The role of membranes in the structure of various cell components. Functions of cell membrane

Cell - This is not only a liquid, enzymes and other substances, but also highly organized structures called intracellular organelles. Organelles for cells are no less important than its chemical components. So, in the absence of such organelles, as mitochondria, the energy reserve extracted from nutrients will immediately decrease by 95%.

Most organelle in the cage are covered membranes, consisting mainly of lipids and proteins. The membranes of cells, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus are distinguished.

Lipids Insoluble in water, therefore, in the cell they create a barrier that prevents the movement of water and water-soluble substances from one compartment to another. Protein molecules, however, make the membrane permeable for different substances With the help of specialized structures called pores. Many other membrane proteins are enzymes catalyzing numerous chemical reactionswhich will be discussed in the following chapters.

Cellular (or plasma) membrane It is a thin, flexible and elastic structure of a thickness of only 7.5-10 nm. It consists mainly of proteins and lipids. The approximate ratio of its components is such: proteins - 55%, phospholipids - 25%, cholesterol - 13%, other lipids - 4%, carbohydrates - 3%.

Lipid layer of cell membrane Preparing water penetration. The membrane base is a lipid bilayer - a thin lipid film consisting of two monolayers and a fully covering cell. Over the entire membrane, proteins are located in the form of a large globule.

Sketchy image of a cell membrane, reflecting its main elements
- phospholipid bilayer and large amount of protein molecules protruding the surface of the membrane.
Carbohydrate chains are attached to proteins on the outer surface
and to additional protein molecules inside the cell (this is not shown in the figure).

Lipid Bisoye It consists mainly of phospholipid molecules. One end of such a molecule is hydrophilic, i.e. soluble in water (there is a phosphate group on it), the other - hydrophobic, i.e. soluble only in fats (there is fatty acid).

Due to the fact that the hydrophobic part of the molecule phospholipid Pushes water, but attracts to such parts of the same molecules, phospholipids have a natural property attached to each other in the thickness of the membrane, as shown in Fig. 2-3. The hydrophilic part with the phosphate group forms two membrane surfaces: the outer, which is in contact with the extracellular liquid, and the inner, which is in contact with the intracellular fluid.

Middle lipid layer impenetrable ions and aqueous solutions glucose and urea. Fuel soluble substances, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, on the contrary, easily penetrate through this area of \u200b\u200bthe membrane.

Molecules Cholesterol included in the membrane, by nature also relate to lipids, since their steroid group has high solubility in fats. These molecules are dissolved in lipid bisal. Their main purpose is the regulation of permeability (or impermeability) membranes for water-soluble components of the body of the body. In addition, cholesterol is the main viscosity regulator of the membrane.

Cell membranes proteins. In the figure in Lipid, globular particles are visible - membrane proteins, most of which are glycoproteins. There are two types of membrane proteins: (1) integral, which permeate the membrane through; (2) Peripherals, which protrude only over one of its surface without reaching another.

Many integral proteins Form channels (or pores), through which water and water-soluble substances, especially ions can diffuse in intra-and extracellular liquid. Due to the selectivity of channels, some substances diffuse better than others.

Other integral proteins Function as proteins-carriers, carrying out transport substances for which the lipid bilayer is impenetrable. Sometimes, carrier proteins act in the direction opposite to diffusion, such transport is called active. Some integral proteins are enzymes.

Integral membrane proteins Can also serve as receptors for water-soluble substances, including peptide hormones, since the membrane is impenetrable. The interaction of the protein-receptor with a certain ligand leads to conformational changes in the protein molecule, which, in turn, stimulates the enzymatic activity of the intracellular segment of the protein molecule or the transmission of the signal from the receptor inside the cell using the secondary intermediary. Thus, the integral proteins embedded in the cell membrane involve it in the process of transmitting information about the outer medium into the cell.

Peripheral membrane proteins molecules Often are related to integral proteins. Most peripheral proteins are enzymes or play the role of the transport dispatcher of substances through membrane pores.

The cell membrane is called a platsmraft or plasma membrane. The main functions of the cell membrane are the maintenance of cell integrity and the implementation of the interconnection with the external environment.

Structure

Cell membranes consist of lipoprotein (fatter) structures and have a thickness of 10 nm. The membranes walls are formed by three classes lipids:

• phospholipids - compounds of phosphorus and fats;
• glycolipida - connections of lipids and carbohydrates;
• cholesterol (cholesterol) - fatty alcohol.

These substances form a liquid-mosaic structure consisting of three layers. Phospholipids form two outer layers. They have a hydrophilic head, from which two hydrophobic tails are deployed. Tails are rotated inside the structure, forming the inner layer. When embedding cholesterol in the phospholipid tails, the membrane acquires rigidity.

Fig. 1. The structure of the membrane.

Glycolipids are built between phospholipids performing receptor function, and two species proteins:

• peripheral (external, surface) - are located on a lipid surface, no penetration of the membrane;
• integral - built into different levels, can permeate the entire membrane, only an internal or outer lipid layer;

All proteins differ in their structure and perform different functions. For example, globular protein compounds have a hydrophobic hydrophilic structure and perform transport function.

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Fig. 2. Types of membrane proteins.

Plasmamama - fluid structure, because Lipids are not interconnected, but simply are built into dense rows. Due to this, the membrane property can change the configuration, to be moving and elastic, as well as transport substances.

Functions

What functions perform cell membrane:

• barrier - separates the contents of the cell from the external environment;
• transportation - regulates metabolism;
• enzymatic - performs enzymatic reactions;
• receptor - recognizes external stimuli.

The most important feature is the transport of substances in metabolism. Liquid and solid substances are constantly in the cage from the external environment. Exchange exit products. All substances pass through the cell membrane. Transportation occurs in several ways, which are described in the table.

View	Substances	Process
Diffusion	Gases, fat soluble molecules	Uncharged molecules are freely or with a special protein channel pass through the lipid layer without energy costs.
	Solutions	One-sided diffusion in the direction of a larger concentration of dissolved substance
Endocytosis	Solid and liquid substances of the external environment	The transfer of liquids is called pinocytosis, solids - phagocytosis. Penetrate by pulling the membrane inside until the bubble formation
Exocytosis	Solid and liquid substances internal environment	Reverse endocytosis process. Bubbles with substances are promoted by cytoplasm to the membrane and merge with it, releaseing the contents

Fig. 3. Endocytosis and exocytosis.

Active transport of molecules of substances (sodium-potassium pump) is carried out using protein structures embedded in the membrane, and requires energy costs as ATP.

What did we know?

We considered the basic functions of the membrane and methods for transporting substances into the cell and back. The membrane is a lipoprotein structure consisting of three layers. The absence of strong links between lipids ensures the ductility of the membrane and allows transport of substances. PlasmaMalem gives a cell form, protects it from external influence, performs relationships with environmental.

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Cell membrane - This is a cell shell performing the following functions: separation of the contents of the cell and the external environment, selective transport substances (exchange with an external environment for the cell), the location of some biochemical reactions, combining cells in tissue and reception.

Cell membranes are divided into plasma (intracellular) and external. The main property of any membrane is semi-perception, that is, the ability to skip only certain substances. This allows the electoral exchange between the cell and the external environment or the exchange between cell compartments.

Plasma membranes are lipoprotein structures. The lipids spontaneously form a bilayer (double layer), and the membrane proteins "float" in it. There are several thousand different proteins in the membranes: structural, carriers, enzymes, etc. Between protein molecules there are pores, through which hydrophilic substances pass (direct penetration into the cell interferes with lipid bilay). Some molecules on the surface of the membrane are attached glycosyl groups (monosaccharides and polysaccharides), which are involved in the process of cell recognition in the formation of tissues.

Membranes differ in their thickness, usually it ranges from 5 to 10 nm. Thickness is determined by the dimensions of the amphiphilic lipid molecule and is 5.3 nm. Further increase in the thickness of the membrane is due to the size of membrane protein complexes. Depending on the external conditions (the regulator is cholesterol) the bilayer structure may vary so that it becomes more dense or liquid - the rate of movement of substances along the membranes depends on it.

Cell membranes include: Plasmolm, Caryolamma, the membrane of the endoplasmic network, the Golgi, Lizosoma, Peroxis, Mitochondria, inclusions, etc.

Lipids are not soluble in water (hydrophobicity), but they are well dissolved in organic solvents and fats (lipophilicity). The composition of lipids in different membranes of unequal. For example, the plasma membrane contains a lot of cholesterol. From lipids in the membrane, phospholipids (glycertosphatide), spingomyelin (sphingolipids), glycolipids and cholesterol are most often found.

Phospholipids, sphingomyelin, glycolipids consist of two functionally different parts: hydrophobic non-polar, which does not carry charges - "tails" consisting of fatty acids, and hydrophilic, containing charged polar "heads" - alcohol groups (for example, glycerin).

The hydrophobic part of the molecule usually consists of two fatty acids. One of the acids is the limit, and the second is unforeseen. This determines the ability of lipids to spontaneously form two-layer (bilipid) membrane structures. The lipids of membranes perform the following functions: barrier, transport, protein microenvironment, electrical resistance of the membrane.

Membranes differ from each other with a set of protein molecules. Many membrane proteins consist of areas rich in polar (carriages) amino acids, and sections with non-polar amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine, leucine). Such proteins in lipid layers of membranes are located in such a way that their non-polar sections are immersed in the "fat" part of the membrane, where there are hydrophobic lipids. Polar (hydrophilic) same part of these proteins interacts with the heads of lipids and facing the aqueous phase.

Biological membranes possess common properties:

membranes are closed systems that do not allow the contents of the cell and its compartments to mix. The disorder of the membrane integrity can lead to cell death;

surface (plane, lateral) mobility. In the membranes there is a continuous movement of substances on the surface;

asymmetry of the membrane. The structure of the outer and surface layers is chemically, structurally and functionally inhomogeneously.

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Cell membrane

An image of a cell membrane. Small blue and white balls correspond to the hydrophobic "heads" of phospholipids, and lines connected to them - hydrophilic "tails". The figure shows only integral membrane proteins (red globules and yellow spirals). Yellow oval points inside the membrane - cholesterol molecules yellow-green chains of beads on the outer side of the membrane - chains of oligosaccharides forming glycocalix

The biological membrane includes various proteins: integral (piercing membrane through), semi-integrated (immersed by one end in an external or inner lipid layer), surface (located on the outer or adjacent to the inner sides of the membrane). Some proteins are points of contact of the cell membrane with the cytoskeleton inside the cell, and the cell wall (if there is) is outside. Some of the integral proteins perform the function of ion channels, various conveyors and receptors.

Functions

• barrier - provides adjustable, selective, passive and active metabolism with the environment. For example, the membrane peroxiz protects the cytoplasm from the dangerous peroxide cells. Selective permeability means that the permeability of the membrane for various atoms or molecules depends on their size, electric charge and chemical properties. Electoral permeability ensures the separation of cells and cell compartments from the environment and the supply of their necessary substances.
• transportation - through the membrane there are vehicles in a cage and from the cell. Transportation through membranes provides: the delivery of nutrients, the removal of final exchange products, secretion of various substances, the creation of ion gradients, maintaining the optimal and concentration of ions that are needed for the operation of cell enzymes.
  Particles for any reason unable to cross the phospholipid bilayer (for example, due to hydrophilic properties, since the membrane inside the hydrophobic and does not pass hydrophilic substances, or due to large sizes), but necessary for the cell can penetrate the membrane through special Proteins-carriers (conveyors) and proteins-channels or by endocytosis.
  In case of passive transport, the substances crosses the lipid bisel without the cost of energy under the concentration gradient by diffusion. A variant of this mechanism is a lightweight diffusion, in which the substance helps to pass through a diaphragm any specific molecule. This molecule may have a channel that transmits only one type of substances.
  Active transport requires energy costs, as it happens against the concentration gradient. The membrane exists special proteins - pumps, including atpase, which actively pumps potassium ions in the cell (K +) and pump sodium ions (Na +) from it.
• matrix - provides a certain interjection and orientation of membrane proteins, their optimal interaction.
• mechanical - ensures the autonomy of the cell, its intracellular structures, also connect to other cells (in tissues). Cell walls have a major role in the provision of mechanical function, and in animals - an intercellular substance.
• energy - with photosynthesis in chloroplasts and cellular breathing in mitochondria in their membranes there are energy transfer systems in which proteins also participate;
• receptor - Some proteins in the membrane are receptors (molecules, with which the cell perceives certain signals).
  For example, hormones circulating in blood apply only to such target cells that have receptors corresponding to these hormones. Neurotransmitters ( chemical substancesSupporting nerve impulses) also bind to special receptor proteins of target cells.
• enzymatic - membrane proteins are often enzymes. For example, plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells contain digestive enzymes.
• implementation of generation and conduct of biopotentials.
  Using the membrane in the cell, a constant concentration of ions is maintained: the concentration of ion K + inside the cell is significantly higher than outside, and the Na + concentration is significantly lower, which is very important, as it ensures that the potential difference on the membrane and the generation of the nerve impulse.
• cell marking - There are antigens on the membrane, acting as markers - "labels", allowing you to identify the cell. These are glycoproteins (that is, proteins with branched oligosaccharide side chains attached to them), playing the role of "antennas". Because of the countless side chains configurations, it is possible to make your special marker for each cell type. With the help of cell markers, other cells can recognize and act agreed with them, for example, in the formation of organs and tissues. It allows the immune system to recognize alien antigens.

Structure and composition Biomembrane

Membranes consist of three class lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol. Phospholipids and glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrate attached to them) consist of two long hydrophobic hydrocarbon "tailings", which are associated with a charged hydrophilic "head". Cholesterol gives membrane membrane, occupying the free space between the hydrophobic lipid tails and not allowing them to bend. Therefore, the membranes with low cholesterol content are more flexible, and with large - more rigid and fragile. Also, cholesterol serves as a "stopper", which prevents the movement of polar molecules from the cell and into the cell. An important part of the membrane is proteins that permeate it and responsible for the variety of properties of membranes. Their composition and orientation differ in different membranes.

Cell membranes are often asymmetrical, that is, the layers differ in the composition of lipids, the transition of a separate molecule from one layer to another (the so-called flip flops) It is difficult.

Membrane organelles

These are closed single or other areas of cytoplasm, separated from hyaloplasma with membranes. Single-grained organelles include an endoplasmic network, a Golgi, Lizosoma, Vacuoles, Peroxisoma; to two-grated - core, mitochondria, plasts. The structure of the membranes of various organelles differs in the composition of lipids and membrane proteins.

Electoral permeability

Cell membranes have electoral permeability: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and ions are slowly diffusing, and the membranes themselves actively regulate this process to a certain extent, and others are missing. There are four main mechanisms for the receipt of substances into a cell or withdrawal from the cell outward: diffusion, osmosis, active transport and exo- or endocytosis. The first two processes are passive, that is, they do not require energy costs; The last two are active energy consumption processes.

The electoral permeability of the membrane under passive transport is due to special channels - integral proteins. They permeate the membrane through, forming a kind of passage. For K, Na and CL elements have their own channels. Regarding the gradient of the concentration of the molecule of these elements move into a cell and from it. When irritating, sodium ion channels are disclosed, and a sharp admission to sodium ions is sharp. At the same time, the imbalance of membrane potential occurs. After that, the membrane potential is restored. Potassium channels are always open, potassium ions slowly fall into the cage.

see also

Literature

• Antonov V. F., Smirnova E. N., Shevchenko E. V. Lipid membranes with phase transitions. - M.: Science, 1994.
• Gennis R. Biomembranes. Molecular structure and functions: Translation from English. \u003d Biomembranes. Molecular Structure and Function (by Robert B. gennis). - 1st edition. - m .: Mir, 1997. - ISBN 5-03-002419-0
• Ivanov V. G., Berezovsky T. N. Lipid bilayer biological membranes. - M.: Science, 1982.
• Rubin A. B. Biophysics, tutorial in 2 tt. - 3rd edition, corrected and complemented. - m .: Publishing House of Moscow University, 2004. - ISBN 5-211-06109-8
• Bruce Alberts, et al.

Nature has created many organisms and cells, but despite this, the structure and most of the functions of biological membranes are the same, which makes it possible to consider their structure and study their key properties without attachment to a specific cell type.

What is a membrane?

Membranes are a protective element that is an integral component of a cell of any living organism.

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms on the planet is a cell. Life activity is inextricably linked with the environment with which it exchanges energy, information, substance. Thus, the nutritional energy required for the functioning of the cell comes from the outside and is spent on the exercise of various functions.

The structure of the simplest unit of the structure of a living organism: organelles membrane, a variety of inclusions. It is surrounded by a membrane, inside which the kernel is located and all organelles. It is mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum. Each structural element has its membrane.

Role in vital cells

The biological membrane plays a culmination role in the structure and operation of the elementary living system. Only the cell, surrounded by a protective shell, can rightly be called the organism. Such a process as metabolism is also carried out due to the presence of a membrane. If the structural integrity is violated, this leads to a change in the functional state of the body as a whole.

Cell membrane and its functions

It separates the cytoplasm of the cell from the external environment or from the shell. The cell membrane provides properly performing specific functions, the specifics of intercellular contacts and immune manifestations, supports the transmembrane difference of electrical potential. It has receptors that can perceive chemical signals - hormones, mediators and other biological active ingredients. These receptors give it another ability to change the metabolic activity of the cell.

Membrane functions:

1. Active transfer of substances.

2. Passive transfer of substances:

2.1. Diffusion is simple.

2.2. Transfer through pores.

2.3. Transport carried out due to the diffusion of the carrier together with the membrane substance or by means of transmission by the relay of the substance along the molecular chain of the carrier.

3. Transfer of non-electrolytees due to simple and light diffusion.

The structure of the cell membrane

The components of the membranes of cells - lipids and proteins.

Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylthetidalolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl and phosphatidylserin, glycolipids. The share of lipids is 40-90%.

Proteins: peripheral, integral (glycoproteins), spectrine, actin, cytoskeleton.

The main structural element is a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

Roofing membrane: Definition and typology

Some statistics. In the territory Russian Federation The membrane as roofing is used not so long ago. The proportion of membrane roofs from total Soft roof floors is only 1.5%. Bituminous and mastic roofs received wider distribution in Russia. But B. Western Europe The fraction of membrane roofs is 87%. The difference is tangible.

As a rule, the membrane in the role of the main material at the roof overlap is ideal for flat roofs. For having a large bias, it is suitable to a lesser extent.

The production and implementation of membrane roofs in the domestic market have a positive growth trend. Why? Causes of more than clear:

• The service life is about 60 years. Imagine only the warranty period of use that is installed by the manufacturer reaches 20 years.
• Easy installation. For comparison: the installation of a bitumen roof takes 1.5 times longer than the installation of the membrane overlap.
• Easy to maintain and carry out repair work.

The thickness of the roofing membranes can be 0.8-2 mm, and the average weight rate of one square meter is 1.3 kg.

Properties of roofing membranes:

• elasticity;
• strength;
• resistance to the effects of ultraviolet rays and other media aggressors;
• frost resistance;
• refractory.

The membrane roofing is three types. The main classification feature is the type of polymer material that makes up the base of the canvas. So, roofing membranes are:

• The EPDM group, are made on the basis of polymerized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, and simply speaking, advantages: high strength, elasticity, waterproofability, environmental friendliness, low cost. Disadvantages: glue technology connected tools by using special tapes, low compound strength indicators. Scope of application: Used as a waterproofing material for tunnel overlaps, water sources, waste warehouses, artificial and natural water bodies, etc.
• PVC membranes. This is a shell, in the production of which polyvinyl chloride is used as the main material. Advantages: Resistance to ultraviolet, refractory, extensive color gamut membrane canvases. Disadvantages: Low indicators of stability to bitumen materials, oils, solvents; It distinguishes harmful substances into the atmosphere; The color of the canvas with time fades.
• TPO. Made from thermoplastic olefins. Can be reinforced and unarmed. The first are equipped with a polyester grid or fiberglass cloth. Advantages: Ecology, durability, high elasticity, temperature resistance (both at high and low temperatures), welded joints of the seams of cavities. Disadvantages: High price category, lack of manufacturers in the domestic market.

Profiled membrane: characteristics, functions and advantages

Profiled membranes are innovation in the construction market. Such a membrane is operated as a waterproofing material.

The substance used in the manufacture - polyethylene. The latter is two types: high pressure polyethylene (PVD) and low pressure polyethylene (PND).

Technical specifications Membranes from PVD and PND

Indicator
Breaking strength (MRA)
Stretching (%)
Density (kg / cubic meters)
Compressive strength (MRA)
Impact viscosity (with cut) (CJ / sq. M)
Bending elasticity module (mR)
Hardness (Mra)
Operation temperature (˚С)	from -60 to +80	from -60 to +80
Daily rate of water absorption (%)

The profiled membrane of high pressure polyethylene has a special surface - hollow hollows. The height of these formations may vary from 7 to 20 mm. The inner surface of the membrane is smooth. This makes it possible to trouble-free flexion of building materials.

The change in the shape of individual sections of the membrane is excluded, since the pressure throughout its area is distributed evenly due to the presence of all the same protrusions. Geomembrane can be used as ventilation isolation. In this case, free thermal exchange is provided inside the building.

Advantages of profiled membranes:

• increased strength;
• heat resistance;
• stability of chemical and biological influence;
• long service life (over 50 years);
• easy to install and maintain;
• available cost.

Profiled membranes are three types:

• with single-layer web;
• with a two-layer blade \u003d geotextile + drainage membrane;
• with a three-layer blade \u003d slippery surface + geotextile + drainage membrane.

A single-layer profiled membrane is used to protect the main waterproofing, mounting and dismantling the preparation of concrete walls with high humidity. Two-layer protective is used during equipping consisting of three layers are used on the ground, which is amenable to frosty barefoots, and ground soil that is deep.

Scope of use of drainage membranes

The profiled membrane finds its use in the following areas:

1. The main waterproofing of the foundation. Provides reliable protection against the destructive effect of groundwater, root systems of plants, soil drawders, mechanical damage.
2. Wall drainage foundation. Neutralizes the impact of groundwater, precipitation by moving them into drainage systems.
3. Horizontal type - protection against deformation due to structural features.
4. Analogue of preparation concrete. It is operated in the case of construction work on the construction of buildings in the low-rise zone of groundwater, in cases where horizontal waterproofing is used to protect against capillary moisture. Also in the function of the membrane, the profiled is incomprehensive with cement milk into the ground.
5. Ventilation of wall surfaces increased level humidity. It can be installed both on the inside and on the outside of the room. In the first case, air circulation is activated, and in the second the optimal humidity and temperature is ensured.
6. Used inversion roof.

Superdiffusion membrane

The superdiffusion membrane is a new generation material, the main purpose of which is to protect the elements of roofing structures from wind phenomena, precipitation, steam.

The production of protective material is based on the use of nonwovens, tight high quality fibers. The domestic market has a three-layer and four-layer membrane. Expert and consumer feedback confirm that the more layers underlies the design, the stronger it protective functionsSo, the energy efficiency of the room as a whole.

Depending on the type of roof, the features of its design, climatic conditionsManufacturers recommend to give preference to some kind of diffusion membranes. So, they exist for the pitched roofs of complex and simple structures, for the roofs of a rock type with a minimum bias, for roofing with a folded coating, etc.

The superdiffusion membrane lays directly on the heat insulating layer, flooring from the board. There is no need for a ventilation gap. Material is fastened with special brackets or steel nails. The edges of the diffusion sheets are connected to the work may be carried out even under extreme conditions: in with strong wind gusts, etc.

In addition, the coverage under consideration can be used as a temporary overlap of the roof.

PVC membranes: Essence and purpose

PFH membranes are a roof material manufactured from polyvinyl chloride and has elastic properties. Such a modern roofing material has displaced bituminous rolled counterparts, which have a significant drawback - the need for systematic maintenance and repair. To date, the characteristic features of PVC membranes allow them to use them when carrying out repair work on old flat-type roofs. They are used when installing new roofs.

The roof of such a material is convenient to operate, and its installation is possible for any types of surfaces, at any time of the year and with all weather conditions. PVC membrane has the following properties:

• strength;
• stability when exposed to UV rays, various kinds of precipitation, point and surface loads.

It is due to its unique properties of the PVC membrane will serve you faithfully for many years. The term of using such a roof is equal to the deadline for the building of the building itself, while the rolled roofing materials need regular repairs, and in some cases at all in dismantling and installing a new overlap.

Between both PVC membrane canvas are connected by welding with hot breath, the temperature of which is within 400-600 degrees Celsius. Such a connection is absolutely hermetic.

Advantages of PVC membranes

Their advantages are obvious:

• the flexibility of the roofing system, which most complies with the construction project;
• durable with hermetic properties Connecting seam between membrane canvases;
• ideal climate change tolerance weather conditions, temperature, humidity;
• increased vapor permeability, which promotes the evaporation of moisture accumulated in the underfloor space;
• many options for color solutions;
• fire prevention properties;
• ability to continue to maintain initial properties and appearance;
• PVC membrane - absolutely eco-friendly material, which is confirmed by the relevant certificates;
• installation process is mechanized, so it does not take long;
• the operation rules allow the installation of various architectural supplements directly from above the membrane PVC roof;
• single layered styling will save your money;
• easy to maintain and repair.

Membrane fabric

Textile industry membrane fabric is known for a long time. Footwear and clothing are made of such a material: adult and children's. The membrane is the basis of the membrane tissue, represented as a fine polymer film and possessing such characteristics as waterproof and vapor permeability. To produce this material, this film is covered by outer and internal protective layers. Their structure determines the membrane itself. This is done in order to save all useful properties Even in case of damage. In other words, the membrane clothing does not rinse when exposed to precipitation in the form of snow or rain, but at the same time it perfectly misses couples from the body in external environment. Such bandwidth allows you to breathe the skin.

Considering all the above, we can conclude that the perfect winter clothes are made of such a fabric. The membrane, which is based on tissue, can be:

• with pores;
• without pore;
• combined.

As part of membranes with many micropores, Teflon is listed. The dimensions of such pores do not reach the dimensions of even water drops, but more than aqueous molecule, which indicates waterproof and ability to withdraw sweat.

Membranes that have no pores are usually produced from polyurethane. Their inner layer concentrates in itself all the laborer discharge of the human body and pushes them out.

The structure of the membrane combined implies the presence of two layers: porous and smooth. Such a fabric has high quality characteristics and will serve for many years.

Thanks to these advantages, clothing and shoes made from membrane tissues and intended for socks in the winter season, durable, but lungs, perfectly protect against frost, moisture, dust. They are simply indispensable for a variety of active winter holidays, mountaineering.