Brief history of the study of the Indian Ocean. Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Study of the world ocean is an exciting occupation. The abundance of information is systematized and gradually stacked in consciousness. But sometimes there are questions to which I want to find answers yourself. For example, what ocean is more: Indian, Atlantic, maybe northern ice or quiet?
Anyone, at least a little knowledgeable geography, will definitely respond that quiet occupies a large area of \u200b\u200bthe World Ocean. And the smallest, is the northern architect. But what do we know about the two remaining? What ocean is more: Indian or Atlantic, consider in this article.
Determine the size of the Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic has a very solid square. It is more than 90,000 km². The coastline has 13 seas, and the fourteenth hidden in the middle of water spaces. His name is Sargassovo. Surprisingly, this sea has no shores.
Despite the area with six zero, two times less than the great handsome man of the Pacific Ocean. But the Atlantic grows all the time. Some scientists believe that after 100-150 million years, the Atlantic Ocean will take most of the land.
To date, Atlantic has extended 7,200 km in the widest site. The average depth of the ocean is more than 3500 meters. The depth of maximum depression off the coast of Puerto Rico - 8740 m.
Indian Ocean
Considering information about the Indian Ocean, we will pay attention to the numbers to get the answer, what ocean is more: Indian or Atlantic? This part of the oceans also has very decent sizes. Its area is more than 76 million km². But the seas on this square are quite small, only 5.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe seas ranked 15% of the overall ocean surface. The most wide place of the Indian Ocean extended by almost 10 thousand km. This is relatively few. But the average depth is quite decent - 3711 m. True, at the maximum depth of the Indian Ocean gave the quiet and atlantic. It is 7730 meters, the name of the deepest point is the Zordsky chute.
Compare and get the answer
So, we know the area of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. We can compare and find out the answer to the question. 90 million and 76 million, the difference is quite essential. Now we know exactly what ocean is more: Atlantic or Indian. Of course, the Atlantic is greater, and the total amount of water of the Atlantic Ocean is also more significant than Indian.
What do we know about the opening of the Atlantic Ocean
Scientists consider the Atlantic the youngest approximate time of his education - 200 million years ago. This happened during the split period of the ancient parade. The two mainland formed began movement in opposite parties, then another split happened, and Godvan was divided into Africa and the South American continent. Approximately 150 million years ago, Europe and North America occurred. Tectonic plates are still in motion, and this explains the growth of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic.
Vikings consider Vikings with the discovers of the Atlantic Ocean. Over time, the portuguese and the Spaniards picked up their relay. I really wanted to find a short road to India. In search of the cherished way, he opened an unknown land, which he accepted for the Indian coast. And now everyone knows that it was America.
The name of the Atlantic Ocean received in honor of the hero of the ancient myths - Atlanta. There is another theory, but it is unlikely.
Opening and study of the Indian Ocean
Studying the question, what ocean is more: Indian or Atlantic, it is worth looking into the history of their discovery and research. Perhaps it will help you to learn more about the majestic reservoirs of our planet.
The history of the Indian Ocean also began with Pangay Super Materick. It was formed during the split benun on Africa and America.
The first navigators of the Indian Ocean consider Sumerians whose civilization existed in Mesopotamia. There are descriptions of waterways between India and Arabia. They relate to the third millennium BC. The Phoenicians were good navigators. In VII-VI BC. They managed to bypass Africa. Our era is marked by the development of shipping on the waters of the Indian Ocean of India's ships and China.
The discoverer among the Europeans, who managed to pass the Indian Ocean from the Malack Peninsula to the Persian Bay, was in the XII century Marco Polo. He made a detailed description of the route and the whole trip in the "Book of the Diversity of the World".
Another interesting description of the journey made a merchant from Russia Athanasius Nikitin, who acted in India through the Arabian Sea.
The honor of the official opening of the Indian Ocean for Europeans historians was assigned to Portuguese navigators, and specifically, he managed to understand that there was still a passage to the sea in India.
We hope that we were able to give an exhaustive answer to the question of which ocean more: Indian or Atlantic. Read books about which risks your lives, made great discoveries. Learn geography, and you will learn the most interesting facts about our planet. Explore our land, find out about new achievements of science more and more. Indian or Atlantic Ocean, which one is worth more attention? The answer is unequivocal - both, because they keep in their depths a lot of mysterious and unknown.
Geography and history intertwined very closely. This is proved by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the history of the opening of which is associated with many geographic mysteries. The ancient myths are intertwined here, and the desire for wealth, and the courthouses, and bloodthirsty pirates. It may seem that nothing new will not get to know, but it is not. Space technologies and satellite observation significantly expanded the capabilities of modern researchers. So you can wait for news about new discoveries of scientists.
The ancient peoples who inhabited its shore and beyond (in southern Europe, North Africa, South-Western and East Asia) were consumed. In trading and military purposes, they made swimming in various parts of the ocean.
In the V-IV millennium BC e. Sumerians swam in the Persian Bay and went to the Arabian Sea. Navigas-Phoenicians in six centuries BC. And, sailing from the eritiatra (red) sea, reinforced Africa and after 3 years returned home, passing the Herculov pillars (Gibraltar Strait). Mediterranean peoples have been actively used for their maritime trips in the Indian Ocean monsoon winds. Greeks and Romans are already in I century. n. e. Passed the sea route across the Bengal bay and set a connection with China. Obviously, the ocean water scatter was mastered by the sailors of India, Indonesia, and others. Arabs in the VII-VIII centuries. Many flooded in the Indian Ocean. They summarized the information received and "in nature in handwritten books. In 1466-1472. Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin journey to India and reached the Indian Ocean (crossed the Arabian Sea). In his travel notes, "walking in three seas" is given a bright and true description of not only his life in this country, but also trade routes there from Eastern Europe. In the XV-XVI centuries. The period of intensive development of the ocean by Europeans begins. In 1497-1498 Portuguese along the western coast of Africa. Following the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, Dutch, French, Spanish, English Navigators, covering different parts, are rushing.
The first oceanographic studies along with the geographical descriptions and the clarification of the coastline of the Indian Ocean begin to conduct maritime expeditions from the end of the XVIII century.
So, during the sailing of D. Cook (1772-1775) measured to a depth of 200 m. Oceanographic works in the Indian Ocean were also carried out by the first Russian round-the-world expedition I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky (1803-1806) , during expeditions under the leadership of O. E. Kotebu (1815-1818 and 1823-1826). A large contribution to the development of science, including the geography of the ocean, was the work of Ch. Darwin.
In the XIX - early XX century. The wider study of the ocean has unfolded. Development of deep-water research contributed work on laying underwater telegraph cables in the Arabian Sea and Bengal Bay (1857-1869). During the circulation of the expedition to the "Challenger" (1873-1876), integrated oceanological studies were carried out, including hydrological, geological and biological observations. In 1898-1899. Germany organized a special deepwater expedition in the Indian Ocean. It belongs to the merit of the beginning of the detection of the East Indian and Arabian-Indian ridges. In 1906, the proms of another German vessel led to the discovery of the Yavansky (Zonda) deep-water gutter.
From the middle of the xx century. Works in the Indian Ocean were targeted. Significant results were brought by oceanographic studies, made by the marine detachments of Diesel Electro-Energy and Lena for the International Geophysical Year program (1955-1957). The contribution to the study of the Indian Ocean of the Research Ship "Vityaz" (1959-1962, 1965) is significant.
A major event was the discovery of the West Indian Range and his study by the US Oceanologists (1959-1960). Thanks to the identification of the "missing" south-western branch of the Mid-Indian ridge, the existence of a single global system of the world's middle ridges was established. In the period 1960-1965 The International Indookean Expedition (MIOE) was held. She was the largest of all expeditions ever worked in the Indian Ocean. The MIO program covered the observations almost all its space. It was attended by scientists about 20 countries, and the volume was very significant. Prior to that, about 1,500 oceanological stations were made throughout the Indian Ocean, and during the work of Miohe's work only the USSR expedition for 5 years performed observations of more than 2,000 stations. After the implementation of the research on the MIO program is greatly important to find out the structure and formation of the Kotlovin of the Indian Ocean, there were work on deep-sea drilling from the American ship "Glomar Challenger". As in other oceans, there are observations in Indian with autonomous underwater battery apparatus, which are considered very promising for a detailed study of the depths of the ocean.
Introduction
1.The history of the formation and study of the Indian Ocean
2.General information about the Indian Ocean
Relief bottom.
.Characteristics of the water of the Indian Ocean.
.Bottom sediments of the Indian Ocean and its structure
.Minerals
.The climate of the Indian Ocean
.Flora and fauna
.Fishing and sea fishing
Introduction
Indian Ocean - The youngest and warmer among the world's oceans. Its most of it is in the southern hemisphere, and in the north he goes far to the mainland, which is why the ancient people considered him just a big sea. It is here, in the Indian Ocean, a man started his first maritime travel.
The largest rivers of Asia are owned to the Indian Ocean pool: Salouin, Iravadi and Ganges with Brahmaputra, flowing into the Bengal Bay; Ind to enter into the Arabian Sea; Tiger and Euphrates, merging down a little above in the Persian Bay. From the major rivers of Africa, also flowing into the Indian Ocean, should be called Zambezi and Limpopo. Because of them, water off the coast of the ocean is muddy, with a high content of sedimentary breeds - sand, sludge and clay. But the open waters of the ocean are amazingly clean. The tropical islands of the Indian Ocean are famous for its purity. A variety of animals have found their place on coral reefs. The Indian Ocean is the birthplace of famous sea devils, rare whale sharks, biggers, sea cows, sea snakes, etc.
1. The history of formation and research
Indian Oceanformed at the junction of Jurassic and chalk periods as a result of the collapse of Gondwana (130-150 million years ago). Then there was a branch of Africa and the Dean from Australia with Antarctica, and later - Australia from Antarctica (in Paleogen, about 50 million years ago).
The Indian Ocean and its shores remain poorly studied. The name of the Indian Ocean is found at the beginning of the XVI century. Suckner under the name Oceanus Orientalis Indicus as opposed to the Atlantic Ocean, known as Oceanus Occidentalis. Subsequent geographers called the Indian Ocean mostly by the Sea of \u200b\u200bIndia, some (Varrenius) by the Australian Ocean, and Fleirie recommended (in the XVIII century) to call it even the Great Indian Bay, considering it as part of the Pacific Ocean.
In ancient times (3000-1000 BC), navigaters from India, Egypt and Phenicia traveled along the northern part of the Indian Ocean. The first navigation maps were drawn up by the ancient Arabs. At the end of the 15th century, the first European is the famous Portuguese Vasco da Gama, having endungered Africa from the south, entered the water of the Indian Ocean. By the XVI-XVII centuries, Europeans (Portuguese, and later, the Dutch, the French and the British) were increasingly appearing in the Indian Ocean basin, and by the middle of the XIX century, most of its coast and islands were already owned by the UK.
History opening It can be divided into 3 periods: from ancient swimming up to 1772; from 1772 to 1873 and from 1873 to the present. The first period is characterized by the study of the water distribution of the ocean and sushi in this part of the globe. It began the first waters of the Indian, Egyptian and Phoenician navigators, which are 3000-1000 BC. Traveled through the northern part of the Indian Ocean, and ended in swimming J. Cook, in 1772-75 penetrated to 71 ° YU. sh.
The second period was marked by the beginning of deep-water studies, first conducted by Cook in 1772 and continued by Russian and foreign expeditions. The main Russian expeditions were - O. Kotzebu on Rurica (1818) and Pallena on the "cyclone" (1858-59).
The third period is characterized by complex oceanographic studies. Until 1960, they were performed on individual vessels. The largest work was carried out by expeditions on the courts "Challenger" (English) in 1873-74, "Vityaz" (Russian) in 1886, Valdivia (German) in 1898-99 and "Gauss" (German) in 1901-03, "Discovers II" (English) in 1930-51, the Soviet Expedition on "OBI" in 1956-58, etc. In 1960-65, the International Indookean Expedition was held with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Expedition, which gathered new valuable data on hydrology, hydrochemistry, meteorology , geology, geophysics and biology of the Indian Ocean.
. General
Indian Ocean - the third in the size of the ocean of the Earth (after the quiet and atlantic), covering about 20% of its water surface. Almost all is in the southern hemisphere. Its area is 74917 thousand km ² ; Middle water volume - 291945 thousand km ³. In the north, he is limited to Asia, in the West - Arabian Peninsula and Africa, in the East - Indochite, the Sunda Islands and Australia, in the south - the Southern Ocean. The border between the Indian and Atlantic Ocean passes at 20 ° Meridian of Eastern Longitude (meridian needle cape), between the Indian and the Safety Ocean passes at 147 ° Meridian of Eastern Lension (meridian southern Cape Tasmania). The northernmost point of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30 ° north latitude in the Persian Gulf. The width of the Indian Ocean is approximately 10,000 km between the southern dots of Australia and Africa.
The greatest depth of the Indian Ocean is Zordsky, or Yavansky Zhlob (7729 m), the average depth - 3700 m.
The Indian Ocean is washed at once three continents: Africa from East, Asia from South, Australia from the North and North-West.
The Indian Ocean has the smallest number of seas compared to other oceans. In the northern part there are the largest seas: Mediterranean - the Red Sea and the Persian Bay, half-plated the Andaman Sea and the outskirts of the Arabian Sea; In the eastern part - Arafur and Timor Sea.
In the Indian Ocean are the island states of Madagascar (fourth in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island in the world), Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Comoros, Seychelles. The ocean is washes in the east such states: Australia, Indonesia; In the northeast: Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar; In the north: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan; In the West: Oman, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa. In the south borders with Antarctica. Islands relatively little. In the open part of the ocean there are volcanic islands - Mascarenskie, Cryau, Prince Eduard, and others. In tropical latitudes on volcanic cones, coral islands are towering - Maldives, Lakkadiv, Chagos, Coconut, Most Andaman et al.
. Relief DNA
The bottom of the ocean is a system of mid-ocean ridges and boiling. In the area of \u200b\u200bRodriguez Island (Mascarensky Archipelago), there is a so-called triple connection, where the Central Indian and West Indian ridges agree, as well as the Australia-Antarctic raising. The ridges consist of climbing mountain chains, cut by perpendicular or oblique with respect to the axes of the chains of discharges and share the basalt bottom of the ocean by 3 segments, and their vertices are usually extinguished volcanoes. The bottom of the Indian Ocean is covered with sediments of the chalk and later periods, the thickness of the layer of which ranges from several hundred meters to 2-3 km. The deepest of the numerous ocean gutters is Yavansky (4,500 km long and 29 km wide). Rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean carry huge amounts of sedimentary material, especially from India, creating high apparent thresholds.
The coast of the Indian Ocean is replete with cliffs, delta, atolls, coastal coral reefs and salted swamps, crumpled mangram. Some of the islands - for example, Madagascar, Socotra, Maldives are fragments of ancient continents, numerous islands and archipelagoes of volcanic origin are scattered in the open part of the Indian Ocean. In the northern part of the ocean, many of them are crowned with coral buildings. Andaman, Nicobar or Christmas Island - have volcanic origins. Volcanic origin also has a Kergelen Plateau located in the southern part of the ocean.
The underwater earthquake in the Indian Ocean, which occurred on December 26, 2004 caused the tsunami, which was recognized as the most deadly natural disaster in modern history. The earthquake magnitude was, according to various estimates, from 9.1 to 9.3. This is the second or third of the earthquake in the entire history of observation.
The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Indian Ocean, north of the island of Symalue, located near the North-West shore of Sumatra Island (Indonesia). Tsunami reached the coast of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South of India, Thailand and other countries. The wave height exceeded 15 meters. Tsunami led to huge destruction and a huge number of dead people, even in Port Elizabeth, in South Africa, 6900 km from the epicenter. Died, according to different estimates, from 225 thousand to 300 thousand people. The true number of dead is unlikely to ever become known, since many people were taken by water in the sea.
As for the properties of the bottom of the bottom, then, just as in other oceans, deposits at the bottom of the Indian Ocean can be divided into three classes: coastal deposits, organic IL (globigerine, radiole or diatom) and a special clay of large depths, so-called red clay. Coastal deposits are sand, located mostly on coastal shallows to a depth of 200 meters, green or blue il near the rocky shores, with brown color in volcanic areas, but brighter and sometimes pinkish or yellowish near coral coasty due to the dominant lime. Globigerine IL, consisting of microscopic foraminifera, covers a deeper part of the oceanic bottom to almost a depth of 4500 mb.; South parallel 50 ° sh. Lime foraminiferial deposits disappear and substituted with microscopic silicon, from a group of algae, diatoms. Regarding the accumulation at the bottom of the residues of the diatoms, the southern part of the Indian Ocean is particularly different from other oceans, where diatoms are found only in places. Red clay lies at the depths of a large 4500 mb.; It has a color red, or brown, or chocolate.
indian Ocean Climate Fossil Field
4. Water characteristics
Circulation of surface water In the northern part of the Indian Ocean, there is a monsime character: in the summer - northeastern and eastern flows, in winter - south-west and west current. In the winter months between 3 ° and 8 ° sh. The interpassate (equatorial) countercase develops. In the southern part of the Indian Ocean, the circulation of waters forms an anticyclonal cycle, which is formed from the warm flows - the southern trade in the North, Madagascar and the needle in the west and cold - the flow of Western winds in the south and the West-Australian in the east south of 55 ° YU. sh. Several weak cyclone cycles of water develop, off the coast of Antarctica with the eastern flow.
Indian Ocean Water Belt Between 10. ° from. sh. and 10. ° Yu. sh. It is called thermal equator, where the temperature of the surface water is 28-29 ° C. The south of this zone is dropped by the coast of Antarctica reaching? 1 ° C. In January and February, the ice along the coast of this mainland fell, huge ice blocks are laid out from the ice cover of Antarctica and drift in the direction of the open ocean. The north the temperature characteristics of water are determined by monsoon circulation of air. In the summer there are temperature anomalies, when the Somali course cools the surface waters to a temperature of 21-23 ° C. In the eastern part of the ocean on the same geographical latitude, the water temperature is 28 ° C, and the highest temperature mark - about 30 ° C - was recorded in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. The average saline of ocean waters is 34.8 ‰ the most saline of the water of the Persian Gulf, Red and Arabian seas: This is due to intense evaporation with a small amount of fresh water, brought to the sea rivers.
Evils in the Indian Ocean, as a rule, are small (off the shores of the open ocean and on the islands from 0.5 to 1.6 m), only in the vertices of some bays they reach 5-7 m; In Camboi Gulf 11.9 m. These are predominantly semi-sufficient character.
The ice are formed in high latitudes and are taken out by winds and trends together with icebergs in the northern direction (up to 55 ° S. sh. In August and to 65-68 y. Sh. In February).
. Bottom sediments of the Indian Ocean and its structure
Bottom sediments The Indian Ocean has the highest power (up to 3-4 km) at the foot of the mainland slopes; In the middle of the ocean - a small (about 100 m) power and in places of distribution of the dissected relief - intermittent distribution. The most widely represented foraminiferous (on the mainland slopes, ridges and at the bottom of the majority of Kotlovin at a depth of up to 4,700 m), diatoms (south of 50 ° J. sh.), Radiolari (near the equator) and coral precipitation. Polygenic precipitation - red deep-sea clays - spread south of the equator at a depth of 4.5-6 km and more. Territory precipitation - off the coast of the mainland. Chemogenic precipitates are represented mainly by iron orders, and rift coogens - products of destruction of deep rocks. The exits of indigenous rocks are most common on the mainland slopes (sedimentary and metamorphic rocks), mountains (basalts) and mid-ocean ridges, where, in addition to basalts, serpentines, peridotites representing a low-changed substance of the upper mantle of the Earth are found.
For the Indian Ocean, the predominance of stable tectonic structures is characterized both on the bed (Thalassokraton) and in the periphery (mainland platforms); Active developing structures - modern geosyncline (Zonda arc) and georifogenali (mid-oceanic ridge) - occupy smaller areas and are continued in the respective structures of Indochina and rifts of East Africa. These main macrostructures, differ in morphology, the structure of the earth's crust, seismic activity, vulcanism, are divided into smaller structures: plates, usually corresponding to the bottom of oceanic kitelin, block ridges, volcanic ridges, places crowned with coral islands and banks (Chagos, Maldives and others .), Gutter-faults (Chagos, Obi, etc.), often dedicated to the foot of the chill ridges (East-Indian, West-Australian, Maldives, etc.), fault zones, tectonic ledges. Among the structures of the Indian Ocean layer, the northern part of the Muskarensky Range is a special place (according to the presence of continigric rocks - the granites of the Seychelles and the mainland type - the structure, which is apparently part of the ancient mainland Gondwana.
. Minerals
The most important minerals of the Indian Ocean are oil and natural gas. Their deposits are available on the shelves of the Persian and Suez bays, in the Bass Strait, on the shelf of the Peninsula of the Industan. In the reserves and mining of these minerals, the Indian Ocean ranks first in the world. On the coasts of Mozambique, Madagascar Islands and Ceylon are operated by Ilmenit, monazit, rutile, titanium and zirconium. At the coast of India and Australia there are deposits of Barita and Phosphorita, and in the offshore zones of Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia on an industrial scale, the deposits of Cassiiterite and Ilmenite are operated. On shelves - oil and gas (especially the Persian bay), monazitic sands (coastal area of \u200b\u200bSouth-West India), etc.; in the reef zones - chromium, iron, manganese, copper, and others; On the bed - huge accumulations of iron orders.
. ClimateIndian Ocean
Most of the Indian Ocean is located in warm climatic belts - equatorial, subequatorial and tropical. Only its southern areas in high latitudes are experiencing a strong influence of Antarctica. The equatorial climate zone of the Indian Ocean is characterized by a constant predominance of wet warm equatorial air. The average monthly temperatures fluctuate here in the range from 27 ° to 29 °. The water temperature is somewhat higher than air temperature, which creates favorable conditions for convection and precipitation. The annual amount of them is large - up to 3000 mm and more.
. Flora and fauna
In the Indian Ocean, the most dangerous clamsters in the world live - Cone snails. Inside the snail there is a rod-like container with a poison, which she injected into his sacrifice (fish, worms), her poison is dangerous for a person.
The entire water area of \u200b\u200bthe Indian Ocean lies within the tropical and southern moderate belts. For shallow tropical belts, numerous 6- and 8-beam corals are characterized, hydrocalolls capable of creating islands and atolls together with lime red algae. Among the powerful coral buildings, the richest fauna of various invertebrates (sponges, worms, crabs, mollusks, sea hedgehogs, masters and starfish), small, but brightly painted coral fish. Most of the coasts are occupied by mangrove thickets, which highlights or a fishing fish, a long time to exist in the air. The fauna and flora of the sewing into the tump of beaches and rocks is quantitatively depleted as a result of the depressing effect of sunlight. In a moderate belt, life in such sections of coasts is presented much richer; It develops thick thickets of red and brown algae (laminaries, fukusy, reaching huge microcustium sizes), are abundant diverse invertebrates. For open spaces of the Indian Ocean, especially for the surface layer of water thickness (up to 100m), a rich flora is also characteristic. From unicellular planktonal algae, several types of feeding and diatoms of algae prevail, and in the Arabian Sea - blue-green algae, often causing so-called water flowering during mass development.
The bulk of the ocean animals make up the races - coppes (more than 100 species), then follow the glooping mollusks, jellyfish, sifoforphors, etc. invertebrates. From unicellites are characterized by radolaria; Numerous squid. Several species of volatile fish are most abundant from fish, glowing anchovies - microfids, corneters, large and small tuna, sailboat fish and a variety of sharks, poisonous sea snakes. Sea turtles and large marine mammals are common (dugoni, toothy and toothless whales, laston-either). Among the birds are most characteristic of albatrosis and frigates, as well as several types of penguins, inhabiting the coast of South Africa, Antarctica and Islands lying in a temperate ocean belt.
At night, the surface of the Indian Ocean flickers with lights. Light produce small marine plants, which are called dinoflates. Glowing sites sometimes have a wheel shape with a diameter of 1.5 m.
. Fishing and sea fishing
Fisheries developed slightly (the catch does not exceed 5% of the global catch) and is limited to the local coastal zone. Equator is maintained (Japan) of Tuna fishing, and in the Antarctic waters - whale fishing. In Sri Lanka, on the Bahrain Islands and in the North-West Bank of Australia, pearls and mother of pearl.
The countries of the Indian Ocean also have significant resources of other valuable types of mineral raw materials (tin, iron and manganese ore, natural gas, diamonds, phosphorites, etc.).
Bibliography:
1.Encyclopedia "Science" Dorling Kindersley.
."I know the world. Geography "V.A. Markin
3.slovari.yandex.ru ~ Books BSE / Indian Ocean /
4.Big Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus F.A., Efron I.A.
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The Indian Ocean in volume is 20% of the world's ocean. It is limited to Asia in northern, Africa in the West and Australia in the East.
In zone 35 ° Yu.Sh. The conditional border with the southern ocean passes.
Description and characteristics
The water of the Indian Ocean is famous for transparency and lazoic color. The fact is that there are few freshwater rivers, these "disturbances of peace of mind" in this ocean. Therefore, by the way, the water here is much stralee than in others. It is in the Indian Ocean that the very saline sea is located in the world - red.
And the ocean is rich in minerals. The area near Sri Lanka with antiquity is famous for its pearls, diamonds and emeralds. And the Persian Bay is rich in oil and gas.
Area: 76.170 thousand kmm
Volume: 282.650 thousand cubic meters
The average depth: 3711 m, the greatest depth is a zordsky chute (7729 m).
The average temperature: 17 ° C, but in the north of water heated to 28 ° C.
Flow: Two cycles are distinguished conditionally - North and South. Both move clockwise and separated by equatorial countercord.
The main flows of the Indian Ocean
Warm:
Northern Passatoe - It is born in Oceania, crosses the ocean from the east to the west. The Peninsula of the Industan is divided into two branches. The part flows the north and gives the beginning of the Somali flow. And the second part of the flow is directed to the south, where it merges with the equatorial countercurring.
South Passatoe - Begins at the Ocean Islands and moves from the east to the west until the island of Madagascar.
Madagascar- it takes off from the southern trade mat and flows parallel to Mozambician from north to south, but a little east of the Madagascar coast. The average temperature: 26 ° C.
Mozambique- Another branch of the Southern Passat. Washes the banks of Africa and in the south merges with the flow of Agullas. The average temperature is 25 ° C, speed - 2.8 km / h.
Agullas, or the course of the cape - Narrow and fast flow passing along the eastern coast of Africa from north to south.
Cool:
Somali - The course near the banks of Somalia Peninsula, which changes its direction depending on the monsoon season.
The flow of western winds Singing the globe in southern latitudes. In the Indian Ocean, the southern Indian, which is near the banks of Australia goes to West Australian.
West Australian - Moving from the south to the north along the Western banks of Australia. As it approaches the equator, the water temperature rises from 15 ° C to 26 ° C. Speed: 0.9-0.7 km / h.
Underwater World of Indian Ocean
Most of the ocean is located in subtropical and tropical zones, and therefore rich and diverse in the species.
The coast of the tropics is represented by extensive mangroves, where numerous colonies of crabs and amazing fish are inhabited. Clearwear is a magnificent habitat for corals. And in moderate waters, brown, lime and red algae (laminaria, macrocyters, fucus) grow in moderate waters.
Invertebrate animals: numerous clams, a huge amount of crustaceans, jellyfish. Many sea snakes, especially poisonous.
The sharks of the Indian Ocean - the special pride of the water area. It dwells the largest number of sharks: blue, gray, tiger, big white, Mako, etc.
From mammals most dolphins, tales. And the southern part of the ocean is a natural habitat of many types of whales and lastonovih: Digo, quotes, seals. Of the feathers most penguins and albatrosov.
Despite the wealth of the Indian Ocean, the fishery of seafood here is developed weakly. The catch is only 5% of the world. Tuna, sardines, rods, lobsters, lobsters and shrimps are produced.
Indian Ocean Studies
The coastal countries of the Indian Ocean are the foci of the ancient civilizations. That is why the development of the water area began much earlier than, for example, the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean. Approximately 6 thousand years BC The ocean's waters have already furred the shutnows and boats of ancient people. Residents of Mesopotamia swam to the shores of India and Arabia, the Egyptians led the lively maritime trade with the countries of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Main dates in the history of the ocean research:
VII century AD - Arab seating make up detailed navigation maps of the coastal zones of the Indian Ocean, explore the water area near the eastern coast of Africa, India, Java Islands, Ceylon, Timor, Maldives.
1405-1433 - Seven sea journeys Zheng He and the study of trade routes in the northern and eastern part of the ocean.
1497 g - Vasco de Gama swimming and the study of the eastern shore of Africa.
(Expedition Vasco de Gama in 1497)
1642 - two raids A. Tasman, the study of the central part of the ocean and the opening of Australia.
1872-1876 - The first scientific expedition of the English Corwalt "Challenger", study of the biology of the ocean, relief, flows.
1886-1889 - Expedition of Russian researchers under the leadership of S. Makarov.
1960-1965 - International Indookean Expedition established under the auspices of UNESCO. Study of hydrology, hydrochemistry, geology and ocean biology.
1990s - our days: the study of the ocean with the help of satellites, drawing up a detailed baaptic atlas.
2014 - After the crash of the Malaysian Boeing, detailed mapping of the southern part of the ocean was held, new underwater ridges and volcanoes were opened.
Ancient name Ocean - East.
Many species of the animal in the Indian Ocean have an unusual property - they are glowing. In particular, this explains the appearance of luminous circles in the ocean.
In the Indian Ocean, ships are periodically found in good condition, however, where the entire crew disappears - it remains a mystery. Over the past century, it happened immediately with three ships: the Cabin Cabin vessel, the tankers "Houston Market" and "Tarbon".
In depth and on the area, the third place belongs to the Indian Ocean, and it takes about 20% of the entire water surface of our planet. Scientists suggest that the ocean began to form in the early morning after the separation of the supercontinent. Africa, Arabia and Industan, also emerged, and appeared in the challenge, which increased in the size in the chalk. Australia appeared later, and due to the movement of the Arabian Plate, the Red Sea was formed. In the Cenozoic Era, the ocean boundary were relatively formed. Rift zones continue to move to this day, as well as the Australian stove.
The result of the movement of tectonic plates is non-separable earthquakes occurring on the Indian Ocean coast causing tsunami. The largest was an earthquake on December 26, 2004 with a fixed magnitude of 9.3 points. As a result of the catastrophe, approximately 300 thousand people died.
The history of studies of the Indian Ocean
The study of the Indian Ocean originated in the depths of the centuries. An important trade routes ran through it, scientific research and science fishery were conducted. Despite this, the ocean is not studied enough, until recently, the information was collected not so much. The navigaters from Ancient India and Egypt began to master it, and the Arabs have mastered the Ocean records and its coast in the Middle Ages.
Waterpunning on the water area left such researchers and navigators:
- Ibn-Battut;
- B. Diash;
- Vasco da Gamma;
- A. Tasman.
Thanks to them, first maps appeared with the outlines of the coastline and the islands. In the New Time, the Indian Ocean was studied with his expeditions J. Cook and O. Kotsaba. They fixed geographic indicators, made fixation of the islands, archipelagments, followed the change in the depth, water temperature and salinity.
Complex oceanographic studies of the Indian Ocean were held at the end of the nineteenth and in the first half of the twentieth century. The bottom map of the ocean and the relief change appeared, some types of flora and fauna were studied, water regimen.
Modern research of the ocean complex, allow you to deeper to explore the water area. Due to this, the discovery was made that all the faults and ridges in the World Ocean are a single global system. As a result, the development of the Indian Ocean is of great importance to life not only by local residents, but also global importance, since the water area is the huge ecosystem of our planet.
