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The task of this textbook is to help students master both translation skills and speech skills and writing skills. To achieve this sang, students must acquire a certain stock of words and explore the grammar system of the language. Since the student thinks in his native language, the close interaction of native and foreign languages \u200b\u200bin the learning process plays an exceptional role. The authors sought to mention both the difference between grammatical phenomena in both languages \u200b\u200band their similarity. Considering that students strive to transfer constructions into a foreign speech inherent in the Russian language, the authors make appropriate warnings in a number of sections to prevent typical errors in this soil. The authors sought to rely as much as possible in the presentation of grammatical phenomena on the knowledge of students in the field of Russian, using the definitions, formulations and terminology from Russian grammar, retreating from this in cases where this was required by the Specificity of the English language.

Parts of speech.
All words are divided into discharges, called speech parts. Words relate to a particular part of speech depending on the following signs: 1) of its meaning, 2) roles in the proposal, 3) forms of word formation (suffixes) and 4) forms of word condense (grammatical endings). In English, the form of word formation and word form is very often not signs that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number of English words do not have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to one or another part of speech, and the number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.

The following parts of speech are distinguished:
1) Noun (The NOUN)
2) the adjective name (the adjective)
3) Numeral Name (The Numeral)
4) Pronoun (The Pronoun
5) verb (The Verb)
6) ADVERB (THE ADVERB)
7) Preposition (The Preposition)
8) Union (The Conjunction)
9) Interjection (The Interjection)

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In terms of its volume, this textbook is approaching textbooks. regulatory grammar for language universities. However, it differs from them mostly less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena because it is not intended for preparation english teachers, and to train specialists related to their practical work with English.

Year: 1998

Publisher: Unves.
Format: PDF.
Download
The size : 36,3 MB.

K. N. Kachalova, E. E. Israelich - English Grammar, 1998

The textbook is covered major grammatical phenomena As in household and business speech, and in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as, for example, participle, infinitive and gerund, Developed several more of other sections.

In terms of volume, the textbook approaches the textbooks for regulatory grammar for language universities

Since their detailed study is especially important for accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are built not only on household vocabulary, but also in the most common political and economic and foreign trademark.

In Terms of Volume, This Textbook Approaches The Textbooks of Normative Grammar for Language Schools. HOWEVER, IT Differs from theoretical Analysis of Grammatical Phenomena, Since IT IT Intended Not for the Training of English Teachers Related to their Practical Work with the English Language.

But it differs slightly from them theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena

The Textbook Covers The Main Grammatical Phenomena Occurring Both in Everyday and Business Conversation, As Well As in Economic and Foreign Trade Texts and Documents, Since The Textbook IS Primarily Intended for Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some Sections, Such As The Gerund, Have Been Developed in More Detail.

But it is not intended to prepare English teachers

SINCE THEIR DETAILED STUDY IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR ACCURATE TRANSLATION OF SPECIAL TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS. Examples Illustrating Grammatical Phenomena and Many Exercises Are Based Not Only On Everyday Vocabulary, But Also On The Most Common Political-Economic and Foreign Trade Vocabulary.

In terms of its volume, this textbook is approaching textbooks. regulatory grammar for language universities. However, it differs from them mostly less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena because it is not intended for preparation english teachers, and to train specialists related to their practical work with English.

Year: 1998

Publisher: Unves.
Format: PDF.
Download
The size : 36,3 MB.

K. N. Kachalova, E. E. Israelich - English Grammar, 1998

The textbook is covered major grammatical phenomena As in household and business speech, and in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as, for example, participle, infinitive and gerund, Developed several more of other sections.

In terms of volume, the textbook approaches the textbooks for regulatory grammar for language universities

Since their detailed study is especially important for accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are built not only on household vocabulary, but also in the most common political and economic and foreign trademark.

In Terms of Volume, This Textbook Approaches The Textbooks of Normative Grammar for Language Schools. HOWEVER, IT Differs from theoretical Analysis of Grammatical Phenomena, Since IT IT Intended Not for the Training of English Teachers Related to their Practical Work with the English Language.

But it differs slightly from them theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena

The Textbook Covers The Main Grammatical Phenomena Occurring Both in Everyday and Business Conversation, As Well As in Economic and Foreign Trade Texts and Documents, Since The Textbook IS Primarily Intended for Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some Sections, Such As The Gerund, Have Been Developed in More Detail.

But it is not intended to prepare English teachers

SINCE THEIR DETAILED STUDY IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR ACCURATE TRANSLATION OF SPECIAL TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS. Examples Illustrating Grammatical Phenomena and Many Exercises Are Based Not Only On Everyday Vocabulary, But Also On The Most Common Political-Economic and Foreign Trade Vocabulary.

Download Soviet textbook

© Forenburghizdat. Moscow 1957.

Format: DJVU, File size: 16.1 Mb.

Preface 3.

MORPHOLOGY

Parts of speech 5.

The Noun)

General 6.

Nouns Own and Mennaya 7

Nouns calculated and incurred 8

Number 9 (Number) 9

The formation of a plural number of nouns names 10

Special cases of the formation of a multiple nouns names 11

The formation of a plural number of complex nouns. 13

Nouns, used only in singular 14

Nouns names used only in plural 15

Padge (CASE) 16

See Table of Contents ...

Common Case (The Common Case) 16

Possessive Case (The Possessive Case) 18

Rod (Gender) 21

Nouns names in definition function 22

Nouns determinants (Determinatives) 23

Article (The Article)

General 25.

Pronunciation of articles 27.

Article 28 place

Using articles and pronouns Some and Any with noun noun nominal 29

Eating articles and pronouns Some and Any with names noucent calculated 29

The expression in the Russian language of the values \u200b\u200btransmitted by article, the pronouncements of SOME and ANY, as well as attractive pronouns,

in front of the names noucently calculated 29

Eating classifying articles and pronouns Some and ANY with calculated noun 35

Use of an individualizing article with calculated noun 41

Use of articles with calculated nouns having a definition 46

Eating articles and pronouns Some and ANY with names nouns inclulterable 51

At the consumption of articles and pronouns Some and ANY with names of noun real 51

Eating articles and pronouns Some and Any with noun outlaigned 54 names

Lack of articles in front of nouns noun -

calculated and incurred 56

Seasoning Articles with Nouns Nouns Own 59

Consumption of articles in some stable combinations 61

The adjective name)

General 63.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON) 65

Eating adjectives in the meaning of nouns 72

Place of adjective in the sentence 74

Numeral Number

General 76.

Quantity Numerals (Cardinal Numerals) 77

ORDINAL NUMERALS 80

Fractional Numerals (Fractional Numerals) 82

PRONOUN (THE PRONOUN)

General 84.

Personal Pronounces (Personal PRONOUNS) 86

Possessive PRONOUNS 89

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 91

Reciprocal PRONOUNS 93

Index pronounced (demonstrative pronouuns) 94

Interrogative PRONOUNS 99

Relative pronouns (Relative PRONOUNS) 103

Cases of lack of relative pronouns 107

Undefinite pronouns (indefinite pronouuns) 107

Proponation Some and Any 107

Pronouns derivatives from Some and Any

Pronouns and pope 112

Pronouns derivatives from 113

Pronouns Much and Many 114

Pronouns Little and Few 115

Prosted by ALL 117.

Prosted by Both 120.

Pronouns either and neither 122

Proponation Each and Every 123

Proponation Other 124.

Primoplation One 125.

Verb (The Verb)

General information 128.

Personal and Nelic forms of verb 129

The main forms of verb 130

Right and wrong verbs (Regular and Irregular Verbs) 130

Semantic (independent), auxiliary and half-spiritual verbs 132

Tilt (MOOD) 133

Pledge (Voice) 134

Personal forms of verb (Finite Forms of the Verb) 134

Person and Number 134

The Indicative Mood (The Indicative Mood) 135

Active Voice (The Active Voice) 135

Times valid pledge 135

Times of the Group indefinite 139

THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE (present indefinite time) 139

The Past Indefinite Tense (past indefinite time) 142

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE (Future Uncertain Time) 146

The Future Indefinite In The Past Tense (Future indefinite time in the past) 148

CONTINUUS 149 Groups

The Present Continuous Tense (present long time) 149

Present Continuous verb to GO 4- Infinitive 152

The Past Continuous Tense (past long time) 153

The Future Continuous Tense (Future for a long time) 157

The Future Continuous In The'past Tense (Future for a long time last time) 161

Perfect 162 Groups

The Present Perfect Tense (present perfect time) 162

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE (past time spent) 169

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (Future Perfect time) 178

The Future Perfect In The Past Tense (Future Perfect Time in the past) 180

PERFECT CONTINUOUS 181 Groups

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense (present perfect long time) 181

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (past speaking long time) 185

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Future Perfect Long Time) 188

The Future Perfect Continuous In The Past Tense (Future Perfect for a long time last time) 189

Summary of translating methods into Russian English verb times 189

Comparison of Russian and English times of expressive inclination 192

Sequence of time (Sequence of Tenses) 194

Summary of translate methods into Russian English verb times in an appropriate proposal, depending on the main thing with the verb-faithful time in the past 199

Comparison of Russian times with English in the appropriate sentence, depending on the main thing with the verb-tajampist last time 201

Sequence of times in complex suggestions with several additive 203

Cases of deviation from the rules of sequence of times 204

Transient and non-transitive and intransitive verbs 206 (TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS) 206

Passive Voice (The Passive Voice) 208

Education of the time of the suffering pledge 208

Current and Padlock 209

Eating Padiguration 210

Using the time of the suffering pledge 212

Various Values \u200b\u200bof the Glazol Knip to Be with PAST Participle 215

Comparison of a composite tagged, pronounced by a combination to BE -F- PAST Participle, with the time of the PERFECT group

pledge 216.

Methods for the translation of the suffering revolutions into Russian 219

Translation into English Russian revolutions expressing the importance of the suffering pledge 221

Features of the use of suffering revolutions in English 226

Praeling turns with formal subject to IT. 234.

Mandrel inclination (T H E ImperativeEmood) 235

Supporting mood (The Subjunctive Mood) 236

Auxiliary and modal verbs 243

Auxiliary verbs (Auxiliary Verbs) 243

General 243.

Verb to be 244

Verb to have 248

Verb to do 254

Verbs Shall (Should and Will (Would) 256

Modal verbs (Modal Verbs) 267

General Information 267.

CAN (COULD) 269

Verb May (Might) 273

Verb Must 277.

Verb Ought 280.

Verb Need 281.

Summary of the methods of expression using the combination of modal verbs with infinitive 282

Use of auxiliary and modal verbs to avoid repetition of the preceding verb-faded 285

Nelic forms of verb (Nan-Finite Forms of the Verb) 289

General Information 289.

Infinitive (THE INFINITIVE) 292

General Information 292.

Form of infinitive forms 293

Infinitive with a particle to 294

Infinitive without particle to 295

Eating infinitive in the form of a valid pledge (Active Infinitive) and Passive Infinitive (Passive Infinitive) 296

Eating infinitive in the forms of Indefinite, Perfect, Continuous and Perfect Continuous 293

Indefinite Infinitive 293.

PERFECT INFINITIVE 303.

Continuous Infinitive 305.

PERFECT CONTINUUS INFINITIVE 306

Turnover for -f- noun (or pronoun) -f- Infinitive 306 turnover "Object case with infinitive" (Objective with the

Turnover "Maldly case with infinitive" (Nominative with the infinitive) 315

Independent infinitive turnover 324

Gerundiy (The Gerund) 324

General Information 324.

Eating gerundia in the form of a valid pledge (Active Gerund) and Passive Gang (Passive Gerund) 326

Eating gerundia in the form of indefinite and perfect 327

Eating gerundia in various functions 328

Eating after prepositions 328

Usage of gerundia without preceding pretext 334

Gerundius with a preceding noun or pronoun 337

Translation of gerundia into Russian 340

Difference of gerundia from the exclusive noun 341

PARTICIPLE 342

General Information 342.

Education forms of communion 341

Simple forms of communion 344

Complex forms of communion 345

Use of communion 346.

Simple forms of communion 346

Present Participle Active 346

PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE 351

Present Present Participle Active and Past Participle Passive in the definition function 356

Present Participle Active and Past Participle Active and Passive forms for the formation of complex verb forms 357

Complex forms of communion 357

Perfect Participle Active 357

Present Participle Passive 359

Perfect Participle Passive 362

Summary of the methods of translating English communities into Russian 363

Translation of Russian communion and teppreach into English 364

Independent involved turnover 373

Turnover "Object case with communion" 377

Object case with commander of the present time 377

Object case with communion of past time 379

ADVERB)

GENERAL INFORMATION 380.

Molds Narachchi 381.

Classification of adventure but value and their use 384

Adcharations of space 384.

Adcharations of time 387.

Adcharations and degrees 391

Adcharation Image Images 394

Adcharations that give the words additional semantic shades 395

Adcharations related to the proposal in general 397

Adcharations serving question words 398

Adcharations serving to connect offers 399

The degree of comparison of the shortcoming 339

Place of adverbs in sentence 402

Preposition (The Preposition)

GENERAL INFORMATION 405.

Prepositions coinciding with adverias 409

Place the pretext in sentence 410

The use of individual prepositions and coinciding with them in the form of the dialect:

ABOUT (411). ABOVE (413). Across (413). After (414). Against (415). Along (415). Among (415). AT (416). Before (418). Behind (418). Below (419). Beside (419). Besides (419). Between (420). Beyond (420). By (420). DOWN (422). During (423). Except (423). For (424). From (426). In (427). Comparison of the prepositions of IN and AT (430). Inside (430). INTO (430). Of (431). OFF (433). ON, UPON (434). Out of (436). Comparison of the Out of and From pretends (437). Outside (437). Over (438). PAST (439). Round, Around (439). SINCE (440). Comparison of Premises SINCE and FROM (440). Through (441). TIFL, Until (441). To (442). Comparison of Premises to and Into (444). Towards (444). Under (445). Up (446). With (447). Comparison of pretends with and by BY (449). Within (450). Comparison of Prepositions for, During, In, Within (450). WITHPUT (451). Composite proposals (451).

Union (The Conjunction)

General 453.

Writing alliances 454.

Subordination unions 455.

Union words 460.

Unions, prepositions and adverbs coinciding in form 430

Interjection 461

SYNTAX

SENDENCE 462

General 462.

Simple Sentence)

Non-prolonged and common offers (UNEXTENDED AND EXTENDED SENTINESS) 463

Main members of the sentence and their expression 464

Subject (The Subject) 464

Formal subject to IT 465

IT IS turns. That and IT is, since 466

Uncertain to be one, they, we and you 468

The Predicate 469

Simple leaving 469.

Compound nominal leaky 469

Composite verbal leaky 471

Taken, expressed by the turnover of There IS 472

Coordination of the leakable with subject to 476

Secondary members of the sentence and their expression. 480.

Supplement (The Object) 480

Direct Supplement (The Direct Object) 480

Free Indirect Object (The Indirect Object) 481

Prepositional Object (The Prepocational Object) 481

Formal addition IT 482

Definition (The Attribute) 482

Circumstances (Adverbial Modifiers) 486

Complex members offer 488

Sentences with homogeneous members (Sentences with Homogeneous Parts) 489

Words grammatically related to the proposal (Independent Elements) 490

Narrative offers (Declarative Sentences) 491

The order of words in the narrative offer 491

Arrangement of additions in sentence 492

Winned indirect addition and indirect addition with pretext to 493

The location of the circumstances in the sentence 495

Retreats from the usual location of the main members of Proposition 496

Retreats from the usual layout of secondary members of the sentence 499

Narrative negative proposals 500

Question Deals (Interrogative Sentences) 504

General Questions (General Questions) 504

Answers to General Questions 506

Negative shape of common issues 507

Dismanded Questions (Disjunctive Questions) 508

Special Questions (Special Questions) 510

Answers to special questions 511

Questions related to the definition of 512

Special questions with composite names led 513

Negative form of special questions 514

Alternative Questions (Alternative Questions) 515

Imperative Sentences 516

Exclamative Sentences (Exclamatory Sentences; 517

Difficult sentence

Compand Sentence (The Compound Sentence). 518.

Complex Sentence (The Complex Sentence). 516.

Types of Pressing Proposals 520

Subject offers subject to (subject clauses) 522

Potion proposals subject to, starting with the Union THAT 523

Pandicative Clauses (Predicative Clauses) 525

Additional Podeplings (Object Clauses) 525

Additional additive proposals depending on verbs expressing the requirement, advice, proposal, arrangement, order 527

Additional additive proposals depending on verbs expressing a sense of regret, surprise, indignation, joy, etc. 528

Additional additive proposals depending on the verb to Wish 529

Direct and indirect speech (Direct and Indirect Speech) 531

Act a direct speech in indirect 532

Narrative offer 532.

Question Proposition 536.

Land offer 539.

SETTING CLAUSES (ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES) 541

Conscious Clauses (Adverbial Clauses) 545

Adverbial Clauses of Time 545

Pressure offers (Adverbial Clauses of Place) 548

Potion Causes (Adverbial Clauses of Cause) 549

Pressure Clauses of Action (Adverbial Clauses of Manner) 549

Pressure Corollary Propositions (Adverbial Clauses Of Result) 551

Candidate Suggestions (Adverbial Clauses of Concession) 552

Applying goals (Adverbial Clauses of Purpose) 552

Puttinglements Conditions (Adverbial Clauses of Condition) 554

Conditional Sentences 555

First type of conditional proposals 555

Second type of conditional proposals 557

Third type of conditional proposals 559

Consumption of Could and Might in the main part of the conditional proposals of the second and third type 560

Conditional sentences formed from the elements of the second and i third types 561

Conditional sentences with an unfavorable condition or consequence of 562

Non-union conditional proposals 562

Summary of the methods of expression of the fault in the conditional sentences 564

Sequence of times in complex suggestions, including conditional proposals 564

Complete-subordinate offer with two or more additive offers 566

Pinctuation Marks 567

Comma (The Comma) 567

Comma in simple sentence 567

Comma in complex sentence 569

Semicolon 570

Colon 570

The Full Stop Or The Period) 571

Question mark (The Note of Interrogation) 571

An exclamation mark (The Note of Exclamation) 572

Quotes (The Inverted Commas) 572

Apostrophe (The Apostrophe) 572

Defis or Dami (The Hyphen) 572

Applications:

I. Foundation 573.

II. Tables of personal and non-luxury verb forms 594

III. Incorrect verbs table 607

IV. List of most common prepositions, unions, union words, as well as shortcoming, coinciding in shape with pretexts and unions, and adults serving to connect proposals 612

V. List of some of the most commonly intelligent and combinations performing the function of the Narachi 615

Exercises 619.

Signpost of words and combinations analyzed in the 707 textbook

Download free textbook of the USSR - Practical Grammar Language (Kachachaov, Israelich) 1957

Cm. Excerpt from the textbook ...

Preface

In this edition, the textbook has been recycled and expansion. Many sections are revised, and some are written almost or even again. These sections include: Article, sequence of time, subjunctive inclination, general information about the non-licric forms of verb, infinitives, sacrament, adverb, apparent proposals to be subject to accessible additional offers. In other sections, large or smaller changes and rather significant additions are also made. At the end of the textbook, the lists of the most common prepositions, unions and the adventure, as well as an alphabetical indicator of words and combinations analyzed in the textbook. The number of exercises, as well as some new types of exercises, such as, for example, to sections about Artikle, about word formation and some others.

Special attention was paid to the processing of the article on Artikle, which is one of the most difficult sections in English grammar. An attempt was made to associate the English articles system with some Russian pronouns, compared with articles in their values \u200b\u200band functions in the proposal. Many years of experience confirms that this method of explaining the use of articles significantly facilitates the learners to master this difficult topic.

Much attention was also paid to the processing of the section on adveria, which, as a rule, is not paid enough attention to the existing grammar textbooks. Despite the fact that the material of this section is simple, since there is no grammatical categories, the assimilation of this section represents difficulties for students. Although in many cases these difficulties can rather be attributed to vocabulary than to grammar, it seems methodically justified to reflect them in a practical grammar tutorial.

As you know, in English, the question of the subjunctive ignition is extremely difficult and on this issue there is no consensus both in the scientific literature and in training grammar. In the previous edition, the subjunctive inclination section did not reflect, as the criticism is rightly noted, the complete picture of the forms expressing the values \u200b\u200bof the subjunctive ignition. In this edition, all these forms are given in a specific system. This section has a methodical note on the procedure for passing the forms of the subjunctive inclination. It is recommended not to undergo a subjunctive inclination as one grammatical theme, but to attribute various ways to express the subjunctive inclination to the appropriate types of proposals in which they are used, to carry, thus passing the subjunctive inclination from morphology in syntax. Section of the same subjunctive ignition is recommended after all cases of its use are learned. Such passage of the subjunctive ignition is presented to us on the basis of many years of practice Methodically most appropriate.

Request to all persons using this textbook, especially in English teachers, report our critical comments at the address: Moscow, Weapon Per., House 25 - A, V / O "Forenburghizdat".

MORPHOLOGY

Parts of Speech

All words are divided into discharges, called speech parts. Words relate to a particular part of speech depending on the following signs: 1) of its meaning, 2) functions in a sentence, 3) forms of word formation (suffixes) and 4) forms of word condense (grammatical endings).

In English, the form of word formation and word form is very often not signs that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number of English words do not have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to one or another part of speech, and the number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.

The following parts of speech are distinguished:

1) Noun (The NOUN)

2) the adjective name (the adjective)

3) Numeral Name (The Numeral)

4) Pronoun (The Pronoun

5) verb (The Verb)

6) ADVERB (THE ADVERB)

7) Preposition (The Preposition)

8) Union (The Conjunction)

9) Interjection (The Interjection)

Noun, adjective, numerical, pronoun, verb and adverb are a significant (independent) parts of speech. They denote objects, their quality, actions, etc. and are members of the proposal. Prepositions and unions are service parts of speech. They show various relationships between members of the offer or suggestions, but they themselves are not members of the sentence.

The interjections do not apply to a significant nor to the service parts of speech, as they differ in their meaning and function in the proposal from both those and others.

The Noun)

General

§ 1. 1. The name of the noun is called part of the speech, which means the subject. The subject in grammar is called everything that you can ask: Who is this? who is it? or What is this? who is it? For example: WHO IS THIS? who is it? - a man man, a girl girl, An Engineer Engineer; What is this? what is it? - A House House, Wheat Wheat, Darkness Darkness, Work Work.

2. Nalion names are usually accompanied by articles or other determinants and are often combined with pretexts. Articles and other identifiers, as well as prepositions are signs of noun: a table, The Table table; This book is this book; My pencil is my pencil; In The Room in the room; With Sugar with sugar.

3. Nouns names have two numbers: the only and multiple: a table (units.) Table, Tables (mn. H.) Stl; a book (units.) Book, books (mn. h.) Books.

4. Nouns names have two cases: common and tentative: worker (general case), Worker's (assignant case); Father (shared case), Father's (Press Paddle).

5. The genus nouns in English is determined not by the form of the word, but its meaning. Nouns names denoting animated objects, there are a male or female family, depending on the gender designated by them: a man (male genus) man, a woman (female genus) Woman. Nouns names denoting inanimate objects belong to the middle family: a chair chair, water water, a window window.

6. Noun nouns are simple, derivatives and folding.

For simple names, nouns include nouns that have no prefixes or suffixes: Ship ship, Town city, book book, Wheat wheat.

To derivative names, nouns include nouns that have suffixes or prefixes, or at the same time those and others: Darkness Darkness, Misprint typo, unemployment unemployment.

The most characteristic suffixes of derivative nouns include:

Age: passage passage, marriage marriage

ANCE, -ENCE: Resistance Resistance, Difference Difference

DOM: Freedom Freedom, Wisdom Wisdom

Er: Worker Worker, Writer Writer

Hood: Childhood Childhood, NeighbourHood Neighborhood

Ion: Restriction Restriction, Connection Communication

Ment: Development Development, Government Government

Ness: Happiness Happiness, Kindness Conditions

Ship: Leadership Manual, Friendship Friendship

TY: Safety Safety, Certainty Confidence

URE: Departure Departure, Pleasure Pleasure

Nouns almost do not have characteristic prefixes. The prefixes of the nouns mainly coincide with the prefixes of verbs and adjectives, as they are found mainly in nouns formed from these parts of speech: Reconstruction Reconstruction, DisarMament Disarmament, Uneasiness Anxiety, inequality inequality.

To complex names, nouns include nouns formed from the connection of two words in one. They are written in a punch or through a hyphen (dash): bedroom bedroom, newspaper newspaper, dining-room dining room. Some complex nouns consist of two words with a pretext between them: Commander-In-Chief Commander-in-Chief, Mother-in-Law Mother-in-law, mother-in-law.

(See Appendix 1 - p. 573)

7. National names can be used in the proposal in the function:

a) subject to:

The Train Leaves AT Six O'Clock. The train is located at six o'clock.

b) registered part of the composite facility:

Not is a teacher. He is a teacher.

c) add-ons (direct, freely related indirect and proposed indirect):

I'Ve Received a Telegram. I got a telegram.

WE'VE SENT THE BUYERS A LET- We sent the buyers

I'll Speak to the Manager. I'll talk to the head.

d) definitions:

This Is The Manager's Room. This is the room of the head.

e) circumstances:

There Is a Hospital in the Village. - There is a hospital in the village.

Nouns Own and Men

§ 2. National names are divided into own (Proper Nouns) and Mennative (Common Nouns).

1. Own names Nouns denote objects and phenomena, the only of a kind: The Volga Volga, The Caucasus Caucasus, London London, The Frhench Revolution French Revolution. The nouns are also personal names: Peter Peter, John Smith John Smith.

In English, the names of days and months are also among the names of the days and months: Sunday Sunday, May May.

Own names nouns are written from a capital letter. If your own name is a combination of several words, then all the words, with the exception of articles, prepositions and unions, are written from the capital letter: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Soviet Socialist Republic Union, The Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, The United Kingdom of Great Britain And Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

2. Nortional National names are a common name for all homogeneous objects: a boy boy, a country country, a house house, a river river.

To nominal names, nouns include:

a) names of nouns denoting individual items - a book book, books books, a boy boy, boys boys - as well as names nouns, denoting groups of persons or animals, considered as one whole (nouns - Collective Nouns) - A Family Family , family family families, a crowd crowd, crowds crowds, a herd flock, herds herds;

b) National names denoting various substances (nouns - Material Nouns): Water Water, Steel Steel, Wool Wool;

c) National names, denoting signs, actions, states, feelings, phenomena, science, art, etc. (Nouns Abstract - Abstract Nouns): Honesty Honesty, Bravery Bravery, Darkness Darkness, Love Love, Work Work, Sleep Sleep, Winter Winter, History History, Music Music.

Nouns calculated and innumerable

§ 3. National noun nominal names can be divided into two groups: 1) Calculated nouns and 2) Notified nouns.

1. To the calculated nouns include the names of items that can be counted. They are used both in the only and plural:

I have Bought a Book.1 I bought a book.

I Have Bough Two Books. I bought two books.

There Is a Library in This Street.

There Are Very Many Libraries in Moscow.

This street has a library.

There are a lot of libraries in Moscow.

2. To the innumerable nouns include the names of items that cannot be counted. These include nouns real and distracted. Nouns innumerable are only used in the singular:

Coal IS Produced in Many Dis is mined in many TRICTS OF OUR COUNTRY. areas of our country.

Knowledge IS Power. Knowledge is power.

§ 4. In English, as in Russian, some nouns can be used to designate a subject or objects consisting of a given substance or material; In this case, they go to the calculated nouns:

Not CARRIED A BRICK (Two Bricks) in Each Hand.

Wed: Our House is Built of Brick.

The Boy Threw A Stone (Two Stones) INTO THE WATER.

Wed: The Ground Was As Hard AS Stone.

He carried a brick (two bricks) in each hand.

Our house is built of brick.

The boy threw a stone (two stones) into the water.

The land was hard as a stone.

Nouns can be used, as in Russian, to designate different varieties and species. In this case, they also go to the calculated nouns:

IT is a good wine.

Not Prefers Caucasian Wines to Crimean Wines.

We Export Lubricating Oils.

This is a good wine. He prefers the wines of the Crimean. We export oils.

§ 5. Nouns abstracts go into calculated nouns when their value is specified:

NOT MADE A SPEECH YESTERDAY.

His Speeches Are Always Interesting.

Wedway: Animals Do Not Possess The Power Of Speech.

There Are Very Many Amusements in The Park Of Culture and Rest.

Wedway: He Does That For Amusement.

He said yesterday.

His speech is always interesting.

Animals do not possess the gift of speech.

In the park of culture and rest, there are a lot of entertainment.

He does it for the sake of entertainment.

Number (Number)

§ 6. In English, as in Russian, two numbers: the only and multiple.

The shape of the singular is used to designate one item: a table standing, and rap feather. The plural form serves to designate two or more items: Tables tables, Pens feathers.

Details Category: English

Year of release: 1998
Posted by: Kachalova K.N. Israelich E.E. / Kachalova K.N., Israilevich E.E.
Genre: textbook
Publisher: Unves.
Russian language
Format: PDF.
ISBN: 5-88682-003-5
Quality: Scanned Pages
Number of pages: 718

Description: In terms of its volume, this textbook is approaching the textbooks of regulatory grammar for language universities. However, it differs from them mainly less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is not intended to prepare teachers of English, but to train specialists related to their practical work with English.
The textbook covered the main grammatical phenomena, occurring both in household and business speech, and in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as, for example, the sacrament, infinitive and gerundium, are developed by several more than other sections, as their detailed study is especially important for accurate translation of special texts and documents.
Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are built not only on household vocabulary, and in the most common political and economic and foreign trademark.