How to protect car and other electrical equipment from emitters. How does electromagnetic radiation affect the human body? Does electromagnetic pulse affect batteries?

Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the emergence of powerful electromagnetic fields. Due to their short-term existence, these fields are usually called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The damaging effect of EMR is caused by the occurrence of voltages and currents in conductors of various lengths located in the air, equipment, on the ground or on other objects. The effect of EMR manifests itself, first of all, in relation to radio-electronic equipment, where, under the influence of EMR, electric currents and voltages are induced, which can cause breakdown of electrical insulation, damage to transformers, burnout of spark gaps, damage to semiconductor devices and other elements of radio engineering devices. Communication, signaling and control lines are most susceptible to EMR. Strong electromagnetic fields can damage electrical circuits and interfere with the operation of unshielded electrical equipment.

A high-altitude explosion can interfere with communications over very large areas. Protection against EMI is achieved by shielding power supply lines and equipment.

NUCLEAR DAMAGE SOCIETY

The source of nuclear damage is the territory in which, under the influence of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, destruction of buildings and structures, fires, radioactive contamination of the area and damage to the population occur. The simultaneous impact of a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation largely determines the combined nature of the damaging effect of a nuclear weapon explosion on people, military equipment and structures. In case of combined damage to people, injuries and contusions from the impact of a shock wave can be combined with burns from light radiation with simultaneous fire from light radiation. Electronic equipment and devices, in addition, may lose their functionality as a result of exposure to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The more powerful the nuclear explosion, the larger the source size. The nature of the destruction in the outbreak also depends on the strength of the structures of buildings and structures, their number of storeys and building density.

The outer boundary of the source of nuclear damage is taken to be a conventional line on the ground drawn at a distance from the epicenter of the explosion where the excess pressure of the shock wave is 10 kPa.

2. Chemical weapons

Chemical weapons, toxic substances. Characteristic signs of the use of toxic substances (CS). Types of toxic substances (classification of chemical agents). Protection against chemical weapons.

For the first time, chemical weapons were widely used for the purpose of mass destruction during the 1st World War to cause damage through the respiratory system (chlorine and phosgene; respectively in April and December 1915) and through the skin (mustard gas; in July 1917).

By the end of World War 1, lewisite, chloroacetophenone and adamsite appeared; in the 20s - nitrogen mustards, in the 30-40s. - the first representatives of deadly fast-acting phosphorus-containing agents (diisopropyl fluorophosphate, tabun, sarin, soman).

After World War II, developments in the field of chemical weapons were intensively carried out in the United States, where in the 1950s. VI-gas and psychotropic incapacitants were synthesized; in the 1960s Research has begun on lethal fast-acting agents for use in mixed weapons and sabotage (prototypes of natural poisons), and research on the chemical factors that determine the damaging properties of biological weapons.

Simultaneously with the improvement of explosive agents, new means of their combat use were developed. In World War I, gas and smoke exhaust were used. Then artillery chemicals were created. ammunition (shells, mines), chemical. aerial bombs, air-draining devices, chemical landmines, reactive chemical ammunition, chemical missile warheads, mixed weapons (bullets, shells, mines, aerial bombs) and binary weapons. The peculiarity of the latter is that they are not equipped with the chemical agent itself, but with its precursors (predecessors) placed in separate containers - initial substances, when mixed (at the moment of firing or dropping a bomb), a reaction is carried out with the formation of chemical agent.

Chemical Weapons Convention 1993

The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction belongs to that category of instruments of international humanitarian law that prohibit weapons considered the most monstrous. Immediately after the end of the First World War, the use of chemical and biological weapons was condemned by the international community and prohibited Geneva Protocol of 1925 Thus, the adoption of the Convention reinforces one of the basic principles of the law governing the conduct of hostilities, according to which the right to choose methods and means of warfare available to parties to an armed conflict is not unlimited. The Convention, adopted as a result of negotiations within the Conference on Disarmament, was opened for signature in Paris on January 13, 1993 and entered into force on April 29, 1997. The vast majority of states are currently bound by it.

FEDERAL LAW OF THE RF FROM 02.05.97N76-FZ "ON THE DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS"

This Federal Law establishes the legal basis for carrying out a set of works to destroy chemical weapons stored on the territory of the Russian Federation, and to ensure the safety of citizens and environmental protection when carrying out these works.

Article 25. Responsibility of citizens.

Citizens are responsible for:

deliberate actions with chemical weapons that may lead or have caused emergency situations, or caused harm to the health of citizens, property of citizens and legal entities, or caused damage to the environment; organization of events that may result or have resulted in a threat to the safety of citizens and (or) which may result or have resulted in damage to the environment during the storage, transportation and destruction of chemical weapons, or participation in them;

failure to comply with regulatory legal acts and instructions of federal executive authorities exercising supervision and control functions to ensure the safety of citizens and protect the environment.

The types of responsibility of citizens and the procedure for bringing them to responsibility are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In Russia, at the end of November 2002, the destruction of chemical weapons began.

Table 1. Classification of toxic substances

Group OV	OB	Mechanism actions	Paths hits	Signs of defeat	Protection/ First help
1. Nerve paralytic actions		Affects the nervous system: blocking (inhibition) of the enzyme acetylcholine esterase, which in the body breaks down one of the transmitter substances, namely acetylcholine. Lethal action (death may occur within 1-10 minutes)	Through the respiratory system, skin vapor and droplet-liquid states), gastrointestinal tract with food and water	Drooling, miosis (constriction of the pupils), difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis. Death occurs from respiratory arrest	Gas mask and protective suit / Put on a gas mask and inject the antidote from AI-2, treat the skin and clothing with liquid from the IPP.
blister actions	liquids aerosol or gas	Possess multilateral damaging action: destruction of intercellular membranes; carbohydrate metabolism disorder; “tearing out” nitrogenous bases from DNA and RNA. Deadly actions	Through the skin (resorptive effect - in drop-liquid and vapor state), through the respiratory organs (by inhaling vapors), Gastrointestinal tract with food and water	There is a latent period (2 hours or more), redness of the skin, the formation of small blisters on it, which then merge into large ones and burst after two or three days, turning into difficult-to-heal ulcers. They cause general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in fever and malaise.	Treat gas mask, protective clothing/skin and clothing with IPP liquid.
3. Asphyxiating effect		Lead to the development of pulmonary edema Deadly actions	Through the respiratory organs	Sweetish, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. After leaving the source of infection, these phenomena disappear, and the victim feels normal within 4-6 hours. During this period, pulmonary edema develops. Then breathing may suddenly worsen; cough appears with profuse sputum production, headache, fever, shortness of breath, increased heart rate.	Put on a gas mask and get out of the contaminated area. Ventilation cannot be performed.
4. Generally poisonous action	acid (with bitter Chlorcyanide	Violate transmission oxygen from the blood to the tissues. Lethal action	Through the respiratory system (in vapor form)	Metallic taste in the mouth, irritation in the throat, dizziness, weakness, nausea, severe convulsions, paralysis.	Crush the ampoule with the antidote and insert it under the helmet-gas mask. Ventilation
I'm annoying actions	CS (Si-S) aerosols)	Temporarily bringing out the living force out of order (according to American terminology malicious		Burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe watery eyes, cough, difficulty breathing	Infected treat with soapy water, rinse eyes and nasopharynx with clean water, clean uniform.
Psychochemicals actions	glycolev	Affects the central nervous system Temporarily incapacitating living force		Psychological (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders

Chemical weapon is a weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals. It includes chemical warfare agents and means of application.

Toxic substances (CS) are chemical compounds that can affect unprotected people and animals over large areas, penetrate various structures, and contaminate terrain and water bodies for a long period. They are used to equip missiles, aircraft bombs, artillery shells and mines, chemical land mines, as well as airborne discharge devices (VAL). OM is used in a drop-liquid state, in the form of steam, gas and aerosols (fog, smoke). They enter the human body through the respiratory system, digestion, skin and eyes.

Characteristic signs of the use of toxic substances:

less sharp, unusual for conventional ammunition, sound of explosions of bombs, shells and mines;

a cloud of gas, smoke or fog in places where bombs, shells and mines exploded or moving from the enemy;

dark disappearing stripes behind the planes, drops and fog from the chemical agents on the ground;

oily drops, stains, puddles, smudges on the ground or in craters from explosions of shells, mines and bombs;

respiratory and eye irritation; decreased visual acuity or loss of vision; foreign odor unusual for the area;

wilting of vegetation and change in color.

Based on the nature of their toxic effects, agents are divided into nerve agents, vesicants, asphyxiants, general toxic agents, irritants and psychochemical agents. The classification of toxic substances is presented in Table 1.

OB Features:

the damaging effect occurs immediately, is chemical in nature, and is associated with a disruption of enzymatic processes in the body;

the action occurs covertly, since modern agents are practically not detected directly by the senses;

Agents have a volumetric effect, since after combat use they contaminate the air that penetrates into all ordinary structures; lesions occur not only in open areas, but also in leaky shelters;

the destructive effect manifests itself over a certain period of time, calculated in minutes, hours, days, weeks or months, and depends on their ability to maintain combat concentration in the air or the density of contamination of the area;

the effect of chemical agents is integral, since they are able to penetrate the body in various ways and therefore require special means of protection;

The volume and duration of action of explosive agents on the ground leads to massive casualties and has a moral impact on the enemy.

TO personal protective equipment from hazardous agents include gas masks, protective suits, gloves and stockings that protect the respiratory organs, mucous membrane of the eyes and skin from damage. The most reliable personal protective equipment is gas masks, especially if the enemy uses aerosols. In the absence of gas masks, you can use simple protective equipment (cotton and gauze bandages, respirators, protective masks made of filter materials, etc.). To protect the surface of the body and skin from damage, protective anti-chemical capes and suits are used, as well as waterproof protective raincoats available to the population, various improvised means, for example, coats, etc.

TO collective means of protection These include special shelters, sealed and equipped with filter-ventilation units. Homes and other premises can also serve as protection if they are properly sealed.

At the signal “ Chemical alarm“It is urgent to put on a gas mask, and, if necessary, skin protection; If there is a shelter nearby, take refuge in it. Before entering the shelter, you should remove used skin protection and outer clothing and leave them in the shelter vestibule; this precaution prevents the introduction of toxic substances into the shelter.

When using a shelter (basement, closed gap, etc.), one should not forget that it can serve as protection against contact with droplets of liquid chemical agents on the skin and clothing, but does not protect against vapors or aerosols of toxic substances in the air. When staying in such shelters in conditions of external contamination, it is imperative to use a gas mask.

From short distances. Naturally, I immediately wanted to make a similar homemade product, since it is quite impressive and demonstrates in practice the work of electromagnetic pulses. The first models of the EMR emitter had several high-capacity capacitors from disposable cameras, but this design does not work very well due to the long “recharging” time. So I decided to take a Chinese high voltage module (commonly used in stun guns) and add a "punch" to it. This design suited me. But unfortunately, my high-voltage module burned out and therefore I could not film an article on this homemade product, but I had a detailed video on the assembly, so I decided to take some points from the video, I hope the Admin will not mind, since the homemade product is really very interesting.

I would like to say that all this was done as an experiment!

And so for the EMR emitter we need:
-high voltage module
-two 1.5 volt batteries
-box for batteries
-body, I use a 0.5 plastic bottle
-copper wire with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm
-button without lock
-wires

The tools we need are:
-soldering iron
-thermo glue

And so, the first thing you need to do is wind a thick wire of about 10-15 turns around the top of the bottle, turn to turn (the coil greatly affects the range of the electromagnetic pulse; a spiral coil with a diameter of 4.5 cm has shown to work best) then cut off the bottom of the bottle

We take our high-voltage module and solder the power supply through the button to the input wires, after first removing the batteries from the box

Take the tube from the handle and cut off a piece 2 cm long from it:

We insert one of the high-voltage output wires into a piece of tube and glue it as shown in the photo:

Using a soldering iron, we make a hole in the side of the bottle, slightly larger than the diameter of the thick wire:

We insert the longest wire through the hole inside the bottle:

Solder the remaining high-voltage wire to it:

We place the high-voltage module inside the bottle:

We make another hole on the side of the bottle, with a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the tube from the handle:

We pull out a piece of tube with a wire through the hole and firmly glue it and insulate it with thermal glue:

Then we take the second wire from the coil and insert it inside a piece of tube, there should be an air gap between them, 1.5-2 cm, you need to select it experimentally

we put all the electronics inside the bottle, so that nothing shorts out, does not dangle and is well insulated, then glue it:

We make another hole along the diameter of the button and pull it out from the inside, then glue it:

We take the cut bottom and cut it along the edge so that it can fit onto the bottle, put it on and glue it:

OK it's all over Now! Our EMR emitter is ready, all that remains is to test it! To do this, we take an old calculator, remove valuable electronics and preferably put on rubber gloves, then press the button and bring the calculator up, electric current breakdowns will begin to occur in the tube, the coil will begin to emit an electromagnetic pulse and our calculator will first turn on itself, and then begin to randomly write numbers on its own !

Before this homemade product, I made an EMR based on a glove, but unfortunately I only shot a video of the tests; by the way, I went to an exhibition with this glove and took second place due to the fact that I showed the presentation poorly. The maximum range of the EMP glove was 20 cm. I hope this article was interesting to you, and be careful with high voltage!

A nuclear explosion is accompanied by electromagnetic radiation in the form of a powerful short pulse, affecting mainly electrical and electronic equipment.

Sources of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) occurrence. By its nature, EMR, with some assumptions, can be compared with the electromagnetic field of nearby lightning, which creates interference for radio receivers. Wavelengths range from 1 to 1000 m or more. EMR occurs mainly as a result of the interaction of gamma radiation generated during an explosion with atoms of the environment.

When gamma quanta interact with atoms of the medium, the latter are imparted an energy impulse, a small fraction of which is spent on ionization of atoms, and the main part is spent on imparting translational motion to electrons and ions formed as a result of ionization. Due to the fact that much more energy is imparted to an electron than to an ion, and also due to the large difference in mass, electrons have a higher speed compared to ions. We can assume that the ions practically remain in place, and the electrons move away from them at speeds close to the speed of light in the radial direction from the center of the explosion. Thus, a separation of positive and negative charges occurs in space for some time.

Due to the fact that the air density in the atmosphere decreases with altitude, an asymmetry in the distribution of electric charge (electron flow) results in the area surrounding the explosion site. The asymmetry of the electron flow can also arise due to the asymmetry of the gamma ray flow itself due to the different thickness of the bomb shell, as well as the presence of the Earth’s magnetic field and other factors. The asymmetry of the electric charge (electron flow) at the site of the explosion in the air causes a current pulse. It emits electromagnetic energy in the same way as passing it through a radiating antenna.

The region where gamma radiation interacts with the atmosphere is called the EMR source region. The dense atmosphere near the earth's surface limits the area of ​​distribution of gamma rays (the mean free path is hundreds of meters). Therefore, in a ground explosion, the source area occupies an area of ​​only a few square kilometers and approximately coincides with the area where other damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are exposed.

During a high-altitude nuclear explosion, gamma rays can travel hundreds of kilometers before interacting with air molecules and, due to its rarefaction, penetrate deep into the atmosphere. Therefore, the size of the EMR source area is large. Thus, with a high-altitude explosion of ammunition with a power of 0.5-2 million tons, an EMP source area with a diameter of up to 1600-3000 km and a thickness of about 20 km can be formed, the lower boundary of which will pass at an altitude of 18-20 km (Fig. 1.4).

Rice. 1.4. The main options for the EMP situation: 1 - EMP situation in the source area and the formation of radiation fields from ground and air explosions; 2 - underground EMP situation at some distance from the explosion near the surface; 3 - EMP situation of a high-altitude explosion.

The large size of the source area during a high-altitude explosion generates intense EMR directed downwards over a significant part of the earth's surface. Therefore, a very large area may find itself in conditions of strong EMP influence, where other damaging factors of a nuclear explosion have practically no effect.

Thus, during high-altitude nuclear explosions, printing objects located outside the source of nuclear damage may be strongly affected by EMR.

The main parameters of EMR that determine the damaging effect are the nature of the change in the strength of the electric and magnetic fields over time - the shape of the pulse and the maximum field strength - the amplitude of the pulse.

The EMR of a ground-based nuclear explosion at a distance of up to several kilometers from the center of the explosion is a single signal with a steep leading edge and a duration of several tens of milliseconds (Fig. 1.5).

Rice. 1.5. Change in the field strength of the electromagnetic pulse: a - initial phase; b - main phase; c is the duration of the first quasi-half cycle.

EMR energy is distributed over a wide frequency range from tens of hertz to several megahertz. However, the high-frequency part of the spectrum contains a small fraction of the pulse energy; the bulk of its energy occurs at frequencies up to 30 kHz.

The amplitude of EMR in this zone can reach very large values ​​- in the air, thousands of volts per meter during the explosion of low-power ammunition and tens of thousands of volts per meter during explosions of high-power ammunition. In soil, the amplitude of EMR can reach hundreds and thousands of volts per meter, respectively.

Because the amplitude of EMP decreases rapidly with increasing distance, EMP from a ground-based nuclear explosion only affects a few kilometers from the center of the explosion; over long distances it has only a short-term negative effect on the operation of radio equipment.

For a low air explosion, the EMP parameters remain basically the same as for a ground explosion, but as the height of the explosion increases, the amplitude of the pulse at the ground surface decreases.

With a low air explosion with a power of 1 million tons, EMR with damaging field strengths spreads over an area with a radius of up to 32 km, 10 million tons - up to 115 km.

The amplitude of EMR in underground and underwater explosions is significantly less than the amplitude of EMR in explosions in the atmosphere, so its damaging effect in underground and underwater explosions is practically not manifested.

The damaging effect of EMR is caused by the occurrence of voltages and currents in conductors located in the air, ground, and on equipment of other objects.

Since the amplitude of EMR quickly decreases with increasing distance, its damaging effect is several kilometers from the center (epicenter) of a large-caliber explosion. Thus, with a ground explosion with a power of 1 Mt, the vertical component of the EMR electric field at a distance of 4 km is 3 kV/m, at a distance of 3 km - 6 kV/m, and at 2 km - 13 kV/m.

EMR does not have a direct effect on humans. Receivers of EMR energy - bodies that conduct electric current: all overhead and underground communication lines, control lines, alarms (since they have an electrical strength not exceeding 2-4 kV DC voltage), power transmission, metal masts and supports, aerial and underground antennas devices, above-ground and underground turbine pipelines, metal roofs and other structures made of metal. At the moment of explosion, a pulse of electric current appears in them for a fraction of a second and a potential difference appears relative to the ground. Under the influence of these voltages, the following can occur: breakdown of cable insulation, damage to input elements of equipment connected to antennas, overhead and underground lines (breakdown of communication transformers, failure of arresters, fuses, damage to semiconductor devices, etc., as well as burnout of fuse links included in the lines to protect the equipment.High electrical potentials relative to ground arising on screens, cable cores, antenna-feeder lines and wired communication lines can pose a danger to persons servicing the equipment.

EMP poses the greatest danger to equipment that is not equipped with special protection, even if it is located in particularly strong structures that can withstand large mechanical loads from the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. EMR for such equipment is the main damaging factor.

Power lines and their equipment, designed for voltages of tens and hundreds of kW, are resistant to the effects of electromagnetic pulses.

It is also necessary to take into account the simultaneous impact of a pulse of instantaneous gamma radiation and EMR: under the influence of the first, the conductivity of materials increases, and under the influence of the second, additional electric currents are induced. In addition, their simultaneous impact on all systems located in the explosion area should be taken into account.

High electrical voltages are generated (induced) on cable and overhead lines caught in the zone of powerful pulses of electromagnetic radiation. The induced voltage can cause damage to the input circuits of the equipment at fairly remote sections of these lines.

Depending on the nature of the impact of EMR on communication lines and the equipment connected to them, the following protection methods are recommended: the use of two-wire symmetrical communication lines, well insulated from each other and from the ground; exclusion of the use of single-wire external communication lines; shielding of underground cables with copper, aluminum, lead sheathing; electromagnetic shielding of units and equipment components; use of various types of protective input devices and lightning protection equipment.

Electricity has firmly entered our lives and has become an integral part of it. But technological progress is associated with an increase in the level of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which has an adverse effect on all living organisms. Electromagnetic radiation is an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields that travels through space at the speed of light. A person does not see or feel it, and therefore is not able to assess how it affects health. Meanwhile, doctors all over the world are sounding the alarm that EMR acts on the body like radiation. Let's figure out how electromagnetic waves affect a person, whether there are ways to protect against adverse effects.

Sources of electromagnetic radiation

Throughout our lives, humans are exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). If people are not able to change the influence of electromagnetic radiation from natural sources (the Sun, the magnetic and electric fields of the Earth), then they can reduce the influence from artificial sources.

But actively using the achievements of scientific progress, people, on the contrary, are increasingly experiencing side effects on the body caused by the operation of various devices and mechanisms - electromagnetic waves from artificial radiation sources that surround us everywhere:

• transformers;
• cell phones;
• medical equipment;
• computers;
• antennas;
• elevators;
• household appliances;
• power lines.

Energy coming from sources varies in frequency and wavelength– these are the main characteristics of EMF. Scientists have discovered and studied electromagnetic waves of all possible ranges that are used in science or technology. The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is formed from the totality of all waves.

Spectral range of EMF radiation

The light that is perceived by the human eye is part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, but only a small one. During its study, other waves were discovered. Electromagnetic waves include:

1. X-rays and gamma rays are high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (3 – 300 MHz).
2. Infrared radiation, light visible to the human eye, as well as ultraviolet - mid-frequency radiation (0.3 - 3 MHz).
3. Radio radiation and microwaves are low-frequency radiation (3 – 300 kHz).

All electromagnetic waves are used by humans and have an impact on both living organisms and the environment. The biological activity of waves increases as their length decreases.

Radiation emanating from low-frequency and mid-frequency sources is non-ionizing. It means that harm to health at an acceptable level of exposure to EMR is minimal.

Medical equipment - sources of high-frequency irradiation and ionizing electromagnetic radiation: X-ray machines and computed tomography machines - has a strong biological effect on the human body. MRI and ultrasound are not dangerous to the body because X-rays are not used in diagnosis.

The full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation by wavelength is divided into ranges:

• radio waves (100 km - 1 mm) - used in the field of television and radio broadcasting, in radar;
• microwaves (300 – 1 mm) – used in industry and in everyday life: satellite and cellular communications, microwave ovens;
• infrared radiation (2000 microns - 740 nm) is widely used in forensics, physiotherapy, and for drying products or products;
• optical radiation - 740 - 400 nm - light visible to humans;
• ultraviolet radiation (400 - 10 nm) has become widespread in medicine and industry: bactericidal and quartz lamps;
• X-rays (0.1 – 1.01 nm) are widely used in medical diagnostics;
• Gamma radiation (less than 0.01 nm) is used in the treatment of cancer.

The boundaries between spectrum ranges are considered very arbitrary.

Electromagnetic radiation level

Outgoing electromagnetic radiation from artificial EMF sources can be low-level and high-level. The power level of the source affects the intensity of electromagnetic radiation.

High level sources include:

• high-voltage power lines;
• electric transport;
• towers for television and radio broadcasting, satellite and cellular communications;
• transformers;
• electric lifting installations (elevators, funiculars).

Low-level sources include all types of household appliances, devices with CRT displays and in-house wiring, sockets and switches.

To determine the EMR level, a special device is used - a flux meter.. It records the value of the electric field strength indicator, according to which protective measures are taken if the standards are exceeded.

The maximum permissible level of exposure of the population is the value of EMR intensity at which there is no harmful effect on the human body.

To calculate the radiation dose depending on the source, distance to it and size, there are special tables and formulas. A safe dose of electromagnetic radiation is 0.2 - 0.3 µT.

How does electromagnetic radiation affect living organisms?

Numerous scientific studies have led to the conclusion that the impact of electromagnetic fields on the human and animal body is negative, its consequences are disruption of the functioning of internal organs and the development of various diseases.

The influence of electromagnetic waves on a person depends on many factors:

• field intensity (level);
• their lengths and frequencies;
• time period of exposure;
• state of human health.

Sources with high levels of EMF have a greater impact on human health. The depth of penetration into the body depends on the wavelength: long-wave fields act on internal organs, the brain and spinal cord, short waves only on the skin and lead to a thermal effect.

EMFs increase the risk to the health of children and weakened bodies, as well as people susceptible to allergic diseases.

Adverse electromagnetic radiation and interference with constant exposure disrupt the functioning of all body systems and can lead to radio wave disease, the symptoms of which many people experience:

• chronic fatigue;
• state of apathy;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• constant headaches;
• sleep and attention disorders;
• frequent depression.

If we take into account that the average city dweller is constantly exposed to the influence of an electromagnetic field throughout his life, then radio wave disease can be diagnosed in almost every city dweller and the symptoms that arise can be explained precisely by its development. If you do not take measures to protect yourself from harmful EMFs, the risk of developing chronic diseases (cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus) and persistent viral respiratory diseases increases.

After short-term exposure to electromagnetic waves, a healthy body is able to fully recover and eliminate the changes that occurred while in the zone of increased EMR.

With prolonged exposure to electromagnetic rays, the bioenergetic balance of the body is disrupted, changes accumulate and become stable.

What harm do EMRs cause to the human body?

The harm to health from sources of ionizing radiation has been proven for a long time, and there is probably not a person who does not know about the negative consequences of exposure to X-rays or gamma rays. The impact of EMF from non-ionizing sources on human health is still poorly understood, but scientists around the world have already proven its negative impact.

Main types of anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation:

• high-voltage power lines;
• microwave and radio emissions from wireless communication devices and household appliances.

Electromagnetic fields and radiation pose a threat to almost all systems of the human body. Under their influence:

• the passage of nerve signals from the brain to other organs deteriorates, which affects the activity of the whole organism: brain coordination is disrupted, reflexes are dulled;
• Negative changes in the mental state are detected: impaired memory and attention, in severe cases the appearance of suicidal thoughts, delusions, hallucinations;
• there is an adverse effect on the circulatory system: EMR can provoke the clumping of blood cells, which will lead to blockage of blood vessels, arrhythmia, and increased blood pressure;
• there is a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes, due to which the body experiences oxygen starvation and insufficient supply of nutrients;
• the production of hormones is disrupted, since under the influence of electromagnetic fields there is constant stimulation of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland and adrenal glands;
• immunity decreases (frequent acute respiratory viral infections, sore throats), and immune cells begin to attack their own cells (the occurrence of allergic reactions) due to a drop in the level of lymphocytes.
• the risk of cancer increases - there is evidence that intense exposure to certain frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum can have a carcinogenic effect;
• sexual function is suppressed in men (decreased potency) and women (menstrual cycle irregularities, infertility).

Electromagnetic radiation has a particularly harmful effect on the fetus in the womb.

Constantly exceeding the permissible dose of EMR during pregnancy leads to a negative impact on the mother and to pathologies in the development of the child at different stages, especially in the first trimester:

• the formation of defects of various organs;
• slow development of the most important systems of the body;
• stillbirth;
• premature birth.

One study of the effects of electromagnetic waves on pregnant women found a high likelihood of stillbirth and spontaneous abortion when the maximum permissible EMR level was increased. Those participants in the experiment who constantly wore an electromagnetic emitter had twice the risk of miscarriage. If a child is born, he has a high probability of developmental pathologies, since EMR affects the DNA structure, damaging it.

The conclusion is disappointing - the influence of electromagnetic radiation on the human body is negative and negatively affects the activity of almost all of its systems. To avoid its destructive effects on health, it is necessary to take care of life safety (LHS) and methods of protection against electromagnetic radiation.

Methods of protection against the influence of electromagnetic fields

Electricity permeates every corner of our lives: from a simple incandescent lamp to complex industrial installations. Modern man can no longer imagine how he will manage without household appliances, communications and telecommunications. It is not possible for most of us to completely abandon the use of electric current and the benefits of civilization, but following some recommendations will help minimize the devastating health consequences of the harmful effects of EMF.

At enterprises where people are constantly forced to deal with the effects of high-level EMR, they are required to install protective screens and strictly comply with all sanitary and epidemiological requirements and safety regulations.

It is important to know that the level of EMF intensity decreases as you move some distance away from it. So, in order to protect yourself from the harmful effects of high-voltage lines on human health, you need to move a safe distance of 25 meters from power lines or other high-level sources.

Under no circumstances should residential buildings be built closer than 30 meters from sources with high levels of electromagnetic radiation and do not allow children to play near transformer boxes or towers.

In order for electrical equipment to make a person’s life easier, and not shorten it, it is necessary to adhere to the following tips and rules.

1. Find out the degree of danger that comes from various sources of electromagnetic radiation at home and at work using a special dosimeter.
2. In accordance with the indicators, arrange electrical appliances so that they are located as far as possible from the seating area and dining table (at least 2 meters).
3. The distance from the CRT monitor or TV should be at least 30 cm.
4. If possible, remove all electrical appliances from the bedroom and children's room.
5. Place electronic watches with alarms no closer than 10 cm from the pillow.
6. Do not be near a working microwave oven, oven or heater.
7. It is not recommended to bring cell phones closer to your head than 2.5 cm. It is a good idea to talk through the speakerphone, and keep the phone as far away from you as possible.
8. You shouldn’t constantly carry cellular communications in your pockets - the best place for them is in a purse or purse.
9. Always turn off electrical devices that are not in use, as even in sleep mode they emit a certain dose of radiation.
10. Using a hairdryer before bed is harmful: EMR slows down the production of melatonin and disrupts sleep cycles. You should not use a computer or tablet less than 2 hours before going to bed.
11. It is necessary to check the presence of grounding in sockets for connecting electrical appliances.

You should know that the steel casing of electrical appliances well shields the radiation emanating from them, and electromagnetic waves can penetrate through walls: electrical appliances located in the next room or with neighbors can also have an effect on the body.

All recommendations must be strictly followed by expectant mothers if they want to bear and give birth to a healthy baby. Excessive use of the computer or talking on a cell phone during pregnancy poses a threat to the health of the unborn child.

Technological progress has made life much easier for people and has given us a wide variety of equipment and electronics, medical devices that help us be healthy, electric transport and elevators. But the negative impact on humans of electromagnetic radiation from electrical appliances and devices, power lines and communication towers cannot but worry specialists and scientists.

Numerous studies lead to disappointing conclusions that without the use of protective measures against EMF, human health is in danger. Therefore, if there is no opportunity or desire to get rid of all the benefits of civilization and move to live in the forest, it is necessary to protect yourself and your loved ones from the harmful effects of EMR by following the simple rules of the Belarusian Railways for working with electrical appliances and following the recommendations given above.

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a natural phenomenon caused by the sudden acceleration of particles (mainly electrons), which results in an intense burst of electromagnetic energy. Everyday examples of EMR include lightning, combustion engine ignition systems, and solar flares. Although electromagnetic pulse can destroy electronic devices, this technology can be used to purposefully and safely disable electronic devices or to ensure the security of personal and confidential data.

Steps

Creation of an elementary electromagnetic emitter

Stock up on the necessary materials. To create a simple electromagnetic emitter, you will need a disposable camera, copper wire, rubber gloves, solder, a soldering iron and an iron rod. All these items can be purchased at your local hardware store.

• The thicker the wire you take for the experiment, the more powerful the final emitter will be.
• If you cannot find an iron rod, you can replace it with a rod made of non-metallic material. However, please note that such a replacement will negatively affect the power of the pulse produced.
• When working with electrical parts that can hold a charge, or when passing electrical current through an object, we strongly recommend wearing rubber gloves to avoid possible electrical shock.

1. Assemble the electromagnetic coil. An electromagnetic coil is a device that consists of two separate, but at the same time interconnected parts: a conductor and a core. In this case, the core will be an iron rod, and the conductor will be copper wire.

   Wrap the wire tightly around the core, leaving no gaps between turns. Don't wrap the entire wire, leave a small amount at the edges of the winding so you can connect your coil to the capacitor.

   Solder the ends of the electromagnetic coil to the capacitor. The capacitor, as a rule, has the form of a cylinder with two contacts, and it can be found on any circuit board. In a disposable camera, such a capacitor is responsible for the flash. Before unsoldering the capacitor, be sure to remove the battery from the camera, otherwise you may receive an electric shock.

   Find a safe place to test your electromagnetic emitter. Depending on the materials involved, the effective range of your EMP will be approximately one meter in any direction. Be that as it may, any electronics caught by the EMP will be destroyed.

   • Don't forget that EMR affects any and all devices within the affected radius, from life support machines like pacemakers to cell phones. Any damage caused by this device via EMP may result in legal consequences.
   • A grounded area, such as a tree stump or plastic table, is an ideal surface for testing an electromagnetic emitter.

2. Since electromagnetic fields only affect electronics, consider purchasing an inexpensive device from your local electronics store. The experiment can be considered successful if, after activation of the EMP, the electronic device stops working.

   • Many office supply stores sell fairly inexpensive electronic calculators with which you can check the effectiveness of the created emitter.

3. Insert the battery back into the camera. To restore the charge, you need to pass electricity through the capacitor, which will subsequently provide your electromagnetic coil with current and create an electromagnetic pulse. Place the test object as close to the EM emitter as possible.

   Note: The presence of an electromagnetic field is generally impossible to determine by eye. Without a test object, you will not be able to confirm the successful creation of the EMP.

   Let the capacitor charge. Disconnect the capacitor from the electromagnetic coil so that the battery charges it again, then, using rubber gloves or plastic tongs, connect them again. If you work with bare hands, you risk getting an electric shock.

   Turn on the capacitor. Activating the flash on the camera will release the electricity stored in the capacitor, which, when passed through the coil, will create an electromagnetic pulse.

   Leave a small amount of wire at the edges of the winding. They are needed to connect the rest of the device to the coil.

   Apply insulation to the radio antenna. The radio antenna will serve as a handle on which the reel and camera board will be attached. Wrap electrical tape around the base of the antenna to protect against electric shock.

   Secure the board to a thick piece of cardboard. The cardboard will serve as another layer of insulation, which will protect you from unpleasant electrical discharge. Take the board and secure it to the cardboard with electrical tape, but so that it does not cover the paths of the electrically conductive circuit.

   • Secure the board face up so that the capacitor and its conductive traces do not come into contact with the cardboard.
   • The cardboard backing for the PCB should also have enough space for the battery compartment.

4. Attach the electromagnetic coil to the end of the radio antenna. Since electrical current must pass through the coil to create EMI, it is a good idea to add a second layer of insulation by placing a small piece of cardboard between the coil and the antenna. Take electrical tape and secure the spool to a piece of cardboard.

   Solder the power supply. Locate the battery connectors on the board and connect them to the corresponding contacts on the battery compartment. After this, you can secure the whole thing with electrical tape on a free section of cardboard.

   Connect the coil to the capacitor. It is necessary to solder the edges of the copper wire to the electrodes of the capacitor. A switch should also be installed between the capacitor and the electromagnetic coil to control the flow of electricity between the two components.

   You should remain wearing rubber gloves during this stage of assembling the EMP device. The remaining charge in the capacitor could cause you to receive an electric shock.

   Attach the cardboard backing to the antenna. Take electrical tape and firmly attach the cardboard backing along with all the parts to the radio antenna. Secure it over the base of the antenna, which you should have already wrapped with electrical tape.

   Find a suitable test object. A simple and inexpensive calculator is ideal for testing a portable EMR device. Depending on the materials and equipment used to construct your device, the EM field will either operate in close proximity to the coil or cover a distance of up to one meter around it.

   Any electronic device that comes within the range of the EM field will be damaged. Make sure that there are no electronic devices near your chosen test site that you would not want to damage. All responsibility for damaged property will rest with you.

   Test your portable EMR device. Make sure the device switch is in the OFF position, then insert the batteries into the battery compartment on the cardboard. Hold the device by the insulated antenna base (like a proton accelerator from Ghostbusters), point the coil towards the test object and turn the switch to the ON position.