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The meaning of the word feud.

feed in the Crosswordist Dictionary

feed

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

feed

feud, m. (from other. Fehu - Property and OD - possession) (Eastor. Sociol.). Land ownership of feudal.

A new intelligent-word-formational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

feed

m. Hereditary land possession, a complained senior to his vassal on service conditions (in the era of feudalism in Western Europe).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

feed

Feed (Late FEODUM) in medieval zap. Earth's Europe (or fixed income), complained to the hereditary possession of Senor, to his vassalu, obliged for this to bear military, courtier (participation in the senory court, in the management of Senoria, etc.) of the service, to make the established custom payments.

Big Law Dictionary

feed

(Late Feodum, Feudum), Fief (FR. FIEF), Fi (English Fee), Len (LEHN) - Western European countries in the period of developed feudalism, one of the most common forms of land holding (land rights). Noble (noble) Holding land based on relations: The feudal señor inferior part of his land, who became his vassal and who had taken on a feudal agreement, the obligation of loyalty and the provision of certain services to Senor. The predecessor F. was benefius,

Feed

(Latelatinskoe Feodum, Feudum), Fief (Farz. FIEF), FIF (English Fee), Len (LEHN), in Western European countries in the Middle Ages Land Ownership or Fixed Income (in Money or In Nature), complained by Süster His Wassalu (see vassalitet) to the hereditary possession under the condition of carrying out the last in favor of the first feudal services: first of all military, as well as the court (participation in court, in the management of Senoria, etc.) and payable for customs of cash payments. Since vassals, as a rule, part of the land obtained or income were transferred (sabubed) to possession of their Vassalam, ultimately the same land ownership arose t. N. The hierarchical staircase √ a number of carriers of the ownership of the one and the same F. Feed (his predecessor was beneficial) - the most characteristic form of the relevant class in Western Europe during the period of developed feudalism (11√15 centuries). Crushing F. in the process of sub-reference, more and more widespread (as commodity-money relations are developed). Fitry contracts (in which Vassal as F. received not land with peasants, but only the right to any income), transition to the system of hired troops turned to 15√16 centuries. System F. into legal fiction.

Wikipedia

Feed

Feed , also fjord, linen - Earth, granted by Vassala Senor for use and disposal of them (sometimes in hereditary - see the estate), was carried out on the conditions of carrying the vassal of the military, administrative or court service in favor of Sengor. This type of land practiced during the Middle Ages in Europe.

Feed (values)

Feed:

• Feed - Earth, Senor's Senior Award in hereditary possession.
• Feed Utrecht - the name of the territory of the unpaved Utrecht bishopric.

Examples of the use of the word feud in the literature.

The practice of providing property to the conditional possession of the service class is also known in other places, but the combination feud. With vassalism there is a uniquely Western European phenomenon.

With it, Roland and Olivier Baron, Nsessiza, Anseis, and Samson Duc, and Joffroy, Anjo His feed, In the laws, the banner of Charles he carries, Gorn, Gherier16, fighters of selected sites - only fifteen thousand bravets.

Deidre Sally, Senator, Governor Aurora, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Trade and Commercial Transportation, Holder of Saktakricks and Electrics Signs, Splitel feodov Ombada, Gareth and Green Galilee - Hi.

That's how they left the canyon of lightning, and the coastal part feud. MEDZHIS, \u200b\u200brocked west under the demonic moon, with Roland, perched through the saddle, like a corpse.

Burgomaster was approvingly left and Felix continued: "As you know, Okuman then shared not on feoda Directly, and on the feudal kingdoms, and the government focused in the hands of the noble estate.

After the seeming endless series of the bannamers, over which the Standards of all are broken feodov Okumen, nevertheless disappeared behind the turn, a zamanka happened in the parade.

At the time of the formation of Okumen in modern form, "Felix said quickly," when the various fraternity of cities united into the metropolis, and the kingdoms finally disintegrate on feoda, the profession of the hero stopped being the privilege of the same class.

Cordelia Delgado, which at that moment was standing next to Henry Warton, a cone water feud., noticed that they should be tired.

Russian colonialists, patches, earth-rover and so on - no feodov They did not organize, no locks were built, no higher race was played out.

1) Feeds - - In the medieval western Europe of the Earth or fixed income, awarded to the inheritance of Senor, his vassalu, obliged for this to carry the military, courtier (participation in the senory court, and the management of Senoria, etc.) of the service, to make established by custom payments.

2) Feeds - (in medieval Germany Len) in medieval Western Europe land ownership, complained by Senor Vassal on certain conditions.

3) Feeds - - In the countries of medieval Western Europe, land ownership or fixed income (in money or in nature), complained by Sisser to his vassal in hereditary possession under the condition of carrying the last feudal services in favor of Süster. Since vassals, as a rule, part of the land obtained or income were transferred under the same conditions to possession of their vassalam, as a result, the so-called feudal staircase arose as a result of the same land ownership. Feed was a form of fragmentation of property rights between a number of owners.

Feed

In the medieval western Europe of the Earth or fixed income, granted to the inheritance of his Vassal, who was obliged to carry military, courtier (participation in the senorial court, and the management of Senoria, etc.) of the service, to make established by custom payments.

(In medieval Germany Len) in medieval Western Europe, land possession, complained by Senor Vassal on certain conditions.

In the countries of medieval Western Europe, land ownership or fixed income (in money or in nature), complained by Sissena to his vassalu in hereditary proficiency under the condition of carrying the last feudal services in favor of Süster. Since vassals, as a rule, part of the land obtained or income were transferred under the same conditions to possession of their vassalam, as a result, the so-called feudal staircase arose as a result of the same land ownership. Feed was a form of fragmentation of property rights between a number of owners.

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When transferring to Senor Vasalu, the rights of ownership of the feudomes of the Senor regarding the faid of the same right did not lose. As a result, the same feud at the same time was owned two and more persons.

Feudal property was conditional and class. Conventionality The feudal ownership was that Vassal's right to own, enjoy and dispose of the feudomes for him only if the service was carried out in favor of the Senior. If the vassal for one reason or another ceased to fulfill his obligations to the senor, the senor had the right to take away the feud from Vassal and transfer it to another person or leave the feud. Disability The feudal ownership was that only persons belonged to the noble (noble) class had the right to hold feuds. The peasants and townspeople, even rich, could not become the owners of the feud, pre-receiving no nobility.

The introduction of Vassal to possession of the feudomes (infodation) was drawn up with a symbolic act called the investment. Since the XI century, the investment has been, as a rule, to accompany the conclusion of a vassal contract on a par with a ommag ceremony and bringing the vassal of the omnidity of Senor (Fu).

Small feud

Synonymous feud is the term linen (from ancient month. lehn. - "Dar"). Initially, the term "Len" meant the same as the benefits, that is, conditional award for a term. From the XII century, Len becomes the hereditary award of a major feudal of a smaller, that is, takes the features of the feud. In progress, the hierarchical system of feudal land tenure in Western Europe has finally developed.

Feed was the land received by the actual owner (owner of Dominium Utile) from the full owner (owner of Dominnium Directum) in perpetual use under the condition of the first (Vassalus, Homo, Feodatus) in favor of the second (Senior, Dominus) of the special kind of employees or noble. Thus, the feud was different from Benefilation, which is only life; from allo, which is not covered by the obeans; From the censorship, which, being a common one, the Terre Roturière, is obliged to give and the barbecue.

Sometimes the term feud (fjue) was attached to another kind of property objects or, rather, revenue articles, namely: 1) an administrative position (FIEF-Office); 2) regalia, or monopolies; 3) applied fees and financial rights in general; 4) Slabs, Rents, Pensions (FIEF-Argent), if they were given in private hands on the grounds of the feudal contract. Such an expansion of the concept of "feud" testifies to the constant seizing all new economic areas; But the faees of the last categories were a private, derivative phenomenon, and the root concept of "feud-land" (FIEF-TERRE) always remained prevailing.

The feud has a tendency to heredity, which characterized the alode; He was connected with military service as a benefit; It can even be compared with the ownership of the lower classes, because, as the last, he was not legally owned by the owner, but only the "holding" (Tenure); The smaller the feud was weaker, the more he merged with the peasant put on and in other respects.

The word feodum appears in the sources at the beginning of χ in. It is used synonymously with the term Beneficium, first occasionally, then in parallel, finally, by the end of the XI century. completely displaces the latter. Therefore, it can be assumed that the feud rose from the benefits as the next phase of land evolution. In this era of the last Carrolings and the first cappets, those modifications were planned, which created the nature of the feud and his legal differences from Benefilation: life passed little, inheritance due to the desire of owners to consolidate their position against the arbitrariness of the princes and senors; The rights and obligations between award (or by the patron) and a complained (or laid) were formulated gradually in a more definite agreement; With the acquisition of the Earth from the Senior (or with preserving it under its care), it became possible to combine the transfer of the feud owner of the known amount of political powers (sovereignty functions).

Lennick - the person, which is lossy depending on the suzerena, the hereditary holder of Lena in the Grand Duch of Lithuanian and Commonwealth; The owner of the feud in Western Europe. Vassal, which is dependent on

Concepts

· Middle Ages - World History (Ser. V - Ser. XV centuries), which studies feudal society; It is called so because it lies in the middle between the epochs of the ancient world and the new story.

· Great relocation of peoples - Epoch of mass movements of the tribes that led to the death of the Western Roman Empire. From the to. IV century from raids to the Roman Empire, the Germans switched to conquest. Wanting to seize fertile lands and military prey, they were removed with whole tribes from their native places and went to distant trips. The impetus to the resettlement was the invasion of the Huns. To n. Vi in. German tribes settled throughout the Western Roman Empire:

Vandals - in North Africa;

Westges - in Spain;

Ostagov - in Italy;

Frank - in Gaul;

Angles and saksa - in Britain.

· State - Special Organization of the Company, which occupies a certain territory and headed by king, having an army, treasury and laws.

· Franky - German tribes who lived to the great resettlement of peoples in the lower river Rhine.

· Lock - Fortified dwelling feudal.

· Knight - Equestrian warrior, the owner of the beneficiary.

· Tournament - Military knights in power and dexterity.

· Order - Union of the knights.

· Feudal lord - The owner of the feud.

· Norman - Northern Germans, ancestors of modern Norwegians, Swedes, Icelanders, Danes. In Russia, were known as varyagi .

· Vikings - Normanov's military campaigns were headed.

· Feudal fragmentation - The decay of the state for independent feud-states.

· Centralized state - a single state with the strong authority of the king.

Names

· Chlodwig - Chief of the tribe of francs; VV century created the state of francs and became king. From the Meroving Dynasty.

· Karl Great "The king of francs, made about 50 military hikes, took the title of" emperor "in 800. Dynasty of Caroling.

· Muhammad - A resident of Mecca, in 610 he made a preaching of the new religion - Islam, the founder of religion.

· Justinian I. - Emperor Byzantium. With it, Christianity has become an official religion. Very successful foreign policy.

· Biruni. - Arabic astronomer, scientist.

· Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - Arabic healer, brought together the experience of antique, Indian and Central Asian doctors.

· Grigory VII - Pope, elected in 1073 (until 1085), sought to subjugate all the secular sovereigns of his power.

· Henry VII Tord. - The founder of the tudor dynasty in England. I put an end to the war of scarlet and white rose. He was supported by small and medium feudals rich in the townspeople. Strengthened royal power.

· Friedrich I. Barbarossa - The militant emperor of Germany, on nicknamed a redhead, headed the 3rd hike of crusaders to the east (GG.)

· Richard I. (nicknamed the lion's heart) - The king of England from the Dynasty of Plantagenets (GG). Typical medieval knight. "All wanted to surpass glory." Vyl war, participated in the third crusade in the Russian Federation to the east. On the way back, captured. He was released for redemption. Continued to fight until he was killed.

· Philip IV Beautiful - (GG.), France's king since 1285. In 1302, the general states convened for the first time. In 1312 With the assistance of the Pope abolished the Order of the Templars.

· Wilgelm the conqueror - Duke of Normandy, who, using the cessation of the old dynasty in England, with the support of Pope and many knights in France in 1066 won England.

· Robin the Hood - Favorite hero of the English ballad, a courageous and loyal friend of the oppressed, irreconcilable enene of the rich; Robber, lived in the forest.

· Joan of Arc - The peasant girl, the People's French heroine, which during the century of war organized the patriots of France to fight the British. (1GG. - The time of her actions)

· Watt Tyler - The leader of the uprising of the peasants in England in 1381. Craftsman, a member of a 100-year war. It was mortally wounded during the negotiations. After his death, the peasants lost the leader, and the uprising was quickly suppressed.

· Louis XIV - King of France from the Bourbon dynasty. Rules from 1643 to 1715. With it, the absolute monarchy reached its dawn. He owns the famous saying: "The state is me."

· Johann Guttenberg - About 1450 invented the machine for typography.

· Jan Gus - (GG), Patriot, the first of the Chekhov became the rector of the university, performed with the criticism of the Church (against the sale of indulgences, rite fees), demanded the reform of the church. After the violence over it in the Czech Republic began the Gusite Wars.

Dates

486 - The emergence of the state in francs. Chlodwig - the first king of francs. 630 - Most Arab tribes accepted Islam. 800 - The proclamation of the Empire of Karl the Great. 843 - Veninsky section. The collapse of the Empire of Karl Great into three states: France, Germany and Italy. 1054 - separation of the Christian Church on the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic). 1066 - the conquest of England Duke. - 1st crusade. Taking the crusaders of Jerusalem. 1204 - 4th crusade. Taking the crusaders of Constantinople. 1215 - Signing the English king by John the landless Great Charter of Valibilities. 1265 - The emergence of the English Parliament. 1302 - convocation of general states in France. 1337 -1453 - Central War between England and France. 1445 - invention of typography in Germany Johann Gutenberg. 1453 - The death of the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople renamed Istanbul becomes the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

Middle Ages gave the world new concepts. Among them, the word "feud" occupies a big place, the most closely associated with the emergence of historical phenomena, as a hierarchical staircase and feudal. It is very interesting to trace how new concepts were formed in those distant times, find out what feud is and what value he had in the medieval world.

Hierarchy Knight

The concept of "feud" is closely related to the emergence of the Middle Ages Institute of Senors and Vassal. The relationship between a story was presented in the form of a hierarchical staircase. At its top, the king was usually located, although in many countries the landowners standing in large seniors have no less large power, but formally submitted to the ruler of the country.

Senor was called major landowner-nobleman, who was subordinate to smaller representatives of the nobility. They, in turn, called Vassals.

The frank ruler in the VIII century was laid on the feudal relationship. while? His role was performed by Benefius - the award of the Earth to his vassalu in exchange for a promise to appear on the war on the first call of the king. Thus, the ruler turned into a señora ("senior"), and the land-received land became his vassal.

History of words

In the medieval France, a custom was established to encourage the faithful service not with money (they were simply very little at that time), and the most valuable ground. What did it receive a feudal as a remuneration from the king? Feed, or possession with the estate and with the peasants attached to it. Thus, he could receive permanent income from this land.

In turn, Vassal could hand over a part of the complachated ownership of him a more small representative, for example, a knight, who became his vassal. At the same time, he did not lose their rights to the land, which he complained to his subordinate. As a result, two or more people owned one or more.

So, what is the land ownership, which Süsterna complained to His Vassalu on the conditions of mileage of military service. In different countries, there have been their own options for this name: Len, Fi and Fief. The word goes back to Latelatinsky Feodum and German FEHU (property) and OD (possession). For the first time, this term became used in the 10th century.

In order to introduce Vassal to possession, Senor made a solemn rite, which was called "Investilla".

Feud possession

It should be noted here that the property of the Vassal on a complachated land was conditional. He could have to manage and enjoy the feud and under the condition of his duties before the senor.

He had to accompany the suzerena in military campaigns and be in his escort during trips, keep a detachment in the Senior Castle, provide him to the first-demand castle or a place to stand, help in difficult situations with advice and money.

In the event that for some reason, Vassal did not fulfill its obligations, he was deprived of the rights of possession of a complachated land, and she passed into his holding to another or remained at Senior.

Another feature of the feud was that only a nobleman could get it. Wealthy peasants or rich traders did not have such a right.

Battle of territory

The main wealth in antiquity, and then in the Middle Ages there was Earth. He who owned her possessed power, strength and power. And the more territories belonged to a person, the more influential he was. The most laddies and valuable prey were the ae. The throne wars often happened precisely because of them. Conflicts that occurred in the Middle Ages due to lands were called or "civilians."

These clashes between aware were a distinctive feature of that period. Their reasons were becoming both banal greed and the desire to enrich foreign land and legal incidents that often arose in the Middle Ages. It happened that the king of one country owned the territories in another, as happened to Wilhelm I the conqueror. Being king english, he did not obey anyone, but, while remaining the duke of Norman, he was Vassal such incidents and led to military conflicts between whole countries. The collisions between ordinary feudals happened more often. It happened to the fact that in the case of a quarrel, the ruler of the country forbade the war to start a war within 40 days so that a weaker opponent could complain about the authorities.

Conclusion

So what is a feud? In the Middle Ages in Europe, it was so called a granted land ownership of the Senor to his vassal on the terms of the military and court service. After the appearance of this type of land in Europe, the hierarchical system of feudal system was finally formed.