Did not open the second front. The second front against fascist Germany, its allies and satellites in Western Europe in World War II
Army Peter 1. - The regular army, created by the Russian emperor Peter I, on the basis of the beginning to appear in Russia, in the period of reigning his father, so-called. incentic regiments, taking into account the latest european achievements in this region. Replaced the irregular local troops, which were a feudal remnant, and the shooting parts opposed Peter I during the fight for power and then repressed them. The army was published on the basis of the recruitment of the recruitment (also until the mid-XVIII century, the mandatory service of the noble service was preserved).
Russian Army to Peter
The Russian state of the XVII century was able to exhibit more than 200 thousand people in the field. But this huge for the time the army was very heterogeneous in its composition and training. It was mostly from the militia of the serunens who lived on the land provided by him "for service". According to government call, they had to go hiking on horseback and with weapons, which corresponded on a special painting the number of Earth, who was served to serve.
The kernel of Moscow troops was actually a militia and not at all like a regular army. It was a hereditary army. The son of a man was supposed to become a serum man with age. Each warrior went hiking and kept himself in the tough on his own funds; This troops had no training alignment and monotonous weapons.
Since the XVII century, seruners were set by especially thick on those outlook of the state, which at that time, the enemies were especially threatened - the Crimean Tatars and the Commonwealth, that is, the seruners lived more in South and western border states. In the XVII century, war with Sweden begins, and the North-Western border settlement is of particular importance. Thereby russian army It could not quickly focus here and therefore often suffered defeat.
All these shortcomings in the device of their troops, the Moscow Government aware. Even in the first times of the Russian state, the government began to raise the detachments of the infantry and artillery who was constantly serving and trained by their case and artillery, they were the shelves of the Sagittarius and Pushkarians and Settlers. The device of Streletsky troops was, however, such as Sagittarius, living in peacetime in their submissions and engaged in crafts and small trade, was more like a set militia than regular army. In addition, the training of this troop was delivered very weakly from a military point of view. At meetings with better trained regular troops of the Swedes, Russians, if not suppressed by the number, were forced to retreat.
Moscow government from time to Vasily III Start hiring entire detachments of foreign infantry to the service. At first, these detachments played only the role of an honorary convoy under the sovereign, but since the time of the Troubles, the detachments of the hired servil ingenians began to enter the Russian arousal. The Government of Tsar Mikhail in 1631, waiting for the war with Poland, sent to the Sweden Colonel Alexander Leslie to hire 5,000 infantry soldiers.
However, as happened in 1634 in the Russian-Polish war near Smolensk, there was a transition of foreign mercenaries to the side of the enemy. Therefore, several hiking and horse regiments were created, including from the illegal and low-hundred guests, who were trained by foreign officers. By the end of the reign of Fedor Alekseevich, there were already 63 regimals of such troops with a number of 90 thousand people.
Together with the device of the regiments of an ingenic structure, a change in the device of the army of the Russian state was scheduled, according to "New in the case of rolling fiction"For which, with Tsar Fedor, Alekseyevich was drawn up in 1681, the Commission from V. V. Golitsyn's Chairmanship V. V. Golitsyn was compiled in 1681.
The introduction of the troops of an ingenic system changed the composition of the army: it ceased to be a worded for its basis. In the soldiers, it was impossible to recruit some seruners - landowners. From the soldier required a permanent service and a permanent exercise in military affairs, they could not be released home in peacetime and convene only to the military. Therefore, the soldiers in foreign shelves began to gain in the same way as subsequently recruits.
Peter's transformation in military business
Thus, Peter from his predecessors inherited the army, unless that all the requirements of the then military science, which is already adapted for further reorganization due to new requirements. In Moscow, there were two "elected" regiment (Butyrsky and Lefortovo), who were headed by Peter teachers in military affairs: P. Gordon and F. Lefort.
In his "funny" villages, Peter arranged two new regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky - completely in an ingenic pattern. By 1692, these shelves were finally formed and trained. The head of the Preobrazhensky stood Colonel Yuri von Mengden, and Ivan Chambers was appointed Colonel Semenovsky, "Right Muscovite Shkotskaya breed".
The housing maneuvers (1694) showed Peter the advantage of the regiments of the "Inrogen" system in front of the shooters. Azov campaigns, in which, along with the Streetsky army and irregular coneen, participated four regular regiments (Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Lefortovo and Butyrsky Regiment), finally convinced Peter in the low fitness of the troops of the old organization. Therefore, in 1698, an old army was dissolved, except for 4 old regiments (their total number was 28 thousand people), which became the basis of the new army:
- First-Proskovsky Regiment (Lefortovo)
- Butyrsky Regiment
- Transfiguration Polk
- Semenovsky regiment.
Preparing for war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to produce a common recruit set and start learning recruits on the sample, headed by Preobrachters and Semenov. At the same time, a large number of ingenic officers were scored. This first recruit set has given 25 new infantry regiments and 2 cavalry-lygunsky. The entire new-aloperable army is a number of 35-40 thousand people was divided into three "generals" (divisions): A. M. Golovin, A. A. Weide and Prince A. I. Repnina.
The war was supposed to start with the siege of Narva, so the focus was on the organization of infantry. The operation of the field army was supposed to provide a local cavalry (from the "new" cavalry managed to form only two Draghogan regiments). To create all necessary military structure Just lacked time. We went about the impatience of the Tsar legend, he could not have failed to enter the war and in the case to test his army. Management, combat service, strong equipped rear still had to create.
By the beginning of the Northern War, Peter's teachers died Generals P. Gordon and F. Lefort, as well as Generalissimus A. S. Shein, so the new army was entrusted by F. A. Golovin, who received the rank of General Field Marshal. However, entrust to the excellent administrator, but not a warlord his army in real battle against the Swedes, Peter did not dare. On the eve of the battle of Narva, he together with F. A. Golovin left the Russian army, and the main command was entrusted to the Saxon Feldmarshaleger de Cru.
The defeat during Narva showed that everything was necessary to start in fact first. The appeal of the Swedish king Charles XII against the Saxon Kurfürst and the Polish king of August II gave the time Peter for the necessary transformations. The campaigns of 1701-04 in Ingermanland and Liflandia allowed the fighting experience to the emerging Russian parts. The general military administrative orders Peter I laid on Boyarina T. N. Streshnev.
In 1705, Peter I introduced the regular recruit set. In the same year, despite many objections, Peter introduced a separate command of the infantry and Connection: the infantry was headed by Field Marshal-Lieutenant General G. B. Oglvi, Connection - General Field Marshal B. P. Sheremethev (thus stopped its existence of a conceptually shelf) . G. B. Ogilvi introduced a 4-holk composition and division team of 2-3 brigades. In the fall of 1706, G. B. Ogilvi moved to the service of the Saxon Kurfürst; After that, the Russian infantry was headed by B. P. Sheremetev, and Connection - Prince A. D. Menshikov.
By the beginning of the campaign of Karl XII against Russia (summer 1708), the infantry of the field Russian army consisted of 32 infantry regiments, 4 Grenadier regiments and 2 guards regiments (only 57,000 people). In 1709, Russian cavalry consisted of 3 Connogrerian, 30 Dragun regiments and three separate squadrons (Menshikov General, Kozlovsky and home B. P. Sheremetyev). The Russian Army also included garrison infantry shelves and parts of Landmin. In addition, the Streethesky shelves existed until the second half of the XVIII century: in 1708 they were 14 in 1713 - M - at least 4.
As a result, during the Northern War of 1700-1721, a new Russian army was created, built on the recruitous service. She became constant and regular, in it without the difference of class were obliged to serve all people of the Russian state (except in the residents of the part of the national outflows). Simultaneously with the creation of the army itself, the management of this military force of the country was also developed, institutions made by the economy of troops, combat training of soldiers and officers, outfitting and equipment were created. By the end of the Kingdom of Peter, these functions were transferred to the military team with the departments of the departments, at the head of which were: General-Provitmeister, General-Krigassar (Chief Military Judge), Feldsuchmeister General (Head of Artillery, Engineers and Sapurian Parts) Inegorelitet (General Staff) .
Peter I
The infantry regiment of Petrovsky times consisted of two battalions, for some exceptions: the Preobrazhensky Lobe Guard regiment had 4 battalions, Semenovsky Lobe Guard Regiment, as well as the Ingermanland and Kiev infantry shelves - three.
Each battalion had four companies, the rots were divided into four Pluto. At the head of the company stood captain. He had to "educate" his military community and all for this "Military orders of prudence". In addition to the commander in the company, three more officers were supposed to be a lieutenant, a porquet and ensign. The lieutenant was an assistant to the regular commander and had to be about all the days to report in detail. The porquet helped the guarantor, the ensign was obliged to be in the ranks of the banner; In addition, he should have been "On all days to visit the weak" and petition for lower ranks "Always they fall into punishment".
Among the bosses from the lower ranks, two sergeants were held in the company, which was "a lot of things in the company"; The subpenser had his task to replace when the banner of the ensign, Kaptenarmus was headed with weapons and ammunition, Caprals commanded Ploungi.
The head of the shelf stood colonel; According to the Charter, he must "like a captain in his company, the same and also more honored with his regiment." Lieutenant colonel helped the regiment commander, the premier Major commanded one battalion, the second major - another; Moreover, the first major was considered older than the major seconds and had besides the command, the obligation to take care of, "the regiment is acquired in good condition, so in their arms, ammunition and uniforms."
Cavalry
A diverse Connection of the Beginning of the Board of Peter (Ratary, Kopechikov, Gusar) in the Army of Peter was replaced by dragoon shelves.
The dragoons (equestrian-grenadier) regiment consisted of 5 squadrons (2 companies in each) and numbered 1200 people. In the Dragoon shelf 9 mouth were fusillers and one permanent. A separate squadron consisted of 5-mouth (600 people). According to the states of 1711, headquarters and ober-officers were in the regiment - 38 people, Unter-Officers - 80 people, ordinary - 920 people, non-blood - 290 people. The company consisted 3 Ober officers, Unter-Officers - 8, ordinary dragoons - 92.
Artillery
The artillery of Petrovsky times consisted of 12-, 8-, 6- and 3-pound implements (the pound is equal to the cast-iron core with a diameter of 2 english inch (5.08 cm); weight pound is exceeded in 20 spools (85.32 kg) , one-pudding and semi-dimensional warmness, powder and 6-pudded morrtira (Pood is 16.38 kg). It was inconvenient for transporting artillery: a 12-pound gun, for example, weighed with a fruit and front 150 poods, 15 horses were brought. Three-pound guns They made a regimental artillery; first two such guns were assumed to the battalion, and from 1723 they were limited to two on the regiment. These regimental guns weighed about 28 pounds (459 kg). The range of guns of those times was very insignificant - about 150 seedlings (320 m) on average - and depended on the caliber of the gun.
From Pugrey and Piecers of the former times, Peter ordered to form a special artillery regiment in 1700, schools were established to prepare the same artilleryrs: engineering and navigation in Moscow and engineering in St. Petersburg. Armory plants on Ohta and Tula, organized by Peter, produced artillery and guns for the army.
Garrison troops
Garrison troops In the Russian imperial army, they were intended to carry a garrison service in cities and fortresses in war time. Created by Peter I B1702 from the city of Soldiers, soldiers, rated and others. In 1720, garrison troops consisted of 80 infantry and 4 dragoon regiments. In the 2nd half of the XIX century, transformed into local troops (garrison artillery - to serf artillery).
Armament and uniforms
The armament of each soldier consisted of a sword with a flaw and fuze. Fusey - gun, weighing about 14 pounds; His bullet weighing 8 spools; Furue castle was flown; On the fuse, it was sat in the right cases a jagnet - five- or eight-year-free trothed bayonet. The cartridges were placed in leather bags attached to the bandy to which another horny Natruski was tied with gunpowder. Captenarmus and sergeants instead of the fuses were armed with alabards - axes on Tripershai Astroke.
One of the mouth in every regiment was called the Grenaderian, and the peculiarity of its weapons was the wick bobbers who kept at the Grenader in a special bag; The fuses of the Grenader were a little easier and the soldiers when throwing a bomb could have their fuzzies on the belt lay behind the back. The lower bins of artillery were armed with swords, pistols and some are still a special "morty". These "Mortytsy" were among the mean between the fuses and a small gun attached to the fusey lodge with a fuseyl lock; When shooting from Mortita, they had to support special alabard; The Length of the Mortytz was equal to 13 tops, she shot the same bomber, equal to the pound kernel. Each soldier relied on a socks for socks. Draguns for a walking battle were armed with fuses, and for the horse's horse - the Palash and the gun.
Since 1700, the uniforms of the soldier consisted of a small pendant jacket tri-fingers, caftane, eada, camisole and pants. The hat was black, the edges of the fields were covered with a braid, and a copper button was attached on the left side. When listening to orders from the elder, the younger filmed a hat and held her on the left of the armpit. The hair was worn by soldiers and officers are long to the shoulder and in the front cases poured their flour.
Kaftans in the infantrymen were from the green cloth, and the dragoons are from blue, single-breasted, without a collar, with red abbreasses. The caftan measure was to the knees and supplied with copper buttons; Epanchant for cavalry and infantry was built from Red Sukna and had two collar: it was a narrow cape, reaching knees and poorly defended from rain and snow; Boots - long, with light squabs - worn only in the guard and when hiking, and ordinary shoes were stockings and stupid lubricants with copper buckle; The stockings of the Army soldiers were green, and in Preobrachters and Semenov, after Narva defeat - red, according to legend, in the memory of the day, when the former "funny" shelves did not flinch, with the general "Confucius" under Natius Karl XII.
Grenadiers Guard differed from Fusellers only with a headdress: instead of a triangular hat, they wore leather helmets with an ostrich feather. Circling of the officer's uniform was the same as the soldier, only the golden Galoun was covered along the edges and on board, but the buttons were also gilded, tie, instead of a black cloudy, like a soldier, was a white linen. A plume from white and red feathers was attached to the hat. With a parade form, the officers had to have powdered wigs on their heads. From the ordinary differed officer, another white-blue-red scarf with silver, and at the headquarters of the officer - with golden brushes, which was held high on his chest, at the collar. Armed officers were a sword and in the ranks had more prodasan, or, at the then, "Partazan" - a king of a spear on trirline tremor. Grenadier officers had instead of a moving federation on a gold belt.
By the end of the reign of Peter, the regular army consisted in its ranks more than 200 thousand soldiers of all kinds of troops and over 100 thousand irregular Cossack cavalry of the Kalmyk Cavalry. For 13 million people of Petrovskaya Russia, it was a heavy burden - to contain and feed such a numerous army. By the estimate, compiled in 1710, for the content of the field army, garrisons and fleet, on artillery and other military expenses, there were few more than three million rubles, while the factory spent only 800 thousand with a small treasury: the army absorbed 78% of the total cost of expenses .
To resolve the issue of financing the Army, Peter told the decree of November 26, 1718, to count the number of consolidated population of Russia, to all landowners, secular and church, was ordered to give accurate information how much they had a male shower, including old people and babies around the villages. Information then checked special auditors. Then accurately determined the number of soldiers in the army and calculated, because how many souls, consisted of census, accounted for every soldier. Then they calculated how much the full content of the soldier is per year. Then it became clear what tax should be chosen by every payroll soul to cover all expenses on the content of the army. On this calculation, each submitted soul had: 74 kopecks on owned (serfs) peasants, 1 ruble 14 kopecks on state peasants and monodvords; 1 ruble 20 kopecks on the burgher.
Deconsions on January 10 and 5, 1722, Peter outlined the Senate and the most way of feeding and maintaining the army, offered to produce a "layout of troops to the Earth." Shelves Military and hiking should have contained them. In the newly consulting areas - Ingria, Karelia, Liflandia and Estlandia - no census was made, and they should have been appointed here on the shelves' post, the punctors of which were entrusted to individual provinces that did not need permanent military protection.
In the military collegium, the regiments were painted in areas, and for the most houses, 5 generals, 1 brigadier and 4 colonels were sent - one to each province. Having received from the Senate for layouts, and from the Military Collegium - the list of regiments, which in this area had to position, the sent headquarters, arriving in his district, had to convene a local nobility, declaring the rules of layout and invite to promote the postcals. The shelves were placed in this way: a rural district was assigned to each company with so much population, so that each infantryman accounted for 35 souls, and on horseback - 50 shower of the male population. The instruction prescribed a layout to insist on the regiments of the regiments by special approximations, so as not to arrange them along the peasant yards and not to cause the quarrels of the peasants with stages. To this end, the layouts had to persuade the nobles to build huts, one for each non-Officer and one for every two soldiers. Each Sloboda had to accommodate no less captivity and be in such a distance from another so that the equestrian company was placed during no further 10 wool, and hiking - no further 5 wool, equestrian regiment - for 100, and hiking - 50 wool . In the middle of the road, the nobility was prescribed to build a road yard with two sprues for the Ober-officers of the company and with one for lower ministers; In the center of the regiment, the nobleman was obliged to build the courtyard for the regimental headquarters with 8 outrages, hospital and shed.
Locating the company, the postcader passed the list of villages for which the company is placed, with the designation of the number of yards and listed in the number of shower in each; Another same list of the layout in the prevenues of those villages. In the same way, he made a list of villages, which was located a whole regiment, and passed it to a regimental commander. The nobles of each province should have been able to take care of the content of the regiments placed in their local area and to do this, to choose from their environment of a special commissioner, for which he was taken care of the timely collection of money on the content of the regiments of the settlers in this area, and in general to be responsible before the nobility of the Claudist and Intermediary class in intercourse with military authorities. Since 1723, this election commissary has been provided with the exclusive right to collect puffers and arrears.
The regiment, settled on this area, not only lived at the expense of the population contained him, but also had to, by the plan of Peter, to become a weapon of local governance: In addition to the urban teachings on the regiment, many purely police duties were given. The colonel with officers were obliged to pursue the thieves and robbers in their distribute, that is, the location of the regiment, keep the peasants of his district from the shoots, catching the fled, watch the raid, coming in District on the part, to eradicate the fruits and smuggling, help forest foresters in the persecution of illegal Forest cutting, sending with officials who are sent to the province from the governor, their people so that these people do not allow officials to ruin the county orders, and officials helped to cope with the people's weight.
According to the instructions, the regimental bosses should have had a rural population of the county "from all taxes and offenses to guard." V. O. Klyuchevsky writes about this:
In fact, this is the bosses, even besides his will, in itself a heavy tax and offend on the local population and not only on the peasants, but also on landowners. Officers and soldiers were prohibited to intervene in the economic orders of the landowners and in peasant work, but the mouth of the shelf horses and home officer and soldier livestock on common pastures, where they grazed their livestock and landowners and peasants, the right of military authorities to demand in known cases People for regimental work and submarines for regimental parcels and, finally, the right of general oversight of the order and security in the regimental district - all this should have created a constant misunderstanding in military authorities with the inhabitants. |
The obligated to follow the payers of the pitchfork grade, the nursing regiment, the regimental authorities made this supervision most uncomfortable for the man in the manner: a peasant, if he wanted to go to work in another District, was supposed to get a vacation letter from landowner or a parish priest. With this letter, he walked to the regimental courtyard, where this vacation letter was registered in the Book of the Zemsky Commissioner. Instead of writing, the peasant was issued a special ticket for signature and seal of the Colonel.
The expected individual soldiers' approaches were not built anywhere, and the started were not over, and the soldiers were postponed by philistine courtyards. In one decree of 1727, which introduced some changes to the assembly of pillow, the government itself recognized all the harm from such a placement of soldiers, it recognized that "The poor Russian peasants will ruin and run not only from the breadless inheritance and pillow, but also from disagreement from officers with earthly rulers, and soldiers with men". Soldiers with men were constant.
The most severe burden of the military owned during periods of collecting the pitchfork, which was collected by the Zemstvo Commissioners with the "For Anchott" received to them, that is, for orders, military teams with an officer headed. It was concluded usually on thirds, and three times a year, the Zemstvo Commissars with military people were part of the villages and villages, producing fees, visible fines with non-payers, selling good-natures, nourishing at the expense of the local population. "Each detour lasted two months: six months a year of the village and the village lived in panic fear under the courtyard or waiting for armed withdrawers. Guys poor are terrible, one entry and travel of officers and soldiers, commissioners and other commanders; The peasant belongings in the payment of filters lacks, and the peasants are not only cattle and the belongings sell, but also children are laid, and others and apart running; Commanders often premented, such ruins do not feel; None of them do not think about anything as soon as it's about to take the latter in the peasant to file and this is heard, "says Menshikov's opinion and other high ranks presented in the Supreme Secret Council in 1726. The sole commissars and officers are hidden by the pingery payment of money that the peasants are not only the belongings and cattle to sell out, but many and in the ground have sown bread for the shipments give and because it is necessary to run for other people's borders. ".
The flight of peasants has achieved huge sizes: in the Kazan province in the area of \u200b\u200bsettlement of one infantry regiment in less than two years of such military-financial management, the regiment did not exercise 13 thousand souls in his distribution, which was more than half of the audio souls, which were obliged to contain them.
Production in ranks and training
Production to the ranks in the Petrovsk army occurred in the order of strict graduality. Each new vacancy was replaced by the selection of officers of the regiment; In Chin to Captain, the commander of the "General" argued, that is, the Corps - General-Annef, and the Colonel - Field Marshal. Patents for all the ranks until 1724 were issued for the signature of the sovereign itself. Production in the Colonelia and general ranks depended on the sovereign. To generate communication, patronage, pleasant and friendship on Wednesday of people who are not familiar with Military Affairs, Peter Decree 1714 decided: "Since many produce the affinations of their and friends to officers from young people who do not know from the foundation of the soldiers' For they did not serve in low ranks, and some served only for a view of several weeks or months, so such a statement is required, how many such ranks have been from 1709, and henceforth to say the decree, so that no noble breeds and other on the parties do not write, which did not serve as soldiers in the guard. " The lists of people produced in the ranks often looked through himself.
In 1717, Peter kept Lieutenant Colonel Myakishev "In the Preobrazhensky Regiment in the Bombardiro Road into the soldiers for the fact that he had taken out of the priest, and not by the service."
The king followed the noblemen who received soldiers to the Guards Shelves, held in them the famous military education, "Decent officers".
In special regimental schools, noble-sized (up to the age of 15 years) passed arithmetic, geometry, artillery, fortification, foreign languages. The officer's training was not stopped after receiving the service.
In the Preobrazhensky regiment, Peter demanded that officers know "engineering". To this end, in 1721, a special school was established at the shelf.
Having the Guards Shelves as if schools to explore everything that the "good officer should do", and the practice of learning abroad continued.
In 1716, the military charter was issued, strictly determining the rights and obligations of their military service.
The results of Petrovsky transformations in the army
As a result of Petrovsky transformations, Russia received a permanent, regular, centrally supplied by the modern army, which is subsequently for more than a century (before Crimean war) successfully fought, including with the armies of leading European powers (Seven-year war, Patriotic War 1812). Also, the new army served as a means that allowed Russia to reverse the course of combating Ottoman Empire, Get access to the Black Sea and spread its influence in the Balkans and in the Transcaucasus. However, the conversion of the army was part general course on the absolutment of the power of the monarch and infringement in the rights of a wide variety of social layers russian society. In particular, despite the abolition of the local system, the duty of the service was not removed from the nobles, and the functioning of the industry necessary for technical Equipment The army was provided by the use of serfs along with free.
During the Northern War 1700-1721. Menshikov commanded the major forces of infantry and cavalry, distinguished himself in siege and storms of fortresses, in many battles. In 1702, during the Siege of Notebourg, it arrived in a timely manner with the fresh forces to M. Golitsyn, which began the assault, and the fortress was taken. In the spring of next year, acting with Peter at the mouth of the Neva, she won the first sea victory over the Swedes, a bold boarding strike of the captivation of two enemy ships. Extremely satisfied with this success, the king ordered the medal with a concise inscription: "Unprecedented". Menshikov received the Order of the Holy Andrew of the First Called (at the same time, Peter himself became Cavalier at the same time).
Alexander Danilovich was the first Governor-General of St. Petersburg (from 1703 to his opals in 1727), led the construction of the city, as well as Kronstadt, ship shipyards on the rivers of Neva and Svir, Petrovsky and Perenets cannon factories. Assisting Field Marshal Sheremetev, promoted the conquest of Derpta, Narva and Ivangorod, was awarded the Glavist General (1704), then led by combat actions in Lithuania and Poland. In 1705, the Polish Order of the White Eagle was granted.
Showing himself an excellent cavalry boss, Menshikov won a brilliant victory over the Swedish-Polish corps under Kalish on October 18, 1706, which became the first victory of Russian troops in the "right battle". The enemy did not resist the attack of Russian dragoons, spent rapidly, and was defeated. At a decisive moment, Menshikov himself rushed into the battle, fascinating the subordinates. The Swedes lost a few thousand people who commander A. Mardefeld was captive. The losses of Russian troops were insignificant: 84 killed and 324 wounded. As a reward for this victory, Alexander Danilovich received from the king, the rod, decorated with precious stones, and was produced in the colonels of the Life Guard of the Preobrazhensky regiment. In 1707, again at the head of the cavalry, he moved to Lublin, and then to Warsaw, where he stayed until September.
The awards received by Menshikov were not only the military. Back in 1702, at the request of Peter, he was granted by the title of Graph of the Roman Empire, in 1705 he became the prince of the Roman Empire, and in May 1707, the king took him to the dignity of the brilliant prince Izhorsky. Gradually grew and the material well-being of the bright prince, the number of places given to him and villages.
When the Swedish Army Charles XII moved to Belarus and Ukraine, Alexander Danilovich was one of the most active Assistants of Peter in the fight against the Terrible opponent. On September 28, 1708, he participated in the battle under the forest, which became, in the expression of Peter, "Mother of Poltava Victory". During the forest and Poltava Menshikov, there was often teased and swiftness, which Feldmarshal Sheremetev had lacking, who was separated by the highest command of the army with him. Having received the news about the treason of Mazepa, he took the attack the capital of the hetman - the city of Baturin, raving it, and interrupted and intercepted most of the Cossacks who were collected from the hetman to the Swedish king. For this Peter I complained to the prince belonging to the hetman Mazepene Ivanovo village with villages. In May 1709, boldly attacked the Swedes under the weakness and broke them.
Peter I in many military issues completely trusted intuition and the calculating mind of his favorite, almost all instructions, directives and instructions, which the king sent the troops, passed through Menshikov's hands. He was at Peter as if by the head of the headquarters: after his thought, the king often instructed to develop her to his nearest assistant, and he found a way to embody her. Its fast and decisive actions are quite fitted by Peter's cycling.
Menshikov played a big role in the Poltava battle (June 27 (July 8) 1709), where he commanded first by the avant-garde, and then the left flank of the Russian army. Even before entering the battle of the main forces, he defeated the detachment of General Shlippenbach, captivated the last. At the time of the collision, the armies hit the corps of General Ross, having dispelled him, which largely predetermined the victory of the Russian army. During the battle, three horses were killed under Menshikov. Pursuing together with Golitsyn who fled from the battlefield, the Swedish army, Menshikov overtook it at the crossing through the Dnieper, in the surplus, and forced to capitulate. Alexander Danilovich reported from under the surplus: "The enemy running from us here we overtook and just the king himself with a traitor to Mazepo in small people, was saved, and the rest of the Swedes alive on the chord, they were captured, whom there will be about ten thousand, between Which General Levenga Paul and Major General Kraits. Gun, all the ammunition also took. " In fact, more than 16 thousand Swedes were in captivity. For Poltava Menshikov, China General Feldmarshal was awarded. In addition, in his possession, the cities of Pochep and Yampol were transferred with extensive vulsions, increasing the number of his fortest-out per 43 thousand male shower. According to the number of serfs, he became the second after the king of the souvenir in Russia. With the solemn entrance of Peter to Moscow on December 21, 1709, Alexander Danilovich was at the right hand of the king, what his exceptional merit was emphasized.
In 1709-1713, Menshikov commanded the troops who were freed from the Swedes Poland, Kurling, Porosania and Holt. Then his activities focused on the issues of the internal device of the state, touching, due to his proximity to the king, all the most important state worries. In 1715, Alexander Danilovich came to the root with the fleet, where he was engaged in the construction of the harbor. For participation in maritime cases against the Swedes and the care of the fleet received the Chin counter-admiral (1716). In 1718-1724 and 1726-1727, the brilliant prince was the president of the Military Collegium, answered the arrangement of all armed Forces Russia. On the day of the Netadt World, which completed the long struggle with the Swedes, Menshikov was assigned rank vice-admiral.
Peter is first known to each Russian as a great converter who ruled the country from 1689 to 1725. His reforms conducted in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, according to historians, advanced the country for two to five centuries ahead. For example, M. Shcherbatov believed that without Peter Russia would have passed such a way for two hundred years, and Karamzin believed that the king for the twenty-five years did what the others would not do in six centuries. It should be noted that none nor another historian have had special sympathies to the Board of Peter the First, but they could not deny the reforms in the development of the country and the gigantic jump in the country's development.
The king himself formed his retinue
The autocrat, who sacrifted on the Russian throne, was known for his versatile development, which imposed a significant imprint on what was the associates of Peter 1. To enjoy the king, it was necessary to be a person of a gifted, smart, who worked as the ruler himself. And Peter first, you need to say, I was lucky to comrades, whom he chose to be masterfully among the most different segments of the population and used their talents for the benefit of the Russian state.
Among the companions, the autocrats were among the yard people
Some Petra Supporters 1, the list of which is significant, grew up with the king with the small years. It is known that Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was from a simple family and worked as a pinequer in young years, when he met by chance with the then young king. Little boy liked Peter, and Alasashka (as he was then called) became a soldier in a funny company and a throne of the throne. In 1697, Menshikov was sent to training for a ship's border, where he was indeed with the king. During these years, the guy showed the qualities that the king was looking for in their favorites. He was dedicated, diluted, observed. Well adopted the rational way of thinking of his Mr., possessed high performance and peak up with full self-dedication. Menshikov perfectly showed himself as Governor of Shlisselburg and a military manager at the operation under Noteburg.
Former Menshikov Pitceling successfully commanded shelves
Perfectly showed itself the closest associate of Peter 1 and on other fields. It is known that it was he who organized the search for ore for the Baltic Plant, when it took to cast guns. In 1703, together with Peter Menshikov, developed a plan on stripping the mouth of the Neva from the enemy. In 1704, Alexander Danilovich conducted a brilliant operation on the capture of Narva, and by this time he was no longer a servant, but a comrade and comrades of the great Russian emperor. His merits were marked by the dealer in 1706, when a former pinequer received the title of Prince of the Sacred Roman Empire. The great now the prince, however, remained the same temperamental, assertive, adventurous man and personally participated in some battles. For example, under the transportation, 16.2 thousand people of the enemy captured his dragoons.
Alexander Menshikov, the companion of Peter 1, actively participated in the development of the Northern Capital, and in 1712 he commanded Russian troops in Pomerania, where she won another victory. After that, the tsar favorite in military operations did not participate due to unhealthy lungs. In the civil service, he showed itself no less efficient, fulfilling the responsibilities of the governor of the metropolitan lands, senator and president of the Military College. In addition, Menshikov performed numerous personal assignments of the autocrat, including the king's children.
Ancient Russian tradition: all!
The favorite, which, according to some information, was illiterate to the end of his days, which did not differ in the rest of Peter 1, participated in the investigation and personally made a list of persons who signed the Tsarevich death sentence. After such cases, Menshikov became especially close to Peter, who did not punish it substantially for the treasures (the total amount of the stolen was gigantic - 1,581,519 rubles). With Peter, the second Menshikov got into opal, was deprived of all the ranks and ranks and sent to Ranienburg, then in Berezov, where he died in 1729, surviving his king for four years. But before that, from the 1725th to the 1727th, during the reign of Catherine, the spouses who had already had a king, he was actually an unfore ruler of the richest empire of the time.
From Lithuanian pigs in the Senate
What characters still are historians in the associates of Peter 1? This list can be started with Prince Romodanovsky. Also, the Prince M. Golitsyn, Counts of Head, Prince Ya. Dolgoruky, Barona P. P. Shafirova, Baron Osterman, B. K. Minich, Tatishchev, Neptev, Lefort, Gordon, T. Streshneva, A. Makarova, Ya. V. Bruce, P. M. Apraksin, B. Sheremetyeva, P. Tolstoy. His people who liked Peter first gained everywhere and included in his team. For example, it is believed that the Politzmeister General of St. Petersburg, Deviere, was Junga at the Portuguese ship, Yaguzhinsky, as some facts indicate, before the flourishing of his career as a prosecutor of the Senate was a swinewash in Lithuania. Kurbatov, the inventor of the stamp paper and the vice-governor of Arkhangelsk, came out of the courtyard and so on. And all this "diverse" company, which was composed by the companions of Peter 1, took the authority from the old boyars nobility.
Conflicts between Baby and rooted assistants of the king took place
Although there were people with more than an outstanding pedigree among the Assistants of the Great Selfly. For example, Boris Petrovich Sheremetev was a noble family, served as a slap, received a boyars title and worked at the embassy at after he was overthrowing he was forgotten for many years. However, during the Azov campaigns, the king needed the talent of Sheremetyeva as a military monitor, and Boris Petrovich the hopes assigned to him. After that, Sheremetev perfectly fulfilled the diplomatic mission in Austria and the commitory speech and prettyly liked the king for good and fast training to Western manner in clothing and behavior.
Many companions of Peter 1 participated in the military campaigns of their king. This fate and B. Sheremeteva did not go around. His colonical talent manifested itself in 1701, when he defeated by the Swedes with a group of 21,000 people, while the Russians lost only the ninter fighters. In 1702, Sheremetev captured Eastern Liflandia, in 1703 he took the fortress of the nut, and on this, his victories and proximity to the king ended, as Peter considered Sheremetev too slow, too prudent, but recognizing that he would not send a gap of soldiers to death. Sheremetev, as a born aristocrat, has fallen a simple behavior of the king and the company of the remaining, non-standard favorites. Therefore, the relations of the king and Field Marshal were somewhat official.
The descendant of the British kings in the service of Peter the first
Special love and among Russian nobility, and among ordinary people, and among foreigners from the royal environment, the companion of Peter arrived from Scotland 1. Gordon Patrick (in Russia - Peter Ivanovich) was not a simple kind, since in a straight line of his genes they were applied to the king of England, Carlo. He graduated from the Datsig Brown Board, served in the Swedish troops, he was captured to the Poles, from where, noted by the ambassador in Warsaw Leontyev, was transferred to the service to Russia, where he had proven himself in the army and received the title of Lieutenant General, was appointed administrative position In Kiev.
Then Gordon brought the displeasure and was demolished, but subsequently restored in the rank and appointed commander of the Butyrsky Regiment. In 1687, the young Peter first conducted a view of this army unit and imbued with sympathies to a foreigner who had strengthened in 1689, during the events that led to the removal of Sophia's prisoners from the Board. After the trinity campaign, General, the companion of Peter 1, Patrick Gordon becomes a teacher of the autocrat in military business. He does not give him a complete theoretical formation, but leads a lot of conversations supported by practical actions. In 1695-1696 Gordon takes part in the siege of Azov, in 1696, with its help an uprising of the Sagittals is suppressed. This respected person died in 1699, and not making major reforms in russian army. It should be noted that the titles of General Feldmarshal with Peter had such associates like Ya. Bruce, B. K. Minich, B. P. Sheremetev.
He founded the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Moscow
Admiral, companion Peter 1, died, like Gordon, in 1699, on the 43rd year of life. He took place from the rich family, born in Geneva. He arrived in Russia in 1675, because here he was promised by the rank of captain. The successful career of Leforta contributed to the marriage at the cousin of the first wife P. Gordon. He participated in wars with Tatars in Malorosiysk Ukraine, in both during the reign of Sophia, was the location of Prince Golitsyn. Since 1690, Lefort, as a charming man, a sharp mind, distinguished by courage, was noticed by Peter first and became a good friend to him, promoting European culture to the Russian environment. In Moscow, he founded Lefortov Slobod, accompanied the king on trips to the White Sea, Pereyaslav Lake. He also participated in the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Great Embassy from Russia to the European powers, which was headed.
Never was a companion of Peter the first
Some people are believed that the companion of Peter 1, Potemkin Grigory Aleksandrovich, made a great contribution to the development of the Russian state. You can argue about the role of Potemkin in this process, but it should be borne in mind that he could not be a companion of Peter the first in his acts, as it was born in 1739, after fourteen years after the death of a great self-container. Therefore, the activities of Potemkin falls for the period of the reign of Catherine the second, the favorite of which was this statesman.
He was on the throne, the Russian army almost continuously fought. In fact, all resources, financial, material and human resources were focused on achieving regular military tasks. The army required not only rifles, guns, ships, food and much more. The army needed good soldiers and good commanders.
In any case, no worse than the Swedish, French, Polish, Turkish and other armies. At first, the king invited foreigners to the Russian service, but the payment of mercenaries did the execution of the treasury in a penny. In Peter I, the formation of the Russian military school, Russian military art, traditions of the regular Russian army began.
One of the leadersar managers of the Russian Army during the Northern War was Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (1652-1719). The representative of an ancient and noble kind in the age of 13 became a household stolnik, and in 30 he received Chin Boyarin. Military service began in Belgorod and Sevsk, where the troops under his leadership blocked the Crimeans the path to South Russian treasures. During the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Sheremetyev's troops acted in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. Under Narva Sheremetev, together with all, I washed a bitter bowl of defeat.
In the sad day on November 19, 1700, the Swedes beat the Russians in parts. During the retreat across the river Narva more than a thousand people from the noble cavalry under the command of Sheremetyev simply drowned, and the warlord himself escaped the flight from the battlefield. Karl XII believed that with Muscovites finished, and the main forces provided the fundamental to Poland to combat the Army of the Polish and Saxon King of August II. At the Baltic Theater, a "small war" began, in which Russians began to gradually take over. Already on December 27, 1701, a year later, after the defeat near Narva, 17 thousand people under the command of Sheremeteyev unexpectedly attacked the Swedes who celebrated Christmas Christo.
Half has remained from the 7-thousandth-thousandth body of the shlippsnbach. In Moscow, the bells called the bells, shot from the guns, everyone was treated with wine, beer and honey. Swedish banners and standards were posted on the towers of the Kremlin. For victory from Erssthefer B. P. Sheremetev received rank Field Marshal and, just established. There were other battles. In some (the taking of the Noteburg October 11, 1702, the fall of Nienscans on April 22, 1703), the command of Sheremetyev took himself by Peter I.
In 1706, Boris Petrovich suppressed a uprising in Astrakhan, receiving two thousand yards of the peasants from the king. In 1707-1709. He participated in the strategic environment of Charles XII in Ukraine. During Poltava battle Sheremetev was considered commander-in-chief, and the king, in the event of his death, pressed all the responsibility for him for the outcome of the battle. In the list of awarded for Poltava victory, the name Sheremetyeva stood first. In 1708, Sheremetev surrendered to Riga and the fortress Dynamyund. By the end of 1710, the troops under the leadership of Sheremetyeva and Apraksin were freed from the Swedes the coast from Narva to Riga and Karelian shells. After an unsuccessful Pruggy campaign in the summer of 1711, Field Marshal stood with the army in Ukraine. In 1714, Sheremetyev's troops participated in the hike in Pomerania to help the Danish and Polish troops.
The judgment of Nikita Ivanovich Repnin (1668-1726), a representative of the ancient Prince of Obolensky. The son of Boyarin and the Poleela, he in rank of a bedroom entered the Sweet of Young Peter. At 17, he became a guarantor of a fun company. Participated in the Azov campaign and suppress the performances of Streltsov. In 1699-1700 He formed the soldiers' shelves, carried out the duties of the Novgorod governor, was engaged in bringing the strengthening of Novgorod, Pskov, Pechora and GDOV. Troops under the leadership of Repnina participated in the "Little War" on the territory of Ingermanland and the Baltic States. From 1705, the troops of Repnin were based in Grodno, Kovno, Vilna. In December 1707, Karl XII began an offensive on Grodno and Novogrudok. Repnining was instructed to restrain the onslaught of the Swedish troops. The position occupied on the Babich River was unsuccessful, and the troops were poorly prepared for battle. On the morning of July 3, 1708, the Swedes have forced the river, bypassed the troops of the repnin, in which panic began, losses: IUU killed, 600 people wounded, 10 guns and various equipment.
In the Russian army there were failures and worse, but the king was angry with "irregularity" in conducting a battle, to the "old custom", at the "refinery, barbaric crick and Cossack customs." Repfin shelves included in different divisions, and he himself was demolished into soldiers (instead of execution). "Golovchinskaya Pozalov" almost crossed the life of the general. But Peter's experienced military leaders had not so much. Already at Forest (September 1708), repinn commanded the regiment, in October - division. During the Poltava battle for the command, the prince received the Order of Andrei of the First-Called and Earth with Villages. In 1710, Repinn first entered Riga and became the Governor-General here. To the rod in 1711. The Renina Army did not reach. In 1713, Friedrichstadt and Shtattin took in Pomerania. The representative of another noble prince of the last name leading his genus from the Grand Duke Lithuanian Gediminas was Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1675-1730). He was 20 years old by Sheremetyeva and was distinguished by decisiveness, initiative and personal courage. For Misha, Golitsyn, military service began from 12 years old, when he became a drummer of the Semenov regiment. In 1694 he is ensign. A year later, for courage, shown in the first Azov campaign, became a guarantile. Participated in the battle with the Strelli shelves from the Novoyorusalim Monastery.
In 1700, Golitsyn in the rank of Captain Guard wounded in his foot under Narva. In 1701, he received the ranks of Major and Lieutenant Colonel. During the Noteburgian assault on October 12, 1702, Peter ordered the storming columns to retreat. Then Golitsyn ordered to push the boat from the shores of the Neva so that the soldiers did not think to retreat. And the pending king answered: "Someone say that I now belong not to Peter, but God." After the thirteen hour battle, Noteburg was taken. Prince Golitsyn received Chin Colonel Life Guard, 300 shower of peasants and 3 thousand rubles.
And entered into the sample of fearlessness! Prince stormed Nienshanz (1703), Narva (1704), Mitava (1705), participated in the defense of Grodno, became Major General (1706), broke the Swedes under good (August 1708). For participation in the Battle of Forest (September 28, 1708), the Karvest Golitsyn received a royal portrait, starved by diamonds, rank-General, and stamped before the king for renewed renewed soldiers, 800 peasant yards received. At the head of Guard, Golitsyn participated in Poltava battle (1709), and in 1710 - in taking Vyborg.
In 1712-1713 Golitsyn was engaged in the formation and supply of troops, he was the right hand of Admiral General F. M. Apraksin. Together with other military leaders, he developed and implemented the rules of the hiking service, the device of camps, guard service, sabotage, actions of the gallery fleet. In February 1714, at the chapter, 8 thousand soldiers broke the 8-thousand corps of the Swedish General Armfeld at the village of Podpol under the city of Vase. After the skillful maneuvers and the slaughter fire of Russians, more than 5 thousand Swedes and Finns fell in battle, more than 500 with banners and artillery were captured, the rest fled. Prince became General-Annef. In July 1714, M. M. Golitsyn participated in the famous Gangugi battle. On July 27, 1720, in the battle of Greengas, he commanded an escade of 61 galleys and 29 boats. With the help of military tricks, four frigates, 104 guns were captured, 37 and 500 sailors were captured. The winner received a sword and a cane, shrouded with diamonds.
In the territory of Finland, Prince Golitsyn resistedly stopped the dedication of the troops, did not interfere in the internal affairs of Finns. During the hike, Peter in Persia Golitsyn remained for the appointment of the king for the chief chief in St. Petersburg, then he commanded Russian and Malorosi troops in Ukraine. Peter the Great called him the "direct son of the Fatherland". After the death of Emperor, Ekaterina I produced M. M. Golitsyn to Field Marshanta General. With Peter II, he became president of the Military Collegium (military minister), senator and a member of the Supreme Secret Council. Together with the "Rovovers" tried to limit the autocratic power in the court of Anna Ivanovna. For participation in the "Cleaning of the High Supervisors" fell into opal and was removed from the courtyard. Died only 55 years old on December 10, 1730, successful politicians were rarely from brilliant military leaders.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a second front put forward Stalin in his first Message to Churchill on July 18, 1941. He wrote: "It seems to me ... that the martial law of the Soviet Union, exactly as the UK, would be significantly improved if the front was created against Hitler in the West (Northern France) and in the north (Arctic). The front in the north of France not only could I would pull the Hitler's forces from the east, but also made it impossible to invade Hitler to England. The creation of such a front would be popular both in the UK army, and among the entire population of South England. I imagine the difficulty of creating such a front, but it seems to me that despite it. For difficulties, he should be created not only for the sake of our common cause, but also for the interests of England itself. "
The second front in 1941-1943 He was the first and main point of discrepancies in relations between allies. The question of the second front for a short three years will be the everyday subject of contradictions in the antihytler coalition. Only after the accession of Soviet troops to Eastern Europe, the issue of settlement will be performed in the first place, including borders in Europe.
At the beginning of the war, the opening of the second front was presented in Moscow vital. Germany focused almost all the power of its land army on the Eastern Front.
For the first time, "the Anglo-American command carried out a" trial of the forces "on La Manne - a reconnaissance-sabotage operation with private operational and tactical objectives in the Dieppa region" Kirillov V.V. Russian history. Tutorial. M.: Yuraight is published. 2007. - 403 s ..
The operation ended with a major failure and large victims. Raid on Dieppe, on the one hand, demonstrated the possibility of forcing the strait, and on the other hand, he discouraged the command of the Allies, convincing significant difficulties related to the implementation of such an operation and, ultimately, in the correctness of the decision to refuse to invade the continent in 1942.
Many US military and political leaders seriously doubted whether the Soviet Union would be able to stand under the scary impact of the Wehrmacht. Among the factors forcing the allies to go to the opening of the second front, the presentation of the broad masses of the USA and the UK played a crucial role with the requirements of landing for allied troops in Western Europe.
One of the first joint shares was the decision of the USSR and England about the introduction of Soviet and British troops in Iran in August 1941. Then there was a landing for the Anglo-American allies in North Africa, which they presented as the opening of the second front. The USSR, in turn, only asked the United Kingdom, which does not register this disembarking as the opening of the second front.
1943 turned out to be very not easy in relationship between allies on the anti-Hitler coalition. The Anglo-American troops landed in Italy at the end of July 1943. The fascist government of Mussolini soon as a result palace coup Palo, but military actions continued. However, the second front (understood as the allied landing in France) was not open. The US and Great Britain's governments explained this disadvantage of focus on the transfer of troops to the continent. The Soviet government expressed an uncomplicated dissatisfaction with the tightening of the second front.
But since August 1943, after the Kursk battle, the second front in Europe had a fundamental significance for the Soviet Union already in politically. In the context of the opening of the second front, he was solved, from the point of view of Moscow, not the fate of Germany, but the configuration of the future world. At the same time, the desire to divide from the USSR the fruits of victory over Nazi Germany, victory, the decisive contribution to which the Red Army made, became the profiling argument for Roosevelt and Churchill.
In October 1943, the Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Three Powers was held in Moscow, at which the Western Allies informed the Soviet side about the plans for the opening of the second front and disembarking allies in Northern France in May 1944.
Thus, only in June 1944 the second front was discovered by allies. By this time, the Soviet Armed Forces suffered enormous losses, the war left no longer millions of people, personal consumption decreased to 40%, the money depreciated, the cards could not always be rejugged, the speculation and naturalization of exchange grew. All this was combined with constant psychological tension. Thanks to the heroic work of the rear, in 1943, it was possible to achieve the permanent superiority of the Red Army over the enemy on the equipment of military equipment.
Therefore, the opening of the second front from a military point of view was explicitly late, because The outcome of war was predetermined. The USSR in the war suffered the greatest losses, but on the other hand, the offensive of the Allied troops accelerated the defeat of fascist Germany, chaging to 1/3 of its land forces.
As is known from different sources established at the Tehran Conference, the period of operation under the code name "Overlord" - May 31, 1944 - was nevertheless violated. The landing of the Anglo-American troops on the French coast took place only in June 1944. The intent operation of the Allies was carried out by the 21st Allied Army Group, which had 45 divisions supported by 11 thousand combat aircraft. The total number of the landing was 2876 thousand people (1.5 million of them were Americans).
In August - September of the same 1944, following the Overlord operation, the Allies carried out the second seasal operation - disembarking to South France (Evil Operation, from July 27, 1944. - Dragun). The disembarkation was provided and maintained 817 warships, up to 1.5 thousand landing facilities and 5 thousand combat aircraft. The creation of a springboard in the south of France made it possible to deploy here a new 6th group of union armies as part of the seventh American and first French.
- On December 16, 1944, the Germans began an offensive in Ardennes. They inflicted a serious defeat to the American divisions opposed them, rushed to the Masa River.
- On January 1, 1945, the fascists caused a new blow, intending to return Alsace. In connection with the established heavy situation on January 6, Churchill turned to Stalin with the Message: "In the West there are very heavy battles, and at any time you may need big solutions. You yourself know about your own experience, how an alarming is the situation when it comes Protect a very wide front after temporary loss of the initiative. General Eisenhawer is very desirable and you need to know in general terms that you intend to do, as this will, of course, will affect all and our solutions.
I will be grateful if you can tell me whether we can count on a large russian offensive At the front of the Vistula or anywhere else during January and at any other moments that you may wish to mention. I will not transfer this very secret information to anyone ... I consider it a matter of urgent. "
After in memoirs about World War II, Churchill noted that "from the part of the Russians and their managers was an excellent act to speed up their wide offensive, undoubtedly, the price of heavy human losses. Eisenhuer was really very pleased with the news I told him."
Important news that the Red Army has moved a new powerful jerk forward, perceived by the Allied armies in the West with enthusiasm.
The dangerous knot of contradictions and intrigues rose around Berlin. If the capture of Berlin soviet troops Delighted, it was possible to expect the most severe consequences. Under conditions of a challenging and intimacy, it was necessary to stop the backup diplomatic maneuvers of the Anglo-Americans and the Germans through the fastest defeat of the remaining Wehrmacht forces and mastering the capital of Germany.
The allies had ideas to take control of the United States and Great Britain most of Germany. "In April 1945, allied headquarters joined the separation negotiations with the Nazi military leadership for the capitulation of the Third Reich to the United States and England on the conditions that were not discussed with Moscow. The act of surrender signed in Reims, in fact, marked the sunset of the anti-Hitler coalition.
The repetition of the surrender ceremony on May 9, 1945 in Karlshort (Berlin) was the creature of the case. In Reserve, London held a plan to unleash the war from the USSR, in which 10 divisions of the Wehrmacht should have been involved on the western side. Preparing for it began in March, appointed July 1945 1.
Taking the Red Army of Berlin, the waters of the Red Banner Above Reichstagus cut off the tie assembly of the world reaction intrigue at the opposite of the completion of the war. It was not only the great victory of Soviet weapons, but also the victory of Soviet diplomacy in its struggle for the preservation of the unity of the anti-Hitler coalition. The tireless activities of the Soviet government had a deep influence not only to combat a powerful enemy on the battlefields, but also on a successful decision of foreign policy problems. Soviet diplomacy managed not only in the most difficult conditions to destroy the goats of enemies of the USSR, to preserve the powerful anti-Hitler coalition of the opposite states social Systems, ensure its unity in difficult conditions of war, but also successfully defend the fundamental interests of our country, to provide her with powerful positions in the post-war world.
You can make a general conclusion. The coincidence of current military interests pushed the coalition participants to coordinate their efforts, and a different approach to the post-war perspective was heated with a drainage rivalry.
But it is completely obvious, throughout the war, the unshakable determination of the USSR to deal with Hitlerism to the end, to its final defeat. Our people under normal conditions by nature by their peace-loving, but wild atrocities committed against him caused such rage and indignation that his character has changed. We won this war with superhuman efforts, paying victory by unprecedented victims of 3. Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A. History of Russia since ancient times to the present day. Tutorial. - M.: "Avenue", 1997.-447 s .. As for the allies, we come to the conclusion that it was not assigned to them the main role in World War II. Winning would be anyway for Soviet Union, Only she would have come later, and it would be worth more victims.
