Mark the code name of the Operation Plan of the Soviet Troops. The USSR
Barbarossa operation - essence and goals
Barbarossa operation (Barbarossa plan 1941) is a plan of military attack and rapid seizure of Hitler's troops of the USSR during World War II. Hitler's plan and the essence of the Barbarossa operation was to quickly and unexpectedly attack the Soviet troops on their territory and, using the opponent's confusion, break the Red Army. Then, for two months, the German army had to move deep into the country and conquer Moscow. The control over the USSR gave Germany the opportunity to deal with the United States for the right to dictate its conditions in world politics. Hitler, who had already managed to conquer almost all of Europe, was confident in his victory over the USSR.
However, the Barbarossa plan turned out to be failed, and the protracted operation turned into a long war. The plan "Barbarossa" received its name in honor of the Medieval King of Germany Friedrich 1, which was nicknamed Barbarossa and was famous for his military achievements. The content of the operation of Barbarossa. Hitler's plans Despite the fact that in 1939, Germany and the USSR concluded the world, Hitler decided to attack Russia, as it was a necessary step towards the world domination of Germany and the Third Reich. In order for the attack quickly and without problems, Hitler instructed the German command to collect information on the composition of the Soviet Army and on this basis to make a plan of attack. So the Barbarossa plan appeared. German scouts after verification came to the conclusion that the Soviet army is largely inferior to German - it is less organized, worse prepared and, most importantly, technical equipment Russian soldiers leaves much to be desired. Focusing on these principles of Hitler and created a plan for a rapid attack, which was to provide the victory of Germany in record time. The essence of the Barbaross plan was to attack the USSR at the borders of the country and, taking advantage of the opponent's unpreparedness, smash the army on crushed pieces, and then destroy. The main emphasis of Hitler made a modern military equipment that belonged to Germany and the effect of surprise. The plan was to be implemented in early 1941. At first, German troops were to attack the Russian army in Belarus, where the main troops were collected. Defeat soviet soldiers In Belarus, Hitler planned to advance towards Ukraine, conquer Kiev and sea routes, cutting into Russia the possibility of movement on the Dnieper. At the same time, a blow to Murmansk from Norway was to be inflicted. Hitler planned to start an offensive to Moscow, surrounding the capital from all sides. Despite the careful preparation in the situation of secrecy, from the first week it became clear that the Barbarossa plan was failing. The Barbarossa Plan and the results from the very first days the operation began to pass not so successfully as planned. First of all, this happened due to the fact that Hitler and the German command underestimated the Soviet troops. According to historians, the Russian army was not only equal to German forces, but in many ways even superior to it. Soviet troops were well prepared, in addition, hostilities were walking in Russian territories, so soldiers could use natural conditions that were familiar with them better than the Germans, in their favor. The Soviet army was also able to resist and not ruin on individual detachments thanks to a good command and the ability to quickly mobilize and take lightning solutions. At the beginning of the attack, Hitler planned to quickly move deep into the Soviet army and began to crush it into pieces, separating different detachments from each other to avoid mass and large operations from the Russians. He managed to move, but it was not possible to break the front - Russian squads quickly gathered together and pulled up new forces. This led to the fact that Hitler's army, although he won, but moved deep into the country catastrophically slowly, not for kilometers as planned, but for meters. Only a few months later, Hitler managed to approach Moscow, but the German army did not dare to start attacks - the soldiers were exhausted by long military actions, and the city was not subject to bombing. Although it was planned otherwise. It was not possible to bomb the Hitler and Leningrad, who was besieged and taken into blockade, but did not give up, and was not destroyed from the air. A long war began, which stretched from 1941 to 1945 and ended with Hitler's defeat. The reasons for the failure of the Barbaross Plan, the Hitler plan failed for several reasons: the Russian army was stronger and prepared more than expected by the German command. Russians offset the lack of modern military equipment by the ability to fight in difficult natural conditions, as well as competent command; The Soviet army possessed excellent counterintelligence. Thanks to the reconnaissance, the command almost always knew about the next step of the enemy, which made it promptly and adequately react to the actions of the attackers; Inaccessibility of territories. The Germans poorly knew the territory of the USSR, as it was extremely difficult to get the cards. In addition, they did not know how to fight in the conditions of impassable forests; Loss of control over the course of war. Barbarossa plan quite quickly showed his inconsistency and after several months Hitler completely lost control over the course of hostilities. http://historynotes.ru/operaciya-barbarossa/
Operation "Bagration"
This one of the largest operations of the Soviet Army in some Western historical works is characterized as the "biggest defeat of Hitler." Indeed, during this operation (June 23 - August 29, 1944), the Armed Forces of Germany lost 209 thousand people killed and captured, 110 thousand were injured, the USSR dismantled Belarus and a significant part of Lithuania, joined Poland. Planning Soviet side Development of a plan for conducting the Belarusian operation was launched by the Soviet General Stab (under the leadership of Marshal Vasilevsky) in April 1944. It was assumed to apply two convergent strikes - from Vitebsk and from Bobruisk, both in the direction of Minsk (it should be noted - the Soviet General Staff assumed that the front of the German parts It was especially strengthened in the districts of Vitebsk and Bobruisk). Further, it was assumed to take the entire territory of Belarus and Lithuania, to reach the Baltic Sea coast (Klaipeda), to the border of East Prussia (Suwalki) and the territory of Poland (Lublin). The duration of the operation is 40-50 days. The plan was approved by the VGK rate on May 30, 1944. The beginning of the Bagration Operation was scheduled for June 19-20 (on June 14, the beginning of the operation was postponed to June 23 - due to delays in rail transportation). The German side of the German Army Center Command Center found preparations for the Soviet offensive by June 10. This preparation was reported on June 14 at the meeting of the headquarters of the Supreme Command of the land forces with headquarters of the Army Groups. However, the headquarters of the land forces were rooted by the belief of Hitler, that the Soviet offensive will be in the area of \u200b\u200bWestern Ukraine, at the front of the Army Group of Northern Ukraine. Therefore, the majority of German tank divisions were concentrated there (the German command planned there to apply powerful counterdads on the expected Soviet offensive). At the request of the Army Group, the Center to allocate at least larger reserves to it, it was stated that the overall situation on the Eastern Front does not allow a different grouping of forces. The forces of the Parties Soviet forces to participate in Operation "Bagration" were attracted by four Soviet front - the 1st Baltic, 3rd, 2nd, 1st Belarusian. Total - 168 rifle and cavalry divisions, 12 tank and mechanized buildings, 20 brigades. The total number is 2.33 million fighters and commanders (as well as the 1st Army of Polish Troops - 4 Infantry Divisions, Cavalry and Tank Brigade, 80 thousand people). In service with these troops there were more than 31 thousand guns and mortars (caliber 76 mm and above), more than 5.2 thousand. Tanks and self-propelled guns, more than 6 thousand aircraft. Thus, about a third of all Soviet forces on the Soviet-German front was involved in the Bagration Operations. Marshal Vasilevsky (North Plot, 1st Baltic and 3rd Belarusian Fronts) and Marshal Zhukov (South Plot, 2nd and 1st Belarusian fronts) were appointed directly to the preparation and conduct of the operation "Bagration". German forces in the Army Center "Center" (Commander - Feldmarshal Bush) were four armies - 3rd tank, 4th, 9th, 2nd army. Total - 49 divisions, of which: 1 tank, 4 motorized, 30 infantry, 1 cavalry, 2 field, 1 study, 6 security, 1 Hungarian infantry, 1 Hungarian cavalry, 2 Hungarian spare. The total number is 849 thousand people (from them at the front - 486 thousand). It was in service with these troops there were 3.2 thousand guns and mortars, 500 tanks and self-propelled guns, 600 aircraft. The first stage of the operation (June 23-28) Northern Plot June 23, 1944 The 1st Baltic and 3rd Belarusian fronts were transferred against the German 3rd Tank Army. On June 25, the Soviet 43rd and 39th Army surrounded Vitebsk, where the German 53rd corps was defended (two infantry and two field divisions, about 30 thousand people). On June 26, the corps went to a breakthrough from the boiler, the next day was completely crushed. In the extreme northern plot, the 4th shock army could not move towards Polotsk. The 5th Guards Tank Army (524 tanks and self-propelled guns, the Commander - Marshal of the Armored Troops of the Rothmisters) came across the approaches to the Berezina River to the German 5th Tank Division of the German 5th Tank Division (125 Tanks and self-propelled guns, commander - Major General Decker), was stopped by her, and suffered heavy losses. To the end of June 28, the troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belarusian fronts were advanced (except for Polotsky direction) by 100-150 kilometers. The South Plot The 2nd Belarusian Front also moved to the offensive on June 23, against the German 4th Army on June 28, the Troops of the Front forced the Dnieper and took the city of Mogilev, moving 50-80 kilometers. The 1st Belarusian Front moved to the offensive against the German 9th Army on June 24, a day later the other three fronts (Zhukov asked Stalin about this and received consent). To the outcome of June 28, the front troops have advanced by 100 kilometers and surrounded Bobruisk (the city after stubborn battles was taken on June 29, a significant part of the German troops made his way from the boiler). The second stage of the operation (June 29 - July 4) On June 28, 1944, the TGK rate set the fronts of new tasks: the 1st Baltic - to take Polotsk and deep, further to step on Schwechenis (Lithuania); The 3rd Belorussky is to force the Berezin River, to take Minsk and Molodechno (in the directive it was especially noted that "the rate is dissatisfied with slow and indecisive actions of 5 GW. Ta and relates this to the bad leadership of it from the Tov. Rothmistrov. The rate requires 5 GB That rapid and decisive actions that meet the situation attempted at the front. "); 2nd Belorussky - forcing the Berezina River, then take Minsk and forcing the Swisloch River; The 1st Belorussky - to step on Baranovichi. The troops of the 1st Baltic Front on June 30 approached Polotsk and took it on July 4. On the same day it was taken deep. The troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front July 3 took Minsk (by the 11th Guards Army, the 31st Army and the 2nd Guards Tank Corps against the German 5th Tank Division and Three Infantry Division; At the same time, the front command ordered the 5th The Guards Army take Minsk to the outcome of July 2, but Rothmistrov took his army north). Molodechno was taken on July 5th. The troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front July 4 approached the eastern outskirts of Minsk. The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on July 4 took Nesvizh (40 km east of Baranovichi), part of the forces approached the southern outskirts of Minsk. The third stage of the operation (July 5 - 28) On July 4, 1944, the TGC rate set the tasks to the fronts: the 1st Baltic - to develop an offensive, inflicting the main blow to the general direction for Schwechenis, Kaunas. The nearest task is no later than July 10-12 to master the Laugavspils - Schwenchineli - Podlrodze. In the future, step on Kaunas and part of the forces on Panevezys and Siauliai. The 3rd Belorussky is to develop an offensive, inflicting the main blow in the general direction for Molodechno, Vilnius. The nearest task is no later than July 10-12 to master Vilnius and Lida. In the future, enter the Neman River and seize the bridgeheads on the West Bank. The 2nd Belorussky is to develop an offensive, inflicting the main blow towards Novogrudok, Volkovysk, Bialystok. The nearest task is no later than on July 12-15 to master Novogrudkom, to go on the River Neman and silence. In the future, master the Volkovoy and step in the direction of Belostok. The 1st Belorussky is to develop an offensive, inflicting the main blow in the overall direction on Baranavichi, Brest. The nearest task is to master Baranovichi, Luninac and no later than July 10-12 to reach the lines Slonim - River Sphara - Pinsk. In the future, master the Brest and go to the West Bug river, capturing the bridgeheads on the West Bank. The troops of the 1st Baltic Front could not fulfill the nearest task - by July 14, they advanced about half the distance to the specified turn and stopped, reflecting German counterattacks. The troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front July 9 took LED, but Vilnius was taken only on July 13, the forces of the 5th Army and the 5th Guards Tank Army (Vilnius defended 7 German infantry battalions and 4 air defense batteries). On July 15, the troops of the front forced the Neman in the Alitus area and captured several bridgeheads in the West Bank, but on this front of the front stopped because of the stubborn resistance of the Germans. The troops of the 2nd Belarusian Front on July 8 took Novogrudok, July 14 - Volkovysk, July 16 - Grodno. At the turn of Grodno - Svisloch (Western) Front was stopped because of the stubborn resistance of the Germans. The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front took Baranovichi on July 8, on July 14 - Pinsk. On July 16, the front troops reached the turn of the Svisloch (Western) - Pruzhany. At the same time, the 33rd Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front and the 50th and 49th Army of the 2nd Belarusian Front were fighting against the Russian troops surrounded east of Minsk (the remains of five German buildings, up to 100 thousand people), made to southwestern direction (south of Minsk). By July 12, this grouping was mainly crushed (according to Vasilevsky's memoirs - 35 thousand, including 12 generals), but individual groups of Germans continued to be made to the West, and some managed to cross the front line in August. The troops of the 1st Baltic Front again transferred to the offensive on July 20. July 22, Panevezys was taken, July 27 - Shiauliai. The troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front from July 15 stood in defense on the Neman River. The troops of the 2nd Belarusian front resumed the offensive on July 20, and the Bialystok took July 27. The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on July 18 switched to the offensive in the direction of Lublin. On July 20, the front troops fucked the West Bug river and entered into Poland. July 23, Lublin was taken. On July 25, the front troops came to the Vistula River, in the Deblock area. July 28 was taken Brest. The fourth stage of the operation (July 29 - August 29) July 28, 1944 the BGK rate set the task to front further offensive : 1st Baltinesky - cut off the enemy grouping, acting in the Baltic States, from its communications towards Eastern Prussia. The main blow to develop in the general direction to Riga, part of the forces of the left wing to step on Memel (Klaipeda). The 3rd Belorussian Front - no later than 1-2 August to master Kaunas. In the future, step up to the borders of Eastern Prussia and no later than August 10 to master the Rubeys (Rõring) - Yurburg (Jurbarkas) - Eidkunnen - Suwalki, where to firmly entrenched to prepare for the invasion of Eastern Prussia, in the general direction of Humbnin, Insterburg, Preice Islau. The 2nd Belorussian front is to develop an offensive, inflicting the main blow in the overall direction of Lomza - Ostroleka, no later than August 8-10 to master the Lights of August - Graveo - Staviska - Ostroleka, firmly to entrust him to prepare for the invasion of Eastern Prussia. The 1st Belorussian front is to develop the offensive in the general direction to Warsaw and no later than 5-8 August to take Prague (Warsaw's suburb), to seize the bridgeheads on the West Bank of Narev River in Pultusk - Serozk, and to seize the bridgehead on the west bank of the Vistula River In the area of \u200b\u200bDeblin - Zvolyan - Solts. The troops of the 1st Baltic Front moved to the north, August 1 was seized by Helgava. On the same day, the 8th Guards Mechanized Brigade of Colonel Kreverta came out on the coast of the Gulf of Riga in the village of Claplyns, but was soon discarded by the German counterdad. Cut off the German Army Group from the Army Group "Center" failed. During August, the front troops were heavy defensive battles. The troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front moved to the offensive on Kaunas. The enemy stubbornly resisted, but on August 1, Kaunas was taken. In August, reflecting German counterdasters in the Kaunas area, the front troops reached the turn of Rings - Suwalki. The troops of the 2nd Belarusian front for a month of battle managed to advance by 10 - 30 kilometers. The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on July 31 approached the approaches of Prague (Warsaw's suburb), but during August they could not take it. At the beginning of August, the troops of the left wing of the front seized two bridgeheads on the West Bank of the Vistula River (in the area of \u200b\u200bMagnushev and Pulawy), and also reached the Narev River. On August 29, 1944, the TGK rate ordered the four fronts to move to defense. The offensive, started on June 23 at the central section of the Soviet-German front, was completed. Results and losses during the operation "Bagration" Soviet army took the territory of all Belarus, most of Lithuania, part of the territory of Poland, closely approached the border of Germany (East Prussia). Soviet troops advanced by 300 - 500 kilometers. Germany's armed forces suffered large losses in a living force - irretrievably (killed and captive) 289 thousand, injured 110 thousand. The losses of the Soviet Army - irrevocably 178.5 thousand, injured 587 thousand. Sources: 1. History of the Great Patriotic War Soviet Union 1941 - 1945. Volume 4. M., Milivdat, 1962. 2. The Great Patriotic War. Volume 16. M., "Terra", 1998. 3. K. Tippelskirm, the history of the Second World War. Volume 2. M., "Polygon", 1994. 4. A. Vasilevsky, a matter of life. M., Politicization, 1978. 5. Paul Adair, Hitler's Greatest Defeat. London, Brockhampton Press, 1994. 6. Russia and the USSR in the wars of the XX century. M., Olma-Press, 2001. 7. Liberation of cities. M., Milivdat, 1985. http://www.volk59.narod.ru/operationBagration.htm
"Rail war"
1) the actions of the partisans in the rear of the enemy in order to violate his work J.-D. Transport and withdrawal of living force transported by railway, military equipment and material resources.
2) the name of a major operation conducted by the Soviet partisans during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - in August - September 1943 in the occupied territories of the RSFSR, the BSSR and part of the Ukrainian SSR for the purpose of finding a J.-D. Communications enemy.
In June 1943, the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus put forward a plan for the simultaneous mass destruction of railways in the occupied territory of the republic. The Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (CSWP) attracted this plan, except for partisans of Belarus, Leningrad, Kalininsky, Smolensk, Orlovskiy and part of Ukrainian partisans. Operation "R. in." It was associated with the plans of the rack of the Supreme Command on the completion of the defeat of the German fascist troops in the Kursk Battle of 1943 (see Kursk Battle of 1943), the commission of the Smolensk operation 1943 (see Smolensk Operation 1943) and the offensive in order to liberate the left bank of Ukraine. July 14, the CSTP was given an order for the operation "R. in.". Local headquarters of the partisan movement and their representation at the fronts identified areas and objects of action to each partisan formation. The partisans were provided by explosives, fuses, on the "forest courses" classes were carried out on a mining case, in local "factories" was mined with the trophy shells and bombs, in workshops and forgers were made fastening of rolling checkers to rails. Intelligence was actively railways. The operation began on the night of August 3 and lasted until mid-September. Actions turned on the ground with a length of about 1000 km along the front and 750 km deep, they participated in about 100 thousand partisans, who helped the local population. Powerful blow to J.-D. The lines were unexpected for the enemy, which for some time could not organize to counteract the partisans. In the course of the operation, about 215 thousand rails were undermined, a lot of echelons were broken under slightly, railway bridges and stationary structures were blown up. The massive violation of enemy communications significantly made it difficult to regroup the enemy's retreating troops, complicated their supply and thereby contributed to the successful onset of the Red Army.
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/127049/Relsova
Operation "Typhoon"
Operation "Typhoon", named by Hitler's strategists of the "main battle of the year", began on September 30 by the transition to the offensive of the second tank group of General Geinz Guderian in the strip of the Bryansky Front from the Shosthki region. On October 2, the remaining two groupings from the defendian and Roslavl regions were transferred to the offensive. Their strikes were sent to the converging directions to Vyazma to cover the main forces of Western and backup fronts. On the first day, the enemy divisions wedged into the defense of the Red Army by 15-30 kilometers. On October 3-4, the command of the Western Front forces by army and front-line reserves caused counterdaras on the broken Hitler's parts, which, however, did not have success, as they were carried out by low-propelled groups and without proper artillery and aviation support. In the first days, the opponent's offensive developed successfully. He managed to reach the rear of the 3rd and 13th armies of the Bryansk front, and on October 6, west of Vyazma to surround the 19th and 20th Army of the Western and 24th and 32th army of the backup fronts. The troops, which found themselves in the Vyazemsky Surroundings, led a courageous struggle against the enemy. They applied counterdashers and broke out from the rings of the environment. This is how participants from the surroundings in the 29th rifle division of P. Lukin, N. Okhapkin and P. Silantyev talk about it. "Attacks of our troops followed one after another, they were preceded by artener preparation. Our attacks were especially violent on October 8-12, when the battery "Katyush" captain Fleroova included in the fighting of the division ... For the Germans, the offensive of surrounded battalions and regiments of Soviet troops was a complete surprise. The fascists, apparently, believed that since our parts were surrounded and suffered significant losses, they are already hazardous, finished with them. And suddenly these shelves and battalions found strength in themselves and went ahead in the eastern direction. The Germans had to hurry large connections, equipment. " Active fighting of Soviet troops surrounded by a serious influence on the development of events. They felt in the area of \u200b\u200bVyazma 28 German-fascist divisions, which were stuck here and could not continue the attack on Moscow. At the same time, in the 43rd army of the backup front, the Nazis broke through the Warsaw highway (now - A101 Moscow-Roslavl highway) and captured an important strategic settlement of Yukhnov. Soviet command, lately discovered the accumulation of German motorized columns, could not find forces in order to stop the breakthrough. In the afternoon, on October 5, the cadets of the Podolsky infantry and Podolsky artillery school were raised by combat alarm. By this time, only 17-18 summer cadets of the first year of study remained in the school, since the cadets of senior courses were released early. The cadets were to urgently navigate to the Maloyaroslavets district to take a combat site on the left flank of the Mozhaisk Defense line. But first of all, it was necessary to throw forward the advanced detachments to delay any price of the Germans until defense readiness. The infantry school allocates advanced squad Artillery consolidated division, which was ordered to command the captain of Rosikov - one of the teachers of cadets. By the morning of October 6, the advanced detachment reached the river Ugro and the arrogant enemy units were attacked. As it turned out, it was an avant-garde of one of the divisions of the 4th tank group (army) of the enemy, who completed the environment of several of our armies near Vyazma. The desperate attack of young "red junkers" was for the Germans committed as a surprise, and they were ousted for Ugric. But it was only the beginning of the first test of cadets. There were several heavy days of waste under the blows of tanks, almost continuous bombing - to the Ilyinsky section of the Mozhaisk line, where the main forces of schools unfolded. Two weeks, carrying big losses, Podolsk cadets defended the frontier. After many years, it will be called the feat of the Podolsk cadets. In those two weeks with operational cards in the German headquarters, the inscription did not go: "Two ill-fated Junkers schools." For the capture of Maloyaroslavets, who was the key to Podolsk and Moscow, the enemy threw two divisions - motorized and infantry. They were opposed to the compounds and part of the 43rd army of Lieutenant General S. D. Akimova: 312th Infantry Division under the command of Colonel A. F. Naumova, divisions of the Podolsk infantry and artillery schools, 108th stock rifle regiment , the consolidated battalion of the 616th rifle regiment, six artillery regiments, a guards mortar regiment, three separate machine gun-gun battalion, seven separate flame retardants and others. All attempts to restrain the advance of the enemy in this direction by the forces of the army turned out to be vain. Then, by order of command of the Western Front, on October 13-14, Conrtdar was taken by the forces of the 110th and 113rd rifle divisions of Colkovnikov S. T. Gladsheva and K. I. Mironova. However, he was unsuccessful. Did not change the provisions and additional input in the battle of the 53rd Rifle Division (Commander Colonel N. P. Krasnoretsky), 9th (commander Lieutenant Colonel I. F. Kirichenko) and 17th (Commander Major N. Ya. Klypin) Tank Brigades . The defense area was delivered. German tanks attack Soviet positions in the Eastry area, November 25, 1941. "Stop the enemy now on the approaches to our capital, not to put it, grieve Hitler Divisions and Corps in battles ... Moscow Knot is now decisive ... it will take a little more time, And the offensive of the enemy to Moscow will have to choke. Needless to withstand the voltage of these days "(K. Zhukov, 11/26/1941). To resume the attack on Moscow, Wehrmacht deployed 51 divisions, including 13 tank and 7 motorized. According to the German command, the Center for the Center "Center" should have broken the flank parts of the defense of the Soviet troops and surround Moscow. The Soviet command strengthened the dangerous sections of the front with reserves and replenishments. A major political importance had a parade on Red Square on November 7, 1941. Thus, the government of the USSR and personally I. V. Stalin demonstrated determination to fight to the end. The offensive of German troops to Moscow resumed from the North-West on November 15-16, from the south-west on November 18. The main blows of the enemy applied in the directions of Wedge-Rogachevo and Tulo-Kashira. At the end of November, the enemy managed to master the Klin district, Solnechnogorsk, Istra, to go to the Moscow-Volga Channel in the Yahroma area and take the Red Polyana (32 km from the Moscow Kremlin). Further promotion of the Germans in the northern direction prevented the dump of water from the Istrinsky, Ivankov reservoir and the reservoir of the Moscow channel. According to the memoirs of Marshal Shaposhnikov "With the approach of the Germans, the reservoir was contacted (at the end of the crossing of our troops), as a result of which the water flow was formed up to 2.5 m for up to 50 km south of the reservoir. Attempts by the Germans to close the waterproof success were not crowned. " The Western Front was transferred to the 1st Impact Army and the 20th Army, who covered the gap between the 30th (November 17 was transferred to the Western Front) and the 16th armies. As a result of the attraction of Soviet reserves, the enemy was stopped and forced to go to defense. In late November, fierce battles were walking in the Kashira district and Tula. On November 27, Soviet troops inflicted Constridar on the 2nd Tank Army and discarded it from Kashira. The 2nd tank army tried to get around Tool from the northeast and cut the iron and highways of Serpukhov-Tula, but Konrtuddar of the Soviet troops threw the opponent to the initial positions. On December 1, the command of the Center for Army Center "Center" took a new attempt to break through to Moscow in the area of \u200b\u200bAprelevka. On December 2, the Germans occupied Burtsevo - the closest settlement in Moscow in the south-western section of the front. Thanks to the well-organized interaction of the 33rd army of General M. G. Efremov and the 5th Army of General L.A., this attempt was eliminated. The BBC rate ordered, besides the 1st shock, new 10th and 20th armies transferred to the Western Front, including the 19th and 60th Army in the Moscow Distribution Zone. On December 2, the advanced parts of the 1st shock and the 20th armies reflected all the opponent's attacks north of Moscow in the Dmitrov area and south and forced him to stop the offensive. On December 3-5, the percussion and 20th army caused several strong counterdovern in the Yahroma region and Red Polyana and began to close the enemy. The leftophulating divisions of the 16th Army, in cooperation with the 5th Army, discarded the enemy from the large radiation p. Moscow is northeast-east of Zvenigorod. The impact group of the 33rd army, defeating the 4-5-December enemy parts, restored the position on the Nara River. The results of the defense of Moscow during the defensive stage of the Moscow battle of the Soviet command imposed an enemy "War for exhaustion" (when the "last battalion" rushes into battle, which should solve the outcome of battles). But if during the battle, all reserves of the German command were exhausted, the Soviet command managed to preserve the main forces (only the 1st shock army and the 20th army were introduced into battle to battle. The Commander of the German 2nd Tank Army Guderian recorded his resume: the offensive fell into Moscow. All victims and efforts of our valiant troops were in vain. We suffered a serious defeat, which due to the stubbornness of the High Command led in the coming weeks to the fatal consequences. In the German offensive, the crisis, the forces and the moral spirit of the German army were broken. H.
tTP: //rufact.org/wiki/ Operation%20 "Typhoon"
Plan "Ost"
General Plan "Ost" (Heneralplan OST) - secret Plan The German government of the Third Reich on the conduct of ethnic cleansing in Eastern Europe and its German colonization after the victory over the USSR. The plan of the plan was developed in 1941 by the General Directorate of Imperial Security and was presented on May 28, 1942 by the headquarters of the Imperial Commissioner's headquarters on the consolidation of the Germanic People, the CS Meyer-Hetling Obrafurr under the name "The Ost Republic's General Plan is the foundations of the legal, economic and territorial structure of the East." The text of this document was found in the federal archive of Germany in the late 1980s, separate documents from there were presented at the exhibition in 1991, but was completely translated into digital form and published only in November-December 2009. In the Nuremberg process, the only proof of the existence of the plan was " The comments and suggestions of the Eastern Ministries on the Prosecutor General "Ost", according to the prosecutors, written on April 27, 1942 by an employee of the Ministry of Eastern Territories by E. Wet after familiarization with the draft plan prepared by RSH. Rosenberg's project was preceded by a project developed by the ReichSministry of the occupied territories, which was headed by Alfred Rosenberg. On May 9, 1941, Rosenberg presented the draft policy directives in the territories to Führer, which should be occupied as a result of aggression against the USSR. Rosenberg offered to create five governors in the USSR. Hitler opposed the autonomy of Ukraine and replaced for her the term "gubernation" on the Reichskisariat. As a result, the ideas of Rosenberg took the following form of incarnation. Ostland - was supposed to include Belarus, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Ostland, where, according to Rosenberg, the population lived with Aryan blood, was subject to complete germanization for two generations. Ukraine - included the territory of the former Ukrainian SSR, Crimea, a number of territories along Don and Volga, as well as the Earth of the abolished Soviet autonomous Republic of Germans of the Volga region. In theory of Rosenberg, the governor was to get autonomy and become the support of the Third Reich in the East. Caucasus - would include the republic North Caucasus And the Transcaucasus would separate Russia from the Black Sea. Muscovy - Russia to the Urals. The fifth gubernation was to become Turkestan. The success of the German Summer-autumn campaign of 1941 led to the revision and tightening of the German plans against Eastern lands, and the "Ost" plan was born. The plan description according to some reports, "Ost" plan "was divided into two -" Small Plan "(it. Kleine Planung) and" Large Plan "(it. Große Planung). The small plan was to spend during the war. In the big plan, the German government wanted to focus after the war. The plan has provided a different percentage of a germanization for various conquered Slavic and other peoples. "Negromanized" should have been evicted in Western Siberia or were subjected to physical destruction. The execution of the plan had to ensure that the conquered territories would have acquired irrevocably German character. The comments and proposals of the vetsels among historians received the dissemination of a document, known as "comments and proposals of the Eastern Ministry" on the General Plan "Ost". " Text this document It was often presented as the OST plan itself, although it has little to do with the text of the plan, published in late 2009. Wetvesel suggested the exile of tens of millions of Slavs for the Urals. Poles, according to Wetvely, were the most hostile to the Germans, numerically large and therefore the most dangerous people. " "GeneralPlan OST", as it should be understood, also meant the "final decision of the Jewish question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage), according to which the Jews were subject to total destruction: the number of people to be, according to plan, eviction, should actually be much higher than Provided. Only, if we consider that approximately 5-6 million Jews living in this territory will be eliminated before eviction, it is possible to agree with the plan mentioned in terms of 45 million of local residents of nonsensesky origin. However, it can be seen from the plan that Jews mentioned in 45 million are also included. From this, therefore, it follows that the plan comes from a clearly incorrect counting of the population. In the Baltic States, Latvians were considered more suitable for "Germanization", and Lithuanians and Latgalents - no, because among them there were too many "Slavic impurities". According to the proposals of the vetssel, the Russian people should have been subjected to measures such as assimilation ("on-treatment") and a reduction in the number through a reduction in fertility - such actions are defined as genocide. From the Directive A.Gitler to the Minister of Eastern Territories A. Terenbergu on the introduction of the "OST" (July 23, 1942), Slavs should work on us, and in the event that they are no longer needed, let them die. Vaccinations and health protection for them are unnecessary. Slavic fertility is undesirable ... education is dangerous. Enough, if they be able to count to one hundred ... Every educated person is our future enemy. All sentimental objections should be discarded. It is necessary to manage these people with iron determination ... Talking in a military, we must kill from three to four million Russians per year. Developed options for the OST plan The following documents were developed by the GR planning group. LLL B of the scheduled service of the headquarters of the Reichskisar on the consolidation of the German people Henry Himmler (Reichskommissar Für Die Festigung Deutschen Volkstums (RKFDV) and the Institute of Agrarian Policy of Berlin University named after Friedrich-Wilhelm: Document 1: "Basics of Planning" were created in February 1940 RKFDV planning service (Volume: 21 Page). Content: Description of the scale of planned oriental colonization in Western Prussia and Welsenda. The colonization area was supposed to be 87,600 km², of which 59,000 km² of agricultural land. About 100,000 settlements of 29 hectares each should be created on this territory. It was planned to move about 4.3 million Germans to this territory; Of these, 3.15 million in rural areas and 1.15 million in the city. At the same time, 560,000 Jews (100% of the population of the region of this nationality) and 3.4 million Poles (44% of the population of this nationality) were gradually eliminated. The costs of implementing these plans were not evaluated. Document 2: Materials for the "Colonization" report developed in December 1940 RKFDV scheduling service (volume of 5 pages). Content: Fundamental article to "The need of territories for forced resettlement from the Old Reich" with a specific requirement of 130,000 km² of land for 480,000 new viable settlers of 25 hectares each, as well as in addition 40% of the territory on the forest, for the needs of the army and reserve areas in Witteland and Poland. Documents created after the Attack on the USSR on June 22, 1941 Document 3 (disappeared, accurate content is unknown): "OST Moderator", created in July 1941 by the RKFDV planned service. Content: Description of the size of planned East colonization in the USSR with the boundaries of specific colonization areas. Document 4 (disappeared, accurate content is unknown): "OST General Plan", created in December 1941 by the GR planning group. LLL B RSHA. Content: Description of the scale of planned oriental colonization in the USSR and the governor-general with the specific boundaries of certain areas of settlement. Document 5: "OST Locider", created in May 1942 by the Institute of Agriculture and Politics of the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin University (volume of 68 pages). Content: Description of the scale of planned East colonization in the USSR with specific boundaries of certain areas of settlement. The colonization area was to cover 364,231 km², inclusive 36 reference points and three administrative districts in the region of Leningrad, the Kherson-Crimean region and in the Belostok area. At the same time, settlements of 40-100 hectares were to emerge, as well as large agricultural enterprises with an area of \u200b\u200bat least 250 hectares. The required number of immigrants was estimated at 5.65 million. The area planned to population should have been cleared of about 25 million people. The expenditures on the implementation of the plan were estimated at 66.6 billion Reichsmarocks. Document 6: "Colonization General Plan" (generalsiedlungsplan), created in September 1942 by the RKF scheduled service (volume: 200 pages, including 25 maps and tables). Content: Description of the scale of planned colonization of all provided for these areas with specific boundaries of certain areas of settlement. The area was supposed to cover the territory of 330,000 km² with 360,100 rural farms. The required number of immigrants was estimated at 12.21 million people (of which 2.859 million were peasants and busy in the forestry). The area planned to settle should be cleared of about 30.8 million people. The costs of the implementation of the plan were estimated at 144 billion Reichsmarocks.
http://www.encyclopaedia-russia.ru/article.php?id\u003d330
Berlin Operation 1945
Offensive operation of the 2nd Belorussky (Marshal of the Soviet Union K. K. Rokossovsky), 1st Belorussky (Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov) and the 1st Ukrainian (Marshal of the Soviet Union I. S. Konev) Fronts on April 16 - May 8 during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45 (see the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45). In January - March 1945, Soviet troops defeated major enemy groups in East Prussia, Poland and East Pole, coming out on a wide front to PP. Oder and Neur, deeply wedged into Germany. On the west bank r. Oder was captured by bridgeheads, including especially important in the area of \u200b\u200bKustere. Simultaneously with Z., not meeting organized resistance, Anglo-American troops occurred. Hitler's click, hoping for disagreements between allies, took all measures to delay the promotion of Soviet troops on the approaches to Berlin and agree with the Anglo-American ruling circles on the separate world. On the Berlin direction, the German fascist command focused a large grouping as part of the Army Group "Vistula" (3rd tank and 9th Army) of Colonel-General G. Heinritz (from April 30, General Infantry General K. Tippelskirm) and 4th tank and The 17th Armies of the Army Center "Center" General Feldmarshal F. Sherner (about 1 million people, 10,400 guns and mortars, 1530 tanks and assault guns, over 3300 aircraft). On the western banks of the RR. Oder and Neurov created 3 defensive strips with a depth of 20-40 km; Berlin defensive area consisted of 3 ring defensive divers, all major buildings in the city were turned into supporting points, streets and squares are blocked by powerful barricades. For the offensive on the Berlin direction, the Soviet command concentrated 19 of the general-official (including 2 Polish), 4 tanks and 4 aerial army (2.5 million people, 41600 implements and mortars, 6250 tanks and self-propelled-artillery installations, 7500 aircraft). The operation plan was to apply several powerful blows on a wide front, dismember the Berlin enemy grouping, surround and destroy it in parts. The operation began on April 16 after the powerful artillery and aviation training, the 1st Belarusian front attacked the enemy on the river. Oder, inflicting the main blow from a springboard in the area of \u200b\u200bKustere. At the same time, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front began to forcing p. Neutov. Despite the fierce opponation resistance, especially on the green heights of West Kustere, the Soviet troops broke through his defense. Attempts by the Hitler's command win the battle for Berlin on Oder and Neyce ended in failure. On April 20, the troops of the 2nd Belarusian Front, which forced 2 sleeves p were switched to the offensive. Oder and interfluve between them and to the end of April 25, the main lane of the opponent's defense south of Shttitin broke through. The troops of the 1st Belorussky and the 1st Ukrainian fronts after a breakthrough of the defense of the enemy began to carry out a maneuver at the dissection and the environment of the Berlin grouping, bypassing Berlin with S. and Yu. On April 24, the troops of the 1st Belorussky and the 1st Ukrainian fronts were connected to the south - the rustling outskirts of Berlin and dispelled an enemy group on 2 parts; As a result, the main forces of the 9th Army and part of the forces of the 4th Tank Army were cut off from Berlin and are surrounded by the southeast of the city. On April 25, the troops of these fronts met in the area of \u200b\u200bKetcin and closed the ring of the environments west of Berlin. T., up to 200 thousand German-fascist troops were surrounded by southeastern Berlin and 200 thousand in Berlin. The liquidation of the group, surrounded by southeast of Berlin, was completed on May 1 by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belarusian fronts. At the same time, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front reflected Kontruddar defended from the Western Front of the 12th Army of General V. Wreath in the Belitz area, as well as countercourse of the enemy's group in the Görlitsa area, who tried to enter the rear of the front and rip off his troops on Berlin. The defeat of the group was surrounded in Berlin poured into a fierce battle. From April 21, when the Soviet troops broke into Berlin, until May 2, bloody battles were walking on the streets and night. Each street, each house had to take the assault, hand-to-hand fights took place in the subway tunnels, in sewage pipes, underground posts of messages. The enemy stubbornly resisted. On April 30, the troops of the 3rd shock army of General Colonel, V. I. Kuznetsov, began fighting for Reichstag, who stormed the 171st Infantry Division of Colonel A. I. National and 150th Infantry Division of Major General V. M. Shatilova. In the evening of the same day, Reichstag was taken by Sergeants M. A. Egorov and M. V. Kantaria, the banner of victory was dried. Hitler on April 30 committed suicide, leaving the will about the composition of the new government led by Admiral Dönitsa. The latter sent on May 1, parliamentary led by the head of the General Staff, General Infantry by Krebs, with a proposal signed by Goebbels and Borman, about the temporary cessation of hostilities. The response requirement of the Soviet command on unconditional surrender was rejected. Then evening on May 1, a powerful fire blow was applied and resumed assault. By morning, on May 2, the remains of the Berlin garrison were dismembered on separate isolated groups and for 15 o'clock surrendered to captivity led by Berlin's defense by General Vaidling. Simultaneously with the defeat of the surrounded groups, Soviet troops occurred at Z., and April 25, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front in the area of \u200b\u200bRies and Torgau met with the advanced parts of the 1st American Army. The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on May 7 came on a wide front to r. Elbe. At the same time, the troops of the 2nd Belarusian front, successfully advancing in Western Pomerania and Mecklenburg, April 26 mastered the main supporting points of the opponent's defense on the West Bank. Oder - Poylitsa, Shatttin, Gutov and the Swedet, and, launching the rapid pursuit of the remains of the broken 3rd tank army, on May 3 came on the Baltic Sea coast, and on May 4, Vimar, Schwerin, R. Elde, where they entered into contact with English troops. On May 4-5, the front troops were cleared of the opponent of the island of Volind, Usedy and Rügen, and on May 9, they landed on the Danish Island Bornholm to take the surrender of the German fascist troops. In the course of B. Oh. Soviet troops completely defeated 70 infantry, 12 tank and 11 motorized divisions, about 480 thousand people captured. In B. Oh. Soviet troops lost killed, wounded and missing over 304 thousand people, as well as 2156 tanks and self-propelled guns, 1220 guns and mortars, 527 aircraft. Having completed B. about., Soviet troops together with the allies finally crushed the German fascist military machine. On May 8, representatives of the German command headed by Kaitel signed the act of unconditional surrender of Germany.
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/68834/berlinskaya
"Overlord"
"Overlord" (eng. Overlord - Syzer, Supreme Lord, Lord, Lord), Code name Operation on the invoice armed Forces USA, Great Britain and their allies in North-West France in the 2nd World War. The real perspective of the defeat of the fascist Germany owls. The army, increased power and activity of the resistance movement, means to increase the influence of communist parties in the countries occupied by the Nazis - all this forced the US and England governments to begin to fulfill the decision of the Tehran Conference 1943 on the opening of the second front in Europe. On February 12, 1944, the United Anglo-American headquarters determined the purpose of the operation, which was to carry out the invasion of the European Continent and together with other United Nations to take operations aimed at entering the center of Germany and the destruction of its armed forces. Conducting Operation "O." At the 1st stage, it was naked on the 21st group of armies (1st American, the 2nd English and 1st Canadian army), as well as powerful strengths strategist, and tact, aviation and navy. Planned marine landing and air assaults in Normandy and the seizure of the strategic bridgehead. After the transfer at the springboard of the 3rd American army, it was planned to develop an offensive to the south, southeast and after 3 months to reach the Runs of the Sena and Loir. Start Operation "O." It was appointed for the first numbers of May, and then postponed on June 6, 1944 (see the Norman landing operation 1944).
http://www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1944overlord.php.
Edelweiss
Edelweiss (Gnaphalium Leontopodium Scop. Or Leontopodium Alpinumcass., From this. Compositae) is one of the most famous alpine. A thick white-lowed flooring covers the entire plant, especially on its upper narcolatory leaves, which in the form of a star complex the inflorescence, who finishes not a branched stem. The gingerbreads are surrounded by a covering of dry, on the end of the refigble leaves. Overweight tubular flowers, which, thanksvitia, function, are functioning only as lambers. Pretchers are the filamentous female, which are ordinary to the edge of the head. Long dry hairs of E., filled with air, twisted and confused in thick felt, which protects the plastic plant, protecting the leaves from dry wind, the degradently active plant of rocks and mountain cornices with a thin layer of soil, where ordinary E. In addition to Alps, E. It is found in the mountains of Turkestan, in Altai, Ba Balekale and in the Extreme East of Siberia. V. A. D. Edikulum (Aediculum, decreasing from Aedes) - on the etymological meaning of the word, a brawned structure in ancient Romans, both private and sacralnogonaliation. But in everyday life, the word has acquired a limited meaning of it, denoting a small temple, a chapel. Very often, E. APPLICATION TO THE MAIN, BIG CHEREMA and was placed in his fence, serving less solemn sacrifices of the same deity, which is also the main sanctuary. So, the famous E. Victoria at the temple (Aedes) of the same goddess in Rome. Pompeic painting gives us the pictures of the same chapels, but standing completely separately, regardless of the main thing, and have, therefore, the importance of the independent priesthood (Templum). Small sizes do not allow, of course, to send VE. the cult of this god with approaching solemnity; Small chronicles only by the room for the statue of God; Therefore, E. of this type is covered mainly by secondary gods. The existence of the Vrim religion of a significant number of local gods, the cult of which is torn with a certain place, such as the geniuses of the street, quarter (LareSSMRITALES, etc.), finally, the gods of family patrons, at home, etc., demanded a significant number of sanctiors dedicated to these Places. The sizes of these sanctoes were to be very insignificant at the end of the chapel, a miniature copy of the temple, not always present. E. Surrogat is a niche in the wall of the house, separated by the architectural ornament. Two Speakers on the sides supportedFrontton, the statuette of God is placed in the same niche. Only at least in an ornamented form to remind the facade of temples on the genetic connection of street or household sanctuations with a detached chapel. In this way, the word E. acquires the value of a niche, the image of some God is placed. Since the presence of the altars in the same temple requires a presence in the same temple, then, naturally, to distinguish the sanctuary of each use. In the last sense of the word. The need to create in one persistently smaller, to draw the most building only to the case for the latter, leads to the fact that each church niche becomes special E. Such at least Nici Pantheon in Rome. E. becomes equivalent to the chapel, chapel, wise sizes. On the other hand, a permanent profanicate church who served, as is known, not only the goals of the religious chakery, but also commercial, and political, creates a need to submit an area inside the temple, where the worldly bustle is penetrated, where the Female and the altar of God could be protected from secularizing-inquiry. Inside the temple, another, small sizes, which becomes actually a shrine actually, and in this sense, E. is called that part of the church, which has already purely religious-appointment. Catholic Tabernacle, which holds the main altar, represents only the development and continuation of this form by E. becoming a central place in the temple. E. focuses on the main and other values \u200b\u200band is decorated with a special zeal. Between the Temmed, its variety, which was created under the influence of density of the places, niche for street or home gods, naturally, seeks to simplify. Often, instead of a real statue, it is placed in it the picturesque image of the revered God (or the gods, since he is dedicated to two or three gods, for example, the God of patrone-friendly and the image of the deceased ancestor). Hence, one step towards replacing the architectural ornamintation of a niche picturesque imitation. Finally, the processes that occupied a prominent place in the ancient cult, demanded a highly small portable similarity of the temple, in which the statue of God participating in the procession could have been faced. E. gave a satisfied substitutional diversity forms of reducing and styling the architectural type of the temple. And portable E. was only a copy of one of them, and names. Terracotta or stone box with an architecturally ornamented opened, the open side - this is the easiest way to create a bog movable temple. However, we have no reason to assume that this form of portable E. was exceptional. Archaeologicity allows only to state its prevalence. As it was already noticed, in one E. Sometimes several gods were placed, and this was not always done this was done from the need to save space. In other lumines, E. served as an external unifying form, which had a prescription to the internal unity, binding together several gods. So, finding in one niche of Jupiter, Juno and Minerves in the Capitoliskian staff emphasized the relationship of these gods among themselves, put forward them, coat. In addition to the literary descriptions of E. in various authors and donas samples, for example, in Pompei, to familiarize them with the form of them are thereby and the coins that fit the image of E.Werly than an image of a whole temple, and perhaps medalipasting them As a symbolic (Pars Pro Toto) way to hint at the real temple.
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz/23162.
East Prussian Operation 1945
Date: January 13 - April 25, 1945 Place: Eastern Prussia, Northern Poland, Baltic Sea Result: Victory of the Red Army Parties to the USSR Germany Commander K. K. Rokossovsky I. D. Chernyakhovsky A. M. Vasilevsky V. F. Tributs Rainhardt, L. Randulich Power of the Parties 1 670,000 people 25,426 guns and mortars 3859 tanks 3097 aircraft at the beginning of operation 580,000 people at least 200 thousand folksturma 8200 guns and mortars OK. 1000 tanks and assault guns 559 loss of 584,778 loss (of which 126 646 were killed) about 500 thousand (of which at least 150 thousand killed and 220 thousand were captured by the East Prussian operation (January 13-25 1945) - during The Great Patriotic War Soviet troops of the 2nd (Marshal of the Soviet Union K. K. Rokossovsky) and 3rd (Army General I. D. Chernyakhovsky, from February 20 - Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky) Belarusian fronts in cooperation with the Baltic Fleet (Admiral V. F. Tributz) broke through the powerful defense of the German Army Group "Center" (Colonel-General G. Rainhardt, from January 26 - Group of Army "North", Colonel-General L. Randulich), reached the Baltic Sea and eliminated The main forces of the enemy (over 25 divisions), taking Eastern Prussia and freeing the northern part of Poland. Holding Eastern Prussia German command attached importance. Here there have been powerful strengthening, which are subsequently improved and complemented. By the beginning of the winter offensive of the Red Army in 1945, the enemy created a powerful defense system to 200 km deep. The most strong fortifications were on the eastern approaches to Königsberg. In the course of this strategic operation, the Insterburg, Mlavsko-Elbing, Halessberg, Königsberg and Earth front offensive operations were carried out. The most important goal The East Prussian Strategic Offensive Operation was the cutting off the enemy troops from the main forces of Nazi Germany, their dissection and destruction. Three fronts took part in the operation: the 2nd and 3rd Belarusian and 1st Baltic, who were commanded by Marshal K. K. Rokossovsky, Generals I. D. Chernyakhovsky and I.X. Bagramyan. They promoted the Baltic Fleet under the command of Admiral V. F. Tributz. The troops of the 2nd Belarusian front should have strikes from a springboard on the Narev River to defeat the enemy in Northern Poland. The 3rd Belorussian Front received a task to step on Königsberg from the East. In the defeat of the enemy, the 43rd Army of the 1st Baltic Front contributed to the Königsberg direction. The troops of Rokossovsky and Chernyakhovsky together with the 43rd army of the 1st Baltic Front, by the beginning of 1945, there were 1669 thousand people, 25.4 thousand guns and mortars, about 4 thousand tanks and self-propelled artillery plants and more than 3 thousand combat aircraft . In Eastern Prussia and Northern Poland, the troops of the Center of Army Center under the command of the General of the city of Reganardt were defended. The group had 580 thousand soldiers and officers, more than 8 thousand guns and mortars, 560 combat aircraft. Thus, the superiority of Soviet troops over the enemy in personnel and artillery was 2-3 times, and in tanks and aircraft - 4-5.5 times. However, the German troops had the opportunity to replenish their parts, at the expense of the Volkssturma, the organization of Todta (engineering and construction units, not included in the Wehrmacht, but having initial military training) and simply the local population by passing the militia stage, which in 1945 was common practice for the current army. 2nd Belorussian Front (Commander - Marshal of the Soviet Union K. K. Rokossovsky, Member of the Military Council - Lieutenant-General N. E. Subbotin, Chief of Staff - Lieutenant-General A. N. Bogolyubov) had a task with a strike from a rifted bridgehead in general The direction of Pshasnish, Mlav, Lidzbark defeat the Milawskaya grouping of the enemy, no later than 10-12 days of the day to master the Mousenets, Dzzydovo, Bean, Plock and in the future to step in the general direction on New Malo, Marienburg. The second punch The front was supposed to be applied from the Serozki bridgehead in the general direction of Sealesk, Belk. In addition, the front was supposed to promote the 1st Belorussian front in the defeat of the Warsaw group of the enemy: part of the forces of the left wing to strike at the coach of modulus from the West. Marshal Rokossovsky planned to strike blows from a bridgehead on the River Narev. The defense of the enemy in the main direction was planned to break through from the Ruzhanskoyar at a plot of 18 km forces of the three armies. For the development of success to the north, it was assumed to use individual tank, mechanized and cavalry corps, and then a tank army. The concentration of such forces in the direction of the main strike Rokossovsky sought to go to the sea and cut off the German troops in East Prussia. Another strike was scheduled for two armies at a plot of 10 km from the Serotskoye bridgehead along the North Bank of the Vistula. 3rd Belorussian Front (Commander - General of the Army I. D. Chernyakhovsky, Member of the Military Council - Lieutenant-General V. Ya. Makarov, Chief of Staff - Colonel-General A. P. Pokrovsky) received a task to defeat the Tilzite-Insterburg of the enemy and No later than 10-12 days of the occurrence, Nemonin, Norkitten, Darkemen, Goldap; In the future, develop the offensive on Königsberg on both shores of the Pregel river, having major forces on the southern bank of the river. The head of the front was ordered to apply from the north of Ptthallpenenna, Humbninen in the general direction at Vella, and the auxiliary - to Tilzit and Darkemen. The general plan of General Chernyakhovsky was to apply a frontal impact on Königsberg into the bypass of the powerful enemy fortifications to the north of the Mazursa Lakes. The ultimate goal of the onset of troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front was to cover the basic forces of the East-Prussian group of Germans from the north and later together with the 2nd Belarusian front defeat them. Given the complexity of overcoming the powerful defense of the enemy, Chernyakhovsky decided to break through the defense at a plot of 24 km forces of the three armies, after which Introduce two tank corps into the battle, the army of the second echelon and develop success in the depth to the Baltic Sea. Baltic Fleet (Commander - Admiral V. F. Tributz, Member of the Military Council - Vice-Admiral N. K. Smirnov, Head of Staff - Council Admiral A. N. Petrov) received a task with the release of Soviet troops to the sea coast to contribute to them with her artillery and landing assaults, as well as cover the seaside flanks of fronts. Soviet troops were preparing to go to the offensive 8-10 February 1945. However, on December 16, 1944, the unexpected counterattack of the Germans in Ardennes began, as a result of which a strong group of troops of the Army Group "B", who was commanded by Field Marshal V. Model, broke through the weak defense of the American troops and began to quickly move deep into Belgium. The allies covered walked defeat. To the place of breakthrough, which exceeded 100 km, General D. Eisenhower hastily pulled the troops. Fast assistance to the troops could have powerful Anglo-American Aviation, but her actions were blocked by unhealthy weather. Critical situation has been created. The January anticipation of the Red Army, which began previously scheduled time at the request of the Allies, forced the German command to stop offensive actions in the West. After a breakthrough by the Soviet troops of the frontier on Vistula, the 6th German tank army - the main impact power of the Wehrmacht in Ardennes - began to move to the east. The command of the Wehrmacht finally refused plans for offensive actions against the US-English troops and January 16 was forced to give an order about the transition to defense in the West. The powerful cast of Soviet troops from the Vistula to Oder provided the opportunity to army of allies to recover from the strikes of German troops, and on February 8, after a six-week delay, they managed to start the offensive. For the defeat of the enemy in Eastern Prussia, the 3rd Belorussian Front was first moved to the offensive, which was conducted by the Instersburg-Königsberg operation. The Germans were waiting for a strike. Their artillery led a methodical fire on the combat laws of infantry preparing for the attack. January 13, the front troops have begun operation. After making sure that the offensive began, the opponent at dawn spent a powerful artillery counterpropitation. Chernyakhov's troops focused on the impact group indicated that the Germans opened the direction of the main strike of the front and made to reflect it. Answered firefight of artillery and raised in the air with night bombers their batteries were suppressed, but it was not possible to achieve suddenness. After two-hour artillery preparation of the infantry and tanks attacked the enemy. By the end of the day, the 39th and 5th army of the generals of I. I. Lyudnikova and N. I. Krylov wedged into defense, but only 2-3 km. The 28th Army of General A. A. Luchinsky was successful, but she, advanced by 5-7 km, was not able to break through the enemy defense. A solid fog did not allow to apply aviation. Tanks promoted to the touch and carried large losses. Nobody fulfilled the tasks of the first day of the offensive. For six days, the percussion grouping of the 3rd Belarusian front at a stretch of 60 km broke down to a depth of 45 km. And although the pace of promotion was 2 times slower than planned, the troops caused the 3rd of the German tank army difficult losses and created the conditions for continuing the offensive on Königsberg. Due to bad weather, commander of the 2nd Belarusian Front Marshal K. K. Rokossovsky twice put the beginning of the offensive and was forced to start it on January 14th. The first two days of the Mlawsko-Elbing operation, which the front was held, the cases were bad: the shock groups that were held from the Ruzhansky and Serozkoye bridgeheads were all 7-8 km. Boots with both bridgeheads were combined into a common breakthrough on a plot of 60 km. Advanced in three days by 30 km, the front impact groups created the conditions for rapid development Success in depth. On January 17, the 5th Guards Tank Army of General V. Tolsky was introduced into the breakthrough. Pursuing the enemy, she quickly moved to the north and on January 18 blocked the Milava fortified area. Increased the pace of promotion and other front troops. Tankists of General Volskiya, bypassing the strengthening of the Germans, continued their journey to the sea. The 65th and 70th Army under the command of Generals P. I. Batov and B.C. Popova rushed along the northern coast of the Vistula to the West and mastered the strengthem fortress. Rokossovsky's troops on the sixth day took the line, which was planned to go on 10-11 days. On January 21, the rate clarified the task of the 2nd Belorussian Front. He had to continue the onset of the main forces to the north, and part of the forces - to the west, to master Elbing, Marienburg, Torun on February 2-4, Torun. As a result, the troops came to the sea and cut off the enemy in East Prussia from Germany. The troops of the 2nd Belarusian Front pursued the enemy. On the evening of January 23, the advanced squad of the 5th Guards Tank Army broke into the city of Ellbing. Stunned by a sudden appearance soviet tanks , the garrison did not have time to make a battle. The detachment proceeded through the city and reached Frish Gaf Bay. The enemy quickly organized the defense of Elbing and delayed the promotion of the 29th tank corps. Walking around the city, the compounds of the tank army together with the 42nd Rifle Corps came to the sea. Communications of the enemy were cut. The 2nd Army of the Germans under the command of General V. Weis was thrown to the West, for the Wovel. Continuing the Insterburg-Königsberg operation, the troops of the 3rd Belarusian front from 19 to 26 January broke into the external defensive circuit of Königsberg. South of them overcame the frontier of the Mazur lakes. Coming by Koenigsberg from the North, the 39th Army went to the sea west of the city. The 43rd Army of General A. P. Beloborodova, 11th Guards Army General K. N. Galitsky broke through Frish-Gaf South Königsberg. Pressed to the sea of \u200b\u200bthe 2nd and 3rd Belarusian fronts The Center "Center" armies, renamed January 26 in the North Army Group, was dissected by the troops of Chernyakhovsky for three unequal parts: the four enemy divisuses were in land, about five - in Königsberg and Up to twenty divisions - in the Hilsberg area, South-west of Königsberg. On January 30, German compounds were inflicted from Brandenburg (the Great Germany's Tank Division "and one infantry division) and from Königsberg (5th Tank Division, a brigade of assault guns and one infantry division) Strong Consturian on the left flank of the 11th GW. The army of General K. Galitsky and pushed out 5 kilometers from Friesshes-Huff Bay. Saving Soviet parts, thereby debloking Koenigsberg from the south-west and restored the connection of the city garrison from the 4th German army in the Hilsberg-Hailiegenbal area (German corridor held until mid-March. ). On February 8, Marshal Rokossovsky received the task to turn to the West, defeat the enemy in Pomerania and go to Oder. The 3rd Belorussian Front had to strike on the Halessberg group, and the 1st Baltic Front under the command of I. H. Baghamyan - on the enemy in land and Königsberg. As a result of the Hailsberg operation of the 3rd Belarusian front, which was distinguished by an extremely fierce character, the enemy was destroyed south of Königsberg. Weakened by heavy battles, the troops of the front on February 11 resumed an offensive that went slowly. During the day managed to move no more than 2 km. In an effort to break the course of operation, the front commander almost continuously was in the troops. On the way from the 5th to the 3rd Army on February 18, he was mortally wounded by a fragment of an artillery projectile. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, General of the Army, I. D. Chernyakhovsky died. The Red Army lost the talented commander who was only 38 years old. To command the front, the bet was prescribed Marshal A.M. Vasilevsky. The 1st Baltic Front was preparing to go to the offensive February 20, having a task during the week to clear the Zemlyan Peninsula from the Germans. However, on the day earlier, the Germans themselves were caused by several infantry and 5th tank divisions with converging strikes from Fishhausen and Koenigsberg (Operation "Western Wind") in parts of the 39th Army of General I. Lyudnikov, as a result of which the land link between land and Königsberg and cried the Soviet offensive. On February 24, the 1st Baltic Front, having passed the troops of the 3rd Belorussian front, was abolished. Having joined the command to the front, A. M. Vasilevsky ordered to stop in vain attacks, until March 10, replenish reserves and thoroughly prepare the final strikes. Given the limited forces, Marshal decided to destroy the surrounded groupings consistently, starting with the strongest - Hailsberg. Having created the necessary superiority, the troops resumed the offensive on March 13. Fogs and low clouds still limited artillery and aviation. Spring dissolves and flood were added to these difficulties. Despite the complex conditions and stubborn resistance of the Germans, the Soviet troops on March 26 went to the bay of Frish-Gaf. German command in advance of the rush evacuation of troops on the Zemric Peninsula. Of 150 thousand German soldiers and officers who defended the south-west of Königsberg, 93 thousand. It was destroyed, and 46 thousand were captured. On March 29, the remains of the Hailsberg group stopped the struggle. After the completion of the Hailsberg operation, six armies were freed from the 3rd Belarusian front: three of them were sent to Koenigsberg, the rest were displayed in the reserve rates, starting regrouping to the Berlin direction. With the destruction of the enemy pressed against the sea, the Baltic fleet was actively accepted under the command of Admiral V. F. Tributz. The fleet has hit the enemy aircraft, underwater and light surface forces. They violated the naval communications of the Germans. Only for February and March Fleet destroyed 32 transport and 7 warships. An outstanding success was achieved by the submarine "C-13" under the command of Captain 3 rank A. I. Marnesco. On January 30, she sowed the German liner "Wilhelm Gustloff" with a displacement of 25.5 thousand tons, on board which more than 5 thousand was evacuated. Man, including 1.3 thousand sailors - submariners. On February 9, the Marinesko submarine achieved another success, saking the German steamer with displacement of 14.7 thousand tons. No Soviet submariner has sought such brilliant results for one trip. For military merit boat "C-13" was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. On April 6, the 3rd Belorussian Front began Königsberg operation. After the powerful artillery preparation of the infantry and tanks attacked the position of the Germans. Because of the bad weather, aviation per day made only 274 flights and departures. Overcoming the stubborn resistance of the enemy, the troops have advanced by 2-4 km and to the outcome of the day they went to the outskirts of the city. Decisive were the next two days when flight weather was established. 516 Heavy bombers of the 18th air army, who was commanded by the main marshal of Aviation A. E. Golovanov, only in the evening of April 7, for 45 minutes, wrapped in the fortress 3742 large-caliber bombs. Other air armies also participated in massive raids, as well as fleet aviation. It is necessary to note the decent contribution of the pilots of the 4th air army of General K. A. Vershinin. In its composition under the command of Major E. D. Bershansky bravely fought by the pilots from the regiment of night bombers. Their courage and heroism were highly rated homely: 23 flyers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Only during the assault of the fortress there were about 14 thousand aircraft-departures (this is over 3 thousand per day!). 2.1 thousand bombs of various caliber were reset on the head of the enemy. Together with the Soviet pilots, the French pilots from the Regiment "Normandy - Neman" were bravely fought. For these battles, the regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and 24 pilot - the orders of the USSR. On April 8, the troops arrived from the north and south of the enemy grouping into two parts. These days, the personal composition of the ISU-152 battery was distinguished himself, which was commanded by Senior Lieutenant A. A. Kosmodemyansky. The battery supported the divisions of the 319th Infantry Division, stormed by one of the fortress forts. By giving a volley over thick brick walls of the fort, self-propelled installations broke them and burst into the strengthening. The garrison of the fort in the amount of 350 people capitulated. 9 tanks were captured, 200 cars and a combustible warehouse. The battery commander was presented to the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, which was already assigned posthumously. The brother of the famous guerriana Zoe by the Kosmodemyanskaya, hanged by the Germans in the Moscow region, Alexander died on April 13 during the battle on the Zemric Peninsula. Commandant of the fortress Kenigsberg General O. Lash, seeing the uselessness of further resistance, asked the commander of the 4th army of General Muller to resolve the breakthrough of the remaining forces on the Zemric Peninsula, but received a refusal. Muller tried to remove the Königsberg garrison from the peninsula to the West, but the Soviet aviation threw these attacks. By evening, the remnants of the garrison were clamped in the city center and in the morning were under the crushing fire of artillery. The soldiers began to pronounce thousands. On April 9, Lash ordered everyone to fold the weapons. Hitler regarded such a decision as premature and sentenced general to the death penalty. The reports of officers who witnessed the general behavior of the general did not affect the decision of the dictator. April 9, the garrison of Königsberg capitulated. Lash himself surrendered, which saved him from the sentence of Hitler. Together with Lasha, 93,853 soldiers and officers were in captivity. About 42 thousand German soldiers of the fortress garrison died. General Muller was dismissed from the position of the Army commander, and the Gaulyuter of Eastern Prussia Koch, demanding from the troop on the Zemric Peninsula to fight until the latter, fled on the ship to Denmark. The completion of the storming of Königsberg Moscow marked the salute of the highest category - 24 artillery volley from 324 guns. The medal "For the capture of Koenigsberg" was established, which was usually done only on the occasion of mastering the capitals of states. Medal received all participants of the assault. Port Pillau was the last point in Eastern Prussia, from where it was possible to evacuate the population and troops. The city itself was a fortress, covered naval base from the sea and sushi. The Germans defended the land approach to the port with a special perseverance, which was facilitated by forest arrays and bad weather. The 2nd Guards Army of General P. G. Chanchibadze to overcome the resistance of the enemy could not. Marshal A. M. Vasilevsky introduced the 11th Guards Army into the battle. Defense managed to break through only the third day. In fierce battles for the fortress and port 11th Guards Army on April 25, Pillau took possession. On this East Prussian strategic operation ended. She lasted 103 days and was the longest operation last year wars. In Eastern Prussia, Soviet troops suffered heavy losses. Already by the end of January, in the rifle divisions of the 2nd and 3rd Belarusian fronts, as part of which it was 6-6.5 thousand soldiers and officers to the beginning of the offensive, 2.5-3.5 thousand 5th remained The Guards Tank Army by the end of January consisted of only half of the tanks from the surgery. Even more was lost in the destruction of surrounded groups. Replenishment during the operation almost never received. Moreover, significant forces were transferred to the Berlin direction, which in the 1945 campaign was the main one. The weakening of the 3rd Belarusian front led to protracted and bloody fights in Eastern Prussia. Common losses soviet fronts And from January 13 to April 25, the fleet was huge: 126.5 thousand soldiers and officers died and disappeared, more than 458 thousand soldiers were injured or disposed of disease. The troops lost 3525 tanks and self-propelled artillery plants, 1644 guns and mortars and 1450 combat aircraft. In Eastern Prussia, the Red Army destroyed 25 German divisions, the other 12 divisions lost from 50 to 70% of their composition. Soviet troops captured over 220 thousand soldiers and officers. The trophies were about 15 thousand guns and mortars, 1442 tanks and assault implements, 363 combat aircraft and many other combat equipment. The loss of large forces and an important field of military-economically accelerated the defeat of Germany.
http://www.encyclopaedia-russia.ru/article.php?id\u003d335
Prague Operation 1945
Offensive operation of troops of the 1st, 2nd and 4th Ukrainian fronts May 6-11 to destroy the German fascist group on Czechoslovakia during the Great Patriotic War 1941-45. In early May, the German Army Group "Center" (1st and 4th Tank and 17th Army, Commander, Feldmarshal F. Steirner) and part of the Army of the Austria group (8th) continued in Czechoslovakia and North Austria Army and 6th Tank Army MOP, Commander Colonel-General L. Randulich), just over 900 thousand people, about 10 thousand guns and mortars, over 2,200 tanks and assault guns, about 1000 aircraft. According to the new Government of the Fascist Germany, headed by K. Dönitsa, the Center for the Center "Center" should hold the areas of the Western and Central Czech Republic in order to win the time and ensure the removal of their troops to Z. for subsequent surrender to US troops. The strategic plan of the Soviet Supreme Commands was provided for the application of several powerful blows on the converging directions on Prague in order to surround and dismember the fundamental forces of the enemy Eastern Prague and the prevention of their departure to Z. The defeat of the enemy was rented on the 1st, 2nd and 4th Ukrainian fronts ( Commander, respectively, Marshals of the Soviet Union I. S. Konev, R. Ya. Malinovsky and the army general A. I. Eremenko). The grouping of fronts, except for Soviet troops, included the 2nd Army Army of Polish, 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps, 1st and 4th Romanian army. In total, over 1 million people, more than 23 thousand guns and mortars, about 1800 tanks and self-propelled artillery guns and over 4 thousand aircraft (excluding one army of the 1st Ukrainian Front and Romanian troops). The main blows applied troops of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian fronts along both flanks of the Center for the Center. On May 1-5, a popular uprising began in various areas of Czechoslovakia, on May 5 - in Prague (see National Uprising 1945). On the night of May 6, Prague radio station appealed to the Soviet troops with a request for help. Troops of the main shock grouping of the right wing of the 1st Ukrainian Front: 13th Army (Commander Colonel-General N. P. Pukhov), 3rd Guards Army (Colonel-General V. N. Gordov), 5th Guards Army ( Colonel-General A. S. Zhadov), 3rd Guards Tank Army (Colonel-General Tank General P. S. Rybalko) and the 4th Guards Tank Army (Colonel-General General D. D. Lelyushenko) per day The scheduled time passed on the offensive and to the end of May 7 came to the northern slopes of the ore mountains and the battles were tied for Dresden. In the morning, on May 7, the rest of the armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front and the troops of the 7th Guards Army (the commander of Colonel-General M. S. Shumilov) passed the onset of the 7th Ukrainian Front. The troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front on March 6 and 7 continued an offensive on the Olomouc direction and in cooperation with the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front created a threat to the environment of the German-fascist troops who act east of Olomouc, forcing the enemy to start the overaction of the 1st Tank Army. In this regard, the successful offensive of the troops of the troops was launched (Commander-Colonel-General K. S. Moskalenko) and 1st Guards (Commander-Colonel General A. A. Grechko) Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front. May 8, the offensive continued in all directions. The greatest success was the army of the right wing of the 1st Ukrainian Front. They broke the resistance of the enemy at the turn of the ore mountains, completely occupied Dresden and joined Czechoslovakia. In the 2nd Ukrainian front on May 8, the 6th Guards Tank Army was introduced in the battle (the commander of Colonel-General A. G. Kravchenko), which rapidly developed the offensive on Jijava, moving towards Prague with Y. Troops of the 4th Ukrainian The front was released by Olomouc and fell on Prague from V. On May 8, the German command signed an act of surrender, but the Center for Army "Center" continued resistance. In Prague, the rebels were in a difficult situation. The 3rd and 4th Guards Tank Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front on the night of May 9 made a rapid 80 km of a throw, on the morning of May 9 joined Prague and soon cleared the city from the enemy. On the same day, the initial parts of the 2nd and 4th Ukrainian fronts approached Prague, the main forces of the Center for the Center "Center" were surrounded. Outside the environment, only divisions of the Austria army group remained, which the troops of the left wing of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. The success of the Soviet troops in many ways contributed to the airborne aviation. May 10-11, the main forces of the enemy's troops were captured; Soviet troops entered into contact with the 3rd American army. Czechoslovakia's liberation was completed. The rapid actions of the Soviet troops saved the city and villages of Czechoslovakia from the destruction and atrocities of the German fascist troops, the Czechoslovak people were able to independently decide the fate of their homeland. From the point of view of military art P. Oh. Characteristic to prepare it in short term, Conducting a complex operational rearrangement of troops, using tank armies for the environment and defeat of a large grouping in the conditions of the Mining and Forestry Theater of Military Action and the High Top of the Offensive.
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/BSE/123317/Prazhskaya
Operations of the Great Patriotic War
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Code names of the operation |
Events of operations of the Great Patriotic War |
Commander-in-Chief, Fronts, Army |
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German operations of war |
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Barbarossa |
German Military Company against the USSR. The plan was founded at the simultaneous lightning strike from three sides to Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, and is designed for unpreparedness of the Soviet army. |
three groups of German armies - North, Center, South |
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OST (or East) |
The operation was developed before the start of the war. It was a plan for the development of the occupied territories of Eastern Europe and the USSR after victory in the war, consisted in the purification of territories from the local population (its relocation to other territories or simply liquidation). |
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The German operation, the purpose of which was the seizure and destruction of Moscow. |
September-December 1941 |
background side, Guderian, Strauss, Blizzard, etc. |
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Commissioning input (deception) of the Soviet leadership is that the main goal of the fascist seizure of Moscow, but in fact - the offensive and capture of the Caucasus and the Lower Volga |
Spring 1942. |
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Edelweiss |
Code name of the German Caucasian Capture Operation (Grozny, Baku), the goal of the Caucasus oil fields. |
V.List (army a), background melting, G.Got, background side (army b) and other |
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Citadel |
The plan of the German General Staff, aimed at aligning the position of the army after the start of the root fracture, as a result of which the Kursk arc was formed (the end of 1942 - the beginning of 1943). Cut the Kursk arc attacks from the north and south, and eventually destroy the Soviet troops |
Spring - Summer 1943 |
army North - Bloan Background army South - Von Manstein |
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Winter thunderstorm |
Operation on the withdrawal of the 6th German Army under Stalingrad. Ended in failure. |
group of Army Don - Form Manstein |
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The counteroffensiveness of the Soviet troops during the Stalingrad battle and the defeat of the German troops near Stalingrad. |
Southwest Front - Vatutin Don Front - Rokossovsky Stalingrad Front - Yeremenko |
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Surroundings and destruction of the remains of fascist troops led by Field Marshal Paulus during the Stalingrad battle (divided enemy in half and destroy) |
Commander of the Don Front Rokossovsky |
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A breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad, as a result of the operation managed to create a corridor about 10 km width. |
Leningrad Front - Govorov Volkhov Front - Meretkov |
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The offensive operation of the Soviet troops in Europe, as a result of which Berlin was captured, after which Germany capitulated. |
I.V. Stalin 1st Belorussian Front - Zhukov 2nd Belorussian Front - Rokossovsky 1-y. Ukrainian front - Konev |
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Ten Stalin's strikes
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Ten Stalin's strikes |
Operation |
Commander-in-Chief |
Operations |
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Leningrad-Novgorodskaya |
Leningrad Front - Govorov Volkhov Front - Meretkov Baltic Front - Popov |
The defeat of the Army Group North, the removal of the blockade of Leningrad, the liberation of the Leningrad region |
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Dniprovsko-Karpathian |
1st Ukrainian Front - Vatutin 2nd Ukrainian Front - Konev 4th Ukrainian Front - Tolbukhin |
The defeat of the fascist army (group of south and group a). The liberation of the Right Bank of Ukraine. |
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Odessa |
3rd Ukrainian Front - Malinovsky |
Released cities of Odessa and Nikolaev |
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Crimean |
4th Ukrainian Front - Tolbukhin |
Liberated by the city of Crimea |
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Vyborg-Petrozavodskaya |
Summer 1944. |
Leningrad Front - Govorov Karelian Front - Meretkov |
The Soviet army defeated Finnish troops. FINLAND output from the war. Liberation of Karelia |
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Belarusian operation ("Bagration") |
1st Belorussian Front - Rokossovsky 2nd Belorussian Front - Zakharov 3rd Belorussian Front - Chernyakhovsky 1st Baltic Front - Bagramyan Coordinator of Action 1st and 2nd Belarusian Fronts - Zhukov Coordinator of Action of the 3rd Belorussky and 1st Baltic Fronts - Vasilevsky |
Liberation of Belarus and a significant part of Lithuania and Poland. |
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Lviv Sandomirskaya |
1st Ukrainian Front - Konev 4th Ukrainian Front - Petrov |
As a result of the sixth Stalinist strike, Western Ukraine was liberated. |
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Yaszo-Chishenevskaya |
August 1944. |
3rd Ukrainian Front - Tolbukhin |
The defeat of the German Romanian troops. Liberation of Moldova. Conclusion of Romania and Moldova (allies of Germany). |
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Romanian |
2nd Ukrainian Front - Malinovsky |
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Baltinesian |
Leningrad Front - Govorov 1st Baltic - Bagramyan 2nd Baltic - Yeremeno 3rd Baltic - Maslennikov Red Baltic Fleet - Tributs |
Estonia's liberation, Latvia, Lithuania |
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East Carpathian |
1st Ukrainian Front - Konev 4th Ukrainian Front - Petrov |
Liberation of Yugoslavia and help to Slovak's uprising against the Wehrmacht |
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Belgrade |
Tolbukhin (USSR) Barz Tito and Dapchevich (Slovakia) |
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Petsamo-Kirkenes |
Karelian Front - Meretkov |
Liberation of Norway |
The main operation of the summer campaign of 1944 turned into Belarus. Belorussian offensiveheld on June 23 - August 29, 1944, became of the largest military operations for all humanity. It was called in honor of the Russian commander of the P.I. Bagrationona in honor of the Russian commander. During the "Fifth Stalinsky strike", Soviet troops liberated the territory of Belarus, most of the Lithuanian SSR, as well as Eastern Poland. Wehrmacht made the hardest losses, the German troops were defeated in Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Mogileva, Orsha. Lost Wehrmacht lost east of Minsk 30 divisions, about half a million soldiers and officers killed, missing, wounded and prisoners. The German Army Group Center was defeated, and the North Army Group in the Baltic States dissected.
Situation on the front
By June 1944, the Soviet-German front line in the northeast was published by Vitebsk - Orsha - Mogilyov - Zhlobin. At the same time, in the southern direction, the Red Army achieved great success - all right-bank Ukraine, Crimea, Nikolaev, Odessa was released. Soviet troops came to the USSR state border, Romania's liberation began. Conditions were created to liberate the entire Central and Southeast Europe. However, by the end of the spring of 1944, the offensive of Soviet troops in the south slowed down.
As a result of success in the southern strategic direction, a huge ledge was formed - Wedge, turned deep into the Soviet Union (t. N. "Belarusian balcony"). The northern end of the protrusion relied on Polotsk and Vitebsk, and the South-South River pool. It was necessary to eliminate the "balcony" to eliminate the possibility of the flanking strike of the Wehrmacht. In addition, the German command transferred significant forces to the south, the battles took a protracted character. The rate and general headquarters decided to change the direction of the main strike. In the south, the troops were to regroup the forces, replenish the parts of the live strength and technique, prepare for a new offensive.
The defeat of the Army Center "Center" and the liberation of the BSSR, through which the shortest and most important ways to Poland and large political, military-industrial centers and food databases (Pomerania and Eastern Prussia) were huge military-strategic and political importance. The situation in the entire theater of hostilities in favor of the Soviet Union was fundamentally changed. Success in Belarus best provided our subsequent offensive operations in Poland, Baltic States, Western Ukraine and Romania.
SU-85 column on Lenin Square in the liberated Minsk
Operation plan
In March 1944, the Supreme Commander invited Rokossovsky and reported on the planned major operation, suggested the commander to express his opinion. The operation was called "Bagration", this name suggested Joseph Stalin. According to the plan of betting, the main actions of the 1944 summer campaign should turn around in Belarus. For the operation it was assumed to attract the strength of four fronts: the 1st Baltic, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Belarusian fronts. The Belarusian operation was also attracted to the Dnieper Military Flotilla, long-range aircraft and partisan detachments.
At the end of April, Stalin took the final decision on the summer campaign and the Belarusian operation. Head of Operational Management and Deputy Head of the General Staff Alexei Antonov received an indication to organize work on planning front operations and start focusing troops and material resources. Thus, the 1st Baltic Front under the start of Ivan Baghamyan received the 1st Tank Corps, the 3rd Belarusian Front of Ivan Chernyakhovsky - 11th Guards Army, the 2nd Guards Tank Corps. In addition, in the offensive band of the 3rd Belorussian Front, the 5th Guards Tank Army (reserve rates) was concentrated. On the right flank of the 1st Belorussian front, the 28th Army, the 9th Tank and 1st Guards Tank Corps, the 1st mechanized case and the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps were concentrated.
In addition to Antonov, only a few people, including Vasilevsky and Zhukov, were attracted to the direct development of the Plan of Operation "Bagration". Subscription, negotiations on the phone or telegraph were categorically prohibited. One of the first priorities in the preparation of the Belarusian operation was its secrecy and disinformation of the enemy relative to the planned direction of the main strike. In particular, the Commander of the 3rd Ukrainian Front of the Army General Rodion Malinovsky received an instruction to conduct a demonstrative focus of troops behind the right flank of the front. Similar orders received the commander of the 3rd Baltic Front Colonel-General Ivan Maslennikov.
Alexey Antonov, Deputy Head of the General Staff of the Republic of Redek, Leading Developer of the Belarusian Operation Plan
On May 20, Vasilevsky, Zhukov and Antonova called the bet. The plan of the summer campaign was finally approved. At first, the blow in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Karelian Isthmus was to apply the Leningrad Front (). Then in the second half of June, it was planned to conduct an offensive in Belarus. Wasilevsky and Zhukov answered the coordination of the actions of the four fronts. Vasilevsky was charged with the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belarusian fronts, Zhukov - the 1st and 2nd Belarusian fronts. In early June, they were departed in the location of the troops.
According to the memories of K. K. Rokossovsky, the final plan of the offensive was worked out at the rate of May 22-23. The considerations of the command of the 1st Belarusian front on the offensive of the troops of the left wing of the 1st Belarusian front at the Lublin direction were approved. However, the idea that the troops of the right flank front should apply two main blows at once, was criticized. Members of the bet believed that it was necessary to apply one main blow in the direction of Rogacheva - Osipovichi, so as not to spray forces. Rokossovsky continued to stand on his own. According to the Complete, one blow was necessary to apply from Rogacheva, the other from Ozarich to Slutsk. At the same time, the Bobruisk group of the enemy fell into the "boiler". Rokossovsky knew the terrain well and understood that the movement of the left flank armies in one direction in a very wetrated woodland would lead to the fact that the offensive will stall, the roads will be clogged, the troops of the front will not be able to use all their capabilities, as they will be entered into battle in parts. After making sure that Rokossovsky continues to defend his point of view, Stalin approved the plan of the operation as the headquarters of the 1st Belarusian Front. I must say that the beetles this story Rokossovsky refutes. According to him, the decision on two blows of the 1st Belorussian Front was taken by the bid of May 20.
On May 31, the front commander received the rates directive. The purpose of the operation was covered by two flanking strikes and the destruction of the enemy grouping in the Minsk region. Of particular importance was attached to the defeat of the most powerful flank groups of the enemy, which kept defense in the districts of Vitebsk and Bobruisk. This provided the possibility of a rapid onset of large forces on the converging directions on Minsk. The remaining enemy troops were supposed to discard the area of \u200b\u200baction near Minsk unprofitable for them, cut together to communicate, surround and destroy. The rate plan provided for the application of three strong blows:
The troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian fronts applied in the general direction to Vilnius;
- The forces of the 2nd Belarusian front interacting with the left wing of the 3rd Belorussian front and the right wing of the 1st Belorussian front were in the direction of Mogilev - Minsk;
- Connections of the 1st Belorussian Front fell in the direction of Bobruisk - Baranavichi.
At the first stage of operation, the troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belarusian fronts were to defeat the Vitebsk groupage of the enemy. Then to introduce mobile connections into breakthrough and develop an offensive to West to Vilnius - Kaunas, with the coverage of the left flank of the Borisov-Minsk group of Wehrmacht. The 2nd Belorussian Front was to destroy the Mogilev grouping of the enemy and step on the Minsk direction.
The 1st Belarusian front at the first stage of the offensive was due to the forces of his right flank to destroy the Zhlobin-Bobruisk grouping of the enemy. Then to enter into a breakthrough tank-mechanized compounds and develop the offensive to Slutsk - Baranavichi. Part of the front forces should have been covered from the south and south-west Minsk grouping of the enemy. The left flank of the 1st Belorussian Front has hit the Lublin direction.
It should be noted that initially the Soviet command planned to strike at a depth of up to 300 km, defeat the three German armies and to reach the mounds, Vilnius, Lida, Baranovichi. The tasks for further offensive were raised in mid-July, according to the results of success. At the same time, at the second stage of the Belarusian operation, the results were no longer so shiny.
Fights for Belarus
Preparation of the operation
As Zhukov noted in his memoirs, to ensure the operation of "Bagration" in the troops, it was necessary to direct up to 400 thousand tons of ammunition, 300 thousand tons of fuel and lubricants, up to 500 thousand tons of the province and forage. It was necessary to concentrate in the given areas of the 5th general army, 2 tank and one air army, as well as parts of the 1st Army of the Polish troops. In addition, the fronts were transferred from reserve rates of 6 tank and mechanized buildings, more than 50 rifle and cavalry divisions, more than 210 thousand money replenishment and more than 2.8 thousand guns and mortars. It is clear that all this it was necessary to translate and transport with great precautions, so as not to reveal the opponent's plan of the Grand Operation.
Special attention to disguise and secrecy regime has been given during the immediate preparation of the operation. Fronts switched to the radio mode. At the advanced positions, earthworks were led, which imitated the strengthening of defense. The concentration of troops, their transfer led mostly at night. Soviet aircraft even patrolled the terrain to control measures for compliance with masking measures, etc.
Rokossovsky in his memoirs indicated a large role of intelligence at the forefront and in the rear of the enemy. Command paid special attention to air, military all species and radio visor. Only in the army of the right flank of the 1st Belarusian Front were held more than 400 searches, Soviet intelligence officers seized more than 80 "languages" and important enemy documents.
On June 14-15, the commander of the 1st Belarusian Front conducted classes on the drawing of the upcoming operation in the headquarters of the 65th and 28th armies (the right wing of the front). Representatives of the rate attended the staff game. Commands of buildings and divisions, commander of artillery and chiefs of generic army troops were attracted to the draw. During the classes, the questions of the upcoming occurrence were developed in detail. Special attention was paid to the nature of the locality in the army onset, the organization of the enemy defense and methods of the speedy breakthrough on the road Slutsk - Bobruisk. This made it possible to close the ways to waste the Bobruisk grouping of the 9th Army of the enemy. In the following days, similar classes were held in the 3rd, 48th and 49th armies.
At the same time, a large educational and political preparation of Soviet troops was carried out. The classes worked out fire tasks, tactics and attack techniques, an offensive in cooperation with tank, artillery parts, with the support of aviation. Headquarters, compounds and armies have implemented management and communication issues. Command and observation points have advanced forward, created a system of observation and communication, refined the order of movement and controls of troops during the persecution of the enemy, etc.
Soviet tanks "Valentine IX" are highlighted for combat positions. 5th Guards Tank Army. Summer 1944.
The Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement was provided to the preparation of an offensive operation. There was a close connection of partisan detachments with Soviet troops. Partisans were received from the "Big Earth" with specific tasks, where and when attacking the enemy, which communications to destroy.
It should be noted that by the mid-1944, partisan detachments operated in most of the BSSR. Belorussia was a real partisan edge. In the republic, there were 150 partisan brigades and 49 separate detachments with a total number of army - 143 thousand bayonets (already during the Belarusian operation, almost 200 thousand partisans joined parts of the Red Army). The partisans controlled huge territories, especially in forest-swampy areas. Kurt von Tippelskirm wrote that the 4th Army, which he commanded from the beginning of June 1944, was in a huge wooded-swampy area, which extended to Minsk and this area was controlled by major partisan compounds. German troops have never been able to fully clear this territory for all three years. All crossing and bridges in this hard-to-reach area covered with dense forests were destroyed. As a result, although German troops controlled all major cities and railway junctions, up to 60% of the territory of Belarus was running the Soviet partisans. The Soviet authorities still existed here, the Commander and District Republic of the Communist Union of Youth) worked here. It is clear that the partisan movement could be held only with the support of the "Big Earth", from where experienced personnel moved, and ammunition.
Offensive soviet armies Preceded an unprecedented on-scale attack of partisan compounds. On the night of June 19-20, the partisans began massive actions to defeat the German rear. The partisans destroyed the railway communications of the enemy, exploded the bridges, arranged ambushes on the roads, were out of order of communication. Only on the night of June 20, 40 thousand enemy rails were undermined. Eike Middeldorf noted: "In the central section of the Eastern Front, the Russian partisans produced 10,500 explosions" (Middeldorf Eike. Russian Campaign: Tactics and Armament. - SPb., M., 2000). Partisans were able to implement only part of the conceived, but that was enough to cause a short-term paralysis of the rear of the Center for the Center. As a result, the transfer of German operational reserves was detained for several days. The message on many highways has become possible only during the day and only accompanied by strong convoy.
Forces of the parties. Soviet Union
Four fronts connected 20 total and 2 tank army. Only 166 divisions, 12 tank and mechanized buildings, 7 fortifications and 21 separate brigades. About one fifth of these forces included the operation at the second stage, approximately three weeks after the start of the offensive. At the time of the beginning of the operation, the Soviet troops numbered about 2.4 million soldiers and commanders, 36 thousand guns and mortars, more than 5.2 thousand tanks and SAU and more than 5.3 thousand aircraft.
The 1st Baltic Front of Ivan Baghamyan included in his composition: 4th shock army under the beginning of P. F. Malysheva, 6th Guards Army I. M. Chistyakova, 43rd Army A. P. Beloborodova, 1st tank Corpus V. V. Butkova. From the air the front supported the 3rd air army N. F. Papivina.
The 3rd Belorussian Front of Ivan Chernyakhovsky had in its composition: 39th Army I. I. Lyudnikova, 5th Army N. I. Krylova, 11th Guards Army K. N. Galitsky, 31st Army V. in . Glagoleva, 5th Guards Tank Army P. A. Rothmistrova, 2nd Guards Tank Corps A. S. Burdeyny, ConnOn-mechanized Group N. S. Oslikovsky (its composition included 3rd Guards Cavkorpus and 3rd Guards Mechkorpus). From the air, the front troops supported the 1st air army M. M. Gromov.
The 2nd Belorussian Front George Zakharova included in his composition: 33rd Army V. D. Kryuchenkin, 49th Army I. T. Grishin, 50th Army I. V. Boldin, 4th Air Army K. A . Vershinina.
1st Belorussian Front Konstantin Rokossovsky: 3rd Army A. V. Gorbatova, 48th Army P. L. Romanenko, 65th Army P. I. Batova, 28th Army A. A. Lucinsky, 61- I am Army P. A. Belova, 70th Army V. S. Popova, 47th Army N. I. Guseva, 8th Guards Army V. I. Chuikova, 69th Army V. Ya. Kolpacchi, 2 - I. Bogdanova's tank army. Also, the front was part of the 2nd, 4th and 7th Guards Cavalry Corses, the 9th and 11th tank corps, the 1st Guards Tank Corps, the 1st mechanized case. In addition, Rokossovsky obeyed the 1st Army of the Troops of Polish Z. Berling and the Dnieper Military Flotilla Council Admiral V. V. Grigoriev. The front was supported by the 6th and 16th air armies F. P. Polynina and S. I. Rudenko.
Member of the Military Council of the 1st Belorussian Front Lieutenant General Konstantin Fedorovich Telegin (left) and Commander Front General of the Army Army, Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky at the map in the front command paragraph
Forces Germany
The Soviet troops opposed the center of the Army Center under the start of General Field Marshal Ernst Bush (from June 28 Walter model). The Army Group included: the 3rd tank army under the command of Colonel-General Georg Reinehardt, 4th Army Kurt Von Tippelskirm, 9th Army Hans Jordan (June 27, Nikolas von Foreman), 2nd Army Walter Weiss (Weissa ). The group of army "Center" supported the air fleet of the 6th air fleet and the partially 1st and 4th air fleets. In addition, in the north to the Army Group, the Center adjacent the forces of the 16th armies of the Army Army Group, and in the south - 4th Tank Army of the Army Group Northern Ukraine.
Thus, the German troops numbered 63 divisions and three brigades; 1.2 million soldiers and officers, 9.6 thousand guns and mortars, over 900 tanks and assault implements (according to other data 1330), 1350 combat aircraft. The German armies had a well-developed system of iron and highways, which made it possible to widely maneuver with troops.
German command plans and defense system
The Belorussian Balcony covered the road to Warsaw and then on Berlin. The German group in the transition of the Red Army in the offensive in the North and South directions could from this "balcony" to inflict powerful flank strikes under Soviet troops. The German military command was mistaken at the expense of Moscow plans for a summer campaign. If at the rate pretty well presented the forces of the enemy in the area of \u200b\u200bthe alleged offensive, the German command believed that the Red Army could apply only an auxiliary blow to Belarus. Hitler and the Supreme Commander believed that the Red Army will again go into a decisive offensive in the south, in Ukraine. The main blow was waiting for the Covel area. From there, Soviet troops could cut a "balcony", going to the Baltic Sea and surrounding the main forces of the Center for the Army Center and North and discard the North Ukraine Army Group to the Carpathians. In addition, Adolf Hitler feared for Romania - the oil region of the Ploiesti, which was the main source of "black gold" for the Third Reich. " Kurt Tippelskirm noted: "Groups of Army" Center "and" North "predicted a" calm summer ".
Therefore, there were 11 divisions in the reserves of the Army Army and Army Reserves. Of the 34 tank and motorized divisions that were on the Eastern Front, 24 were concentrated south of Pripyat. Thus, in the Army Group Northern Ukraine, there were 7 tank and 2 tank-grenadier divisions. In addition, they were reinforced with 4 separate battalions of heavy tiger tanks.
In April 1944, the Command of the Center for Army "Center" proposed to reduce the line of the front and take the army to more convenient positions behind the Berezina River. However, the Supreme Command, as before, was offered to take the troops to more convenient positions in Ukraine or to withdraw them from the Crimea, rejected this plan. The Army Group was left in former positions.
German troops occupied well prepared and deeply echelonized (up to 250-270 km) defense. Building defensive frontiers began in 1942-1943, and the final front line was formed during the persistent battle in the spring of 1944. It consisted of two bands and relied on a developed system of field fortifications, resistance nodes - "Fortresses", numerous natural frontiers. So, defensive positions usually took place on the western banks of numerous rivers. Their forcing makes the wide wetlands complicated. A wooded-swampy nature of the area, many reservoirs seriously worsened opportunities for the use of heavy weapons. Polotsk, Vitebsk, Orsha Mogilev, Bobruisk were turned into a "fortress", whose defense was built taking into account the possibility of circular defense. The rear binds took place on the rivers of the Dnieper, to do, Berezina, along Minsk, Slutsk and then west. Local residents were widely attracted to the construction of field fortifications. The weakness of the German defense was that the construction of defensive strips in the depth was not completed.
In general, the "Center" armies group covered the strategic East Prussian and Warsaw directions. Vitebsk direction covered the 3rd tank army, Orsha and Mogilev - 3rd Army, Bobruisk - 9th Army. Along the Pripyat passed the front of the 2nd Army. The German command paid serious attention to replenish the divisions of the living force and technique, trying to bring them to a regular number. Each German division accounted for about 14 km of front. On average, 1 km of Front accounted for 450 soldiers, 32 machine guns, 10 guns and mortars, 1 tank or assault gun. But these are average numbers. They were very different in different parts of the front. So, in the Orsha and Rogachev-Bobruisk directions, defense was stronger and more densely saturated with troops. On a number of other sites that the German command considered less important, defensive orders were significantly less dense.
The 3rd Rangeard Tank Army occupied the east of Polotsk, Bogushevskoe (about 40 km south of Vitebsk), having a front length of 150 km. The army included 11 divisions (8 infantry, two airproof, one guarded), three brigades of assault guns, the Battle group "Von Gottberg", 12 separate regiments (police officers, security, etc.) and other connections. All divisions and two regiments were in the first line of defense. There were 10 regiments in the reserve, they were mainly engaged in the protection of communications and anti-oppartise struggle. The main forces defended the Vitebsk direction. On June 22, the army consisted of more than 165 thousand people, 160 tanks and assault guns, more than 2 thousand field and anti-aircraft guns.
The 4th Army Tippelskirkha occupied the defense from Bogushevsk to Byhkov, having a length of the front in 225 km. It consisted of 10 divisions (7 infantry, one assault, 2 tank-grenaderian - 25th and 18th), brigade of assault guns, 501th heavy tank battalion, 8 separate regiments and other parts. Already during the Soviet offensive, the Tank-Grenadier Division "Feldhernhalla" arrived. The reserve was 8 regiments that performed tasks for the protection of the rear, communications and fighting partisans. The most powerful defense was in the Orsha and Mogilyov directions. On June 22, in the 4th Army there were more than 168 thousand soldiers and officers, about 1,700 field and anti-aircraft guns, 376 tanks and assault implements.
The 9th Army of Jordan defended himself in the strip of south of Byhkov to the Pripyat River, having a front length of 220 km. The army included 12 divisions (11 infantry and one tank - 20th), three separate shelf, 9 battalions (security, sacre, construction). In the first line there were all divisions, the "Brandenburg" regiment and 9 battalions. The main forces were located in the Bobruisk area. There were two regiments in the army reserve. By the beginning of the Soviet offensive, there were more than 175 thousand people, about 2 thousand field and anti-aircraft guns, 140 tanks and assault guns.
The 2nd Army occupied defense in the opening of the River Pripyat. It consisted of 4 divisions (2 infantry, one English and one security), a corps group, a tank-grenaderian team, two cavalry brigades. In addition, the 2nd army was subordinate to Hungarian 3 reserve divisions and one cavalry division. In the reserve of the command of the Army Group there were several divisions, including security and training.
The Soviet command was able to preserve the preparation of a large offensive operation in Belarus to its very beginning. German aviation and radio spreads usually noticed major strengths and made the conclusion about the approach of the offensive. However, this time the preparation of the Red Army was made to the offensive. Secrecy and disguise mode did their job.
Dressed tanks of the 20th division in the area of \u200b\u200bBobruisk (1944)
To be continued…
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Soviet operations
"Uranus"
Operation by defeat German troops near Stalingrad. It was assumed by the South West (General N.F. Vatutin), Donskoy (General K.K. Rokossovsky) and Stalingrad (General A.I. Yeremenko) of the fronts to apply on the converging directions to the Germans for the purpose of their environment in the Volga and Don intercourse And, in the future, complete defeat. Was carried out on November 23 to November 23, 1942 (counteroffensive under Stalingrad).
"Small Saturn" (formerly "Saturn")
The Songonic Offensive Operation, conducted on December 16-30, 1942, during the counter-offering of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad by the forces of the South-Western and left flank of the Voronezh Front. Originally bid supreme Command The offensive operation "Saturn" was planned, but it was concluded that there was not enough forces for this operation. Therefore, the plans of the Soviet command were adjusted - reduced targets and scale of operation. The adjusted plan was called "Small Saturn". The objectives of the operation was the defeat of the enemy who took position on the Middle Don, as well as the subsequent attack on the Rostov-on-Don seized by the German troops.
"Ring"
The Soviet offensive operation made on January 10 - February 2, 1943. The goal was to destroy the German troops surrounded by Stalingrad (6th field and 4th tank German armies under the general command of General F. Paulus). This was planned to reach the dissection of the enemy's grouping into two parts and their liquidation separately. On January 10, a round-the-clock offensive was started, on January 26, the 21st Army I. Chistyakov and the 62nd Army V.I. Chuikov connected in the area of \u200b\u200bMamaeva Kurgan. January 31, 1943 surrendered to South (headed by F. Paulus), February 2 - the Northern Grouping of the Germans.
"Spark"
Operation in breakthrough (not to remove !!! It is very important) Leningrad blockade. It was conducted on January 18, 1943 by the troops of Volkhovsky (General of the Army K.A. Metskov) and Leningrad (General L.A. Govorov) fronts. As a result, Soviet troops were connected in the Sinyavino area and managed to create a "corridor" width of 8-11 km.
"Kutuzov"
An offensive operation, which was the result of the Eagle's liberation on August 5, 1943. Western (Colonel-General V.D. Sokolovsky), Bryansky (Colonel-General M.M. Popov) and Central (Army General K.K. Rokossovsky) Fronts.
"[Commissioner] Rumyantsev"
An offensive operation, the result of which the liberation of Belgorod was the release of Belgorod on August 5 and Kharkov on August 23, 1943, they carried out steppe (General-Polkovik I.S. Konev), Voronezh (General Army N.F. Vatutin) and South West (Colonel-General R. Y. Malinovsky) Fronts.
In honor of the liberation of Eagle and Belgorod on August 5, 1943, the first salute (122 tools 122) was given in Moscow.
"Rail war", "Concert"
Partisan operations in August- September (October) of 1943, with the help of which rail transportation in the rear of the enemy were disorganized for a long time.
"January Thunder" (Krasnoselsko-Ropshin Operation / Neva-2)
Offensive operation of the Soviet troops of the Leningrad Front against the 18th German army, precipitated Leningrad. Part of the Leningrad-Novgorod strategic operation. He was conducted from 14 to 30 January 1944. As a result of the operation, the troops of the Leningrad Front dropped the enemy at a distance of 60- 100 km. from the city they freed the Red Selo, Ropshu, Krasnogvardeisk, Pushkin, Slutsk and, in cooperation with the troops of the Volkhov Front, completely liberated Leningrad from the enemy blockade. This was announced before the final completion of the operation. January 27, 1944
"Bagration"
The offensive of Soviet troops in the summer of 1944, as a result of which not only the whole of Belarus, but also part of Lithuania and Poland was released.
German operations
Barbarossa(Directive number 21)
German attack plan for the USSR. A. Hitler approved on December 18, 1940. Named in honor of the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire FriedrichI. Barbarossa ("Redhead"), which ruled intoXII. in. The plan provided for the maintenance of the "Lightning War" (Blitzkrig) against the USSR on the three main directions - to Leningrad (Army Group North), Moscow (Army Group "Center") and Kiev (Army Group "South"). In a short time with the help, mainly flank tank blows, it was supposed to defeat the main forces of the Red Army and to reach the line Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan.
"OST"("East")
The master plan, designed before the war. Contained a program of colonization and aprilization of territories occupied by the Reich.
"Typhoon"
The German offensive operation, the purpose of which was the seizure of Moscow. Because of the fierce resistance of the Red Army near Smolensk, Leningrad, Kiev, Odessa was not carried out by the beginning of the fall, as was planned by the German command initially. The offensive was started only on September 30, 1941 by the Center for Army Center under the command of General Field Marshal F. von Boca.
"Kremlin"
The German operation on the disinformation of the Soviet political leadership and the military command held in the spring of 1942 to convince that the main goal of the Germans during the spring-summer campaign of 1942 will continue to capture Moscow. In fact, A. Hitler considered the strategic goal of the upcoming campaign a large-scale offensive in the southern direction in order to master the Lower Volga and the Caucasus.
"Winter thunderstorm"("Winter Gevitter")
Operation on the release of the German group surrounded by Stalingrad (6th Army F. Paulus). He was held by the Commander of the Army Group "Don" General-Field Marshal E. Von Manstein 12-19 (20) December 1942, ended in failure. However, the manstein managed to achieve an exit from the environment of a significant part of the 4th tank army and prevent the Soviet troops of Rostov-on-Don in January 1943, which could put the entire group of army "A", acting in the Caucasus in the hardest position.
"Citadel"
German offensive operation in the Kursk Arc area. In February 1943, as a result of the offensive of the Soviet troops of the Voronezh Front, 3 army of the enemy were broken on the top Don, and a Kursk arc was formed, deeply inclusted into German positions. The "Citadel" surgery plan provided to "cut" the Kursk arc strikes by the German troops from the north (Army Group "Center" General-Field Marshal, G. Von Kulia) and from the South (Army Group "South" General Field Marshal E. von Manstein), surround Soviet troops and destroy them.
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Operations of the Great Patriotic War
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Code names of the operation |
Events of operations of the Great Patriotic War |
Commander-in-Chief, Fronts, Army |
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German operations of war |
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Barbarossa |
German Military Company against the USSR. The plan was founded at the simultaneous lightning strike from three sides to Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, and is designed for unpreparedness of the Soviet army. |
three groups of German armies - North, Center, South |
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OST (or East) |
The operation was developed before the start of the war. It was a plan for the development of the occupied territories of Eastern Europe and the USSR after victory in the war, consisted in the purification of territories from the local population (its relocation to other territories or simply liquidation). |
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The German operation, the purpose of which was the seizure and destruction of Moscow. |
September-December 1941 |
background side, Guderian, Strauss, Blizzard, etc. |
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Commissioning input (deception) of the Soviet leadership is that the main goal of the fascist seizure of Moscow, but in fact - the offensive and capture of the Caucasus and the Lower Volga |
Spring 1942. |
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Edelweiss |
Code name of the German Caucasian Capture Operation (Grozny, Baku), the goal of the Caucasus oil fields. |
V.List (army a), background melting, G.Got, background side (army b) and other |
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Citadel |
The plan of the German General Staff, aimed at aligning the position of the army after the start of the root fracture, as a result of which the Kursk arc was formed (the end of 1942 - the beginning of 1943). Cut the Kursk arc attacks from the north and south, and eventually destroy the Soviet troops |
Spring - Summer 1943 |
army North - Bloan Background army South - Von Manstein |
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Winter thunderstorm |
Operation on the withdrawal of the 6th German Army under Stalingrad. Ended in failure. |
group of Army Don - Form Manstein |
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The counteroffensiveness of the Soviet troops during the Stalingrad battle and the defeat of the German troops near Stalingrad. |
Southwest Front - Vatutin Don Front - Rokossovsky Stalingrad Front - Yeremenko |
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Surroundings and destruction of the remains of fascist troops led by Field Marshal Paulus during the Stalingrad battle (divided enemy in half and destroy) |
Commander of the Don Front Rokossovsky |
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A breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad, as a result of the operation managed to create a corridor about 10 km width. |
Leningrad Front - Govorov Volkhov Front - Meretkov |
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The offensive operation of the Soviet troops in Europe, as a result of which Berlin was captured, after which Germany capitulated. |
I.V. Stalin 1st Belorussian Front - Zhukov 2nd Belorussian Front - Rokossovsky 1st Ukrainian Front - Konev |
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Ten Stalin's strikes
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Ten Stalin's strikes |
Operation |
Commander-in-Chief |
Operations |
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Leningrad-Novgorodskaya |
Leningrad Front - Govorov Volkhov Front - Meretkov Baltic Front - Popov |
The defeat of the Army Group North, the removal of the blockade of Leningrad, the liberation of the Leningrad region |
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Dniprovsko-Karpathian |
1st Ukrainian Front - Vatutin 2nd Ukrainian Front - Konev 4th Ukrainian Front - Tolbukhin |
The defeat of the fascist army (group of south and group a). The liberation of the Right Bank of Ukraine. |
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Odessa |
3rd Ukrainian Front - Malinovsky |
Released cities of Odessa and Nikolaev |
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Crimean |
4th Ukrainian Front - Tolbukhin |
Liberated by the city of Crimea |
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Vyborg-Petrozavodskaya |
Summer 1944. |
Leningrad Front - Govorov Karelian Front - Meretkov |
The Soviet army defeated Finnish troops. FINLAND output from the war. Liberation of Karelia |
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Belarusian operation ("Bagration") |
1st Belorussian Front - Rokossovsky 2nd Belorussian Front - Zakharov 3rd Belorussian Front - Chernyakhovsky 1st Baltic Front - Bagramyan Coordinator of Action 1st and 2nd Belarusian Fronts - Zhukov Coordinator of Action of the 3rd Belorussky and 1st Baltic Fronts - Vasilevsky |
Liberation of Belarus and a significant part of Lithuania and Poland. |
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Lviv Sandomirskaya |
1st Ukrainian Front - Konev 4th Ukrainian Front - Petrov |
As a result of the sixth Stalinist strike, Western Ukraine was liberated. |
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Yaszo-Chishenevskaya |
August 1944. |
3rd Ukrainian Front - Tolbukhin |
The defeat of the German Romanian troops. Liberation of Moldova. Conclusion of Romania and Moldova (allies of Germany). |
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Romanian |
2nd Ukrainian Front - Malinovsky |
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Baltinesian |
Leningrad Front - Govorov 1st Baltic - Bagramyan 2nd Baltic - Yeremeno 3rd Baltic - Maslennikov Red Baltic Fleet - Tributs |
Estonia's liberation, Latvia, Lithuania |
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East Carpathian |
1st Ukrainian Front - Konev 4th Ukrainian Front - Petrov |
Liberation of Yugoslavia and help to Slovak's uprising against the Wehrmacht |
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Belgrade |
Tolbukhin (USSR) Barz Tito and Dapchevich (Slovakia) |
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Petsamo-Kirkenes |
Karelian Front - Meretkov |
Liberation of Norway |
