Presentation on the topic of development of communications. Presentation on physics on the topic "development of communications

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Stages of development of communications In 1864, the English scientist James Maxwell theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered it experimentally at the University of Berlin. May 7, 1895 A.S. Popov invented radio. In 1901, the Italian engineer G. Marconi made the first radio communication across the Atlantic Ocean. B.L. Rosing May 9, 1911 electronic television. 30 years V.K. Zvorykin invented the first transmitting tube - an iconoscope.

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Communication is the most important link in the country’s economic system, a way of communicating between people, satisfying their production, spiritual, cultural and social needs

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Main directions of development of communications Radio communications Telephone communications Television communications Cellular communications Internet Space communications Phototelegraph (Fax) Videotelephone communications Telegraph communications

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Radio communication is the transmission and reception of information using radio waves propagating in space without wires.

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Shelford Bidwell, a British physicist, invented the "scanning phototelegraph". The system used selenium material and electrical signals to transmit images (diagrams, maps and photographs).

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Automatic production line "Sieglochstahl" with a capacity of 6 million hardcover books per year

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Videotelephony Personal videotelephony on UMTS equipment The latest telephone models have an attractive design, a wide selection of accessories, wide functionality, support Bluetooth and wideband-ready audio technologies, as well as XML integration with any corporate applications

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Types of signal transmission line Two-wire line Electrical cable Metric waveguide Dielectric waveguide Radio relay line Beam line Fiber optic line Laser communication

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Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) have a number of significant advantages compared to communication lines based on metal cables. These include: high throughput, low attenuation, small weight and dimensions, high noise immunity, reliable safety equipment, virtually no mutual influences, low cost due to the absence of non-ferrous metals in the design. FOCLs use electromagnetic waves in the optical range. Let us recall that visible optical radiation lies in the wavelength range 380...760 nm. The infrared range has received practical application in fiber-optic communication lines, i.e. radiation with a wavelength greater than 760 nm. The principle of propagation of optical radiation along an optical fiber (OF) is based on reflection from the boundary of media with different refractive indices (Fig. 5.7). Optical fiber is made of quartz glass in the form of cylinders with aligned axes and different refractive indices. The inner cylinder is called the OB core, and the outer layer is called the OB shell.

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For the first time, laser communication between a satellite and an aircraft was carried out 12/25/06, Mon, 00:28, Moscow time The French company Astrium was the first in the world to demonstrate successful communication via a laser beam between a satellite and an aircraft. During tests of the laser communication system, which took place in early December 2006, communication at a distance of almost 40 thousand km was carried out twice - once the Mystere 20 aircraft was at an altitude of 6 thousand m, another time the flight altitude was 10 thousand m. The speed of the aircraft was about 500 km/h, the data transmission speed via a laser beam was 50 Mb/s. The data was transmitted to the Artemis geostationary telecommunications satellite. The Lola aircraft laser system (Liaison Optique Laser Aeroportee) was used in the tests, and the Silex laser system received data on the Artemis satellite. Both systems were developed by Astrium Corporation. The Lola system, says Optics, uses a Lumics laser with a wavelength of 0.8 microns and a laser signal power of 300 mW. Avalanche photodiodes are used as photodetectors.

Development of communications Completed by: Elena Kalashnikova, 11th grade. With the development of science and technology, new types of communication appear. So in the 19th century, the wire telegraph appeared, through which information was transmitted using Morse code, and then the telegraph was invented, in which dots and dashes were replaced by letters. But this type of communication required long transmission lines, laying cables underground and water, in which information was transmitted through electrical signals. New inventions appeared - vacuum tubes in 1913, and after the Second World War they began to be replaced by semiconductor integrated circuits. Powerful transmitters and sensitive receivers appeared, their sizes decreased, and their parameters improved. But the problem remained - how to make radio waves go around the globe. And the property of electromagnetic waves to be partially reflected at the interface between two media was used. After the telephone was invented and methods of long-distance radio communication were found, the desire naturally arose to combine these two achievements. It was necessary to solve the problem of transmitting low-frequency electrical vibrations created by the vibration of the telephone receiver membrane under the influence of the human voice. And it was solved by mixing these low-frequency oscillations with high-frequency electrical oscillations of the radio transmitter. Nowadays, with the help of photo telegraphs, newspaper text and various information are transmitted over vast distances. The number of television channels that occupy the region of ultra-high radio frequencies from 50 to 900 MHz is constantly growing. Each television channel is about 6 MHz wide. Within the operating frequency of the channel, 3 signals are transmitted: · audio, transmitted using the frequency modulation method; · video signal transmitted using the amplitude modulation method; · synchronization signal. Naturally, to implement television communications, you already need two transmitters: one for audio signals, the other for video signals. The next step in improving television communications was the invention of color television. The use of digital systems, liquid crystals, and optical fibers in communications means at the turn of the century makes it possible to solve several extremely important problems for humans at once: reducing energy consumption, reducing (or, conversely, increasing) the size of equipment, multifunctionality, and accelerating information exchange. The next step in improving communications was the use of satellites to transmit radio and video signals, when the transmitted signal is reflected not from the ionosphere, but from an artificial satellite and is received by ground-based satellite antennas. The modern world, whose airwaves are filled with many communication channels, continues to look for other ways to transmit information. One such method is signal transmission using light. The basis of this method is that the shape of light rays can be changed under the influence of electrical vibrations of sound frequency. Light carries signals faster than radio waves. The frequency of light waves is many times higher than radio waves - for radio waves it is hundreds and thousands of vibrations per second, and for light there are millions and billions. With the development of technology, communication equipment is being improved. For example, simple telephone communications in organizations are being replaced by digital telecommunication systems with enormous functionality. Each of the compact hardware units of the system allows you to use dozens of internal subscribers and external lines. Any type of equipment can be connected to the system: telephones, faxes, computers, intercoms, etc. But the real revolution in the development of communications can be considered the emergence of a worldwide system of publicly accessible electronic networks, which is collectively called the Internet. The computer world has long become networked. The creation of a global computer network began in the 60s. The advent of the Internet, which allows people from all countries and all continents to exchange huge amounts of information, has led to a kind of information revolution. Wireless technology for computer networks in Russia, where, given the vast territory, cable telephone lines are not numerous and branched enough, is the most relevant. Further development of communication infrastructures will develop the Internet into a full-fledged telecommunications network.

Stages of development of communications In 1864, the English scientist James Maxwell theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. The English scientist James Maxwell theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in 1864. Heinrich Hertz discovered it experimentally at the University of Berlin. Heinrich Hertz discovered it experimentally at the University of Berlin. May 7, 1895 A.S. Popov invented radio. May 7, 1895 A.S. Popov invented radio. In 1901, the Italian engineer G. Marconi made the first radio communication across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1901, the Italian engineer G. Marconi made the first radio communication across the Atlantic Ocean. B.L. Rosing May 9, 1911 electronic television. B.L. Rosing May 9, 1911 electronic television. 30 years V.K. Zvorykin invented the first transmitting tube - an iconoscope. 30 years V.K. Zvorykin invented the first transmitting tube - an iconoscope.

Communication is the most important link in the country's economic system, a way of communication between people, satisfying their production, spiritual, cultural and social needs.

The main directions of development of communications Radio communications Radio communications Telephone communications Telephone communications Television communications Television communications Cellular communications Cellular communications Internet Internet Space communications Space communications Phototelegraph (Fax) Phototelegraph (Fax) Videotelephone communications Videotelephone communications Telegraph communications Telegraph communications

Space communications SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, radio communications or optical (laser) communications carried out between ground-based receiving and transmitting stations and spacecraft, between several ground stations, mainly through communication satellites or passive repeaters (for example, a belt of needles), between several spacecraft. SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, radio communications or optical (laser) communications carried out between ground-based receiving and transmitting stations and spacecraft, between several ground stations, mainly through communication satellites or passive repeaters (for example, a belt of needles), between several spacecraft.

Phototelegraph Phototelegraph, a generally accepted abbreviated name for fax communication (phototelegraph communication). A type of communication for transmitting and receiving images printed on paper (manuscripts, tables, drawings, drawings, etc.). A type of communication for transmitting and receiving images printed on paper (manuscripts, tables, drawings, drawings, etc.). A device that performs such communication. A device that performs such communication.

The first phototelegraph At the beginning of the century, the German physicist Korn created a phototelegraph, which is no fundamentally different from modern drum scanners. (The figure on the right shows a diagram of the Korn telegraph and a portrait of the inventor, scanned and transmitted over a distance of more than 1000 km on November 6, 1906). At the beginning of the century, the German physicist Korn created a phototelegraph, which is not fundamentally different from modern drum scanners. (The figure on the right shows a diagram of the Korn telegraph and a portrait of the inventor, scanned and transmitted over a distance of more than 1000 km on November 6, 1906).

Shelford Bidwell, British physicist, invented the "scanning phototelegraph". The system used selenium material and electrical signals to transmit images (diagrams, maps and photographs). Shelford Bidwell, British physicist, invented the "scanning phototelegraph". The system used selenium material and electrical signals to transmit images (diagrams, maps and photographs).

Video telephony Personal video telephony on UMTS equipment Personal video telephony on UMTS equipment The latest telephone models have an attractive design, a wide selection of accessories, wide functionality, support Bluetooth and wideband-ready audio technologies, as well as XML integration with any corporate applications The latest telephone models have an attractive design, a wide selection of accessories, wide functionality, support Bluetooth and wideband-ready audio technologies, as well as XML integration with any corporate applications

Types of signal transmission line Two-wire line Two-wire line Electrical cable Electrical cable Metric waveguide Metric waveguide Dielectric waveguide Dielectric waveguide Radio relay line Radio relay line Beam line Beam line Fiber optic line Fiber optic line Laser communication Laser communication

Fiber-optic communication lines Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for transmitting information. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, much distant side. Today, a huge number of backbone fiber optic rings, intracity and even intraoffice, have been built and are being built. And this number will constantly grow. Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for transmitting information. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, much distant side. Today, a huge number of backbone fiber optic rings, intracity and even intraoffice, have been built and are being built. And this number will constantly grow.

Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) have a number of significant advantages compared to communication lines based on metal cables. These include: high throughput, low attenuation, small weight and dimensions, high noise immunity, reliable safety equipment, virtually no mutual influences, low cost due to the absence of non-ferrous metals in the design. FOCLs use electromagnetic waves in the optical range. Recall that visible optical radiation lies in the nm wavelength range. The infrared range has received practical application in fiber-optic communication lines, i.e. radiation with a wavelength greater than 760 nm. The principle of propagation of optical radiation along an optical fiber (OF) is based on reflection from the boundary of media with different refractive indices (Fig. 5.7). Optical fiber is made of quartz glass in the form of cylinders with aligned axes and different refractive indices. The inner cylinder is called the OB core, and the outer layer is called the OB shell.

Laser communication system A rather interesting solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most ordinary video cameras and are designed for communication between offices, within offices and along corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install the inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other via laser radiation. Let us recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, for example, lamp light, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, laser beams always have the same wavelength and are slightly scattered. A rather interesting solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most ordinary video cameras and are designed for communication between offices, within offices and along corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install the inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other via laser radiation. Let us recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, for example, lamp light, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, laser beams always have the same wavelength and are slightly scattered.

For the first time, laser communication has been carried out between a satellite and an aircraft, Mon, 00:28, Moscow time The French company Astrium has demonstrated for the first time in the world successful communication via a laser beam between a satellite and an aircraft. The French company Astrium demonstrated for the first time in the world successful communication via a laser beam between a satellite and an aircraft. During tests of the laser communication system, which took place in early December 2006, communication at a distance of almost 40 thousand km was carried out twice - once the Mystere 20 aircraft was at an altitude of 6 thousand m, another time the flight altitude was 10 thousand m. The speed of the aircraft was about 500 km/h, the data transmission speed via a laser beam was 50 Mb/s. The data was transmitted to the Artemis geostationary telecommunications satellite. During tests of the laser communication system, which took place in early December 2006, communication at a distance of almost 40 thousand km was carried out twice - once the Mystere 20 aircraft was at an altitude of 6 thousand m, another time the flight altitude was 10 thousand m. The speed of the aircraft was about 500 km/h, the data transmission speed via a laser beam was 50 Mb/s. The data was transmitted to the Artemis geostationary telecommunications satellite. The Lola aircraft laser system (Liaison Optique Laser Aeroportee) was used in the tests, and the Silex laser system received data on the Artemis satellite. Both systems were developed by Astrium Corporation. The Lola system, says Optics, uses a Lumics laser with a wavelength of 0.8 microns and a laser signal power of 300 mW. Avalanche photodiodes are used as photodetectors. The Lola aircraft laser system (Liaison Optique Laser Aeroportee) was used in the tests, and the Silex laser system received data on the Artemis satellite. Both systems were developed by Astrium Corporation. The Lola system, says Optics, uses a Lumics laser with a wavelength of 0.8 microns and a laser signal power of 300 mW. Avalanche photodiodes are used as photodetectors.

Development of modern means of communication

Communication means - hardware and software used for generating, receiving, processing, storing, transmitting, delivering telecommunication messages or postal items, as well as other hardware and software used in providing communication services or ensuring the functioning of communication networks.

types of communications Wired (telephone, telegraph, etc.) Wireless, which, in turn, are divided into: radio (omnidirectional, narrow-directional, cellular and other radio systems), radio relay and space (satellite) devices, systems and complexes.

Communication means. The first is the emergence of oral speech. Scientists have identified five powerful impulses that accelerated the development of humanity that culture received during its existence:

The second is the invention of writing, which allowed a person to communicate with other people who are not in direct contact with him.

The third is the emergence and spread of printing.

The fourth is the emergence of electronic media, which provided everyone with the opportunity to become a direct witness and participant in the historical and cultural process taking place throughout the world. Radio Television

Fifth, according to many experts, is the emergence and development of the Internet as a new means of communication, which has provided ample opportunities in the forms and methods of receiving and transmitting information, as well as the implementation of many other functions.

Stages of development of communications. Creation of an optical telegraph - a device for transmitting information over long distances using light signals. This system was invented by the Frenchman Claude Chappe.

Communication by wire. The first electric telegraph was created in 1837 by English inventors: William Cook Charles Whetsone

Late model of the Cook and Whetstone telegraph. The signals activated arrows on the receiver, which pointed to different letters and thus conveyed a message.

Morse code In 1843, the American artist Samuel Morse invented a new telegraph code that replaced the Cook and Whetstone code. He developed dots and dashes for each letter.

And Charles Whetstone created a system in which the operator, using Morse code, typed messages on a long paper tape that entered the telegraph machine. At the other end of the line, the recorder was typing the received message onto another paper tape. Subsequently, the recorder was replaced by a signaling device, which converted dots and dashes into long and short sounds. Operators listened to the messages and recorded their translations.

Invention of the first telephone. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) together with Thomas Watson (1854 - 1934) designed a device consisting of a transmitter (microphone) and a receiver (speaker). The microphone and speaker were designed in the same way. In the microphone, the speaker’s voice caused the membrane to vibrate, causing oscillations in the electric current . In the dynamics, current was applied to the membrane, causing it to vibrate and reproduce the sounds of the human voice. The first telephone conversation took place on March 10, 1876.

Invention of radio. The creator of the radio was Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859-1906). On May 7, 1895, Popov demonstrated the radio receiver he had invented at a meeting of the physics department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. A type of wireless communication in which radio waves, freely propagating in space, are used as a signal carrier.

Satellite connection. Satellites are unmanned spacecraft flying in orbit around the Earth. They can transmit telephone conversations and television signals anywhere in the world. They also transmit weather and navigation information. In 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial Earth satellite.

In 1960, the Courier and Echo satellites were launched in the United States. They broadcast the first telephone conversations between the US and Europe. In 1962, Telstar, the first television satellite, entered orbit in the United States.

Fiber-optic communication lines. Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for transmitting information. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, much distant side. Today, a huge number of backbone fiber optic rings, intracity and even intraoffice, have been built and are being built.

Links to sources of information and images: www.digimedia.ru/articles/svyaz/setevye-tehnologii/istoriya/faks-istoriya-ofisnogo-vorchuna/ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0% BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1% 80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 http://geniusweb.ru/? feed=rss2 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Radio http://www.5ka.ru/88/19722/1.html