Strengthening royal power in France at the beginning of the XIV century. Strengthening royal power strengthening the power of the king in France
Questions at the beginning of the paragraph
Question. In what centuries in England and France, estate and representative institutions have been formed? What reasons contributed to their creation? What is the impact of these institutions on the political life of states, to the position of the estate?
Consignment institutions were formed in England in the second half of the XIII century. (In 1265, Simon de Montfort convened the first unicameral parliament, and C 1295, Edward I began to regularly convene parliament), and in France at the beginning of the XIV century. (In 1302, general states are convened). The cause in England was the struggle of the king and barons, the latter fought for the preservation of their liberties, and the king was required by the body, which would approve the introduction of new taxes. In France, the king also needed additional money, whose collecting harvest was required by the harmony. These organs, to a certain extent, limited the power of the king, forced him to listen to the opinion of the estates, primarily the highest.
Questions in paragraph
Question. Find on the engravings and name the attributes of the royal power.
Crown, Scepter, Power, Sword
Questions by the end of the paragraph
Question 1. Write the terms: a) characterizing political power; b) denoting various state authorities.
A) Absolitism - the form of the board at which the unlimited power belongs to the monarch. Mantilism - Economic Policy
B) Parliament, general states, Cortesa - representative authorities; The Council of the North, the Wales Council - the territorial bodies of state authorities who managed individual territories; Secret Council - the central administrative and executive body, which determined the internal and foreign policy; Star Chamber - judicial authority
Question 2. Record the basic signs of absolute royal power in the notebook.
Large feudal losses lost independence (knightly detachments are dissolved, the castles of the aristocracy are broken);
Limited liberty of large cities;
Separate territories of the kingdom lost independence (for example: Duchy Normandy and Burgundy in France, northern counties in England);
The king manages the entire territory of the country with the help of officials and the appointment of territorial authorities (for example, the Council of the North in England);
The role of representative bodies (parliament, the general assembly are collected less often, for example, Elizavet I only 13 times collected parliament over 45 years of its reign);
The idea that the power of the king comes from God, so it cannot be limited to anything: the monarch was considered the governor of Christ on Earth;
The judiciary was concentrated in the royal courts.
Question 3. As in the conditions of absolutism, army, tax and economic policy were organized?
Army. The kings, striving for unlimited power, dismissed the feudal detachments of the knights and created a regular hired army.
Taxes. Taxes were divided into two types: straight (tax on land and property and submail) and indirect (for salt). Taxes paid all except the highest estates.
Economy. In the new time, the economy dominated the teachings of mercantilism, which proceeded from the fact that the basis of wealth is the abundance of valuable metals, so the state has tried in every way to support trade according to the principle: exporting goods more than importing goods
Tasks for paragraph
Question 1. Prepare the oral story "King and Parliament" using the text of the paragraph, additional literature and Internet resources.
Parliaments arose still in the era of high Middle Ages. Parliaments expressed the opinion of all classes on the most important issues of the kingdom, primarily on tax issues. For example, in England, the king could not introduce new taxes without encouraging parliament. Kings guaranteed the rights and privileges of parliaments. But as the royal power gained, the monarchs began to be in terms of status representatives. Kings who have increasingly focused power in their hands, sought to get rid of parliaments or reduce their role in the life of the kingdom. But the kings could not immediately stop the centuries-old tradition. Therefore, in England, Tudoras in the XVI showed diplomacy and continued to convene the parliament, but more and less often. In the XVII century The new stewart dynasty tried to greatly free themselves from the influence of the Parliament: the kings did not even conceal their opinion on the rights of parliament, which could not limit the Divine Right of the King in the Office of the country. In France, the kings managed to terminate the regular convocation of general states from 1614 to 1789.
Question 2. Explain what methods, absolute monarchs monitored the local and judicial authorities.
Control over the local and judicial authorities was carried out by transferring functions by royal courts and officials. It undermined and weakened the power of local feudal. To combat rebellious, the central bodies were created, such as the Star Chamber in England, which was followed by the exercise of justice.
Question 3. What is the role in strengthening the royal power played religion?
Religion made it possible to justify the divine origin of the monarch's power, to inspire the idea that the king is the anointed of God. The church played an important role in the life of a person of that time, so the monarchs used church authority to strengthen their power. For example, during church services, priests prayed for the health and well-being of the monarch.
Question 4. Come up and depict the emblem of absolute royal power. Prepare an electronic presentation of your work.
You can take an image of a lion that symbolizes strength and greatness. It is not by chance that the lion is considered to be king among the beasts.
Features of the system due to the conquest of the military-political dominance of the central government determined the formation of new powers of the crown, significant strengthening the state position of royal power.
In addition to the powers from the Anglo-Saxon ancient monarchy for land awards (now already free from the consent of Witanov) and legislation, Norman kings during the XI - XII centuries. consolidated significant new rights. The king became the carrier of the highest military power: the militia-militia was on the position of the squad of the king, he solely determined the convening time and the number of militia; In this regard, the ancient rights of the warlord of the Anglo-Saxon kings were also revived on a new basis. The judicial rule of the king was established - not only in the form of rights to his own royal court, but also on the definition of all judges in the kingdom, to revise the decisions of the lower ships, even related to communal traditions. The administrative and police rulery of the crown became particularly significant: the authorities conducted a mandatory census-revision of the land and the population, prohibited or limited the movement of the population for this purpose, on behalf of the crown, the offenders were taken to the lead, which freed them temporarily or for all of responsibility, representatives of the king began to make compulsory Participation in the investigation of crimes in the field, and from the XIII century. Investigative commissions were operating under the top of the Vice-Count (appointed by the king of the Commissioner). The financial rights of the crown appeared as a state-owned organizer: Normans introduced direct taxes, the king had the right to special fees from their vassals, the right to redeem from military service, for customs fees; The additional income of the crown provided receipts from the royal domains and from the national forests (this was also recognized as the royal prerogative), from the coin chasing. Finally, there was dominance over the church (in place of the previous patronage of Anglo-Saxon times): the kings argued the church decisions, the land tenure of the church was transmitted only as the royal awards from which the clergy had to bear military service and other means.
At the first Norman kings were revived feudal assemblies(Whitanov's gatherings), however, they became irregular and more numerous (at one of the assembly of the XI century. There were all the landowners of England - up to 60 thousand people), the importance for power was small. Of incomparably a big role began to play royal Poult(Curia Regis). There was a true center of military, judicial, police, financial and church supremacy in the country, despite the fact that his institutionalization was still weak. The yard existed both as a collection of the approximate king of vassals, as the court conventions (it was believed that the laws of the country can change only with the consent of the country's representatives); From the XII century. The overall Council of the King in the composition of the 20th - 36 of its closest servants and governors is operating. The yard to the middle of the XII century. became the administrative central authority of the country. The only stable establishment in its composition was only the treasury of two compartments: counting and reception. There was a treasury in a special hall of the Westminster Palace. He was headed by a constant treasurer, at the disposal of which were professional officials. At the courtyard, special judicial commissions acted, where the royal justice was peaked. Finally, from the instructions of the Persons of the Royal Court, special functions of management were gradually developed - at the same time palace and nationwide. Among such persons, the first place belonged to the general governor, or Justiciary of all England. The courts were made by Sene and Majord, and other court ranks and ranks arose. The royal economy was ruled by Lord 1st Camger. Command with a permanent part of the troops were awarded with a penny; In addition, there was a title of Marshal England. Diplomatic and special administrative cases were led by the Chancellor - usually from the number of spiritual persons. Other officials or institutions or institutions have disappeared and disappeared (for example, the Chamber of Chess Board in the XII century. To collect income), whose administrative authority also flowed out mainly from the domal rights of the king. Many posts and institutions led their origin from the Frankish monarchy and the Norman Duchy. The central government was subject to local government. The position of Eldorman (Earla) turned into a supreme governance or military rank. The main severity of control in the field (in counties) passed to the vice-graph, or sherif; He was both the Military Manager of the King, and the Chairman of the Local Justice, and a police officer, and managers of domain ownership.
Heinrich II reforms.
The increase in the importance of royal power, and at the same time centralized state court and management, contributed to the transformation taken during the reign of the king Heinrich II (1154 - 1189). A whole series of reforms of the attached monarchy has a special appearance other than the same institutes of continental Europe.
At the beginning of his reign, Heinrich II, relying on the support of cities, small knights and free holders, suppressed numerous intercruises of magnates; Many detachments of large landowners were dissolved, their castles were broken. The king dismissed most sheriffs belonging to the local nobility, assigning their own promoters. Ensuring the independence of the crown from feudal friendlings and militia has become the main motive of military reform, which ended with the publication of a special law (Assizi) "On Arms" (1181). The basis of the military organization was the militia of all free people (and not only lennikov-feudal), who had relevant land possessions. Call into the militia of non-free, and therefore having a weapon, it is strictly prohibited. All townspeople and free land holders were obliged to have a special, albeit simple weapons; Having landed knights or the appropriate income and property had to acquire rider weapons or heavy protecting weapons. This military equipment was forbidden to sell, it became like inalienable hereditary property. On large feudalists, it was obliged to exhibit armed warriors, respectively, the number of "knightly feuds" in his possessions. Unwilling to personally serve could bother with special tax - "shield money". The king thus obtained a significant financial source for the formation of permanent hired troops. Feodals turned into ordinary land owners without specific rights and obligations, and quantitatively the main force of the militia began to make citizens and small holders, led by knitting in military training, but more related to the king.
In the course of the church reform, enshrined in the Clarendon Constitutions (1164), the royal authority tried to legally consolidate the rule of crown over the church. The replacement of vacant church posts should have been under the control of the royal yard as a result of elections from several candidates, the final approval belonged to the king. Spiritual persons who have received awards from the crown partially lost their immunity: they were obliged to carry all durability from possessions, responded to the Royal Court and the Administration for all cases related to these possessions. The king declared himself a supreme judge on the affairs of church courts, without his consent, the bishops could not leave anyone from the church. The spiritual qualities themselves were to be unquestioned to the King's court. The constitution was in a large extent contradicted to the dogmas of the Church. The head of the English Church Thomas Beckett, Archbishop Canterbury, spoke against them. And although at the direction of Heinrich, the opposition of the Church and the support of Pope of Rome significantly reduced the state results of the reform.
A judicial reform conducted by Heinrich II formed the Institute of Royal Judges (see § 35), the area of \u200b\u200bspecial royal jurisdiction and secured the right to appeal to the Royal Court of Decisions of Local Communities. It also contributed to the strengthening of the centralizing role of royal power.
In the second half of the XII century, including starting the need for free land possessions, the British kingdom began a slow, stretched in the century, conquering neighboring Ireland. In the conquered clans, the lands were selected, which were then redistributed to private knights. The beginning of the seizure of Ireland significantly expanded the territory of the then English state, which traditionally entered the Duchy of Northern France.
Royal strengthening
authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries.
Absolutism in Europe
Lesson plan
Absolutism
One king - one country
Restriction of the role of organs of the class representative office
Centralization of state
1. Education of centralized states
At the beginning of the new time, large states arise in Europe.
What is the difference from the Middle Ages?
England
France
Spain
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russian state
1. Absolutism
"Born subjects should obey" - the meaning of absolutism. Absolutism is the form of the board, in which the Supreme Power is unlimited belonging to one person - a monarch.
Absolutism consisted at the end of the XV - XVI centuries.
Creation of a national department of management, a constant professional army, a state tax system, a single state legislation and an administrative device, a unified state economic policy, etc.
2. One king - one country
What does this statement mean?
2. One king - one country
After the end of the century war in France, the old provinces rights (Normandy, Burgundy, etc.) were eliminated, they lost their independence and switched to the power of the king. In England, the king subordinate to his power remote northern counties and Wales (created the Council of the North and the Wales Council).
To prevent the start of new feudal gravestics, the lands were selected, destroyed the castles, destroyed the castles, destroyed the castles, destroyed the castles. Restrictions on freedoms touched and cities defended their old rights.
2. One king - one country
During the absolutolism, the authorities of the Cost of Corps (English Parliament, Spanish Cortesians, French General States) lose their meaning. Kings strive to get rid of their influence.
For 37 years of the Board of Henry VIII, the Parliament was going only 21 times, and in 45 years of reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings could not get rid of the parliament, but significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.
3. Restriction of the role of organs of the Clarification
Having joined the English throne after Elizabeth Yakov I Stewart (1603-1625), during the whole of his reign, fought with parliament, in every way limiting his role.
Yakov I believed that Parliament harms the state of government. In his speech turned to parliament in 1604. The king said that he was a full owner of the whole country: "I am the head, and my island, I am a shepherd, and the island is my flock."
Yakov I Stewart
Slide number 10.
3. Restriction of the role of organs of the Clarification
In France, the absolute monarchy began to develop to the XVI century. King Francis I Valua (1515-1547) solely accepted all the most important decisions, he wrote on his decrees: "For it is so pleased." The general states in France did not turn into a permanent body, and were collected only in the event of a lot of need to solve the king. From 1614 to 1789, general states were not going to once.
Francis I Valua
Slide number 11.
4. Centralization of state
In England, the central administrative and executive body was the Secret Council, whose members were appointed by the king. In France, at King, the Council considered the government, but his members were also appointed by the king and fulfilled his will. The members of this government were the princes of blood, high spiritual ranks, financiers, lawyers, but the country was the personal rule of the king.
French
General States
in 1614
Slide number 12.
4. Centralization of state
In England, most of the court cases conducted two royal courts. For justice and rebellious, the Star Chamber watched. In places there were elected world judges (from the old aristocracy and the new nobility), but they were elected under the control of the government and the Secret Council.
English lawyer 16 in.
Slide number 13.
4. Centralization of state
In France, the restriction of royal authorities was the highest judicial authorities in the provinces - parliaments. They could appeal the judicial and government decisions. Kings are acute conflicted with parliaments. King Louis XIV in the dispute with the Paris Parliament said: "The state is me!"
Louis Xiv.
Slide number 14.
4. Centralization of state
The Office of the country and in England and in France carried out officials. Positions of officials were inherited, bought. Personal advantages did not play roles - it was important to have money. Most officials did not receive fees from the state, but lived at the expense of the population (gifts, offerings, bribes).
Slide №15
2. Monarchy and nobility
In emerging centralized states, this principle does not suit monarchs. They strive for complete submission of all civilians of society.
To this end, the feudalists are gradually deprived of their privileges and influences. Kings take to the service of the nobles (a new estate whose position depends entirely on its service to the king)
Old Aristocracy - Feudal (Duke, Graphs, Barons, Marquises, Barons) in every way oppose these attempts.
Slide number 16.
3. Absolitism
Monarchs strive for the highest possible centralization of management, focusing all the governments in their hands - an absolute monarchy.
Slide number 17.
3. Absolitism
To justify the claims of the king, the theory of royal sovereignty King is not shared with anyone with his powers and authorities.
The king connects in his hands all branches of power Executive legislative administrative court solved all the main issues of internal and foreign policy
King Sun.
Slide №18.
3. "Bureaucratic" monarchy
Open page79 and read the section "Bureaucratic" monarchy »
1. What is bureaucracy? What functions does it perform?
2. Why did the kings forced to endure the stubbornness and the Volokut of government officials?
3. What result led to the strengthening of the bureaucratic apparatus in France?
Slide №19
4. Aristocratic opposition
Heinrich Navarre
The sample of absolutism was France. Heinrich IV restored the religious world, speaking as a supreme judge.
In 1610, he was killed by religious fanatic. Power went into the hands of Mary Medici. Catholics aristocrats demanded to restore all their privileges. Began "Smoot", which lasted 10 years.
Sections: History and social studies
Objectives of the lesson: to summarize the prerequisites for the transition to the absolute monarchy, reveal its characteristic features on the example of France and England; develop the ability to analyze historical phenomena, establish links between them; show the attitude of the absolute monarchy to their people.
Type of lesson: Studying a new material.
New terms: Absolutism, estate representative.
Lesson plan
- work with documents;
- wordwork.
- heuristic conversation;
- output.
- work with textbook text;
- circuit drawing;
- comparison and output.
(Teacher's story).
- work with the textbook;
- computer response plan.
VII. Homework p. 3, tutorial "New story. 1500-1800. Author A.Ya.Yudovskaya. Table "The value of the establishment of absolutism" for:
- states; 2) personality.
I. Today, we will get acquainted with the Western Europe characteristic of a number of countries, the period of early new time form of the feudal state - absolute monarchy or absolutism.
Consider and compare the emergence of absolutism and royal power in the XVI -XVII centuries. In England and in France. It was in these states that he manifested himself brighter.
Record the topic of the lesson.
II. Determination of the concept of "absolutism".
What is absolutism or absolute monarchy? To find out this to turn to historical documents. (Attachment 1)
Task: 1) "What is we talking about?"
"What is absolutism?"
2) lead passages, which refers to the establishment of the absolute power of the king.
Conclusion: Absolutism-power of one person in the state.
What do they write about absolute power in the dictionary? (Work with dictionaries)
Recording in notebooks for the definition of "absolutism".
Absolutism is the form of government by the state, in which the supreme power is unlimited belonging to one person - the monarch and is inherited.
III. The consequences of absolutism.
Questions for conversation:
1) What do you think, what will be the position of the feudal nobility in absolutism? Do they preserve their independence? Why?
2) Absolutism and internecine wars, is it possible to coexist? Why?
3) How do you think there should be a monarch in the era of absolutism to the current authorities? Why?
Summary of students' responses and an additional teacher's story.
Indeed, with absolutism, the accession of the outskirts of the territories continues and attempts to preserve their independence are stopped.
So, for example, in France, the province of Normandy and Burgundy were subordinate to the royal authority.
In England, Heinrich Viii Tordor deprived independence and subjugated London Northern counties and Wales.
In order to prevent the repetition of the bloody events of such war, scarlet and white roses, English kings dissolved feudal troops, equalized with the ground of the castles of rebellious feudal.
Standing monarchical authorities always sought to get rid of the estate and representative bodies.
Pupils are concluded with a subsequent record in the notebook.
"The consequences of strengthening royal power in the XVI-XVII centuries.":
- The independence of feudal nobility is eliminated.
- Internecine wars stop.
- The activities of the estate-representative bodies are limited.
IV. Authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries. In England and in France and their functions.
Consider the authorities in England and in France existed in the XVI - XVII centuries. (Figure 1, Figure 2)
Pictures in the form of schemes for convenience of comparison.
- - The class is divided into 2groups: "England" and "France";
- "British" - work on pages 24-27;
- work with the text of the textbook;
- compilation of the scheme;
- Record to the notebook.
"French" - work on pages 28-29.
Figure 1. Authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries. In England and their functions.
Figure 2. Authorities in the XVI-XVII centuries. In France and their functions.
Compare and conclude.
- In which state, the king's power was stronger. Why?
Conclusion: France.
COMPARISON:
- Parliament and general states:
a) powers;
b) when convened and as convened;
2) Secret Council - Council (government).
3) the judicial authorities of England and France;
4) Local Power:
a) as chosen;
b) powers.
Outcome: According to schemes, you see that the royal power is over all authorities: executive, legislative, judicial, and in France, even the legislative power was in the hands of the king.
In managing the state, the monarchs relied on the army, the police, officials.
V. Monarch - Anointed God.
In the XVI century, the teachings justify the need for absolutism begin to develop.
The power of the king was proclaimed divine by origin. Religious teachings were erected by secular. The XVI-XVII centuries in France was already developed by the science of the state and the right, where the main position was the provision that the Supreme Legislative Power focused in the hands of the monarch.
In the XVI - XVII centuries, the cult of the king was strongly developed. About the life of the royal yard, the court service in Versailles, in France, read on your own in the textbook ("Etiquette at the court of Louis XIV", p. 30).
Vi. Absolutism and personality.
We considered absolutism from the point of view of the state whose interests he defended. And whether absolutism defended the interests of people, personality in the state.
Working with textbook text, page 27.
We answer the question 4, page 30. Will the strengthening of absolutism contributed to the strengthening of human rights in society?
VII. Home task clause 3, table "The value of the establishment of absolutism" for:
- states; 2) personality.
VIII. Outcome: findings of students and teachers; Estimation.
The basis of the centralized state in England laid the Nor-Mandy conquest. Wilhelm Conqueror confiscated land from a large part of the Anglo-Saxon nobility and handed it in the quality of the feuds to his associates. But their lands were not compact possessions, but were scattered around the country. In addition, all the feudalles, both large and small, were declared straight vassals of the king and had to bring him ommage. The king retained the huge domal possessions, which co-set near the seventh part of all the processed lands in the country. The whole territory of the state was controlled by the king through sheriffs, royal officials who had mainly ad-ministerial and fiscal authority (powers of tax tax).
Further strengthening of the royal power in England was associated with the reforms of the King Heinrich II. As a result of military reform, the rassal service of the King's vassals for his feud was replaced by "billboards", which gave the opportunity to kill the hired from-ranks, who obviously obscure him. The judicial reform is raised by the powers of the Royal Court: the conntion judges of the king could conduct criminal offenses, and cases related to land tenure could be considered at a certain fee in the Royal Court with the participation of jury. According to forest reform, all forests in England were announced by the property of the king.
Thus, by the end of the XII century. In England, the main features of the centralized state were formed.
Royal Power in the Dynasty of Cappets
In France, the royal power in the X century. It was extremely weak. In the next year in the 987th of the last representative of the Karroling Dynasty of Louis Vazhivoy V Lazbogo French Know the new king of France of the Count of Paris Gogo Kappet, which became the founder of the ni-french royal dynasty - Cappets. However, in fact, he was obeyed only the royal domain, located between Paris and Orleans (Il de France). But even on the territory of the domain, there were possessions of small vassals of the king, which behaved very independently and often showed their disobedience to King.
However, compared to its vassals, even the most modest, the king had a number of significant advantages. He was a tiny, because of which he had the right to confiscate the feud when he was fulfilled by the holder of his vassal obligations, the benefit of the feudal possession, as well as the right to connect to his domain aeodes remaining without heirs. To expand its domination lands, the capetings were actively used and marriage politics: they sought to marry their sons on the heirs of major feudal possessions. The king, having passed the rite of coronation, became sovereign, that is, rule-lem, towering over the entire feudal system, since his power was consecrated by Divine Will.
Rite coronation
Cappeting, starting with the second representative of this dynasty Robert II pious (996-1081), developed difficult, before the details, a thoughtful coronation rite, aimed at the damage of the sacred nature of their power. They were crowned only in Reims, the city where the baptism of Claudwig accepted, and the Holy Oil - Miro - for the coronation was taken from a special flask, who was obsessive, according to legend, from heaven with a dove during the baptism of Clodvi-hectare. Therefore, the rite of anointing to the kingdom gave a core-li in the eyes of the people special qualities that distinguish him from ordinary mortals. So, according to legend, the king of his hands could heal dangerous diseases, an example of gold.
Strengthening royal power in the XII-XV centuries
Skillfully using all its advantages, French kings, starting with Louis Vi Tolstoy(1108-1137), steadily strengthened their power and to the beginning of the XIV century. brought it to a completely new uro-vent.
With Philip II (1180-1223), the position of judge (BALI) was introduced, which had investigative powers on the territory of the royal domain.
For Louis IX Holy (1226-127. Since that time, Ballee was carried out on behalf of Ko-Roli's legal proceedings, taxes were collected and followed the execution of royal decrees. Louis IX Saint introduced a single monetary system on the territory of the domain. Material from site.
By the time of board Philip IV. Kra-Savogo (1285-1314) The domain territory was three fourth kingdoms. At this time, the Counselors of the King put forward the idea that the Emperor is in his kingdom, that is, his power is not limited to any custom, and his will has the power of the law.
The victory in the century war even more strengthened the power of the king in France: everyone taken from the English king of the land included in the Koro-Levsky domain, and the national self-consciousness originated in France during the years of age-old confrontation with England, make a king with a symbol of national unity.
For Louis XI(1461-1483) and Carla VIII. (1483-1498) The unification of France ended.
