Crusade

characteristic

First Crusade 1096 - 1099

Year in spring 1096

Purpose: many were attracted by selfishness and self-interest, they dreamed of seizing treasures or power in the conquered countries.

Participants in a disorderly crowd of villagers and monks moved along the Rhine led by two knights

the results of the conquest of the Holy Land were still only superficial

Second crusade

1147 - 1149

The Crusaders were led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany.

The second crusade ended in vain, realizing the impossibility of expanding the boundaries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Third crusade

In the second half of the 12th century, Saladin (Salah ad-Din), a talented commander, became the sultan of Egypt opposing the crusaders. He defeated the Crusaders at Lake Tiberias and captured Jerusalem in 1187. In response, the Third Crusade was proclaimed, led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, French King Philip II Augustus and King of England Richard the Lionheart and the largest feudal lords.

The third crusade ended in failure. Greed and greed led the crusaders to a shameful defeat. Without the help of the French knights, Richard could not take Jerusalem. On September 2, 1192, the English king signed a peace with Salah ad-Din, according to which only the coastal strip from Tire to Jaffa remained under the control of the crusaders, and Jaffa and Ascalon were previously destroyed by Muslims to the ground.

Fourth Crusade 1202 - 1204

the fourth crusade, which turned from a "way to the Holy Sepulcher" into a Venetian commercial enterprise that led to the sack of Constantinople by the Latins, marked a deep crisis in the crusading movement. The fourth crusade began in 1202 and ended in 1204 with the conquest of Constantinople instead of Palestine and a significant part of the possessions of Christian Byzantium. Sultan al-Adil Abu Bakr concluded a peace treaty with the crusaders, ceding to them Jaffa, previously recaptured by the Egyptians, as well as Ramla, Lydda and half of Saida. After that, there were no major military conflicts between the Egyptians and the crusaders for a decade.

Fifth Crusade

1217 - 1221

The Fifth Crusade was organized to conquer Egypt. It was headed by King Andras II of Hungary and Duke Leopold of Austria. The Dutch knights and German infantry arrived in Palestine in 1218 to replace the Hungarians. The Crusaders sued for peace. At this time, the Egyptian sultan was most afraid of the Mongols, who had already appeared in Iraq, and preferred not to tempt his luck in the fight against the knights. Under the terms of the truce, the Crusaders left Damietta and sailed for Europe.

Sixth Crusade 1228 - 1229

The sixth crusade was led by the German Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen. The emperor himself, before the start of the campaign, was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX, who called him not a crusader, but a pirate who was going to "steal the kingdom in the Holy Land." Frederick was married to the daughter of the king of Jerusalem and was going to become the ruler of Jerusalem. The prohibition of the campaign did not affect the crusaders, who followed the emperor in the hope of prey. In 1229, on March 18, the crusaders entered Jerusalem without a fight. Then the emperor returned to Italy, defeated the army of the pope sent against him and forced Gregory, under the terms of the Saint-Germain Peace of 1230, to lift the excommunication and recognize the agreement with the sultan. Jerusalem thus passed to the crusaders only due to the threat that their army posed to al-Kamil, and even thanks to the diplomatic skill of Frederick.

Seventh Crusade 1239

The Seventh Crusade took place in the autumn of 1239. Frederick II refused to provide the territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem for the crusader army led by Duke Richard of Cornwall. The Crusaders landed in Syria and, at the insistence of the Templars, entered into an alliance with the Emir of Damascus to fight the Sultan of Egypt, but together with the Syrians were defeated in November 1239 at the Battle of Ascalon. Thus, the seventh campaign ended in vain.

Eighth Crusade 1248 - 1254

The goal of the Eighth Crusade was again the reconquest of Jerusalem, captured in September 1244 by Sultan as-Salih Eyyub Najm ad-Din, the French king Louis IX played the leading role in the crusade, and the total number of crusaders was determined at 15-25 thousand people, of which 3 thousand were knights.

The Egyptians sank the Crusader fleet. Louis's starving army left Mansoura, but few made it to Damietta. Most were destroyed or captured. Muiz Aybek became the first Mamluk sultan. Under him, active hostilities against the Crusaders practically ceased. Louis remained in Palestine for another four years, but, having not received reinforcements from Europe, in April 1254 he returned to France.

Ninth Crusade 1270

The crusade was again led by Saint Louis IX, and only French knights participated in it. This time the target of the crusaders was Tunisia.

It was supposed to establish control over the Mediterranean in order to freely send troops of the crusaders to Egypt and the Holy Land.

On June 8, 1270, a plague broke out in the crusader camp in Tunisia, Louis died on August 25, and on November 18, the army, without entering into a single battle, sailed home, carrying the body of the king with them.

Things in Palestine were getting worse, the Muslims took away city after city, and on May 18, 1291, Acre fell - the last stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine.

Children's Crusade

The results of the campaigns and their significance

Children's Crusade

In view of the failures of the crusaders, the mass consciousness of Europeans became convinced that the Lord, who did not give victory to the strong, but sinful, would grant it to the weak, but sinless. In the spring and early summer of 1212, crowds of children began to gather in different parts of Europe, declaring that they were going to liberate Jerusalem (the so-called crusade of children, not included by historians in the total number of crusades). The church and secular authorities regarded this spontaneous outburst of popular religiosity with suspicion and prevented it in every possible way. Some of the children died on the way across Europe from hunger, cold and disease, some reached Marseilles, where clever merchants, promising to transport the children to Palestine, brought them to the slave markets of Egypt.

The results of the campaigns and their significance

Historians argue about what the crusades gave. Some say that Europe, thanks to them, got acquainted with ancient Greek authors, whose works were known only in Arabic translations, that Europeans borrowed many technical achievements, even hygiene rules. Others note that all this would have been achieved through trade or through peaceful contacts with the Arabs of Spain or Sicily, and the only acquisition as a result of the Crusades was a plant brought from the East - apricot.

Once in the East, the Western Europeans came into close contact with a different civilization, in many respects different from the Western European. Despite fierce wars and religious conflicts, Europeans have learned to see in

Muslims are not only enemies. Muslim Saladin struck the imagination of Europeans and remained in their memory for a long time as an ideal knight and a wise ruler. This possibility of recognition for a stranger, a heterodox, nobility and virtue is one of the results of the crusades. And at the same time, the crusades showed that faith in God and the religious zeal of the Europeans were combined with the utmost cruelty and aggressiveness.

Historians assess the results of the Crusades differently. Some believe that these campaigns contributed to contacts between East and West, the perception of Muslim culture, science and technological achievements. Others believe that all this could be achieved through peaceful relations, and the crusades will remain only a phenomenon of mindless fanaticism.

1124 Tyre is taken by the crusaders

Crusader states in the East until 1144

Second crusade (1147 - 1149) - chronological table

1144 - The expulsion of the crusaders from Edessa by the emir of Mosul Imadeddin. Agitation of Bernard of Clairvaux in Europe for the Second Crusade.

1147 - Beginning of the Second Crusade. The main participants are the French king Louis VII and the German emperor Konrad III Hohenstaufen. Unsuccessful battles between the Crusaders and the Seljuks in Asia Minor. The transfer of part of their army to Palestine by sea.

1148 - The joint campaign of the European and Jerusalem crusaders to Damascus ends in failure.

1149 Return of Louis VII to Europe. End of the Second Crusade

Third Crusade (1189 - 1192) - chronological table

1187 - The defeat of the Crusaders at Hittin by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin is the occasion for the Third Crusade.

1189 - Beginning of the Third Crusade. Its main participants are the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the French king Philip August and the English King Richard the Lionheart. The Palestinian crusaders besiege Akka (Acre), but their army at this city, in turn, is surrounded by the army of Saladin.

1190 - The defeat of the Seljuks by Frederick Barbarossa at Iconium and his death while crossing the Seleph River (June 10, 1190). End of the German Crusade.

1191 French and English crusaders sail east from Sicily. Conquest of Cyprus by Richard the Lionheart. The French and English join the siege of Akka and take the city (July 12, 1191). The dispute between Kings Richard and Philip over the candidacy of the new king of the not yet taken Jerusalem (Conrad of Montferrat or Guy Lusignan). Departure of Philip Augustus from Palestine. Capture of Joppa by Richard (Jaffa, September 7).

1192 - Two unsuccessful campaigns of Richard the Lionheart against Jerusalem. His restoration of the walls of Ascalon. The assassination of Conrad of Montferrat by an assassin. Muslim attacks on Ascalon and Joppa. The truce of King Richard with Saladin: the crusaders are left with the entire coast from Tire to Joppa, but they do not return Jerusalem to themselves. End of the Third Crusade.

Results of the Third Crusade. Crusader states by 1200. Map

Fourth Crusade (1202 - 1204) - chronological table

1202 - The crusader army, gathered to sail from Venice to Egypt, begins the campaign by sacking the Christian Zara (in order to pay the Venetians for crossing the sea to the East). Arrival at the camp of the crusaders of the Byzantine prince Alexei. He asks the knights to restore on the throne his father, the former emperor Isaac II Angel, deposed by his own brother Alexei III. As a reward, the prince promises to subordinate the Greek church to the pope, generously reward the crusading leaders and help them in their campaign against the Muslims.

1203 - Arrival of the troops of the fourth crusade to the walls of Constantinople. The main leaders of the crusaders are Baldwin of Flanders, Boniface of Montferrat and the Venetian Doge Dandolo. The siege of the Byzantine capital by the knights. The flight of Emperor Alexei III, the enthronement of Isaac II and Tsarevich Alexei. The impudence of the crusaders soon leads to renewed clashes between them and the Greeks.

1204 - Patriotic coup of Alexei Murzufla (Murchufla) in Constantinople. The murder of Tsarevich Alexei, the death of Isaac II. Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders. Proclamation of the Catholic Latin Empire in the European part of Byzantium. The choice of her emperor Baldwin of Flanders.

Members of the Fourth Crusade near Constantinople. Miniature to the Venetian manuscript of Villehardouin's History, c. 1330

1212 Children's crusade. The legend that children will free Jerusalem from the hands of Muslims causes religious exaltation in France and Germany. The movement is led by the boys Stefan and Nikolai. Crowds of children go from France and Germany to the seaports, but some die from the difficulties of the way, some are captured as slaves by Mohammedan pirates.

Fifth Crusade (1217 - 1221) - chronological table

1217 - Arrival in Palestine of the Crusaders, led by the Hungarian King Andrew (András). His unsuccessful attack on the Muslim fortifications of Mount Tabor.

1218 - Andrew of Hungary returns to his homeland. The crusaders who remained in the East, led by Leopold of Austria, sail to Egypt and besiege the Damietta fortress that covers the entrance to the Nile Delta.

1219 - The capture of Damietta by the crusaders (where during the siege, out of 70 thousand inhabitants, 65 thousand die).

1220 - The Crusaders are slow to build on their success in Egypt. Having received a respite, the Egyptian sultan builds a powerful fortified Mansuru camp on the opposite bank of the Nile from them.

1221 - The crusaders of the fifth campaign try to resume the attack on the Egyptians, but they open the Nile locks and flood the location of the Christian army. The knights leave Damietta and retreat from Egypt. End of the Fifth Crusade

Assault by the crusaders of the Fifth campaign of the tower of Damietta. Painter Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen, c. 1625

Sixth Crusade (1228 - 1229) - chronological table

Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Crusades. Map

Seventh Crusade (1248 - 1254) - chronological table

Eighth Crusade (1270) - chronological table

1260 - The energetic Baibars becomes the Egyptian sultan, who, after several invasions into Palestine, takes away all the cities from the Christians there, except for Tripoli and Acre.

1270 Saint Louis sets sail for the Eighth Crusade. His initial goal is Egypt, but Louis' brother, King of Sicily, Charles of Anjou, soon persuades the Crusaders to sail to Tunisia for his own benefit. After landing in Tunisia, pestilence breaks out among the knights. Louis IX dies from him, and Karl Anjou makes peace with the Muslims and stops the Eighth Crusade.

Question 1. Who and when called the Europeans to the Crusades? What was the purpose of the hikes?

Answer. At the Clermont Church Council in November 1095, Pope Urban II called for the liberation from Muslims of the places where all the events of the Gospel unfolded, where, after the crucifixion, Christ was buried and resurrected. This speech marked the beginning of the Crusades.

Question 2. What, besides religious feelings, inspired the way of feudal lords, landless knights, peasants and merchants?

1) the peasants hoped to find fertile lands from which it would be possible to obtain abundant harvests and never go hungry again;

2) the feudal lords all together hoped to get rich military booty (there were legends about the abundance of the East);

3) large feudal lords hoped to become heads of new states;

4) landless knights hoped to get fiefs for themselves;

5) merchants hoped to seize trade between East and West, to get trading posts on new lands.

Question 3. Why did the peasants fail to reach Jerusalem, and the feudal lords achieved their goal?

Answer. The peasants did not know how to fight, they had neither normal weapons nor a military organization, that is, their leaders could not control the battle. In essence, the peasants were counting only on a miracle, on the direct help of the Lord. Perhaps he helped them in some other way. At the same time, the feudal lords were professional warriors: each of them knew how to fight, and together they knew how to organize both attack and defense correctly. The knights had good armor and weapons, besides, the Seljuk Turks had not yet encountered such armored riders.

Question 4. What orders did the crusaders establish in the conquered countries?

Answer. Orders there were established by feudal ones, even more suited to feudal ideals than the kingdoms in Europe itself. They turned local residents into dependent people, and noble people from Europe were given feuds, and they built a clear hierarchy between them, prescribed in detail the rights and obligations of vassals and lords in relation to each other.

Question 5. When and for what purpose were spiritual knightly orders created? What role did they play in the crusader states?

Answer. Initially, spiritual and knightly orders were created to help pilgrims, their treatment, and only after that - protection. But very quickly they turned into one of the main forces of the crusader states against the Muslims. They made campaigns against the followers of Islam, guarded the border fortresses, etc.

Question 6. How was the Fourth Crusade different from the rest?

Answer. During the IV Crusade, the lands were seized not by Muslims, but by Christians (though not Catholics, Orthodox, whom Catholics called "schismatics"), the Christian state was destroyed - the Byzantine Empire (which later revived, but never regained its former power).

Question 7. Why did the Crusades to the East stop by the end of the 13th century?

Answer. Causes:

1) Muslims organized good resistance to the crusaders, created strong states;

2) kings and large feudal lords saw the futility of new campaigns, there was no longer a chance to get new lands, create new states;

3) own states appeared in Europe, it became easier for knights to get land and money in the service of kings;

4) the merchants were convinced that the crusades only harm trade between East and West, it was easier to negotiate with Muslim merchants;

5) soon after the First Crusade, the peasants received new lands due to deforestation in Europe itself (internal colonization).

Question 8. Highlight and list the consequences of the Crusades to the East.

Answer. Consequences of the Crusades:

1) in 1187 Jerusalem was again under the rule of the Muslims, again the Christians failed to capture this city by force;

2) by the end of the XIII century, the crusaders were expelled from Palestine, new campaigns against the Muslims were defeated;

3) the enmity between Christians and Muslims has become much stronger (among Muslims today they are reminded of the crusades when they want to say that nothing but cruelty can be expected from Western countries);

4) because of this hatred it became more difficult to trade;

5) the enmity between Catholics and Orthodox became stronger;

6) the power of Byzantium was finally undermined;

7) the crusades could not stop the wars between the feudal lords in Western Europe.

Question 9. Fill in the table "Crusades"

Crusades

1095-1096 - Campaign of poverty or peasant campaign
1095-1099 - First crusade
1147-1149 - Second crusade
1189-1192 - Third crusade
1202-1204 - Fourth Crusade
1202-1212 - Children's crusade
1218-1221 - Fifth Crusade
1228-1229 - Sixth Crusade
1248-1254 - Seventh Crusade
1270-12?? - The Last Crusade

CRUSADES (1096-1270), military-religious expeditions of Western Europeans to the Middle East with the aim of conquering Holy places associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ - Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher.

Background and the beginning of the campaigns

The prerequisites for the crusades were: the traditions of pilgrimages to the Holy places; a change in views on the war, which began to be considered not a sinful, but a good deed, if it was waged against the enemies of Christianity and the church; capture in the 11th century. the Seljuk Turks of Syria and Palestine and the threat of the capture of Byzantium; difficult economic situation in Western Europe in the 2nd half. 11th c.

On November 26, 1095, Pope Urban II called on those gathered at the local church council in the city of Clermont to recapture the Holy Sepulcher captured by the Turks. Those who took this vow sewed patchwork crosses on their clothes and therefore were called “crusaders”. The Pope promised earthly riches in the Holy Land and heavenly bliss in case of death to those who went on the Crusade, they received full absolution of sins, it was forbidden to collect debts and feudal duties from them during the campaign, their families were under the protection of the church.

First crusade

In March 1096, the first stage of the First Crusade (1096-1101) began - the so-called. campaign of the poor. Crowds of peasants, with families and belongings, armed with whatever, under the leadership of random leaders, or even without them, moved east, marking their way with robberies (they believed that, since they are God's soldiers, any earthly property belongs to them) and Jewish pogroms (in their eyes, the Jews from the nearest town were the descendants of the persecutors of Christ). Of the 50,000 troops of Asia Minor, only 25,000 reached, and almost all of them died in the battle with the Turks near Nicaea on October 25, 1096.

In the autumn of 1096, a knightly militia from different parts of Europe set off on its way, its leaders were Gottfried of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse and others. By the end of 1096 - the beginning of 1097 they gathered in Constantinople, in the spring of 1097 they crossed to Asia Minor, where, together with the Byzantine troops, began the siege of Nicaea, they took it on June 19 and handed it over to the Byzantines. Further, the path of the crusaders lay in Syria and Palestine. On February 6, 1098, Edessa was taken, on the night of June 3 - Antioch, a year later, on June 7, 1099, they besieged Jerusalem, and on July 15 they captured it, having committed a cruel massacre in the city. On July 22, at a meeting of princes and prelates, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, to which the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch, and (since 1109) the county of Tripoli were subordinate. The head of state was Gottfried of Bouillon, who received the title of "defender of the Holy Sepulcher" (his successors bore the title of kings). In 1100-1101, new detachments from Europe set off for the Holy Land (historians call this a "rearguard campaign"); the borders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were established only by 1124.

There were few immigrants from Western Europe who permanently lived in Palestine, a special role in the Holy Land was played by spiritual and knightly orders, as well as immigrants from the seaside trading cities of Italy, who formed special privileged quarters in the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Second crusade

After the Turks conquered Edessa in 1144, on December 1, 1145, the Second Crusade (1147-1148) was announced, led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, and turned out to be ineffective.

In 1171, Salah ad-Din seized power in Egypt, who annexed Syria to Egypt and in the spring of 1187 began a war against Christians. On July 4, in a battle that lasted 7 hours near the village of Hittin, the Christian army was defeated, in the second half of July the siege of Jerusalem began, and on October 2 the city surrendered to the mercy of the winner. By 1189, several fortresses and two cities remained in the hands of the crusaders - Tire and Tripoli.

Third crusade

October 29, 1187 was declared the Third Crusade (1189-1192). The campaign was led by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick I Barbarossa, the kings of France Philip II Augustus and England - Richard I the Lionheart. On May 18, 1190, the German militia captured the city of Iconium (now Konya, Turkey) in Asia Minor, but on June 10, while crossing a mountain river, Frederick drowned, and the German army, demoralized by this, retreated. In the autumn of 1190, the crusaders began to lay siege to Acre, the port city and sea gate of Jerusalem. Acre was taken on June 11, 1191, but even before that, Philip II and Richard quarreled, and Philip sailed home; Richard undertook several unsuccessful offensives, including two on Jerusalem, concluded on September 2, 1192, an extremely unfavorable treaty for Christians with Salah ad Din, and left Palestine in October. Jerusalem remained in the hands of the Muslims, and Acre became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade. Capture of Constantinople

In 1198 a new, Fourth Crusade was announced, which took place much later (1202-1204). It was supposed to strike at Egypt, which belonged to Palestine. Since the crusaders did not have enough money to pay for the ships for the sea expedition, Venice, which had the most powerful fleet in the Mediterranean, asked for help in conquering the Christian (!) City of Zadar on the Adriatic coast, which happened on November 24, 1202, and then prompted the crusaders move on Byzantium, the main commercial rival of Venice, under the pretext of intervening in dynastic strife in Constantinople and uniting the Orthodox and Catholic churches under the auspices of the papacy. April 13, 1204 Constantinople was taken and brutally plundered. Part of the territories conquered from Byzantium went to Venice, on the other part the so-called. Latin Empire. In 1261, the Orthodox emperors, who had entrenched themselves in Asia Minor, which was not occupied by Western Europeans, again occupied Constantinople with the help of the Turks and Venice's rival, Genoa.

Children's Crusade

In view of the failures of the crusaders, the mass consciousness of Europeans became convinced that the Lord, who did not give victory to the strong, but sinful, would grant it to the weak, but sinless. In the spring and early summer of 1212, crowds of children began to gather in different parts of Europe, declaring that they were going to liberate Jerusalem (the so-called crusade of children, not included by historians in the total number of crusades).

The church and secular authorities regarded this spontaneous outburst of popular religiosity with suspicion and prevented it in every possible way. Some of the children died on the way across Europe from hunger, cold and disease, some reached Marseilles, where clever merchants, promising to transport the children to Palestine, brought them to the slave markets of Egypt.

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) began with an expedition to the Holy Land, but, having failed there, the crusaders, who did not have a recognized leader, transferred military operations to Egypt in 1218. May 27, 1218 they began the siege of the fortress Damietta (Dumyat) in the Nile Delta; the Egyptian sultan promised them to lift the siege of Jerusalem, but the crusaders refused, took Damietta on the night of November 4-5, 1219, tried to build on their success and occupy all of Egypt, but the offensive bogged down. On August 30, 1221, peace was concluded with the Egyptians, according to which the soldiers of Christ returned Damietta and left Egypt.

sixth crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was undertaken by Emperor Frederick II Staufen. This constant opponent of the papacy was excommunicated on the eve of the campaign. In the summer of 1228, he sailed to Palestine, thanks to skillful negotiations he entered into an alliance with the Egyptian sultan and, as a help against all his enemies, Muslims and Christians (!), He received Jerusalem without a single battle, where he entered on March 18, 1229. Since the emperor was under excommunication, the return of the Holy City to the bosom of Christianity was accompanied by a ban on worship in it. Frederick soon left for his homeland, he had no time to deal with Jerusalem, and in 1244 the Egyptian sultan again and finally took Jerusalem, massacring the Christian population.

Seventh and Eighth Crusades

The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) was almost exclusively the work of France and its King Louis IX Saint. Egypt was again the target of the attack. In June 1249, the crusaders took Damietta for the second time, but were later blocked and in February 1250 surrendered in full strength, including the king. In May 1250, the king was released for a ransom of 200 thousand livres, but did not return to his homeland, but moved to Acre, where he waited in vain for help from France, where he sailed in April 1254.

In 1270, the same Louis undertook the last, the Eighth Crusade. His target was Tunisia, the most powerful Muslim maritime state in the Mediterranean. It was supposed to establish control over the Mediterranean in order to freely send troops of the crusaders to Egypt and the Holy Land. However, soon after the landing in Tunisia on June 18, 1270, an epidemic broke out in the crusader camp, Louis died on August 25, and on November 18, the army, without entering into a single battle, sailed home, carrying the body of the king with them.

Things in Palestine were getting worse, the Muslims took away city after city, and on May 18, 1291, Acre fell - the last stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine.

Both before and after that, the church repeatedly proclaimed crusades against the pagans (a campaign against the Polabian Slavs in 1147), heretics and against the Turks in the 14th-16th centuries, but they are not included in the total number of crusades.

Lesson 29: "Crusades. Reasons and participants

Crusades and their aftermath.

The purpose of the lesson: To reveal the main reasons for the crusades to the East and the goals of their participants. Show the role of the church as an inspirer and organizer of these campaigns. Contribute to the formation of students' ideas about the aggressive and colonial nature of the crusade.

Plan for studying new material:

Causes and Participants of the Crusades.

The First Crusade and the Formation of the Crusader States.

Subsequent campaigns and their results.

Spiritual and knightly orders.

Consequences of the Crusades.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher can update students' knowledge about the role of the Catholic Church in the life of medieval society.

Turning to the study of a new topic, the teacher pays attention to the disclosure of the truereasons for the crusades:

The desire of the popes to extend their power to new lands;

The desire of secular and spiritual feudal lords to acquire new lands and increase their income;

The desire of Italian cities to establish their control over trade in the Mediterranean;

The desire to get rid of the robber knights;

Deep religious feelings of the crusaders.

Crusades - the military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean inXI- XIII centuries (1096-1270).

Reason for the Crusades:

In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Seljuk Turks and access to the Holy Places was cut off.

Appeal of the Byzantine Emperor AlexeiIComnena to the Pope with a request for help.

In 1095 Pope UrbanIIcalled for a campaign to the East and the liberation of the tomb of the Lord. The motto of the knights: "God wills it."

Total was done8 trips:

The first is 1096-1099. The second - 1147-1149. Third - 1189-1192.

Fourth - 1202-1204. ……. Eighth - 1270.

Using the possibilities of a computer presentation, the teacher can invite students to get acquainted with the social composition of the participants in the crusades, their goals and the results achieved.

Participants of the Crusades and their goals:

Members

Goals

results

Catholic Church

Spread of Christianity in the East.

Expansion of land holdings and an increase in the number of taxpayers.

Didn't get land.

kings

The search for new lands in order to expand the royal army and the influence of royal power.

Increased craving for a beautiful life and luxury.

Dukes and Counts

Enrichment and expansion of land holdings.

Changes in life.

Inclusion in trade.

Borrowing oriental inventions and cultures.

Knights

Search for new lands.

Many died.

Land was not received.

Cities (Italy)

Merchants

Establish control over trade in the Mediterranean.

Interest in trade with the East.

The revival of trade and the establishment of control of Genoa and Venice over trade in the Mediterranean.

Peasants

The search for freedom and property.

The death of people.

At the end of the work with the table, students must independently draw a conclusion about the nature of the crusades (aggressive).

Traditionally, the first, third and fourth crusades are considered in detail in history lessons.

First crusade (1096-1099)

Spring 1096 Autumn 1096

(campaign of the peasants) (campaign of the knights of Europe)

defeat victory

1097 1098 1099

Nicaea Edessa Jerusalem

Antioch

Work with the map in the workbook of E.A. Kryuchkova (task 98 pp.55-56) or assignments on the contour map “Western Europe in the 11th-13th centuries. Crusades "(indicate the states of the crusaders and mark their borders).

Crusader states

Jerusalem Edesskoe Antiochskoe Trypillia

kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom

(main state

in the Eastern Middle

earthsea)

Meaning of the First Crusade:

Showed how powerful the Catholic Church has become.

Moved a huge mass of people from Europe to the Middle East.

Strengthening the feudal oppression of the local population.

New Christian states arose in the East, Europeans seized new possessions in Syria and Palestine.

Reasons for the fragility of the crusader states:

along with feudal relations, feudal fragmentation and civil strife were inevitably transferred here;

there were few lands convenient for cultivating, and therefore there were fewer people willing to fight for them;

the subjugated locals remained Muslim, leading to double hatred and fighting.

Consequences of conquest:

plunder;

the seizure of land, the introduction of feudal relations;

huge taxes (from 1/3 to 1/2 of the crop + taxes to the king + 1/10 - churches);

creation of spiritual and chivalric orders.

Reasons for the start of the second crusade:

Results of the first Struggle Liberation Call for a new

crusade conquered Edessa crusade

campaign of peoples from the crusaders to the campaign

Second crusade (1147-1149) - led the German

Emperor ConradIIIand the French king LouisVII.

The campaign against Edessa and Damascus ended in the defeat of the crusaders.

Third Crusade (Three Kings Campaign) (1189-1192) –

Friedrich Barbarossa for Jerusalem Salah ad-Din (Saladin)

Richard the Lionheart (united Egypt, Mesopotamia)

Philip II. tamiya, Syria, returned

Jerusalem)

2-year siege of Acre

Truce.

Jerusalem was not returned, but Salah ad-Din agreed

on the admission of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem shrines.

Reasons for the defeat of the Third Crusade:

death of Frederick Barbarossa;

Philip's quarrel IIand Richard the Lionheart, Philip's departure in the midst of battle;

not enough strength;

there is no single trip plan;

strengthened the forces of Muslims;

there is no unity among the crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean;

huge sacrifices and difficulties of campaigns, there are no longer so many who want to.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) - arranged by dad

Innocent III

Capture of Zadar Capture of Constantinople pogroms and robbery

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

Fighting Christians

Formation of the Latin Empire (before 1261)

Opened robbery

essence of campaigns

loss of religious

essence of campaigns

In this campaign, the predatory, predatory goals of the crusaders were most clearly manifested.

Gradually, the crusaders lost their possessions in Syria and Palestine. The number of participants in the campaigns decreased. Lost spirit.

The most tragic in the crusader movement was the organized

in 1212 the children's crusade.

Question:

Why did the Catholic Church support the call to send children to empty the tomb of the Lord?

Answer:

The Church claimed that adults are powerless to free the tomb of the Lord, because they are sinful, and God expects a feat from children.

some of the children returned home;

As a result, a part died of thirst and hunger;

part sold by merchants into slavery in Egypt.

Eighth Crusade (1270)

to Tunisia and Egypt

Defeat.

Loss of all their lands in the Muslim world.

In 1291, the last stronghold of the crusaders fell - the fortress of Acre.

The story of the Crusades is the story of how two different worlds failed to learn tolerance for each other, of how the seeds of hatred sprouted.

One of the main consequences of the conquests of the crusaders in the East was the creation of spiritual and knightly orders.

Signs of spiritual knightly orders:

led by masters;

obeyed the Pope, did not depend on local authorities;

their members renounced property and family - became monks;

but - had the right to bear arms;

created to fight the infidels;

had privileges: exempted from tithes, subject only to papal court, had the right to accept donations and gifts;

they were forbidden: hunting, dice, laughter and unnecessary talk.

Three major orders of chivalry

Templars

Hospitallers

Teutons

The order of the knights of the temple ("temple" - temple) - "templars".

Created in 1118-1119.

Residence in Jerusalem.

The symbol is a white cloak with a red eight-pointed cross.

The order supported heretics.

Engaged in usury and trade.

In 1314, the master of the order de Male was burned at the stake, and the order ceased to exist.

The order of horsemen of the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem - Ionites.

Created in XIcentury in Jerusalem.

The hospital was founded by the merchant Mauro.

The symbol is a white eight-pointed cross on a black mantle, later on a red cloak.

Later they settled on the island of Rhodes (Rhodian knights), then on the island of Malta (Knights of Malta).

The Order of Malta still exists today. Residence in Rome.

Order of the House of Saint Mary of the Teutonic.

("Teutonic" - German)

Created in XIIcentury in Jerusalem.

A hospital for German-speaking pilgrims was founded.

The symbol is a white cloak with a black cross.

AT XIIIcentury merged with the Livonian Order.

Defeated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

From them the Nazis borrowed the cross.

In Germany, the Teutonic Order still exists.

As homework, students may be asked to complete the table:

positive

negative

the disasters of the peoples of the East;

collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

Consequences of the Crusades:

positive

negative

the revival of trade between West and East;

an impetus to the development of European trade, the transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new crops came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugarcane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

Europeans learned how to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European life (washing hands, bathing, changing clothes);

Western feudal lords were even more drawn to luxury in clothing, food, weapons;

increased people's knowledge of the world around them.

the disasters of the peoples of the East;

huge sacrifices on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increased hostility between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the pope, who failed to implement such grandiose plans.

Consequences of the Crusades:

positive

negative

the revival of trade between West and East;

an impetus to the development of European trade, the transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new crops came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugarcane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

Europeans learned how to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European life (washing hands, bathing, changing clothes);

Western feudal lords were even more drawn to luxury in clothing, food, weapons;

increased people's knowledge of the world around them.

the disasters of the peoples of the East;

huge sacrifices on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increased hostility between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the pope, who failed to implement such grandiose plans.

Homework:

Tutorials:

A - §§ 22, 23; B - §§ 25, 27; Br - § 24; B - § 17; D - § 4.4; D - §§ 22, 23; K - § 30;

KnCh - ss.250-264, 278-307.

Filling in the table: "Consequences of the Crusades."

Question 1. Who and when called the Europeans to the Crusades? What was the purpose of the hikes?

Answer. At the Clermont Church Council in November 1095, Pope Urban II called for the liberation from Muslims of the places where all the events of the Gospel unfolded, where, after the crucifixion, Christ was buried and resurrected. This speech marked the beginning of the Crusades.

Question 2. What, besides religious feelings, inspired the way of feudal lords, landless knights, peasants and merchants?

1) the peasants hoped to find fertile lands from which it would be possible to obtain abundant harvests and never go hungry again;

2) the feudal lords all together hoped to get rich military booty (there were legends about the abundance of the East);

3) large feudal lords hoped to become heads of new states;

4) landless knights hoped to get fiefs for themselves;

5) merchants hoped to seize trade between East and West, to get trading posts on new lands.

Question 3. Why did the peasants fail to reach Jerusalem, and the feudal lords achieved their goal?

Answer. The peasants did not know how to fight, they had neither normal weapons nor a military organization, that is, their leaders could not control the battle. In essence, the peasants were counting only on a miracle, on the direct help of the Lord. Perhaps he helped them in some other way. At the same time, the feudal lords were professional warriors: each of them knew how to fight, and together they knew how to organize both attack and defense correctly. The knights had good armor and weapons, besides, the Seljuk Turks had not yet encountered such armored riders.

Question 4. What orders did the crusaders establish in the conquered countries?

Answer. Orders there were established by feudal ones, even more suited to feudal ideals than the kingdoms in Europe itself. They turned local residents into dependent people, and noble people from Europe were given feuds, and they built a clear hierarchy between them, prescribed in detail the rights and obligations of vassals and lords in relation to each other.

Question 5. When and for what purpose were spiritual knightly orders created? What role did they play in the crusader states?

Answer. Initially, spiritual and knightly orders were created to help pilgrims, their treatment, and only after that - protection. But very quickly they turned into one of the main forces of the crusader states against the Muslims. They made campaigns against the followers of Islam, guarded the border fortresses, etc.

Question 6. How was the Fourth Crusade different from the rest?

Answer. During the IV Crusade, the lands were seized not by Muslims, but by Christians (though not Catholics, Orthodox, whom Catholics called "schismatics"), the Christian state was destroyed - the Byzantine Empire (which later revived, but never regained its former power).

Question 7. Why did the Crusades to the East stop by the end of the 13th century?

Answer. Causes:

1) Muslims organized good resistance to the crusaders, created strong states;

2) kings and large feudal lords saw the futility of new campaigns, there was no longer a chance to get new lands, create new states;

3) own states appeared in Europe, it became easier for knights to get land and money in the service of kings;

4) the merchants were convinced that the crusades only harm trade between East and West, it was easier to negotiate with Muslim merchants;

5) soon after the First Crusade, the peasants received new lands due to deforestation in Europe itself (internal colonization).

Question 8. Highlight and list the consequences of the Crusades to the East.

Answer. Consequences of the Crusades:

1) in 1187 Jerusalem was again under the rule of the Muslims, again the Christians failed to capture this city by force;

2) by the end of the XIII century, the crusaders were expelled from Palestine, new campaigns against the Muslims were defeated;

3) the enmity between Christians and Muslims has become much stronger (among Muslims today they are reminded of the crusades when they want to say that nothing but cruelty can be expected from Western countries);

4) because of this hatred it became more difficult to trade;

5) the enmity between Catholics and Orthodox became stronger;

6) the power of Byzantium was finally undermined;

7) the crusades could not stop the wars between the feudal lords in Western Europe.

Question 9. Fill in the table "Crusades"

The reference table contains eight major crusades in history, their dates of major events, the main participants and organizers, as well as the main goals and results of these campaigns.

	Participants and organizers	Main goals and results
1 crusade (1096 - 1099)	Organized by Pope Urban II. Knights from France, Germany, Italy	The desire of the Roman popes to extend their power to new countries, the western feudal lords - to acquire new possessions and increase incomes. Liberation of Nicaea (1097), capture of Edessa (1098), capture of Jerusalem (1099). Creation of the state of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2 crusade (1147 - 1149)	Led by Louis VII French and German Emperor Conrad III	Loss of Edessa by the crusaders (1144). Complete failure of the crusaders
3 crusade (1189 - 1192)	Headed by the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French King Philip II Augustus and the English King Richard I the Lionheart	The purpose of the campaign is to return Jerusalem, captured by the Muslims. have failed.
4th crusade (1202 - 1204)	Organized by Pope Innocent III. French, Italian, German feudal lords	The brutal sacking of Christian Constantinople. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire: the Greek states - the Kingdom of Epirus, the Nicaean and Trebizond empires. The Crusaders created the Latin Empire
Children's (1212)		Thousands of children died or were sold into slavery
5th crusade (1217 - 1221)	Duke Leopold VI of Austria, King Andrew II of Hungary, and others	A campaign was organized in Palestine and Egypt. Failed offensive in Egypt and in the negotiations on Jerusalem due to the fact that there was no unity in the leadership.
6th crusade (1228 - 1229)	German king and emperor of the Roman Empire Frederick II Staufen	March 18, 1229 Jerusalem as a result of an agreement with the Egyptian Sultan, but in 1244 the city again passed to the Muslims.
7th crusade (1248 - 1254)	French King Louis IX Saint.	Campaign to Egypt. The defeat of the crusaders, the capture of the king, followed by a ransom and return home.
8th Crusade (1270-1291)	Mongolian troops	Last and failed. The knights lost all possessions in the East, except for Fr. Cyprus. The ruin of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean

Pnia and FrancisFirst Crusade (1095-1101)
It consisted of three independent movements: the campaign of the poor, the campaign of chivalry and rearguard campaigns.
Campaign of the poor 1095-1096
Participants: mostly peasants, as well as knights from France, Flanders, Germany and England.

the density of the militia is unknown.
Chief leaders: Peter Pustynnik and Gauthier Neimuschiy.
Travel route: along the riverbeds of the Rhine and Danube rivers to Constantinople, and from there to Asia Minor.
Due to crop failure, the peasants began to gather already in the winter, and set out on a campaign in March 1096. In mid-July 1096, they arrived in Constantinople. Despite the persuasion of the Emperor of Byzantium, Alexei I Komnenos, they did not wait for the approach of the detachments of knights. On the way to the city of Nicaea, they were defeated by the Seljuks (10/21/1096). Only about 3 thousand people returned to Europe.
Campaign of chivalry 1096-1099
Participants: knights, as well as peasants from Germany, Italy, France. The number of militias is more than 100 thousand people.
The main leaders: Duke of Lorraine Gottfried of Bouillon, Bohemond of Tarentum, Count of Toulouse Raymond IV, Count of Boulogne Baudouin, Duke of Normandy Robert Short Pants.
The route of movement: along the channels of the rivers Rhine and Danube, as well as along the coast of the Adriatic Sea by land or sea - to Constantinople, and from there - to Asia Minor.
The knightly militias set off in August 1096. Emperor Alexei I decided to use them to restore Byzantine positions in Asia Minor, for which the crusaders were forced to take an oath of allegiance. By May 1097 they were transported to Asia Minor. With the help of the crusaders, Nicaea was captured by the Byzantines (May, 1097).
October 1097 they reached Syria. Here Baudouin of Boulogne captured the city of Edessa and founded the first crusader state in the East - the county of Edessa (February, 1098). In June 1098, Antioch was captured. It was transferred to Bohemond of Tarentum, who founded the second state of the crusaders - the Principality of Antioch (November, 1098). After a six-month rest, the crusaders headed for Jerusalem. The city was taken by storm (07/15/1099). Here was formed the third state of the crusaders - the kingdom of Jerusalem, the first king of which was Gottfried of Bouillon.
Rearguard campaigns of 1100-1101
Participants: peasants and knights.
The route of movement: to Constantinople, and from there to Asia Minor.
The militias set out already in 1100 and in 1101 arrived in Constantinople. After crossing into Asia Minor, they were defeated by a coalition of Seljuk emirs.
Results of the First Crusade.
The crusaders who remained in the East made a series of local campaigns in order to expand their possessions. As a result, the county of Tripoli was formed (1109). In total, the Crusaders created four states under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The official goal of the campaign - the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher - was achieved. The main reason for the success of the crusaders was that the campaign took place at a time of civil strife, a period of political and military weakening of the Seljuk states.

Second Crusade (1147-1149)
At the beginning of the XII century.

New efforts of the crusaders were aimed at strengthening their political, economic and military position in the East. The threat from their side forced the Seljuks to look for ways to unite. In the 30-40s. 12th century they inflicted several defeats on the crusaders, seizing a number of territories from the counties of Tripoli and Edessa. Edessa was taken by storm (1144). These events were the reason for the organization of a new crusade.
Participants: peasants and knights mainly from Germany and France. The number of militias is more than 140 thousand people. The main leaders: King of Germany Conrad III Hogantius Louis VII.