Mitochondria Lizosomes Table Lisosomes. The structure and functions of mitochondria, plastic and lysosomes
| Name | Building and features | F-I. |
| 1.Eps. | Interconnected cavities, tubes and channels. Distribute: a) smooth; b) rough has ribosomes | Divides cytoplasm on isolated space a) synthesis of lipids and carbon b) protein synthesis |
| 2. Golgi equipment | This is a strob out of 5-20 secured disk cavities | 1. Conduction of the thing - in 2.Transportation of the thing-in 3.Transformation of the broadcast of the Lizosoma |
| 3.Lizosomes | Bubbles containing enzymes | Digest the material parts of the cells, cells themselves |
| 4.Mitomandria | Have an outer membrane-smooth, and the internal forms folds (crosses). Enume your own DNA, capable of dividing | Synthesis ATF. |
| 5.Plastides a) chloroplast | Have their own DNA outdoor membrane-smooth. The inner membrane-forms flat bubbles (tilokoids), which are assembled in the grazing (cranes). Suitable pigment chlorophyll. Mogut turn into chromoplasts. | photosynthesis |
| B) chromoplasts | Contain carateinoids (colored pigments) | Give color and fruits |
| C) leukoplasts | Colorless, can turn into chloroplasts | The accumulation of nutrient-in |
| 6.Ribosomes | The smallest structures in the cell consist of protein and RNA | Synthesis protein |
| Cell cycle | Are in prison kernel, consists of two centrioles perpendicular to each other | Takes part in cell division |
| Motion organides | Cilia, Flasks | Carry out various types of movement |
Types of mutations: gene, genomic, chromosomal.
Mutations are changes in cell DNA. Occur under the action of ultraviolet, radiation (x-rays), etc. Inherited, serve material for natural selection. Differences from modifications
Gene mutations - a change in the structure of one gene. This change in the nucleotide sequence: loss, insert, replacement, etc. For example, replacement A T. Causes - DNA doubling (replication) disorders. Examples: Sickle-cell anemia, phenylketonuria.
Chromosomal mutations - a change in the structure of chromosomes: the loss of the site, doubling the site, rotation of the section 180 degrees, the transfer of the site to another (non-homologous) chromosome, etc. Causes - Violations in Cross Hopera. Example: Cat Creek Syndrome.
Genomic mutations - change in the number of chromosomes. Causes - disorders during chromosomes.
Polyploidy - multiple changes (several times, for example, 12 → 24). In animals does not occur, in plants leads to an increase in size.
Aneuploidy - changes for one or two chromosomes. For example, one excess twenty-first chromosome leads to Down syndrome (with the total number of chromosomes - 47).
The structure and functions of the cell nucleus. Chromatin. Chromosome. Kariotic and its species specificity. Somatic and sex cells. Diploid and haploid set of chromosomes. Homologous and non-homologous chromosomes.
The kernel is in any eukaryotic cell. The kernel may be one, or there may be several cores in the cell (depending on its activity and function).
The cell core consists of a shell, nuclear juice, nucleoline and chromatin. The nuclear shell consists of two membranes separated by perinuclear (near-near) space, between which the liquid is located. The main functions of the nuclear shell: the separation of genetic material (chromosome) from the cytoplasm, as well as the regulation of bilateral relationship between the core and the cytoplasm.
The nuclear shell permeates the pores that have a diameter of about 90 nm. The pore area (pore complex) has a complex structure (this indicates the complexity of the mechanism for regulating the relationship between the core and the cytoplasm). The number of pores depends on the functional activity of the cell: how it is higher, the more pores (in immature cells of pores more).
The basis of the nuclear juice (matrix, nucleoplasm) is proteins. The juice forms the inner medium of the nucleus, plays an important role in the work of the genetic material of cells. Proteins: nichly or fibrillar (reference function), heteroantore RNA (primary transcription products of genetic information) and mRNA (processing result).
Yazryshko is a structure where the formation and ripening of ribosomal RNA (P-RNA) occurs. P-RNA genes occupy certain sections with several chromosomes (a person is 13-15 and 21-22 pairs), where the nucleoline organizers are formed, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich the nuclei themselves are formed. In metaphase chromosomes, these sites are called secondary hats and have a form of narrowings. Electronic microscopy revealed a nitched and granular components of the nucleols. A broken (fibrillary) is a complex of proteins and giant-predecessor molecules P-RNA, which are subsequently smaller molecules of mature r-RNA. During ripening, fibrils turn into ribonucleoprotein granules (grain component).
Chromatin got its name for the ability to score well with the main dyes; In the form of a boulder, it is scattered in the nucleoplasm of the nucleus and is an interphase form of the existence of chromosomes.
Chromatin consists mainly of DNA threads (40% of the mass of chromosome) and proteins (about 60%), which together form a nucleoprotoid complex. Histon (five classes) and non-secretone proteins are distinguished.
Chromatin- It is unfulfilled DNA molecules associated with protein. That kind of DNA can be seen in the non-declarative cells. In this case, DNA is possible (replication) and the implementation of hereditary information.
Chromosomes- It is spiralized DNA molecules associated with a proteom. ADNA is proposed before dividing the cell for a more accurate distribution of genetic material.
Sex cells-gaploid cells ensuring the preservation and transfer of genetic information for future offspring.
Sex cells It is always contained twice as much chromosomes than somatic.
In all somatic cells Any living organism number chromosomes is equally.
Karyotype- A combination of cooral and high-quality signs of chromosome whom a set of somatic cells.
Diploid set chromosomes (double) in which each chromosome has a pair. Denotes 2n.
Haploid set chromosomes - chromosomal set of genital cells.
Mitochondria (See Fig. 1) are available in all eukaryotic cells. They are involved in cellular respiration processes and reserve energy in the form of macroeergic bonds of ATP molecules, that is, in an accessible form for most processes associated with the cost of energy in the cell.
For the first time mitochondria in the form of granules in muscle cells, I observed in 1850 R. Köllic (Swiss embryologist and histologist). Later, in 1898, L. Michaelis (German biochemist and chemist) showed that they play an important role in breathing.
Fig. 1. Mitochondria
The number of mitochondria in cells is not constantly, it depends on the type of body and the cell type. In the cells whose need for energy is large, contains a lot of mitochondria (in one hepatic cell there may be about 1000), in less active cells, mitochondria is much smaller. The size and forms of mitochondria are also extremely much varied. They can be spiral, rounded, elongated and branched. Their length ranges from 1.5 μm to 10 microns, and width - from 0.25 to 1 μm. In more active cells of mitochondria larger.
Mitochondria is able to change their shape, and some can move to more active sections of the cell. Such movement contributes to the accumulation of mitochondria in those cells of the cell, where the need for ATP needs.
Each mitochondria is surrounded by a shell consisting of two membranes (see Fig. 2). The outer membrane separates from the inner a small distance (6-10 nm) - intermambrane space. The inner membrane forms numerous combidal folds - crysti.Crysts significantly increase the surface of the inner membrane. Crystokes occur the processes of cellular respiration necessary for the synthesis of ATP. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles containing components that are necessary for the synthesis of own proteins. The inner membrane surrounds the liquid matrix in which proteins, enzymes, RNAs, ring DNA molecules, ribosomes are located.
Fig. 2. The structure of mitochondria
Mitochondrial diseases - This is a group of hereditary diseases associated with the defects of the functioning of mitochondria, and, consequently, with impaired energy functions in eukaryotes, in particular humans.
Mitochondrial diseases are transmitted to children of both sexes in the female line, since one half of the nuclear genome is transferred from the spermatozoa, and the second half of the nuclear genome and mitochondria is transferred from the egg.
The effects of such diseases are very diverse. Due to the different distribution of defective mitochondria in different organs, one person can lead to a disease of the liver, in the other to the disease of the brain, and the disease can increase over time. A small amount of defective mitochondria in the body can only lead to the inability of a person to withstand the physical activity corresponding to its age.
In general, mitochondrial diseases are experient with the localization of defective mitochondria in the brain, muscles, liver cells, since these organs require a large amount of energy to perform their functions.
Currently, the treatment of mitochondrial diseases is under development, but the common therapeutic method is symptomatic prevention with vitamins.
Lands are characteristic exclusively for plant cells. Each plate consists of a shell consisting of two membranes. Inside the plastistics, you can observe a complex membrane system and more or less homogeneous substance - strom. The plasts are semi-automatic organelles, as they contain an anti-protein machine and can partially provide themselves with a protein.
Plasts are usually classified based on pigments contained in them. Three types of plastic are distinguished.
1. Chloroplasts (See Fig. 3) - These are plastides in which photosynthesis flows. They contain chlorophyll and carotenoids. Usually chloroplasts have a disk form with a diameter of 4-5 microns. In one mesophyll cell (middle sheet), 40-50 chloroplasts may be, and in a square millimeter of the sheet - about 500,000.
Fig. 3. Chloroplasts
The internal structure of chloroplast is complex (see Fig. 4). Strom is permeated by a developed membrane system having a form of bubbles - thylacoids. Tylacides form a unified system. As a rule, they are collected in stacks - marriages resembling columns of coins. Tylacoids of individual grades are interconnected by tylacoids of stroma, or lamella. Chlorophylls and carotenoids are built into thylacoid membranes. In the stroma of chloroplasts there are ring molecules of DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, lipid drops. There also occur primary sediments of the spare polysaccharide - starch, in the form of starchy grains.
Fig. 4. The structure of chloroplast
Starch grains are temporary storage of photosynthesis products. They can disappear from chloroplasts if placing a plant for 24 hours in the dark. They will appear again after 2-3 hours, if we make a plant on the light.
As is known, photosynthesis is divided into two phases: light and dark (see Fig. 5). The light phase occurs on the thylacoids of the membrane, and in the dark in the stroma of chloroplast.
Fig. 5. Photosynthesis
2. Chromoplasts - Pigmented plasts (see Fig. 6). They do not contain chlorophyll, but contain carotenoids that paint fruits, flowers, some roots and old leaves in red, yellow and orange colors.
Chromoplasts can be formed from chloroplasts, which are losing chlorophyll and internal membrane structures and begin to synthesize carotenoids. This happens when the fruit is ripening.
Fig. 6. Chromoplasts
3. Leukoplasts - upigmented plasts (see Fig. 7). Some of them can accumulate starch, for example amyloplasts, others can synthesize and accumulate proteins or lipids.
The leukoplasts can turn into chloroplasts. For example, it happens with the potato tuber, which contains many leukoplasts accumulating starch. If you take the potato tube on the light, it will turn green.
Fig. 7. Leukoplast
Carotenoids - This is a widespread and numerous group of pigments. These include substances that are painted in yellow, orange and red. Carotenoids are contained in plant flowers, in some roots, in ripening fruits.
Carotenoids are synthesized not only by higher plants, but also algae, some bacteria, mycelical mushrooms and yeast.
There are carotenoids in the organisms of some arthropods, fish, birds and mammals, but they are not synthesized inside the body, but come along with food. For example, the pink color of Flamingo is due to the eating small red racks, which contain carotenoids.
For many years, carotenoids are used in human practical activity. They are used in agriculture, food industry and medicine. When adding beta-carotene in the food product, it not only saturates the product with a certain color (yellow), but also vitamins it (saturates vitamin A). In medicine, carotene is used to treat avitaminosis by Vitamin A.
Regarding the origin of eukaryotic cells, most researchers adheres to symism hypothesis.
The idea that the eukaryotic cell (cell of animals and plants) is a symbiotic complex, was proposed by Merezhkovsky (Russian Botanist, a zoologist, a philosopher, a writer), confirmed Faminzin (Russian Botanist), and Lynn Margulis (American biologist). The concept is that organelles (for example, mitochondria and plasts) that distinguish the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic, initially free-lived bacteria and captured by a large priced cell, which did not eat them, and turned them into symbiontes. Next to the surface of the host cell attached another group of symbiontes - fierce-like bacteria, which sharply increased the mobility of the owner, and, accordingly, chances for survival.
Despite the fact that this hypothesis looks quite fantastic, nevertheless, in the modern world there is a confirmation that it has the right to exist: some infusories act as symbiountes (single-cell algae), and the infusories digest any other single-cell algae, which came In its body, except Chlorella.
The similarity of mitochondria and chloroplasts with free prokaryotic cells (with free bacteria)
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ring DNA ring molecules, which is characteristic of a bacterial cell.
2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have small ribosomes, the same as in the prokaryotic cell.
3. Possess an anti-white apparatus.
Many cells are capable of movement, and the mechanisms of motor reactions can be different.
There are such types of movement: amoeboid movements (amoeba and leukocytes), eyelash movements (fuel infusorium), flagella (spermatozoa), muscle movements.
The flagellum of all eukaryotic cells has a length of about 100 microns. On the cross cut (see Fig. 8) you can see that 9 pairs of microtubules are located along the periphery, and in the center - 2 microtubules.
Fig. 8. Cross Slicer Zhgtik
All pairs of microtubules are interconnected. The protein that makes this binding changes its conformation due to the energy released during the hydrolysis of ATP. This leads to the fact that the pairs of microtubule begin to move relative to each other, the hartus bends and the cell begins to move.
This is the mechanism of ciliation movement, the length of which is only 10-15 μm. The number of cilias, unlike flaying, the number of which is limited on the cell surface, can be very large. For example, on the surface of single-cell infusoria-shoes there are up to 15,000 cilias, with the help of which it can move with a speed of 3 mm / s.
Bibliography
- Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Book V.V. General biology 10-11 class Drop, 2005.
- Biology. Grade 10. General biology. Basic level / P.V. Izhevsky, O.A. Cornilova, i.e. Loshalin et al. - 2nd ed., Recycled. - Ventana Graph, 2010. - 224 pp.
- Belyaev D.K. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. - 304 p.
- Agafonova I.B., Zakharova E.T., Sivhogolov V.I. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 6th ed., Extras. - Drop, 2010. - 384 p.
- Biouroki.ru ().
- YouTube.com ().
- Humbio.ru ().
- Beaplanet.ru ().
- School.xvatit.com ().
Homework
- Questions at the end of paragraph 17 (p. 71) - Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Book V.V. "General Biology", 10-11 class ()
- What is the number of mitochondria in the cell depends?
- Prove that mitochondria ancestors were once free-lived creatures resembling bacteria.
Question 1. Where is the lysosome form?
Lizosomes are membrane structures containing many active farms involved in the splitting of you-focular molecular compounds: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates. Lizosomes form, smiling in the Golgji complex, where the enzymes accumulate.
Question 2. What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria - cellular structures covered with a double membrane. At the internal membrane, having numerous growing, there is a huge number of enzymes participating in the synthesis of ATP. Consequently, the main function of mitochondria is the provision of cells of energy due to the synthesis of ATP.
Question 3. What types of plastic do you know?
There are three types of plastic - leo-layers, chromoplasts and chloroplasts.
The leukoplasts are colorless plastics, which are located in plant organs inaccessible to sunlight (for example, in rhizomes, clubs). Chloro-fillet is formed in them.
Chromoplasts - plastids containing yellow, orange, red and fictional pigments. They are mainly located in the fruits and petals of flowers, which gives these organs of plants the corresponding bright color.
Chloroplasts are green plasts containing chlorophyll and participating and photosynthesis.
Question 4. What is the difference between every kind of bloxing from the other?
The plasts of different species differ from each other by the presence or absence of certain pigments. There are no pigments in leukoplasts, in chloroplasts there is a green pigment, and in chromium-formations - red, orange, yellow and purple pigments.
Question 5. Why are the marriages in chloroplast are falling in a chess order?
The grains in chloroplasts are located in a checker order in order not to over-in-making each other from sunny lunches. Sunlight should be good to Osseed every granule, then the photosynthesis of bu-children proceed more intensively.
Question 6. What will happen if the lysosome in one of the cells suddenly collapses?
With a sudden break of the membrane, the OK-rutal lysosomes contained in it enzymes fall into the cytoplasm and destroy the entire cell in power.
Question 7. What is the similarity of mitochondria and plastic? Material from site.
First, the similarity of mitochondria and the plastic lies in the fact that they have a two-grained structure.
Secondly, these organoids contain their own DNA molecules, so it is possible to multiply independently, non-dependent on cell division.
Thirdly, it can be noted that in those and in others the ATP (in mito-chondria - when protein cleavage, lyubes and carbohydrates, and in chloroplasts, due to the transformation of solar energy to chemical).
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On this page, material on the themes:
- lizosoma report
- Mitochondria.Plastides Short abstract
- what types of plasts
Lysosomes. Mitochondria. Platids
1. What is the structure and functions ATF?
2. What types of plastids are known to you?
When various nutrients fall into the cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis, they must be digested. Wherein proteins must collapse to individual amino acids, polysaccharides - to glucose or fructose molecules, lipids - to glycerol and fatty acids. In order for the intracellular digestion to become possible, phagocytar or pincital bubble should merge with lysosome (Fig. 25). Lizosoma is a small bubble, a diameter of only 0.5-1.0 μm, which contains a large set of enzymes that can destroy food substances. In one lysosome, there may be 30-50 different enzymes.
Subject: lysosomes. Mitochondria. Platids
Purpose: To introduce students with the structure and functions of lysosomes, mitochondria and plastids.
During the classes
I. . Orgmoment lesson
II. . Repetition and fixing material
1. The structure and functions of the endoplasmic network. The structure and functions of the Golji complex.
(Student responses at the board.)
2.
Why in red blood cells the Golgi apparatus is missing?
What function is performed by ribosomes? Why most ribosomes are located on the channels of the endoplasmic network?
What building have ATP? Why is ATP called a universal energy source for all reactions occurring in a cell?
3. "Some" biological dictation
(Teacher pointed shows the table. Cell organoids, and students are recorded in the notebooks of the names of organoids)
1 - kernel, 2 - Nadryshko, 3 - Eps, 4 - Rough Eps, 5 - Cell membrane, 6 -Citoplasm, 7 - Ribosome
III . Studying a new material
The structure and function of lysosomes.
Guys, let's remember what methods different substances can penetrate inside the cell? (Pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
How does pinocytosis differ from phagocytosis?
When various nutrients fall into the cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis, they must be digested. At the same time, proteins should collapse to individual amino acids, polysaccharides - to glucose molecules or fructose, lipids to glycerin and fatty acids. In order for the intracellular digestion to become possible, the phagocytar or pincital bubble must merge with the lysosome.
(Demonstration of the digestion scheme of the food particle with a lysosome)
Lizosoma - a small bubble, a diameter of only 0.5-1.0 μm, containing a large set of enzymes that can destroy food substances. In one lysosome, there may be 30-50 different enzymes. Lizosomas are surrounded by a membrane capable of withstanding the impact of these enzymes. Lizosomes are formed in the Golgji complex. It is in this structure that the synthesized digestive enzymes accumulate, and then from the tanks of the Golgi complex, the smallest bubbles - lysosomes are departed into cytoplasm. Sometimes lysosomes destroy the cell itself in which they were formed. So, for example, lysosomes gradually digest all the casual cells of the tip when transforming into a frog. Thus, nutrients are not lost, but are spent on the formation of new organs at the frog.
2. The structure and functions of mitochondria.
In the cytoplasm there are alsomitochondria - Energy organides of cells
(Demonstration of the Mitochondria structure scheme)
The form of mitochondria is different - they can be oval, rounded, rods. The diameter of them is about 1 μm, and the length is up to 7 to 10 microns. Mitochondria is covered with two membranes: the outer membrane is smooth, and the internal has numerous folds and protrusions -crysti. In the membrane, Crist is built into enzymes, synthesizing due to the energy of nutrients absorbed by the cell, the molecules of adenosine trifosphate (ATP). ATP is a universal energy source for all processes occurring in a cell. The number of mitochondria in the cells of various living beings and fabrics are not the same. For example, in spermatozoa can only be one mitochondria. But in tissue cells, where energy costs are great, these organoids are up to several thousand. For example, there are a lot of them in the cells of the aircraft in birds, in liver cells. The amount of mitochondria in the cell depends on its age: in young cells, mitochondria is much larger than in aging. These structures contain their own DNA and can multiply independently. For example, before dividing the cell, the number of mitochondria in it increases in such a way that they are enough for two cells.
Building and functions of plastic
Guys, what do you think, why leaves of trees have different coloring (green, yellow, red, purple)?
(Trees leaves contain various pigments)
Plasts are organides of plant cells. Depending on the color of the plastics, they are divided into leukoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts. Just like mitochondria, they have a two-paved structure (demonstration of the scheme of the chloroplast structure)
Leukoplasts colorless and are usually in unlocked parts of plants, for example in potato tubers. They accumulate starch. Green pigment chlorophyll is formed in the leucoplasts, so potato tubers are green. The main function of green plastic -chloroplasts - Photosynthesis, i.e., the conversion of solar light energy into the energy of macroeergic ties of ATP and synthesis due to this energy of carbohydrate carbohydrate air. Most of all chloroplasts in leaf cells. Chloroplast size 5-10 μm. In shape they can resemble a lens or a rugby ball. Under the outer smooth membrane there is a folded inner membrane. Between the folds of membranes are stacks associated with bubbles. Each separate stack of such bubbles is calledfaces. In one chloroplast can be up to 50 graffiti, which are located in a checker order so that the light of the sun can come up to each of them. In the membranes of bubbles forming the grains, is chlorophyll, necessary to convert light energy into the chemical energy of ATP. In the inner space of chloroplasts between the grams, the synthesis of carbohydrates occurs, on which the ATP energy is consumed. Usually in one cell, the plant sheet is from 20 to 100 chloroplasts.
IN chromoplasts contains pigments of red, orange, purple, yellow colors. These plastids are especially many in the cells of petals of flowers and shells of fruits.
Like mitochondria, the plastids contain their own DNA molecules. Therefore, they are also able to multiply independently, regardless of cell division.
Leukoplasts Chloroplasts chromoplasts
IV . Fastening material
1. Frontal conversation on questions:
What function in the cell is performed by lysosomes?
What can happen if the lysosome in one of the cells suddenly collapses?
What is the function of mitochondria?
What kind of plastic do you know?
What is the main function of chloroplasts?
What is the similarity of mitochondria and plastic?
2. Working with the text of the textbook, continue filling up the table "The structure and function of cell organoids".
Features of the structure
Functions performed
Lysosomes
Small bubble surrounded by membrane
Digestive
Mitochondria
The form is different. Covered with outdoor and inner membranes. The inner membrane has numerous folds and protrusions - Crysta
Synthesizes ATP molecules. Provides an energy cage when decaying ATP
Platids:
leukoplasts
chloroplastics chromoplasts
Taurus surrounded by double membrane
Colorful
Red, Orange, Yellow
Across starch
Photosynthesis
Kratinoids accumulate
V. . Task at home
Examine § 2.5 "Lizosomes. Mitochondria. Plasts ", answer questions at the end of the paragraph.
The results of the lesson (estimates)
