individual consciousness can only be understood through their connection with those social relations in which the individual is involved;
the structure of consciousness includes: the sensory fabric of consciousness, meanings and personal meanings;
the sensory fabric of consciousness forms the sensory composition of concrete images of reality, actually perceived or emerging in memory, attributable to the future or only imaginary. These images differ in their modality, sensual tone, degree of clarity, more or less stability, etc .;
a special function of sensory images of consciousness is that they impart reality to the conscious picture of the world that opens up to the subject. It is thanks to the sensory content of consciousness that the world appears for the subject as existing not in consciousness, but outside his consciousness - as an objective "field" and an object of his activity;
sensory images represent a universal form of mental reflection generated by the subject's objective activity. However, in man, sensory images acquire a new quality, namely, their significance. The meanings and are the most important "forming" of human consciousness;
meanings refract the world in the mind of a person. Although language is the bearer of meanings, language is not a demiurge of meanings. Behind linguistic meanings there are socially developed methods (operations) of action, in the process of which people change and cognize objective reality;
in meanings, the ideal form of existence of the objective world, its properties, connections and relations, revealed by the aggregate social practice, transformed and rolled up in the matter of language. Therefore, the values ​​themselves, i.e. in abstraction from their functioning in the individual consciousness, are just as “non-psychological” as the socially cognized reality that lies behind them;
it is necessary to distinguish between the perceived objective meaning and its meaning for the subject. V the latter case talk about a personal meaning. In other words, personal meaning is the meaning of this or that phenomenon for a particular person. Personal meaning also creates a partiality of consciousness. Unlike meanings, personal meanings do not have their own "non-psychological existence";
a person's consciousness, as well as his activity itself, is not a certain component of the parts included in it, i.e. it is not additive. It is not a plane, not even a container filled with images and processes. These are not the connections of its individual "units", but the internal movement of its constituents, included in the general movement of activity that realizes the real life of the individual in society. Human activity is the substance of his consciousness. Based on the above, the ratio various components activities can be represented as follows (Fig. 10):

The ideas of A.N. Leont'ev on the structure of consciousness were developed in Russian psychology by his student V.Ya. Zinchenko. V.P. Zinchenko distinguishes three layers of consciousness: existential (or existential-activity), reflexive (or reflective-contemplative) and spiritual.

The existential layer of consciousness includes the sensory fabric of the image and the biodynamic fabric, while the reflective layer includes meanings and meanings.
The concepts of the sensory fabric of the image, meaning and personal meaning are disclosed above. Consider the concepts introduced into the psychology of consciousness by V.P. Zinchenko.

Biodynamic tissue is a generalized name for various characteristics of living movement and object action. Biodynamic tissue is an observed and recorded external form of living movement. The term "fabric" in this context is used to emphasize the idea that this is the material from which purposeful, voluntary movements and actions are built.

The spiritual layer of consciousness in the structure of consciousness, according to V.P. Zinchenko, plays a leading role, animating and inspiring the existential and reflective layer. In the spiritual layer of consciousness, human subjectivity represents "I" in its various modifications and hypostases. The “Other” or, more precisely, “You” acts as an objective generatrix in the spiritual layer of consciousness.

The spiritual layer of consciousness is constructed by the I-Thou relationship and is formed earlier, or at least simultaneously with the existential and reflective layers.

A. N. Leont'ev on the relationship between consciousness and motives:
motives can be realized, but, as a rule, they are not realized, i.e. all motives can be divided into two large classes - conscious and unconscious;
awareness of motives is special activity, special inner work;
unconscious motives "appear" in consciousness in special forms - in the form of emotions and in the form of personal meanings. Emotions are a reflection of the relationship between the result of an activity and its motive. If, from the point of view of the motive, the activity is successful, positive emotions arise, if unsuccessfully, negative ones. Personal meaning is the experience of an increased subjective significance of an object, action or event that has found itself in the field of action of a leading motive;
a person's motives form a hierarchical system. Usually, the hierarchical relationship of motives is not fully realized. They manifest themselves in situations of conflict of motives.

A.N. Leontiev on the relationship between internal and external activities:
internal actions are actions that prepare external actions. They economize human efforts, making it possible to quickly choose the desired action, give a person the opportunity to avoid gross and sometimes fatal mistakes;
internal activities has essentially the same structure as external activity, and differs from it only in the form of flow (the principle of the unity of internal and external activity);
internal activity originated from external practical activity through the process of internalization (or the transfer of appropriate actions to the mental plane, i.e., their assimilation);
internal actions are performed not with real objects, but with their images, and instead of a real product, a mental result is obtained;
for the successful reproduction of any action “in the mind”, it is imperative to master it materially and first get a real result. During interiorization, external activity, although it does not change its fundamental structure, is strongly transformed, reduced, which allows it to be carried out much faster;
external activity turns into internal, and internal - into external (the principle of mutual transitions of external activity into internal and vice versa).

A.N. Leontiev about personality:
personality = individual; it is a special quality that is acquired by the individual in society, in the totality of relations, social in nature, in which the individual is involved;
personality is a systemic and therefore "supersensible" quality, although the bearer of this quality is a completely sensible, bodily individual with all his innate and acquired properties. They, these properties, constitute only the conditions (prerequisites) for the formation and functioning of the personality, as well as the external conditions and circumstances of life that fall on the lot of the individual;
from this point of view, the problem of personality forms a new psychological dimension:
a) other than the dimension in which the research of certain mental processes, individual properties and states of a person;
b) this is a study of his place, position in the system of public relations, communications that open to him;
c) this is a study of what, for what and how a person uses what he inherited from birth and acquired by him;
the anthropological properties of the individual act not as defining the personality or included in its structure, but as genetically given conditions for the formation of the personality and, at the same time, as what determines not its psychological traits, but only the forms and methods of their manifestation;
they are not born a person, they become a person,
personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man;
personality is a special human education;
the real basis of a person's personality is the totality of his social relations to the world, those relations that are realized by his activities, more precisely, the totality of his diverse activities;
the formation of personality is the formation of a coherent system of personal meanings;
there are three main parameters of personality: 1) the breadth of a person's connections with the world; 2) the degree of ROS hierarchy and 3) their general structure;
personality is born twice:
a) the first birth belongs to the preschool age and is marked by the establishment of the first hierarchical relations between motives, the first subordination of immediate motives to social norms;
b) the second birth of a personality begins in adolescence and is expressed in the appearance of the desire and ability to be aware of one's motives, as well as to carry out active work by their subordination and re-subordination. The second birth of personality presupposes the presence of self-awareness.

Thus, A.N. Leontiev made a huge contribution to the development of domestic and world psychology, and his ideas are being developed by scientists at the present time.

At the same time, the following provisions of the teachings of A.N. Leontyev:
a) motive is an objectified need;
b) the motives are generally not recognized;
c) personality is a systemic quality.

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Leontyev Alexey Nikolaevich (February 5, 1903, Moscow - January 21, 1979, Moscow) - Soviet psychologist who dealt with the problems of consciousness and activity. Pupil of L. S. Vygotsky. In 1924 he graduated from Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.

Since 1941 - Professor of Moscow State University and since 1945 - Head of the Department of Psychology of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1948 he joined the Communist Party. Since 1950 - a full member of the APN RSFSR, and since 1968 - APN USSR. He founded the Faculty of Psychology at Moscow State University in 1966 and directed it in the 1960s and 1970s. Son - A. A. Leontiev.

"Personal meaning is generated by the being of a person, life ..."

Alexey Leontiev

Scientific contribution

With the active participation of Leontiev, a number of psychological discussions took place, in which he defended the point of view that the psyche is formed mainly by external factors.

Critics note the fact that Leontiev was one of the most consistent supporters of the ideologization of Soviet psychology. In all his works, including the program book "Activity, Consciousness, Personality" (1975), he consistently carried out the thesis: "In modern world psychology fulfills an ideological function and serves class interests; it is impossible not to reckon with it ”.

In 1976 he opened a laboratory for the psychology of perception, which operates to this day.

Main publications

  • List of printed works by A. N. Leontiev
  • Development of memory., M., 1931
  • Recovery of movement. -M., 1945 (et al.)
  • On the question of the consciousness of teaching, 1947
  • Psychological questions of the consciousness of idem doctrine // Izvestiya APN RSFSR.- M., 1947.- Vol. 7.
  • Essay on the development of the psyche. - M., 1947
  • Psychological development of a child in preschool age // Questions of psychology of a child before school age... - M.-L., 1948
  • Feeling, perception and attention of children of primary school age // Essays on the psychology of children (junior school age). - M., 1950
  • The mental development of the child. - M., 1950
  • Human psychology and technical progress. - M., 1962 (et al.)
  • Needs, motives and emotions. - M., 1973
  • Activity. Consciousness. Personality (idem), 1977
  • Will, 1978
  • Category of activity in modern psychology // Vopr. psychology, 1979, no. 3
  • Problems of the development of the psyche. - M., 1981 (Preface, table of contents, comments)
  • Selected psychological works (idem - Table of Contents, From the Compilers, Introduction, Abstract & Comments: vol. 1, vol. 2), 1983; In 2 volumes.Volumes 1 and 2.
  • The problem of activity in the history of Soviet psychology, Questions of psychology, 1986, N 4
  • Discussion about the problems of activity // Activity approach in psychology: problems and prospects. Ed. V.V.Davydova et al. - M., 1990 (co-author).
  • Philosophy of Psychology, 1994
  • Lectures on general psychology, 2000
  • In English: Alexei Leont'ev archive @ marxists.org.uk: Activity, Consciousness, and Personality, 1978 & Activity and Consciousness, 1977

Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev was born in Moscow on February 5, 1903, his parents were ordinary employees. Naturally, they wanted to give Alexei a good education... Therefore, it is not surprising that the scientific activity of Alexei Leontiev dates back to his student years. In 1924 he graduated from the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow University, where G.I. Chelpanov read general course psychology. - Chelpanov in those years led the Institute of Psychology at Moscow State University, leading a group of students for research work... It was within the walls of this university that Alexei Nikolaevich wrote his first scientific works - the abstract "James's Teaching on Ideomotor Acts" and a work about Spencer. After graduating from the university, Aleksey Nikolaevich became a graduate student at the Institute of Psychology. Here in 1924 A.N. Leontiev with L.S. Vygotsky and A.R. Luria. And soon their joint work began, as these three people with outstanding abilities quickly found mutual language, and their union boded a lot of useful things. But, unfortunately, this activity was interrupted. Died Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. For so short term working together, the results of their activities were nevertheless impressive. The article "The Nature of Human Conflict", published by Leontiev and Luria, was an overwhelming success. it was in it that the technique of “coupled motor reactions” was presented and the idea of ​​mastering the affect through speech output was born. Further Leontiev personally developed the idea and embodied it in an article entitled “Experience structural analysis chain associative rows ". This article, printed in Russian-German medical journal, is based on the fact that associative reactions are determined by semantic integrity, which lies "behind" the associative range. But it was this development that did not receive a worthy recognition. He met his wife in 1929, when he was 26 years old. After a short acquaintance, they got married. His wife never discouraged scientific activities Alexei Leontyev, on the contrary, helped and supported him in the most difficult moments. Leont'ev's interests lay in the most diverse areas of psychology: from the psychology of creative activity to the experimental human perception of objectivity. And to the need to search for a completely new approach to the subject and content of psychophysiological research, now developing from common system psychological knowledge, Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev has addressed many times. At the end of 1925, his famous "cultural-historical concept" was born, which was based on the well-known formula of L. S Vygotsky S-X-R, where S is a stimulus, a motive; X - means; R - the result of the activity. Alexei Leontiev began to develop the ideas of this work, but at the Institute of Psychology, which at that time was busy with completely different issues, it was not possible to realize this undertaking. It is for this reason that A.N. Leontiev and A.R. Luria transferred to the Academy of Communist Education, working also simultaneously at VGIK, at GITIS, at the clinic of G. And Rossolimo and at the Institute of Defectology. Around 1930, the health committee of Ukraine decided to organize a psychology sector at the Ukrainian Psychoneurological Institute, where A.R. Luria temporarily took over as head, and A.N. Leontiev - Head of the Department of Child and Genetic Psychology. By this time, Alexei Nikolaevich had already left VGIK and AKV, and Vygotsky was forced to return to Moscow. Consequently, all the work was taken over by Leontiev, who later became the leader Ukrainian group psychologists. Developing more and more new projects, Alexey Leontiev published the book “Activity. Consciousness. Personality ”, where he defends his point of view that a person does not just adjust his activities to the external conditions of society, but the same conditions of society carry the motives and goals of his activities. In parallel, A.N. Leontiev begins work on the problem of the development of the psyche, namely, the study of extrapolation reflexes in animal individuals. In 1936, Alexei Nikolaevich returned to the Institute of Psychology, where he worked until leaving for the Department of Psychology at Moscow State University. At the institute, he deals with the issue of skin photosensitivity. At the same time AN ​​Leontiev teaches at VGIK and GITIS. He collaborates with CM Eisenstein and conducts an experimental study of film perception. In the pre-war years, he became the head of the Department of Psychology at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya. In the second half of the 1930s. Leontiev worked out the following problems: a) phylogenetic development of the psyche, and in particular the genesis of sensitivity. b) "functional development" of the psyche, that is, the problem of the formation and functioning of activity, c) the problem of consciousness These problems were well covered in the doctoral dissertation of A. N. Leontyev "Development of the psyche", defended at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. And I. Herzen in 1940. Only part of the results of his research was included in the thesis. But this work of Leontiev was not completely preserved. The dissertation contained articles on, inter alia, memory, perception, emotions, will, and arbitrariness. There is also a chapter entitled "Activity-Action-Operation", where the basic conceptual system of activity-psychological theory is given. According to Leont'ev, activity is inseparable from the object of its need, and in order to master this object, it is necessary to focus on such properties that are vitally indifferent in themselves, but are closely related to other vital significant properties objects, i.e. "Signal" about the presence or absence of the latter. Thus, due to the fact that the activity of an animal acquires an objective character, in its embryonic form a form of reflection specific to the psyche arises - a reflection of an object with properties that are vital, and properties that signal them. to such influences, which are correlated by the body with other influences, i.e. which orient a living being in the objective content of its activity, performing a signal function. Leontiev undertakes research in order to test his hypothesis. First in Kharkov, and then in Moscow, with the help of the experimental technique he developed, he reproduces, in artificially created conditions, the process of converting imperceptible stimuli into perceptible ones (the process of a person's sensation of color from the skin of the hand). Thus, A.N. For the first time in the history of world psychology, Leontyev made an attempt to determine the objective criterion of the elementary psyche, taking into account the sources of its origin in the process of interaction of a living being with environment... Summing up the data accumulated in the field of zoopsychology and based on his own achievements, Leontyev developed a new concept of the mental development of animals as the development of a mental reflection of reality, caused by changes in the conditions of existence and the nature of the process of animal activity at different stages of phylogenesis: the stages of sensory, perceptual and intellectual psyche. This direction of work of A.N. Leont'ev was directly related to the development of the issue of activity and the problem of consciousness. While working on the problem of personality, Alexey Leontiev adhered to two directions of his activity. He worked on problems of the psychology of art. In his opinion, there is nothing where a person could realize himself as holistically and comprehensively as in art. Unfortunately, today it is almost impossible to find his works on the psychology of art, although during his lifetime Alexey Nikolaevich worked a lot on this topic. In 1966, Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev finally transferred to the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow University, from that time until the last day of his life, Leontyev was the permanent dean and head of the Department of General Psychology. Alexey Nikolaevich left our world on January 21, 1979; it is impossible to overestimate his scientific contribution, because it was he who managed to force many to reconsider their views and to approach the subject and content of psychophysiological research from a completely different angle.

LEONTIEV Alexey Nikolaevich

(1903 1979) - Russian psychologist, philosopher and teacher. Specialist in the field of general and experimental psychology, engineering and cognitive psychology, problems of methodology and philosophy of psychology. Dr. Psychological sciences (1940), professor (1941). D. Chl. APN RSFSR (1950), APN USSR (1968), in the 1950s. was ac.-secretary and vice-president of the APN RSFSR. Laureate of the medal K.D. Ushinsky (1953), Lenin Prize (1963), Lomonosov Prize I degree (1976), hon. Dr. row foreign high fur boots, including the Sorbonne. Graduated from the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University (1924) and began his professional activity in the Moscow Institute of Psychology and other Moscow scientific institutions (1924-1930). In 1930 he moved to Kharkov, where he headed the sector of the All-Ukrainian Psycholoneurological Academy (until 1932 - the Ukrainian Psychoneurological Institute) and the department of the Kharkov Pedagogical Institute. that (1930-1935). Returning to Moscow in 1936, he worked at the Moscow Institute of Psychology and at the same time at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya. In 1940 he defended his doctorate. dissertation: Genesis of sensitivity and the main stages of development of the psyche, in 1941 received the title of professor. In 1942-43. L. - scientific director of the evacuation hospital in the Urals. Since 1943 - head. laboratory, then the department of child psychology of the Institute of Psychology, and since 1949 - head. Department of Psychology, Moscow State University. From 1966 to 1979 - Dean of the Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University and Head. Department of General Psychology. The leitmotif of L.'s scientific work throughout his life was the development of philosophical and methodological foundations psychological science... L.'s professional development as a scientist took place in the 1920s. under the influence of his direct teacher L.S. Vygotsky, who literally blew up traditional psychology with his methodological, theoretical and experimental works, which laid the foundations of a new psychology. With his works at the end of the 20s. L. also contributed to the development of the cultural and historical approach to the formation of human psyche ... However, already in the early 1930s. L., without breaking with the cultural-historical paradigm, begins to discuss with Vygotsky about the ways of its further development. If for Vygotsky the main subject of study was consciousness, then L. more important was the analysis of human practice, life activity, which forms consciousness. In the works of L. in the 1930s, published only posthumously, he strove to affirm the idea of ​​the priority role of practice in the formation of the psyche and to understand the patterns of this formation in phylogenesis and ontogenesis. His doct. dis. was devoted to the evolution of the psychic in the animal kingdom - from elementary irritability in protozoa to human consciousness. The Cartesian opposition, prevailing in the old psychology, external - internal L. opposes the thesis about the unity of the structure of external and internal processes, introducing a categorical pair of process-image. L. develops the category of activity as the actual (in the Hegelian sense) relationship of man to the world, which acts as the basis of this unity. This attitude is not in the strict sense individual, but indirectly relations with other people and socioculturally developed forms of practice. The very structure of activity is sociogenic in nature. The idea that the formation of mental processes and functions occurs in activity and through activity served as the basis for numerous experimental studies of the development and formation of mental functions in ontogenesis, carried out by L. and his collaborators in the 1930-60s. These studies laid the foundation for a number of innovative psychological and pedagogical concepts of developmental education and upbringing, which in the last decade have become widespread in pedagogical practice. The period from the late 1930s to the early 1940s also includes the development of L.'s well-known ideas about the structure and units of analysis of activity and consciousness. According to these views, three psychological levels are distinguished in the structure of activity: the activity itself (an act of activity), distinguished according to the criterion of its motive, actions, isolated according to the criterion of focusing on achieving conscious goals, and operations related to the conditions for carrying out the activity. For the analysis of consciousness, the dichotomy of meaning - personal meaning, introduced by L., turned out to be fundamentally important, the first pole of which characterizes the impersonal, universal, socioculturally assimilated content of consciousness, and the second - its partiality, subjectivity, due to unique individual experience and the structure of motivation. In the second half of the 1950-60s. L. formulates the thesis about the systemic structure of the psyche and, following Vygotsky, develops, on a new conceptual basis, the principle of the historical development of mental functions. Practical and internal mental activity are not only one, but can pass from one form to another. In fact, it comes about a single activity, which can move from an external, expanded form to an internal, curtailed (interiorization) and vice versa (exteriorization), can simultaneously include mental and external (extracerebral) components. In 1959, the first edition of L.'s book Problems of the development of the psyche was published, summarizing his work in the 1930s-1950s, for which he was awarded the Lenin Prize. In the 1960s and 70s. L. continues to develop an activity approach or a general psychological theory of activity. He uses the apparatus of the activity theory to analyze perception, thinking, mental reflection in the broad sense of the word. Considering them as active processes of an activity-based nature allowed us to advance to a new level of understanding them. In particular, L. was put forward and supported by empirical data the hypothesis of assimilation, which states that the construction of sensory images requires the counter activity of the organs of perception. In the late 1960s. L. addresses the problem of personality, considering it within the framework of a single system with activity and consciousness. In 1975 the book L. Activity was published. Consciousness. The personality in which he, summing up his works of the 60s and 70s, sets out the philosophical and methodological foundations of psychology, seeks to psychologically comprehend the categories that are most important for building an integral system of psychology as a concrete science of the generation, functioning and structure of mental reflection reality that mediates the life of individuals. The category of activity is introduced by L. in this book as a way of overcoming the postulate of the immediacy of the influence of external stimuli on the individual psyche, which found its most complete expression in the behaviorist formula stimulus-response. Activity acts as a molar, non-additive unit of life of a bodily, material subject. The key feature of activity is its objectivity, in the understanding of which L. relies on the ideas of Hegel and early Marx. Consciousness is that which mediates and regulates the activity of the subject. It is multidimensional. In its structure, three main components are distinguished: sensory tissue, which serves as material for building a subjective image of the world, meaning that connects individual consciousness with social experience or social memory, and personal meaning that connects consciousness with real life subject. The basis for the analysis of personality is also activity, or rather a system of activities that carry out various relationships of the subject with the world. Their hierarchy, or rather the hierarchy of motives or meanings, sets the structure of a person's personality. In the 1970s. L. again turns to the problems of perception and mental reflection, but in a different way. The concept of the image of the world becomes key for him, behind which is, first of all, the idea of ​​the continuity of the perceived picture of reality and the images of individual objects. It is impossible to perceive a separate object without perceiving it in the integral context of the image of the world. This context provides perceptual hypotheses that guide the process of perception and recognition. This line of work did not manage to get any completion. L. created an extensive scientific school in psychology, his work had a noticeable impact on philosophers, teachers, cultural studies and representatives of other humanities. In 1986, the International Society for Activity Theory Research was created. L. is also the author of the books: Development of memory, M., 1931; Restoration of movement, vsoavt., M., 1945; Selected psychological works, in 2 vols., M., 1983; Philosophy of Psychology, M., 1994. A.A. Leontiev, D.A. Leontiev

Alexey Nikolaevich Leontiev

Leontyev Alexey Nikolaevich (1903-1979) - Soviet psychologist, author of one of the variants of the activity approach in psychology. Biography. In 1924 he graduated from the Department of Social Sciences of Moscow University. He worked at the Institute of Psychology and the Academy of Communist Education. One of the closest collaborators of L. S. Vygotsky. From 1931 to 1935 he worked in Kharkov, from 1932 - professor of Moscow University, from 1941 - doctor of pedagogical sciences. In 1942-1945 he headed scientific work at the Experimental Rehabilitation Hospital near Sverdlovsk. From 1945 to 1950 - head of the department of child psychology at the Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, since 1945 - head of the department of psychology, since 1963 - head of the department of the philosophical faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1966 - Dean of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, which was created on his initiative, and Head of the Department of General Psychology. Member of the APN RSFSR (1950). Initiated the creation of the journal “Moscow University Bulletin. Series 14. Psychology ". Research. At the end of the 1920s, working for L. S. Vygotsky and using the ideas of the cultural-historical concept, he investigated the processes of memory, which he interpreted as an objective activity taking place under certain conditions of socio-historical and ontogenetic development. In the early 1930s, he became the head of the Kharkov activity school and began theoretical and experimental development of the problem of activity. In experiments conducted under his leadership in 1956-1963; it was shown that on the basis of an adequate action, the formation of pitch hearing is possible even in people with poor musical ear. He proposed to consider the activity (correlated with the motive) as consisting of actions (with their own goals) and operations (agreed with the conditions). The basis of personality, in norm and pathology, laid the hierarchy of its motives. Conducted research in a wide range psychological problems: the emergence and development of the psyche in phylogenesis, the emergence of consciousness in anthropogenesis, mental development in ontogenesis, the structure of activity and consciousness, the motivational and semantic sphere of personality, methodology and history of psychology.

Kondakov I.M. Psychology. Illustrated Dictionary. // THEM. Kondakov. - 2nd ed. add. And reworked. - SPb., 2007, p. 295.

Works: Development of memory, M .; L., 1931; Recovery of movement. M „1945; Essay on the development of the psyche. M., 1947; Essays on the psychology of children. M., 1950; Problems of the development of the psyche, 1959; Activity, consciousness, personality. M., 1975.

Literature: A. N. Leontiev and modern psychology / Ed. A. V. Zaporozhets and others. M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1983; A. N. Leontiev // Psychology: Biographical bibliographic dictionary / Ed. N. Sheehy, E. J. Chapman, U, A. Conroy. Saint Petersburg: Eurasia, 1999.

Leontyev Alexey Nikolaevich (5 (18) .02.1903, Moscow - 01.21.1979, Moscow) - psychologist, philosopher and teacher. Graduated Faculty of Public Sciences of Moscow University (1924), worked in the Psychological Institute and other Moscow scientific institutions (1924-1930), head of the sector of the All-Ukrainian Psychoneurological Academy and head of the department of the Kharkov Pedagogical Institute (1930-1935). In 1936-1940. simultaneously works in Moscow, at the Psychological Institute, and at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute named after N.K. Krupskaya. Doctor of Psychology (1940). Since 1943 - head. laboratory, then the department of child psychology of the Institute of Psychology, prof., and since 1949 - head. Department of Psychology, Moscow University. Full member of the APN RSFSR (1950), APN USSR (1968), in the 50s. was an academician-secretary and vice-president of the RSFSR APN. Since 1966 - Dean of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow University and Head. Department of General Psychology. Honorary Doctor of a number of foreign high fur boots, including the Sorbonne.

The leitmotif of Leontiev's scientific work was the development of the philosophical and methodological foundations of psychological science. The formation of Leontiev as a scientist took place in the 1920s under the influence of his teacher Vygotsky, who literally blew up traditional psychology with his methodological, theoretical and experimental works, which laid the foundations of a new psychology, which he associated with Marxism. With his research at the end of the 1920s, Leontyev also contributed to the development of the cultural-historical approach to the formation of the human psyche created by Vygotsky. However, already at the beginning of the 30s, Leontyev, without breaking with the cultural-historical approach, began to discuss with Vygotsky about the ways of its further development. If for Vygotsky the main subject of study was consciousness, then for Leont'ev it seemed more important to analyze the human practice that forms consciousness, life activity. He strove to affirm the idea of ​​the priority role of practice in the formation of the psyche and to understand the patterns of this formation in historical and individual development.

Leont'ev opposes the dominant Cartesian opposition "external - internal" in the old psychology with the thesis of the unity of the structure of external and internal processes, introducing the categorical pair "process - image". He develops the category of activity as a real (in the Hegelian sense) relationship of a person to the world, which is not individual in the strict sense, but is mediated by relationships with other people and socioculturally developed forms of practice. The idea that the formation of mental processes and functions occurs in activity and through activity served as the basis for numerous experimental studies of the development and formation of mental functions (30-60s). They laid the foundation for a number of psychological and pedagogical concepts of developmental education and upbringing, which in the last decade have become widespread in pedagogical practice.

By the end of the 30s and the beginning of the 40s, Leontiev's ideas about the structure of activity were developed, according to which three psychological levels differ in activity: the activity itself (an act of activity), distinguished by the criterion of its motive; actions, singled out according to the criterion of focus on achieving conscious goals; operations related to the conditions of the activity. For analysis consciousness The dichotomy “meaning - personal meaning” introduced by Leontiev turned out to be fundamentally important, the first pole of which characterizes the “impersonal”, universal, socio-culturally assimilated content of consciousness, and the second - its bias, subjectivity due to unique individual experience and structure of motivation.

In the second half of the 50s - 60s Leont'ev formulated theses on the systemic structure of the psyche, as well as on the unity of practical and “internal”, mental activity. In fact, we are talking about a single activity that can move from an external, expanded form to an internal, curtailed (interiorization), and vice versa (exgerization), can simultaneously include mental and external (extracerebral) components. In 1959, the first edition of Leontiev's book "Problems of the Development of the Mind" was published, summarizing the results of these studies.

In the 60s and 70s, Leontyev continued to develop the so-called activity approach or "general psychological theory of activity." He uses the apparatus of activity theory to analyze perception, thinking, mental reflection in the broad sense of the word.

At the end of the 60s, Leontyev turns to the problem of personality, considering it within the framework of a system that unites activity and consciousness. In 1975 Leontyev's book “Activity. Consciousness. Personality ", in which he seeks" to comprehend the categories that are most important for building an integral system of psychology as a concrete science of the generation, functioning and structure of the mental reflection of reality, which mediates the life of individuals "(p. 12). The category of activity is viewed as a way of overcoming the "postulate of immediacy" of the influence of external stimuli on the individual psyche, which has found its most complete expression in the behaviorist formula "stimulus - response". The key feature of activity is its objectivity, in the understanding of which Leontiev relies on the ideas of Hegel and early Marx. Consciousness is that which mediates and regulates the activity of the subject. It is multidimensional. In its structure, there are 3 main components: sensory tissue, which serves as material for building a subjective image of the world, the meaning that connects individual consciousness with social experience or social memory, and personal meaning, which expresses the connection between consciousness and the real life of the subject. The starting point for the analysis of personality is also activity, or rather, a system of activities that carry out various relations of the subject with the world. Their hierarchy, or rather, the hierarchy of motives or meanings, sets the structure of a person's personality.

In the 70s, Leontyev again turned to the problems of perception and mental reflection, using as the key concept of the image of the world, behind which is, first of all, the idea of ​​the continuity of the perceived picture of reality. It is impossible to perceive a separate object without perceiving it in the integral context of the image of the world. This context ultimately guides the process of perception and recognition. Leontiev created his own school in psychology, his work had a noticeable influence on philosophers, educators, culturologists and representatives of other humanities. In 1986, the International Society for Activity Theory Research was established.

D. A. Leontiev, A. A. Leontiev

Russian philosophy. Encyclopedia. Ed. the second, modified and supplemented. Under the general editorship of M.A. Olive. Compiled by P.P. Apryshko, A.P. Polyakov. - M., 2014, p. 327-328.

Read on:

Philosophers, Lovers of Wisdom (Biographical Index).

Compositions:

Memory development. M., 1931;

Recovery of movement. M., 1945 (in co-authorship);

Problems of the development of the psyche. M., 1959, 1965, 1972.1981;

Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M .; 1975, 1977;

Fav. psychological productions: In 2 t. M., 1983;

Philosophy of Psychology. M., 1994;

Lectures on general psychology. M., 2000;

The Formation of Activity Psychology: Early Work. M., 2003.

Literature:

A. N. Leont'ev and modern psychology / Ed. A. V. Zaporozhets and others. M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1983;

A. N. Leontiev // Psychology: Biographical bibliographic dictionary / Ed. N. Sheehy, E. J. Chapman, U, A. Conroy. Saint Petersburg: Eurasia, 1999.

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