What is salt examples. The mystery of the cooking salt, its useful and harmful properties
Nitrites of metals to the degree of oxidation +2 form crystal hydrates with one, two or four water molecules. Nitrites form double and triple salts, for example. CSNO 2. AGNO 2 or BA (NO 2) 2. Ni (NO 2) 2. 2KNO 2, as well as complex compounds, for example Na 3.
Crystal structures are known only for several anhydrous nitrites. Anion NO2 has a nonlinear configuration; ONO 115 ° corner, n-o 0.115 nm communication length; Communication type M-NO 2 ion-covalent.
Well soluble in water nitrites K, Na, Ba, bad - nitrite Ag, Hg, Cu. With an increase in temperature, the solubility of nitrite increases. Almost all nitrites are poorly soluble in alcohols, ether and low-polar solvents.
Nitrites are thermally poorly resistant; We melt without decomposition only nitrite of alkali metal, nitrite of the remaining metals decompose at 25-300 ° C. The mechanism decomposition of nitrite is complex and includes a number of parallel-consecutive reactions. The main gaseous decomposition products - NO, NO 2, N 2 and O 2, solid - metal oxide or element metal. The allocation of a large amount of gases determine the explosive decomposition of some nitrite, for example NH 4 NO 2, which decomposes on N 2 and H 2 O.
The characteristic features of nitrites are associated with their thermal insuffosuit and the ability of nitrite-ion to be both an oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent, depending on the environment and nature of the reagents. In the neutral medium, nitrites are usually restored to NO, oxidized to nitrates. Oxygen and CO 2 do not interact with solid nitrites and their aqueous solutions. Nitrites contribute to the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic substances, in particular amines, amides, etc. With organic halides RXN. React to the formation of both Rono nitrites and RNO 2 nitros compounds.
Industrial production of nitrites is based on the absorption of nitrose gas (mixture NO + NO 2) with solutions of Na 2 CO 3 or NaOH with a sequential crystallization of Nano 2; Nitrites of the remaining metal in industry and laboratories are obtained by an exchange reaction of metals salts with Nano 2 or the restoration of these metals nitrates.
Nitrites are used for the synthesis of azocrase, in the production of caprolactam, as oxidizing agents and reducing agents in the rubber, textile and metalworking industries, like preservatives of food products. Nitrites for example Nano 2 and Kno 2, toxic, cause headache, vomiting, inhibit breathing, etc. With Nano 2 poisoning, methemoglobin is formed in the blood, the erythrocyte membranes are damaged. It is possible to form nitrosamines from Nano 2 and amines directly in the gastrointestinal tract.
6. Sulfates, Salt sulfuric acid. The average sulfates with an anion SO 4 2- acid, or hydrosulfate, with HSO 4 anion, basic, comprising along with an anion SO 4 2- - group, such as Zn 2 (OH) 2 SO 4, are known. There are also double sulfates, including two different cations. These include two large sulfate groups - alum, as well as chenites M 2 E (SO 4) 2. 6H 2 O, where M-monotair cation, e - mg, zn and other two-chain cations. Known triple sulphate K 2 SO 4. MgSO 4. 2Caso 4. 2H 2 O (Polygalitis Mineral), Double Basic Sulfuses, for example Minerals of Alunite Groups and Yarosit M 2 SO 4. Al 2 (SO 4) 3. 4Al (OH 3 and M 2 SO 4. Fe 2 (SO 4) 3. 4Fe (OH) 3, where M is a single-charge cation. Sulfates can be part of mixed salts, for example 2NA 2 SO 4. Na 2 CO 3 ( Mineral Berkeit), MgSO 4. KCL. 3H 2 O (Cainit).
Sulfates - crystalline substances, medium and acidic in large cases are well soluble in water. Calcium, strontium, lead sulfates, strontium, lead and some dr., Practically insoluble Baso 4, Raso 4. The main sulfates are usually small-soluble or practically insoluble, or hydrolyzed with water. From aqueous solutions, sulfates can crystallize as crystallohydrates. Crystal hydrates of some heavy metals are called vitriors; Copper cunery susso 4. 5H 2 O, FESO 4 Iron Campground. 7N 2 O.
The average alkali metal sulfates are thermally stable, while acidic sulfates are decomposed when heated, turning into pyrosulfates: 2khso 4 \u003d H 2 O + K 2 S 2 O 7. The average sulfates of other metals, as well as basic sulfates, when heated to sufficiently high temperatures, are usually decomposed to form metal oxides and the release of SO 3.
Sulfates are widespread in nature. They are found in the form of minerals, for example, CASO 4 gypsum. H 2 O, Miracycite Na 2 SO 4. 10H 2 O, and also part of sea and river water.
Many sulfates can be obtained by the interaction of H 2 SO 4 with metals, their oxides and hydroxides, as well as the decomposition of volatile salts with sulfuric acid.
Inorganic sulfates are widely used. For example, ammonium sulfate -zotny fertilizer, sodium sulfate is used in glass, paper industry, viscose production, etc. Natural sulfate minerals - the raw materials of the industrial production of compounds of various metals, builds materials, etc.
7.Sulfitis Salt sulfuric acid H 2 SO 3. The average sulfites with an anion SO 3 2- and acidic (hydrosulfite) with HSO 3 anion are distinguished. Medium sulfite - crystalline substances. Ammonium and alkali metal sulfites are well soluble in water; Solubility (g in 100 g): (NH 4) 2 SO 3 40.0 (13 ° C), K 2 SO 3 106.7 (20 ° C). IN aqueous solutions Forming hydrosulfite. Sulfites of alkaline-land and some other metals are practically not soluble in water; The solubility of MgSO 3 1 g per 100 g (40 ° C). Known crystallohydrates (NH 4) 2 SO 3. H 2 O, Na 2 SO 3. 7H 2 O, K 2 SO 3. 2N 2 O, MgSO 3. 6H 2 O and others.
Anhydrous sulfite, when heated without air access in the sealed vessels, disproportionate on sulphides and sulfates, while heating in the current N 2 lose SO 2, and when heated in air is easily oxidized to sulphates. With SO 2 in an aqueous medium, the average sulfites form hydrosulfites. Sulfites are relatively strong reducing agents, oxidized in chlorine solutions, bromom, H 2 O 2, etc. to sulfates. Decomposed with strong acids (for example, NS1) with the release of SO 2.
Crystal hydrosulfites are known for K, RB, CS, NH 4 +, they are small. The remaining hydrosulfites exist only in aqueous solutions. Density NH 4 HSO 3 2.03 g / cm3; Solubility in water (g 100 g): NH 4 HSO 3 71.8 (0 ° C), KNSO 3 49 (20 ° C).
When the crystalline hydrosulfite Na is heated or or when satuating SO 2 of the kishing pulp M 2 SO 3, pyrosulphites are formed (obsolete -metabisulphites) m 2 S 2 O 5 - salts of an unknown in the free state of pirosnoy acid H 2 S 2 O 5; crystals, small resistant; Density (g / cm3): Na 2 S 2 O 5 1.48, K 2 S 2 O 5 2.34; above ~ 160 ° C are decomposed with the release of SO 2; dissolved in water (with decomposition to HSO 3 -), the solubility (g of 100 g): Na 2 S2O 5 64.4, K 2 S 2 O 5 44.7; Form hydrates Na 2 S 2 O 5. 7H 2 O and ZK 2 S 2 O 5. 2N 2 o; Restorers.
The average alkali metal sulfites is obtained by the interaction of an aqueous solution M 2 CO 3 (or MON) with SO 2, A MSO 3 - transmittance SO 2 through an aqueous suspension MCO 3; Used mainly SO 2 of the exhaust gas of contact sulfuric acid industries. Sulfites are used when bleaching, dyeing and printing fabrics, fibers, leather for canning grain, green feed, forage industrial waste (NaHSO 3,Na 2 S 2 O 5). Caso 3 and Ca (NSO 3) 2 - disinfectants in winemaking and sugar industry. NaNSO 3, MgSO 3, NN 4 NSO 3 - Components of sulfite liquor at cooking cellulose; (NH 4) 2SO 3 - SO 2 absorber; NaHSO 3 is an H 2 S absorber from exhaust gases of production, a reducing agent in the production of sulfur dyes. K 2 S 2 O 5 - Component of acidic fixes in the photo, antioxidant, antiseptic.
Salt-product replacement of hydrogen atoms in acid for metal. Solid soluble salts are dissociated on metal cation and an anion acid residue. Salts divide on:
· Middle
· Home
· Complex
· Double
· Mixed
Middle salts. These are products of complete substitution of hydrogen atoms in acid at metal atoms, or on a group of atoms (NH 4 +): MgSO 4, Na 2 SO 4, NH 4 Cl, Al 2 (SO 4) 3.
The names of the middle salts occur from the names of the metals and acids: CUSO 4 sodium sulfate, Na 3 PO 4 sodium phosphate, Nano 2 sodium nation, NaClo-hypochlorite sodium, NaClo 2-chlorite sodium, NaClo 3 sodium chlororate, NACLO 4 - Sodium perchlorate, copper cui- iodide (I), CAF 2 calcium fluoride. It is also necessary to memorize several trivial names: NaCl-cook salt, KNO3-potash saltitors, K2CO3-Potash, Na2Co3 soda calcined, Na2CO3 ∙ 10H2O-soda crystal, Cuso4- Copper vigor, Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10H 2 O- Bura, NA 2 SO 4 . 10h 2 O-Glauberova Salt. Double salts.it sololi. containing two types of cations (hydrogen atoms multi-novelacids are replaced by two different cations):MGNH 4 PO 4, KAL (SO 4) 2, Nakso 4 . Double salts as individual compounds exist only in crystalline form. When dissolved in water, they are completelydissociated metal ions and acid residues (If soluble salts), for example:
Nakso 4 ↔ Na + + K + + SO 4 2-
It is noteworthy that the dissociation of double salts in aqueous solutions takes 1 step. For the names of the salts of this type, you need to know the names of the anion and two cations:MGNH 4 PO 4 - magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Complex salts.These are particles (neutral molecules orions ), which are formed as a result of joining thision (or atom ), Called complexedomy, neutral molecules or other ions called ligands. Complex salts are divided into:
1) Cationic complexes
CL 2 - dichlorideammmedy (II)
Cl 2 - di chloridhexamminicobalt (II)
2) Anionic complexes
K 2 - tetrafluorochryllate (II) potassium
Li -tetrahydrido aluminat (III) lithium
K 3 -hexacianoperrat (III) potassium
The theory of the structure of comprehensive compounds was developed by the Swiss chemist A. Werner.
Sour salts - Products of incomplete replacement of hydrogen atoms in multi-axis acids on metal cations.
For example: NaHCO 3
Chemical properties:
React with metals facing in a row of voltage to the left of hydrogen.
2khso 4 + Mg → H 2 + Mg (SO) 4 + K 2 (SO) 4
Note that for such reactions it is dangerous to take alkali metalsFor they initially react with water with high energy release, and an explosion will occur, since all reactions occur in solutions.
2NAHCO 3 + Fe → H 2 + Na 2 CO 3 + Fe 2 (CO 3) 3 ↓
Acid salts react with alkali solutions and form an average (IE) salt (Lie) and water:
NaHCO 3 + NaOH → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
2khso 4 + 2NAOH → 2H 2 O + K 2 SO 4 + Na 2 SO 4
Acid salts react with solutions of medium salts if the gas is released, the precipitate falls out, or water is distinguished:
2khso 4 + Mgco 3 → MgSO 4 + K 2 SO 4 + CO 2 + H 2 O
2khso 4 + BaCl 2 → Baso 4 ↓ + K 2 SO 4 + 2HCl
Acid salts react with acids if the acid-product of the reaction will be weaker or fly than the added.
NaHCO 3 + HCl → NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O
Acid salts react with the main oxides with the release of water and middle salts:
2NAHCO 3 + MGO → MGCO 3 ↓ + Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
2khso 4 + BEO → Beso 4 + K 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
Acid salts (in particular hydrocarbonates) decompose under the action of temperature:
2NAHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
Getting:
The acidic salts are formed when exposed to itching with an excess solution of polypic acid (neutralization reaction):
NaOH + H 2 SO 4 → NaHSO 4 + H 2 O
Mg (OH) 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 → Mg (HSO 4) 2 + 2H 2 O
Acid salts are formed when dissolved by the main oxides in polypic acids:
MGO + 2H 2 SO 4 → Mg (HSO 4) 2 + H 2 O
The acidic salts are formed when the metals are dissolved in excess of polypic acid solution:
Mg + 2H 2 SO 4 → Mg (HSO 4) 2 + H 2
Acid salts are formed as a result of the interaction of medium salt and acid, which is formed by an anion of the middle salt:
Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + H 3 PO 4 → 3CahPO 4
Basic salts:
The main salts are the product of incomplete substitution of the hydroxochroup in multi-acid base molecules for acid residues.
Example: Mgohno 3, Feohcl.
Chemical properties:
The main salts react with an excess of acid, forming the middle salt and water.
MGOHNO 3 + HNO 3 → MG (NO 3) 2 + H 2 O
The main salts are decomposed by temperature:
2 CO 3 → 2CUO + CO 2 + H 2 O
Getting the main salts:
Salley interaction weak acids with medium salts:
2MGCl 2 + 2NA 2 CO 3 + H 2 O → 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + 4NACL
Hydrolysis of salts formed by a weak base and strong acid:
ZnCl 2 + H 2 O → Cl + HCl
Most basic salts are smallly soluble. Many of them are minerals, for example malachiteCu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 and hydroxylapatite Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 OH.
The properties of mixed salts are not considered in the school course of chemistry, but the definition is important to know.
Mixed salts are salts, as part of which acid residues of two different acids are attached to one metal cation.
Visual example -CA (OCL) CL Belly lime (chloric).
Nomenclature:
1. Salt contains a complex cation
First, they call the cation, then entering the inner sphere of ligands - anions, with the end on "O" (Cl - - Chloro, Oh - -Gidroxo), then ligands, representing neutral molecules (NH 3 -amin, H 2 O - Actually). If the same ligands are greater than 1, about their number denotes Greek numerical:1 - Mono, 2 - di, 3 - three, 4 - tetra, 5 - penta, 6 - hex, 7 - hepta, 8 - octa, 9 - non, 10 - deck. The latter is called an ion-complexing agent, in brackets indicating his valence if it is variable.
[AG (NH 3) 2] (OH ) -gidroxide silver diamine (I)
[CO (NH 3) 4 Cl 2] Cl 2 chloride dichloro o tetraamine cobalt (III)
2. Salt contains a complex anion.
First, they call the Ligands -anions, then neutral molecules included in the inner sphere with the end on "O", indicating their number of Greek numerical.The latter is called an ion-complexing agent in Latin, with the suffix "AT", indicating valence in brackets. Next, the name of the cation located in the outer sphere is written, the number of cations is not specified.
K 4 -hexacianooferrat (II) Potassium (reagent on Fe 3+ ions)
K 3 - hexacyanoferrat (III) potassium (reagent to Fe 2+ ions)
Na 2 -tragidroxycinat sodium
Most ions of complex components are metals. The greatest tendency to the complexization is displayed by D elements. Around the central ion-complexing agent are oppositely charged ions or neutral molecules or adddes.
The ion-complexing agent and ligands constitute the inner sphere of the complex (in square brackets), the number of ligands coordinating around the central ion is called a coordination number.
Ions that are not included in the inner sphere form an external sphere. If an integrated ion cation, then in the outer sphere of anion and vice versa, if the integrated anion ion is, then in the outer sphere. Cations are usually alkaline and climbing metal ions, ammonium cation. During dissociation, complex compounds give complex complex ions, which are rather resistant to solutions:
K 3 ↔3k + + 3-
If we are talking about acidic salts, then when reading the formula, the prefix is \u200b\u200bpronounced hydro-, for example:
Sodium hydrosulfide NaHS
Sodium Barbonate NaHCO 3
The basic salts use the prefix hydro or dihydroxy
(Depends on the degree of metal oxidation in salts), for example:
Magnesium hydroxochloridemg (OH) Cl, Aluminum Dihydroxochloride 2 Cl
Methods for obtaining salts:
1. Direct Metal Interaction with Nemetal . This method can be obtained by salts of oxygenic acids.
Zn + Cl 2 → ZnCl 2
2. Interaction of acid and base (Neutralization reaction). Reactions of this type have a large practical value (high-quality reactions to most cations), they are always accompanied by the release of water:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2 O
Ba (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 → Baso 4 ↓ + 2H 2 O
3. The interaction of the main oxide with acid :
SO 3 + Bao → Baso 4 ↓
4. Acid oxide and base :
2NAOH + 2NO 2 → Nano 3 + Nano 2 + H 2 O
NaOH + CO 2 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
5. The interaction of the main oxide and acid :
Na 2 O + 2HCl → 2NACL + H 2 O
Cuo + 2hno 3 \u003d Cu (NO 3) 2 + H 2 O
6. Direct interaction of metal with acid. This reaction may be accompanied by hydrogen release. Whether hydrogen will be released or not depends on the activity of the metal, the chemical properties of the acid and its concentration (see the properties of concentrated sulfur and nitric acids).
Zn + 2HCl \u003d ZnCl 2 + H 2
H 2 SO 4 + Zn \u003d ZNSO 4 + H 2
7. Acid acid interaction . This reaction will occur under the condition that the acid forming the salt is weaker or more volatile than the acid that has entered into the reaction:
Na 2 CO 3 + 2HNO 3 \u003d 2NANO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
8. The interaction of salt with acid oxide. The reactions go only when heated, therefore, the oxide reacting should be less volatile than formed after the reaction:
Caco 3 + SiO 2 \u003d Casio 3 + CO 2
9. Nemetalla with alkali . Halogens, sulfur and some other elements, interacting with alkalis give an oxygen and oxygen-containing salt:
CL 2 + 2KOH \u003d KCl + KCLO + H 2 O (reaction is without heating)
CL 2 + 6KOH \u003d 5KCl + KCLO 3 + 3H 2 O (reaction goes with heating)
3S + 6NAOH \u003d 2NA 2 S + Na 2 SO 3 + 3H 2 O
10. The interaction between the two salts. This is the most common set of salts. For this, both salts that have entered the reaction should have been well soluble, and since this is a ion exchange reaction, then so that it passes to the end, it is necessary for 1 from the reaction products to be insoluble:
Na 2 CO 3 + CaCl 2 \u003d 2NACL + CACO 3 ↓
Na 2 SO 4 + BaCl 2 \u003d 2NACL + BASO 4 ↓
11. Interaction between salt and metal . The reaction flows if the metal stands in a row of metal voltage to the left of the one, which is contained in the salt:
Zn + Cuso 4 \u003d ZNSO 4 + Cu ↓
12. Thermal decomposition of salts . When some oxygen-containing salts are heated, new, with a lower oxygen content, or not contain it at all:
2KNO 3 → 2KNO 2 + O 2
4KCLO 3 → 3KCLO 4 + KCL
2KCLO 3 → 3O 2 + 2KCL
13. The interaction of non-metallol with salt. Some non-metals are capable of connecting with salts, with the formation of new salts:
Cl 2 + 2ki \u003d 2KCl + i 2 ↓
14. Interaction of the base with salt . Since this is a reaction exchange, then in order for it to pass to the end, it is necessary that 1 from the reaction products was insoluble (this reaction also uses to translate acidic salts to medium):
FECL 3 + 3NAOH \u003d FE (OH) 3 ↓ + 3NACL
NaOH + ZnCl 2 \u003d (ZnOH) CL + NaCl
KHSO 4 + KOH \u003d K 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
Also in this way, double salts can be obtained:
NaOH + khso 4 \u003d Knaso 4 + H 2 O
15. Metal interaction with alkali. Metals that are amphoteric react with alkalis forming complexes:
2AL + 2NAOH + 6H 2 O \u003d 2NA + 3H 2
16. Interaction salts (oxides, hydroxides, metals) with ligands:
2AL + 2NAOH + 6H 2 O \u003d 2NA + 3H 2
AGCL + 3NH 4 OH \u003d OH + NH 4 CL + 2H 2 O
3K 4 + 4FeCl 3 \u003d Fe 3 3 + 12KCl
AGCL + 2NH 4 OH \u003d CL + 2H 2 O
Editor: Harlamova Galina Nikolaevna
In order to answer the question of what salt is, it is usually not necessary to think for a long time. it chemical compound in everyday life It is often found. There is no need to talk about the ordinary cook salt. Detailed internal structure Salts and their compounds are studying inorganic chemistry.
Definition of salt
A clear answer to the question of what salt is, can be found in the works of M. V. Lomonosov. It assigned such name to fragile bodies, which can be dissolved in water and do not ignite under the influence of high temperatures or open flames. Later, the definition was not separated from their physical, but from the chemical properties of these substances.
School textbooks inorganic chemistry They give a rather clear concept of what salt is. So called substitution products chemical reaction, in which acid hydrogen atoms in the compound are replaced by metal. Examples of typical salts compounds: NaCl, MgSO 4. It is easy to see that any this entry can be divided into two halves: metal will always be recorded in the left component of the formula, and the acid residue is always recorded. The standard salt formula is as follows:
ME N M acid residue M n.
Physical properties of salt
Chemistry, as an accurate science, invests all possible information about its composition and opportunities. So, all the names of salts in modern interpretation consist of two words: one part is the name of the metal component in the nominative case, the second - contains a description of the acid residue.
These compounds do not have a molecular structure, so under normal conditions, they are solid crystalline substances. Many salts have a crystal lattice. Crystals of these substances of refractory, so there are very high temperatures for their melting. For example, barium sulphide melts at a temperature of about 2200 o C.
The solubility of the salt is divided into soluble, poorly soluble and insoluble. An example of the first can serve as sodium chloride, potassium nitrate. Multisuality include magnesium sulfite, lead chloride. Insoluble is calcium carbonate. Information on solubility of a substance is contained in the reference.
The product under consideration of the chemical reaction usually does not smell and has a different taste. The assumption that all salts are salted - erroneous. Clean salty taste has only one element of this class - our old familiar salt is familiar. There are sweet beryllium salts, bitter - magnesium and tasteless - for example, calcium carbonate (Common chalk).
Most of these substances are colorless, but there are also those that have characteristic colors. For example, iron (II) sulphate is characterized by a characteristic green color, potassium permanganate - purple, and potassium chromat crystals are bright yellow.
Classification of salt
Chemistry shares all types inorganic salts For several basic signs. Salts resulting in complete replacement of hydrogen in acid are called normal or medium. For example, calcium sulfate.
Salt, which is derived from the reaction of incomplete substitution, is called sour or basic. An example of such an education may be a potassium hydrosulfate reaction:
The main salt is obtained with such a reaction in which the hydroxochroup is not fully replaced by the acid residue. The substances of this species can be formed by those metals whose valence is two or more. The typical salt formula of this group can be removed from such a reaction:
Normal, medium and acidic chemical compounds form salts and are standard classification of these compounds.
Double and mixed salt
An example of mixed is the calcium salt of hydrochloric and chlorinous acid: Caocl 2.
Nomenclature
Salts formed by metals with variable valence have an additional designation: after the formula in brackets they write valence roman numbers. So, there is iron sulfate FESO 4 (II) and Fe 2 (SO4) 3 (III). In the title of salts there is a prefix hydro, if there are unsubstituted hydrogen atoms in its composition. For example, potassium hydrophosphate has a K 2 HPO 4 formula.
Properties of salts in electrolytes
The theory of electrolytic dissociation gives its own interpretation chemical properties. In the light of this theory, the salt can be defined as a weak electrolyte, which dissociated in the dissolved form (disintegrating) in water. Thus, the salt solution can be represented as a complex of positive negative ions, and the first is not atoms of hydrogen H +, and the second is not atoms of the hydroxochroup it is. Ions that would present in all types of salts solutions does not exist, so they do not possess any common properties. The smaller the charges of the ions forming the salt solution, the better they dissociate, the better the electrical conductivity of such a liquid mixture.
Solutions of acidic salts
Sour salts in the solution are disintegrated into complex negative ions, which are acidic residue, and simple anions, which are positively charged metal particles.
For example, the reaction of the dissolution of sodium bicarbonate leads to the decay of salt on sodium ions and the remainder of the NSO 3 -.
The full formula looks like: NaHCO 3 \u003d Na + + HCO 3 -, HCO 3 - \u003d H + + CO 3 2-.
Solutions of basic salts
The dissociation of the base salts leads to the formation of anions of the acid and complex cations consisting of metals and hydroxcrup. These complex cations, in turn, are also able to disintegrate during the dissociation. Therefore, in any solution of salts of the main group, it is present. For example, the dissociation of hydroxomagnium chloride proceeds as follows:
Salt propagation
What is salt? This element is one of the most common chemical compounds. Everyone is known to the cook salt, chalk (calcium carbonate) and so on. Among carbonate acid salts is the most common calcium carbonate. It is an integral part of marble, limestone, dolomite. And the calcium carbonate is the basis for the formation of pearls and corals. This chemical compound is an integral component for the formation of solid covers in insects and skeletons in chordan animals.
Craw salt is known to us since childhood. Doctors warn on its excessive use, but in moderate quantities it is extremely necessary for the implementation of life processes in the body. And it is necessary to maintain the correct composition of the blood and production of gastric juice. Essentials, an integral part of injections and droppers, there is nothing but a solution of the sole salt.
…salt is more precious than gold, because it is possible to live without gold, and it is impossible without salt.
Cashiodor Flavius \u200b\u200bMagn Aurelii, writer and consul of ancient Rome
Among all natural mineral salts, the most important thing that we call just "salt".
A. E. Fersman, Russian Geochemist and Mineralog
The history of the appearance of salt
SaltLike water, the fire is one of those few things on Earth, which are given by the Creator and the creator on the need for all mankind.
Everything in this world is either mute - either salty, others not be given.
Salt is used by a person more than 10 thousand years.
Homer called her "Divine".
Salt There is a symbol of health and a symbol of death.
On the fresco, Leonardo da Vinci "The Secret Veter" on the table is depicted solonka with salt.
That's the way, Judas, macuv with her bread in salt, showed the devil on Jesus, thereby betraying him.
It may be from here belief that it is impossible to give salt in the evening before the church holidays and especially on the eve of pure Thursday.
It has been proven that salt carries positive energy.
With any ritual: the wedding, the arrival of important guests is used by bread-salt. People meet bread-salt, expressing their location to them with the wishes of good, health, good appetite.
"Sharing bread-salt" meant to undergo all the burden in life, in friendship. Hence, if you wake up the salt - to a quarrel ...
A good Russian saying reads: "Not one snaps of salt together ...".
And the expression " Salt of the earth"Means the essence of the most important and valuable, which is in this world.
Salt sincerversion was in Russia a kind of faith from hostile forces.
Salt will never deteriorate, does not give in to fire, when it gets into it, water does not lose its properties. Maybe therefore the salt in most peoples is a symbol of loyalty and constancy. Some tribes still fasten their contract by sprinkling salt.
Without salt, the life and activity of man is unthinkable. Salt is always and everywhere next to people.
There were times when the salt is not always, and not everyone was available, because bloody wars were conducted because of it. In Russia, due to high taxes, salt rins were arranged for imported salt (1648 years).
The salt was the road, therefore was filed only on the tables of important and expensive guests, the simple people were unavailable. Hence the expression "not salted bread" - i.e. Do not sit at the festive table.
Salt is a pledge of life. And today the salt is important for people. In any guards - in the very wild corner of lifeless taiga, where a person stayed, you will always find boxes of matches and a jar with salt - as a symbol of survival.
For the peoples of the North, this is the first indispensable of a number of strategic products. As the easiest and most affordable preservative, salt helps to keep people food: fish and meat for a long warm season.
Attitude to salt in modern world It became dual.
Let's try to understand the origin of the cook salt, what is the benefits and harm of application.
Chemical properties of cook salt
Chemical formula salt NaCl - Sodium chloride, in nature Mineral Gallites - White powder, odorless with a specific bitter-salty taste.
In addition to sodium chloride, the table salt contains potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, copper, iron, so necessary to our body.
Although to replenish the body's balance by these elements, of course, is best of all more beneficial products. The salt is necessary for the body, but its excess is harmful!
Healing properties of salt
- It was noted that people working on salt mining in salt mines almost do not hurt with colds and flu, they are not tormented by asthma and cough, most likely due to the fact that they breathe air saturated with steam salts.
- Salt sincerversion was considered the key to youth and beauty. To save them, it was recommended to rub honey to the skin with salt.
- In case of pain, stomach disorder is also recommended to drink water with salt.
- Bending an insect - lubricate the place of bite, itching and the pain will be held.
- Salt salt is an excellent preservative, indispensable in salting, in conservation of vegetables and other products.
- Without salt, the most important physiological processes in human and animal organism are impossible.
- Salt is included in the blood, lymph, saliva, gastric juice, bile. Due to the salt, the necessary osmotic pressure is provided, on which the normal vital activity of cells depends.
- Salt is a source of education of hydrochloric acidnecessary for digestion. Thus, without salt, the process of digestion is slowed down.
- Salt supplies chlorine into the body - the element necessary to maintain acid-alkaline balance (between potassium, sodium and chlorine). If there is a violation of this ratio, a person is fascinating: pressure jumps, interruptions in the work of the heart, edema, and even convulsions.
- Without salt, do not live a person. Water flips with slags and sodium nitrate from our body, thereby disturbing the water balance inside it. After all, it is, salt delays water in the body, which is why it is so important to eat a little salt. All travelers, residents of the steppes, researchers desert and taiga know about it.
- Calls to abandon salt in nutrition generally lead to health problems. After all, then the water is not delayed in the body, leaving the tissues, it flits useful salts, which leads to osteoporosis and other ailments. That is why it is necessary to use at least 5 grams of salt per day - 1 h. Spoon.
Treatment of salt
Cooking salt is an excellent antiseptic and can be used for purulent wounds.
Treatment of peptic salt of purulent wounds
So in the war, when hospitals were lacking for antibiotics, dressing material, a conventional solution of the cooking salt was going to move. After the imposition of such a bandage, the wound was purified, it became pink and quickly heal. The salt bandage acts locally - only on the sick organ or to the body of the body. As the liquid absorbs from the subcutaneous layer, the tissue fluid from deeper layers is rising into it, fascinating all pathogens: microbes, viruses and organic matter.
Thus, during the action of the bandage in the tissues of the patient, the fluid is renewed, purification from the pathogenic factor and, as a rule, the liquidation of the pathological process.
How to prepare 8-10 %% Therapeutic hypertensive solution for the treatment of wounds at home
Take 1 liter of boiled water, cool up to 50 degrees, add 80-100 grams of the cook salt, stir and moisten a few layers of gauze 4-5 in the solution, a little squeeze, a wet napkin impose on the wound. From above, you can put a dry gauze. It is impossible to put on top of polyethylene, cellophane, so as not to cause the greenhouse effect. You can keep the dressing 8-10 hours, as you feel. After removing the bandage, you can wipe the wound clean water And slightly add.
The bandage with a hypertensive solution of the cook salt acts gradually. Therapeutic result is achieved within 7-10 days, and sometimes more.
Treatment of cooking salts of articular pain
Cooking salt gives good results of removal of articular pains by appliqués. A solution of a similar concentration of 10% impregnate the bandage and impose on a sick joint if it is legs, you can moisten socks or stockings in the solution and put them on the night. Procedures to perform 7-10 days.
Treatment of dental pain, pain in the mountain salt
When pain in the throat, stomatitis or dental pain helps the following recipe:
Dissolve in a glass of water Paul a teaspoon of salt and as much soda and add a few drops of iodine. Such a solution even removes the eath caused by teeth disease, various fistulas and gum cysts.
Salt with a beginner cold, nasal congestion
Feeling the first signs of a starting disease, it is necessary to rolling about half a pack of salt on a strong heat in a pan, pour into a linen bag and attach to the throat, pre-wrapped it with a towel or to the feet or to the sneakers of the nose.
You can use the milk child, but care is important not to cause burns.
The salt solution of salt can be flushed with the nose mucosa during a cold and sinusitis. It is necessary to start with a 5% saline solution, then gradually turning to 1-2%.
Harm salts
As the great Paracels spoke:
"Everything is poison and everything is medicine, and only a dose is distinguished by one of the other."
So the food salt can be the strongest poison. The dose of salt is 10 times higher than necessary - is deadly.
But the lack of salt is not the best achievement for the body. Not in vain, the British say that it is not good - even more harmful.
The average daily consumption rate for an adult is 10 grams (3-5 grams of salts in cold countries and up to 20 grams in hot). For a year, a person eats 5-6 kg of salt, by 50 years of life half a throw.
Excessive and even just increased consumption of nutritional salts is harmful to health with its consequences:
- increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases,
- enhances blood pressure,
- causes kidney disease
- violates calcium exchange,
- promotes salt deposits, causing osteoporosis, various joint diseases.
- it helps to increase body weight due to water delay in the body, and also increases appetite.
As you can see and here, as everywhere in life, the measure is important!
Production and application of salt
Currently found the use and use of various salts with all sorts of additives: "delicious salt", "smoked salt", "garlic", "black salt". Prices for such types of salt are overestimated. Although all of them are based on the same common cook salt with the addition of spices, herbs, seasonings.
It is important to use in nutrition iodized salt, which supplies our body as the iodine you need. However, such a salt retains its useful properties of only 4 months. To extend the life of iodine to the cooking salt, potassium adds.
Which salt is better and how to choose a cook salt
In medicine, salt is called "White Death". Supporters of alternative nutrition urge to eliminate the table salt from the diet of people at all. Everyone has the right to make a decision. Hello, I think myself knows what and how much he needs. Therefore, if you are doing well with health, eat salt in moderation.
When choosing a salt is worth paying attention to the following.
- There is a stone (extracted from lakes, without processing) salt and cook, refined (exhausted - evaporated in production). If you apply that salt, which nature has prepared, stone, then this is good.
- Sea salt - is useful industrial, artificially enriched.
- It is important to maintain in salt iodine - the base for the proper operation of the thyroid gland and the brain work.
Salt cook, industrial manufacture, contains sodium chlorine with a crystal lattice destroyed during the production. When entering the body, sodium is trying to restore its structure, taking away from our body useful elements, thereby damping their bones, hair, nails, blood. That is why many doctors completely reject the reception of a cook salt, calling her "white death".
